1
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Wei X, Chang J, Cheng Z, Chen W, Guo H, Liu Z, Mai Y, Hu T, Zhang Y, Cai Q, Ge F, Fan Y, Guan X. mPFC DUSP1 mediates adolescent cocaine exposure-induced higher sensitivity to drug in adulthood. EMBO Rep 2023; 24:e56981. [PMID: 37535645 PMCID: PMC10481668 DOI: 10.15252/embr.202356981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2023] [Revised: 06/24/2023] [Accepted: 07/05/2023] [Indexed: 08/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Adolescent cocaine abuse increases the risk for developing addiction in later life, but the underlying molecular mechanism remains poorly understood. Here, we establish adolescent cocaine-exposed (ACE) male mouse models. A subthreshold dose of cocaine (sdC) treatment, insufficient to produce conditioned place preference (CPP) in adolescent mice, induces CPP in ACE mice during adulthood, along with more activated CaMKII-positive neurons, higher dual specificity protein kinase phosphatase-1 (Dusp1) mRNA, lower DUSP1 activity, and lower DUSP1 expression in CaMKII-positive neurons in the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC). Overexpressing DUSP1 in CaMKII-positive neurons suppresses neuron activity and blocks sdC-induced CPP in ACE mice during adulthood. On the contrary, depleting DUSP1 in CaMKII-positive neurons activates more neurons and further enhances sdC-induced behavior in ACE mice during adulthood. Also, ERK1/2 might be a downstream signal of DUSP1 in the process. Our findings reveal a role of mPFC DUSP1 in ACE-induced higher sensitivity to the drug in adult mice. DUSP1 might be a potential pharmacological target to predict or treat the susceptibility to addictive drugs caused by adolescent substance use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyan Wei
- Department of Human Anatomy and HistoembryologyNanjing University of Chinese MedicineNanjingChina
| | - Jiasong Chang
- Department of Human Anatomy and HistoembryologyNanjing University of Chinese MedicineNanjingChina
| | - Zhen Cheng
- Department of Human Anatomy and HistoembryologyNanjing University of Chinese MedicineNanjingChina
| | - Wenwen Chen
- Department of Human Anatomy and HistoembryologyNanjing University of Chinese MedicineNanjingChina
| | - Hao Guo
- Department of Human Anatomy and HistoembryologyNanjing University of Chinese MedicineNanjingChina
| | - Zhaoyu Liu
- Department of Human Anatomy and HistoembryologyNanjing University of Chinese MedicineNanjingChina
| | - Yuning Mai
- Department of Human Anatomy and HistoembryologyNanjing University of Chinese MedicineNanjingChina
| | - Tao Hu
- Department of Human Anatomy and HistoembryologyNanjing University of Chinese MedicineNanjingChina
| | - Yuanyuan Zhang
- Department of Human Anatomy and HistoembryologyNanjing University of Chinese MedicineNanjingChina
| | - Qinglong Cai
- Department of Human Anatomy and HistoembryologyNanjing University of Chinese MedicineNanjingChina
| | - Feifei Ge
- Department of Human Anatomy and HistoembryologyNanjing University of Chinese MedicineNanjingChina
| | - Yu Fan
- Department of Human Anatomy and HistoembryologyNanjing University of Chinese MedicineNanjingChina
| | - Xiaowei Guan
- Department of Human Anatomy and HistoembryologyNanjing University of Chinese MedicineNanjingChina
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2
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Yaksh TL, Santos GGD, Borges Paes Lemes J, Malange K. Neuraxial drug delivery in pain management: An overview of past, present, and future. Best Pract Res Clin Anaesthesiol 2023; 37:243-265. [PMID: 37321769 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpa.2023.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Activation of neuraxial nociceptive linkages leads to a high level of encoding of the message that is transmitted to the brain and that can initiate a pain state with its attendant emotive covariates. As we review here, the encoding of this message is subject to a profound regulation by pharmacological targeting of dorsal root ganglion and dorsal horn systems. Though first shown with the robust and selective modulation by spinal opiates, subsequent work has revealed the pharmacological and biological complexity of these neuraxial systems and points to several regulatory targets. Novel therapeutic delivery platforms, such as viral transfection, antisense and targeted neurotoxins, point to disease-modifying approaches that can selectively address the acute and chronic pain phenotype. Further developments are called for in delivery devices to enhance local distribution and to minimize concentration gradients, as frequently occurs with the poorly mixed intrathecal space. The field has advanced remarkably since the mid-1970s, but these advances must always address the issues of safety and tolerability of neuraxial therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tony L Yaksh
- Department of Anesthesiology University of California, San Diego, San Diego CA, 92103, USA.
| | | | | | - Kaue Malange
- Department of Anesthesiology University of California, San Diego, San Diego CA, 92103, USA
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3
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Yang NJ, Isensee J, Neel DV, Quadros AU, Zhang HXB, Lauzadis J, Liu SM, Shiers S, Belu A, Palan S, Marlin S, Maignel J, Kennedy-Curran A, Tong VS, Moayeri M, Röderer P, Nitzsche A, Lu M, Pentelute BL, Brüstle O, Tripathi V, Foster KA, Price TJ, Collier RJ, Leppla SH, Puopolo M, Bean BP, Cunha TM, Hucho T, Chiu IM. Anthrax toxins regulate pain signaling and can deliver molecular cargoes into ANTXR2 + DRG sensory neurons. Nat Neurosci 2021; 25:168-179. [PMID: 34931070 DOI: 10.1038/s41593-021-00973-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2020] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Bacterial products can act on neurons to alter signaling and function. In the present study, we found that dorsal root ganglion (DRG) sensory neurons are enriched for ANTXR2, the high-affinity receptor for anthrax toxins. Anthrax toxins are composed of protective antigen (PA), which binds to ANTXR2, and the protein cargoes edema factor (EF) and lethal factor (LF). Intrathecal administration of edema toxin (ET (PA + EF)) targeted DRG neurons and induced analgesia in mice. ET inhibited mechanical and thermal sensation, and pain caused by formalin, carrageenan or nerve injury. Analgesia depended on ANTXR2 expressed by Nav1.8+ or Advillin+ neurons. ET modulated protein kinase A signaling in mouse sensory and human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived sensory neurons, and attenuated spinal cord neurotransmission. We further engineered anthrax toxins to introduce exogenous protein cargoes, including botulinum toxin, into DRG neurons to silence pain. Our study highlights interactions between a bacterial toxin and nociceptors, which may lead to the development of new pain therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole J Yang
- Department of Immunology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jörg Isensee
- Translational Pain Research, Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Dylan V Neel
- Department of Immunology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Andreza U Quadros
- Center for Research in Inflammatory Diseases, Department of Pharmacology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | | | - Justas Lauzadis
- Department of Anesthesiology, Stony Brook Medicine, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | | | - Stephanie Shiers
- Department of Neuroscience, Center for Advanced Pain Studies, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX, USA
| | - Andreea Belu
- Translational Pain Research, Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | - Victoria S Tong
- Department of Immunology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Mahtab Moayeri
- Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Pascal Röderer
- Institute of Reconstructive Neurobiology, University of Bonn Medical Faculty and University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany.,Cellomics Unit, LIFE & BRAIN GmbH, Bonn, Germany
| | - Anja Nitzsche
- Institute of Reconstructive Neurobiology, University of Bonn Medical Faculty and University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany.,Cellomics Unit, LIFE & BRAIN GmbH, Bonn, Germany
| | - Mike Lu
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Bradley L Pentelute
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.,The Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Center for Environmental Health Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Oliver Brüstle
- Institute of Reconstructive Neurobiology, University of Bonn Medical Faculty and University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | | | | | - Theodore J Price
- Department of Neuroscience, Center for Advanced Pain Studies, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX, USA
| | - R John Collier
- Department of Microbiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Stephen H Leppla
- Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Michelino Puopolo
- Department of Anesthesiology, Stony Brook Medicine, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - Bruce P Bean
- Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Thiago M Cunha
- Center for Research in Inflammatory Diseases, Department of Pharmacology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Tim Hucho
- Translational Pain Research, Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Isaac M Chiu
- Department of Immunology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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4
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Chen P, Pan M, Lin QS, Lin XZ, Lin Z. CSF-CN contributes to cancer-induced bone pain via the MKP-1-mediated MAPK pathway. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2021; 547:36-43. [PMID: 33592377 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2021.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2021] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Pain is a major complication of cancer and significantly affects the quality of life. Cerebrospinal fluid-contacting nucleus (CSF-CN) has been reported to be involved in the development of neuropathic pain and inflammatory pain. However, whether CSF-CN contributes to cancer-induced bone pain (CIBP) remains unknown. In this study, we aimed to illustrate the role of CSF-CN in the pathogenesis of CIBP and identify its potential mechanism via the MKP-1-mediated MAPK pathway. The Walker 256 cancer cells were injected into the tibia cavity of female Sprague-Dawley rats to induce CIBP models. Intracerebroventricular injection of cholera toxin subunit B- saporin (CB-SAP) was performed to "knockout" the CSF-CN. Morphine and LV-MKP-1 were applied. Mechanical and thermal hyperalgesia behaviors, double immunofluorescence staining and Western blot were conducted after CIBP induction. The results revealed that CIBP significantly reduced the mechanical withdrawal threshold and the thermal threshold. Double immunofluorescence staining revealed that c-Fos-positive neurons in CSF-CN were significantly higher in the CIBP group than that in the sham group. Targeted ablation of CSF-CN dramatically aggravated pain sensitivity. Moreover, MKP-1 was down-regulated in the CSF-CN after CIBP induction. Pharmacological intervention with morphine significantly ameliorated the mechanical and thermal hyperalgesia through reversing the down-expression of MKP-1 in the CSF-CN on day 14 after CIBP induction. Mechanically, overexpression of MKP-1 by LV-MKP-1 injection significantly relieved CIBP via inhibiting the expression of phosphorylated p38, which subsequently decreased the protein levels of Bax, cleaved caspase-3 and Iba-1, and reduced the mRNA levels of IL-1β, TNF-α and IL-6 in CSF-CN. In conclusion, CSF-CN contributed to CIBP via regulating the MKP-1-mediated p38-MAPK pathway. Future therapy targeting the expression of MKP-1 in the CSF-CN may be a promising new choice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Chen
- Department of Anesthesiology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350005, China; The School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University, China
| | - Min Pan
- Department of Geriatrics, the First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350005, China
| | - Qing-Song Lin
- Department of Neurosurgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350005, China
| | - Xian-Zhong Lin
- Department of Anesthesiology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350005, China
| | - Zhangya Lin
- Department of Neurosurgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350005, China.
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5
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Qiu S, Liu B, Mo Y, Wang X, Zhong L, Han X, Mi F. MiR-101 promotes pain hypersensitivity in rats with chronic constriction injury via the MKP-1 mediated MAPK pathway. J Cell Mol Med 2020; 24:8986-8997. [PMID: 32656992 PMCID: PMC7417728 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.15532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2019] [Revised: 05/30/2020] [Accepted: 06/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
This study was performed to characterize the effect of microRNA‐101 (miR‐101) on the pain hypersensitivity in CCI rat models with the involvement of mitogen‐activated protein kinase phosphatase 1 (MKP‐1) in spinal cord microglial cells. The mechanical withdrawal threshold (MWT) and thermal withdrawal latency (TWL) in the developed CCI models were determined to assess the hypersensitivity of rats to mechanical stimulation and thermal pain. To assess inflammation, the levels of interleukin (IL)‐1β, IL‐6 and tumour necrosis factor‐α (TNF‐α) in the spinal dorsal horns of CCI rats and lipopolysaccharide (LPS)‐activated microglial cells were examined. miR‐101 and MKP‐1 gain‐ and loss‐of‐function experiments were conducted in in vivo and in vitro settings to examine the roles of miR‐101 and MKP‐1 in CCI hypersensitivity and inflammation. The results showed that miR‐101 was highly expressed in the spinal dorsal horn and microglial cells of CCI rat models. Furthermore, overexpression of miR‐101 promoted the pain hypersensitivity in CCI rat models by reducing MWT and TWL. The overexpression of miR‐101 also promoted inflammation in LPS‐exposed microglial cells, as indicated by increased levels of IL‐1β, IL‐6 and TNF‐α. MiR‐101 was shown to target MKP‐1, inhibiting its expression. Moreover, miR‐101 promoted pain hypersensitivity in CCI rat models by inhibiting MKP‐1 expression and activating the mitogen‐activated protein kinase (MAPK) signalling pathway. Taken together, miR‐101 could potentially promote hypersensitivity and inflammatory response of microglial cells and aggravate neuropathic pain in CCI rat models by inhibiting MKP‐1 in the MAPK signalling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Qiu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Linyi People's Hospital, Linyi, China
| | - Benjuan Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Linyi People's Hospital, Linyi, China
| | - Yanshuai Mo
- Department of Anesthesiology, Linyi People's Hospital, Linyi, China
| | - Xueqin Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Linyi People's Hospital, Linyi, China
| | - Lina Zhong
- Department of Anesthesiology, Linyi People's Hospital, Linyi, China
| | - Xiao Han
- Department of Anesthesiology, Linyi People's Hospital, Linyi, China
| | - Fuli Mi
- Department of Anesthesiology, Linyi People's Hospital, Linyi, China
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6
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Qian Y, Wang Z, Zhou S, Zhao W, Yin C, Cao J, Wang Z, Li Y. MKP1 in the medial prefrontal cortex modulates chronic neuropathic pain via regulation of p38 and JNK1/2. Int J Neurosci 2020; 130:643-652. [PMID: 31518515 DOI: 10.1080/00207454.2019.1667785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Aim: The medial prefrontal context (mPFC) plays pivotal roles in initiation, development, and maintenance of chronic pain, whereas the underlying molecular mechanisms remain elusive, which invited investigation of potential involvement of MKP1 in mPFC in mice in neuropathic pain, and its cellular and molecular mechanisms.Materials and methods: Neuropathic pain model was established in adult male Kunming mice via chronic constrictive injury (CCI) of the sciatic nerve. Paw withdrawal latency (PWL) was measured at the plantar area by radiant heat test. Stereotaxic microinjection was applied in mice as per the atlas of Mouse Brain in Stereotaxic Coordinates. mRNA levels of MKP1 in mPFC in CCI mice were assessed by RT-PCR; protein expressions of MKP1, p-p38, p-JNK and p-ERK in mPFC in CCI mice were analyzed by Western blotting, and expressions of the c-Fos in mPFC in CCI mice evaluated by immunohistochemistry. Moreover, Lenti-MKP1 particles or BCI treatment was employed to inhibit MKP1 in mPFC contralateral to the injury.Results: MKP1 was activated and persistently upregulated in mPFC neurons in CCI mice. Inhibition of MKP1 in the mPFC contralateral to the injury could reverse CCI-induced pain behavior and neuronal activity either via employment of Lenti-MKP1 particles or BCI treatment. MKP1 in the mPFC modulated neuropathic pain via dephosphorization of p38 and JNK1/2.Conclusion: The findings demonstrated that MKP1 in mPFC could play a paramount role in the modulation of neuropathic pain, which might be associated to the increased neuronal excitability in the mPFC and downregulated p-p38 and p-JNK expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiling Qian
- Department of Anesthesiology, Wuxi People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, China
| | - Zhiyong Wang
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China.,Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Anesthesia and Analgesia Application Technology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Siqi Zhou
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Drum Tower Clinical College of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Weinan Zhao
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China.,Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Anesthesia and Analgesia Application Technology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Cui Yin
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China.,Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Anesthesia and Analgesia Application Technology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Junli Cao
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China.,Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Anesthesia and Analgesia Application Technology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China.,Department of Anesthesiology, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Zhiping Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Wuxi People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, China.,Department of Anesthesiology, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Yanqiang Li
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China.,Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Anesthesia and Analgesia Application Technology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
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7
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Yang Y, Shi Y, Jia J, Wang S, Chang H, Li M, Jin X, Wang J. Propentofylline reduces mechanical allodynia and induces mitogen-activated protein kinase phosphatase-1: An experimental study in a rat model of acute incisional pain. Neurol Res 2019; 41:900-908. [PMID: 31402773 DOI: 10.1080/01616412.2019.1642437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Yang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Women and Children’s Health Care Hospital of Linyi, Linyi city, China
| | - Yisa Shi
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou city, China
| | - Juan Jia
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou city, China
| | - Shenghong Wang
- Department of Orthopedic, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou city, China
| | - Hong Chang
- Department of Urology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou city, China
| | - Mingguo Li
- Department of Urology, Chinese Medicine Hospital of Linyi, Linyi city, China
| | - Xu Jin
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou city, China
| | - Jing Wang
- Department of Orthopedic, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou city, China
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8
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Pérez-Sen R, Queipo MJ, Gil-Redondo JC, Ortega F, Gómez-Villafuertes R, Miras-Portugal MT, Delicado EG. Dual-Specificity Phosphatase Regulation in Neurons and Glial Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20081999. [PMID: 31018603 PMCID: PMC6514851 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20081999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2019] [Revised: 04/19/2019] [Accepted: 04/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Dual-specificity protein phosphatases comprise a protein phosphatase subfamily with selectivity towards mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinases, also named MKPs, or mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) phosphatases. As powerful regulators of the intensity and duration of MAPK signaling, a relevant role is envisioned for dual-specificity protein phosphatases (DUSPs) in the regulation of biological processes in the nervous system, such as differentiation, synaptic plasticity, and survival. Important neural mediators include nerve growth factor (NGF) and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) that contribute to DUSP transcriptional induction and post-translational mechanisms of DUSP protein stabilization to maintain neuronal survival and differentiation. Potent DUSP gene inducers also include cannabinoids, which preserve DUSP activity in inflammatory conditions. Additionally, nucleotides activating P2X7 and P2Y13 nucleotide receptors behave as novel players in the regulation of DUSP function. They increase cell survival in stressful conditions, regulating DUSP protein turnover and inducing DUSP gene expression. In general terms, in the context of neural cells exposed to damaging conditions, the recovery of DUSP activity is neuroprotective and counteracts pro-apoptotic over-activation of p38 and JNK. In addition, remarkable changes in DUSP function take place during the onset of neuropathologies. The restoration of proper DUSP levels and recovery of MAPK homeostasis underlie the therapeutic effect, indicating that DUSPs can be relevant targets for brain diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel Pérez-Sen
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Veterinaria, Instituto Universitario de Investigación en Neuroquímica (IUIN), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Clínico San Carlos (IdiSSC), Universidad Complutense Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
| | - María José Queipo
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Veterinaria, Instituto Universitario de Investigación en Neuroquímica (IUIN), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Clínico San Carlos (IdiSSC), Universidad Complutense Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Juan Carlos Gil-Redondo
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Veterinaria, Instituto Universitario de Investigación en Neuroquímica (IUIN), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Clínico San Carlos (IdiSSC), Universidad Complutense Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Felipe Ortega
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Veterinaria, Instituto Universitario de Investigación en Neuroquímica (IUIN), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Clínico San Carlos (IdiSSC), Universidad Complutense Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Rosa Gómez-Villafuertes
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Veterinaria, Instituto Universitario de Investigación en Neuroquímica (IUIN), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Clínico San Carlos (IdiSSC), Universidad Complutense Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
| | - María Teresa Miras-Portugal
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Veterinaria, Instituto Universitario de Investigación en Neuroquímica (IUIN), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Clínico San Carlos (IdiSSC), Universidad Complutense Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Esmerilda G Delicado
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Veterinaria, Instituto Universitario de Investigación en Neuroquímica (IUIN), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Clínico San Carlos (IdiSSC), Universidad Complutense Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
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9
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Gui Y, Duan S, Xiao L, Tang J, Li A. Bexarotent Attenuated Chronic Constriction Injury-Induced Spinal Neuroinflammation and Neuropathic Pain by Targeting Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Phosphatase-1. THE JOURNAL OF PAIN 2019; 21:1149-1159. [PMID: 30660765 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpain.2019.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2018] [Revised: 12/23/2018] [Accepted: 01/16/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
It is widely accepted that neuroinflammation in the spinal cord contributes to the development of central sensitization in neuropathic pain. Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) activation plays a vital role in the development of neuroinflammation in the spinal cord. In this study, we investigated the effect of bexarotene (bex), a retinoid X receptor agonist, on MAPKs activation in chronic constriction injury (CCI)-induced neuropathic pain. The data showed that daily treatment with bex 50 mg/kg significantly alleviated CCI-induced nociceptive hypersensitivity in rats. Bex 50 mg/kg/day inhibited CCI-induced MAPKs (p38MAPK, ERK1/2, and JNK) activation and upregulation of proinflammatory factors (IL-1β, tumor necrosis factor-α and IL-6). Bex also reversed CCI-induced microglia activation in the ipsilateral spinal cord. Furthermore, bex treatment significantly upregulated MKP-1 in the spinal cord. These effects were completely abrogated by MKP-1 inhibitor BCI. These results indicated that bex relieved CCI-induced neuroinflammation and neuropathic pain by targeting MKP-1. Therefore, bex might be a potential agent for the treatment of neuropathic pain. PERSPECTIVE: Bex could relieve neuropathic pain behaviors in animals by reversing MKP-1 downregulation and MAPKs activation in the spinal cord. Therapeutic applications of bex may be extended beyond cutaneous T-cell lymphoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yulong Gui
- Department of Anesthesiology, Maternal and Child Hospital of Hunan Province, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Shunyuan Duan
- Department of Endocrinology, Yongzhou-affiliated Hospital of University of South China, Yongzhou, Hunan Province, China
| | - Lihong Xiao
- Department of Anesthesiology, Maternal and Child Hospital of Hunan Province, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Jing Tang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Maternal and Child Hospital of Hunan Province, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Aiyuan Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, Maternal and Child Hospital of Hunan Province, Changsha, Hunan, China.
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10
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Alvarado-Vazquez PA, Bernal L, Paige CA, Grosick RL, Moracho Vilrriales C, Ferreira DW, Ulecia-Morón C, Romero-Sandoval EA. Macrophage-specific nanotechnology-driven CD163 overexpression in human macrophages results in an M2 phenotype under inflammatory conditions. Immunobiology 2017; 222:900-912. [PMID: 28545809 DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2017.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2017] [Revised: 04/21/2017] [Accepted: 05/14/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
M1 macrophages release proinflammatory factors during inflammation. They transit to an M2 phenotype and release anti-inflammatory factors to resolve inflammation. An imbalance in the transition from M1 to M2 phenotype in macrophages contributes to the development of persistent inflammation. CD163, a member of the scavenger receptor cysteine-rich family, is an M2 macrophage marker. The functional role of CD163 during the resolution of inflammation is not completely known. We postulate that CD163 contributes to the transition from M1 to M2 phenotype in macrophages. We induced CD163 gene in THP-1 and primary human macrophages using polyethylenimine nanoparticles grafted with a mannose ligand (Man-PEI). This nanoparticle specifically targets cells of monocytic origin via mannose receptors. Cells were challenged with a single or a double stimulation of lipopolysaccharide (LPS). A CD163 or empty plasmid was complexed with Man-PEI nanoparticles for cell transfections. Quantitative RT-PCR, immunocytochemistry, and ELISAs were used for molecular assessments. CD163-overexpressing macrophages displayed reduced levels of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF)-α and monocytes chemoattractant protein (MCP)-1 after a single stimulation with LPS. Following a double stimulation paradigm, CD163-overexpressing macrophages showed an increase of interleukin (IL)-10 and IL-1ra and a reduction of MCP-1. This anti-inflammatory phenotype was partially blocked by an anti-CD163 antibody (effects on IL-10 and IL-1ra). A decrease in the release of TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 was observed in CD163-overexpressing human primary macrophages. The release of IL-6 was blocked by an anti-CD163 antibody in the CD163-overexpressing group. Our data show that the induction of the CD163 gene in human macrophages under inflammatory conditions produces changes in cytokine secretion in favor of an anti-inflammatory phenotype. Targeting macrophages to induce CD163 using cell-directed nanotechnology is an attractive and practical approach for inflammatory conditions that could lead to persistent pain, i.e. major surgeries, burns, rheumatoid arthritis, etc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Perla Abigail Alvarado-Vazquez
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Administrative Sciences, Presbyterian College School of Pharmacy, 307 N. Broad St, Clinton, SC 29325, USA
| | - Laura Bernal
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Administrative Sciences, Presbyterian College School of Pharmacy, 307 N. Broad St, Clinton, SC 29325, USA; Department of Systems' Biology, School of Medicine, University of Alcala Campus Universitario - C/19, Carretera Madrid-Barcelona, Km 33,600, 28871 Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
| | - Candler A Paige
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Administrative Sciences, Presbyterian College School of Pharmacy, 307 N. Broad St, Clinton, SC 29325, USA; Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, Systems Neuroscience, University of Texas at Dallas, 800W Campbell Road, Richardson, TX 75080, USA
| | - Rachel L Grosick
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Administrative Sciences, Presbyterian College School of Pharmacy, 307 N. Broad St, Clinton, SC 29325, USA
| | - Carolina Moracho Vilrriales
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Administrative Sciences, Presbyterian College School of Pharmacy, 307 N. Broad St, Clinton, SC 29325, USA
| | - David Wilson Ferreira
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Administrative Sciences, Presbyterian College School of Pharmacy, 307 N. Broad St, Clinton, SC 29325, USA; Department of Pharmacology, Ribeirao Preto Medical School - University of Sao Paulo, 3900 Bandeirantes Avenue, Ribeirão Preto SP 14049-900, Brazil
| | - Cristina Ulecia-Morón
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Administrative Sciences, Presbyterian College School of Pharmacy, 307 N. Broad St, Clinton, SC 29325, USA; Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University Complutense. Pza. Ramón y Cajal, s/n, Ciudad Universitaria., 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - E Alfonso Romero-Sandoval
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Administrative Sciences, Presbyterian College School of Pharmacy, 307 N. Broad St, Clinton, SC 29325, USA.
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11
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Skopelja-Gardner S, Saha M, Alvarado-Vazquez PA, Liponis BS, Martinez E, Romero-Sandoval EA. Mitogen-activated protein kinase phosphatase-3 (MKP-3) in the surgical wound is necessary for the resolution of postoperative pain in mice. J Pain Res 2017; 10:763-774. [PMID: 28405172 PMCID: PMC5378457 DOI: 10.2147/jpr.s129826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) phosphatase-3 (MKP-3) and its substrates (extracellular signal-regulated kinase [ERK] and p38) play an important role in pathophysiological mechanisms of acute postoperative and chronic neuropathic pain in the spinal cord. This study aimed to understand the role of MKP-3 and its target MAPKs at the site of surgical incision in nociceptive behavior. Wild-type (WT) and MKP-3 knockout (KO) mice underwent unilateral plantar hind paw incision. Mechanical allodynia was assessed by using von Frey filaments. Peripheral ERK-1/2 and p38 phosphorylation were measured by Western blot. Cell infiltration was determined using hematoxylin and eosin histological staining. Peripheral phosphorylated ERK-1/2 (p-ERK-1/2) inhibition was performed in MKP-3 KO mice. In WT mice, mechanical hypersensitivity was observed on postoperative day 1 (0.69±0.17 g baseline vs 0.13±0.08 g day 1), which resolved normally by postoperative day 12 (0.46±0.08 g, N=6). In MKP-3 KO mice, this hypersensitivity persisted at least 12 days after surgery (0.19±0.06 g; N=6). KO mice displayed higher numbers of infiltrating cells (51.4±6 cells/0.1 mm2) than WT mice (8.7±1.2 cells/0.1 mm2) on postoperative day 1 (vs 5–6 cells/0.1 mm2 at baseline) that returned to baseline 12 days after surgery (10–12 cells/0.1 mm2). In WT mice, peripheral p-p38 and p-ERK-1/2 expression increased (5- and 3-fold, respectively) on postoperative days 1 and 5, and returned to basal levels 7–12 days after surgery (N=3 per group). Peripheral p-p38 levels in MKP-3 KO mice followed a similar expression pattern as WT mice. Peripheral p-ERK-1/2 levels in MKP-3 KO mice remained elevated 12 days after surgery (2.5-fold, N=3 per group). Administration of PD98059 (MEK inhibitor, N=8, vehicle N=9) reduced p-ERK-1/2 expression in the incised tissue and blocked hypersensitivity in MKP-3 KO mice (N=6). The findings of this study suggest that MKP-3 is pivotal for normal resolution of acute postoperative allodynia, through the regulation of peripheral p-ERK-1/2.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Madhurima Saha
- Department of Anesthesiology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, NH
| | | | - Brenna S Liponis
- Department of Anesthesiology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, NH
| | - Elena Martinez
- Department of Anesthesiology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, NH
| | - E Alfonso Romero-Sandoval
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Administrative Sciences, Presbyterian College School of Pharmacy, Clinton, SC, USA
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12
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Descalzi G, Mitsi V, Purushothaman I, Gaspari S, Avrampou K, Loh YHE, Shen L, Zachariou V. Neuropathic pain promotes adaptive changes in gene expression in brain networks involved in stress and depression. Sci Signal 2017; 10:10/471/eaaj1549. [PMID: 28325815 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.aaj1549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Neuropathic pain is a complex chronic condition characterized by various sensory, cognitive, and affective symptoms. A large percentage of patients with neuropathic pain are also afflicted with depression and anxiety disorders, a pattern that is also seen in animal models. Furthermore, clinical and preclinical studies indicate that chronic pain corresponds with adaptations in several brain networks involved in mood, motivation, and reward. Chronic stress is also a major risk factor for depression. We investigated whether chronic pain and stress affect similar molecular mechanisms and whether chronic pain can affect gene expression patterns that are involved in depression. Using two mouse models of neuropathic pain and depression [spared nerve injury (SNI) and chronic unpredictable stress (CUS)], we performed next-generation RNA sequencing and pathway analysis to monitor changes in gene expression in the nucleus accumbens (NAc), the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC), and the periaqueductal gray (PAG). In addition to finding unique transcriptome profiles across these regions, we identified a substantial number of signaling pathway-associated genes with similar changes in expression in both SNI and CUS mice. Many of these genes have been implicated in depression, anxiety, and chronic pain in patients. Our study provides a resource of the changes in gene expression induced by long-term neuropathic pain in three distinct brain regions and reveals molecular connections between pain and chronic stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giannina Descalzi
- Fishberg Department of Neuroscience, Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Vasiliki Mitsi
- Fishberg Department of Neuroscience, Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Immanuel Purushothaman
- Fishberg Department of Neuroscience, Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Sevasti Gaspari
- Fishberg Department of Neuroscience, Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Kleopatra Avrampou
- Fishberg Department of Neuroscience, Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Yong-Hwee Eddie Loh
- Fishberg Department of Neuroscience, Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Li Shen
- Fishberg Department of Neuroscience, Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Venetia Zachariou
- Fishberg Department of Neuroscience, Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA.
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13
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Yaksh TL, Fisher CJ, Hockman TM, Wiese AJ. Current and Future Issues in the Development of Spinal Agents for the Management of Pain. Curr Neuropharmacol 2017; 15:232-259. [PMID: 26861470 PMCID: PMC5412694 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x14666160307145542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2015] [Revised: 12/02/2015] [Accepted: 02/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Targeting analgesic drugs for spinal delivery reflects the fact that while the conscious experience of pain is mediated supraspinally, input initiated by high intensity stimuli, tissue injury and/or nerve injury is encoded at the level of the spinal dorsal horn and this output informs the brain as to the peripheral environment. This encoding process is subject to strong upregulation resulting in hyperesthetic states and downregulation reducing the ongoing processing of nociceptive stimuli reversing the hyperesthesia and pain processing. The present review addresses the biology of spinal nociceptive processing as relevant to the effects of intrathecally-delivered drugs in altering pain processing following acute stimulation, tissue inflammation/injury and nerve injury. The review covers i) the major classes of spinal agents currently employed as intrathecal analgesics (opioid agonists, alpha 2 agonists; sodium channel blockers; calcium channel blockers; NMDA blockers; GABA A/B agonists; COX inhibitors; ii) ongoing developments in the pharmacology of spinal therapeutics focusing on less studied agents/targets (cholinesterase inhibition; Adenosine agonists; iii) novel intrathecal targeting methodologies including gene-based approaches (viral vectors, plasmids, interfering RNAs); antisense, and toxins (botulinum toxins; resniferatoxin, substance P Saporin); and iv) issues relevant to intrathecal drug delivery (neuraxial drug distribution), infusate delivery profile, drug dosing, formulation and principals involved in the preclinical evaluation of intrathecal drug safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tony L. Yaksh
- University of California, San Diego, Anesthesia Research Lab 0818, 9500 Gilman Dr. LaJolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Casey J. Fisher
- University of California, San Diego, Anesthesia Research Lab 0818, 9500 Gilman Dr. LaJolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Tyler M. Hockman
- University of California, San Diego, Anesthesia Research Lab 0818, 9500 Gilman Dr. LaJolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Ashley J. Wiese
- University of California, San Diego, Anesthesia Research Lab 0818, 9500 Gilman Dr. LaJolla, CA 92093, USA
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14
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Bernal L, Alvarado-Vázquez A, Ferreira DW, Paige CA, Ulecia-Morón C, Hill B, Caesar M, Romero-Sandoval EA. Evaluation of a nanotechnology-based approach to induce gene-expression in human THP-1 macrophages under inflammatory conditions. Immunobiology 2016; 222:399-408. [PMID: 27615510 DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2016.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2015] [Revised: 08/17/2016] [Accepted: 08/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Macrophages orchestrate the initiation and resolution of inflammation by producing pro- and anti-inflammatory products. An imbalance in these mediators may originate from a deficient or excessive immune response. Therefore, macrophages are valid therapeutic targets to restore homeostasis under inflammatory conditions. We hypothesize that a specific mannosylated nanoparticle effectively induces gene expression in human macrophages under inflammatory conditions without undesirable immunogenic responses. THP-1 macrophages were challenged with lipopolysaccharide (LPS, 5μg/mL). Polyethylenimine (PEI) nanoparticles grafted with a mannose receptor ligand (Man-PEI) were used as a gene delivery method. Nanoparticle toxicity, Man-PEI cellular uptake rate and gene induction efficiency (GFP, CD14 or CD68) were studied. Potential immunogenic responses were evaluated by measuring the production of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), Interleukin (IL)-6 and IL-10. Man-PEI did not produce cytotoxicity, and it was effectively up-taken by THP-1 macrophages (69%). This approach produced a significant expression of GFP (mRNA and protein), CD14 and CD68 (mRNA), and transiently and mildly reduced IL-6 and IL-10 levels in LPS-challenged macrophages. Our results indicate that Man-PEI is suitable for inducing an efficient gene overexpression in human macrophages under inflammatory conditions with limited immunogenic responses. Our promising results set the foundation to test this technology to induce functional anti-inflammatory genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Bernal
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Administrative Sciences, Presbyterian College School of Pharmacy, 307 N. Broad St, Clinton, SC 29325, USA; Department of Systems' Biology, School of Medicine, University of Alcala. Campus Universitario - C/ 19, Carretera Madrid-Barcelona, Km 33,600, 28871 Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Abigail Alvarado-Vázquez
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Administrative Sciences, Presbyterian College School of Pharmacy, 307 N. Broad St, Clinton, SC 29325, USA.
| | - David Wilson Ferreira
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Administrative Sciences, Presbyterian College School of Pharmacy, 307 N. Broad St, Clinton, SC 29325, USA; Department of Pharmacology, Ribeirao Preto Medical School-University of Sao Paulo, 3900 Bandeirantes Ave., Ribeirão Preto, SP, 14049-900, Brazil.
| | - Candler A Paige
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Administrative Sciences, Presbyterian College School of Pharmacy, 307 N. Broad St, Clinton, SC 29325, USA.
| | - Cristina Ulecia-Morón
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Administrative Sciences, Presbyterian College School of Pharmacy, 307 N. Broad St, Clinton, SC 29325, USA; Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Cellular Biology, University Pablo de Olavide de Sevilla, Carretera de Utrera Km. 1, 41013, Sevilla, Spain.
| | - Bailey Hill
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Administrative Sciences, Presbyterian College School of Pharmacy, 307 N. Broad St, Clinton, SC 29325, USA.
| | - Marina Caesar
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Administrative Sciences, Presbyterian College School of Pharmacy, 307 N. Broad St, Clinton, SC 29325, USA.
| | - E Alfonso Romero-Sandoval
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Administrative Sciences, Presbyterian College School of Pharmacy, 307 N. Broad St, Clinton, SC 29325, USA.
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15
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Toulouse A, Nolan YM. A role for mitogen-activated protein kinase phosphatase 1 (MKP1) in neural cell development and survival. Neural Regen Res 2016; 10:1748-9. [PMID: 26807102 PMCID: PMC4705779 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.169606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- André Toulouse
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Western Gateway Building, Cork, Ireland
| | - Yvonne M Nolan
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Western Gateway Building, Cork, Ireland
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16
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Yaksh TL, Woller SA, Ramachandran R, Sorkin LS. The search for novel analgesics: targets and mechanisms. F1000PRIME REPORTS 2015; 7:56. [PMID: 26097729 PMCID: PMC4447049 DOI: 10.12703/p7-56] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The management of the pain state is of great therapeutic relevance to virtually every medical specialty. Failure to manage its expression has deleterious consequence to the well-being of the organism. An understanding of the complex biology of the mechanisms underlying the processing of nociceptive information provides an important pathway towards development of novel and robust therapeutics. Importantly, preclinical models have been of considerable use in determining the linkage between mechanism and the associated behaviorally defined pain state. This review seeks to provide an overview of current thinking targeting pain biology, the use of preclinical models and the development of novel pain therapeutics. Issues pertinent to the strengths and weaknesses of current development strategies for analgesics are considered.
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17
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Borsook D, Hargreaves R, Bountra C, Porreca F. Lost but making progress--Where will new analgesic drugs come from? Sci Transl Med 2015; 6:249sr3. [PMID: 25122640 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.3008320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
There is a critical need for effective new pharmacotherapies for pain. The paucity of new drugs successfully reaching the clinic calls for a reassessment of current analgesic drug discovery approaches. Many points early in the discovery process present significant hurdles, making it critical to exploit advances in pain neurobiology to increase the probability of success. In this review, we highlight approaches that are being pursued vigorously by the pain community for drug discovery, including innovative preclinical pain models, insights from genetics, mechanistic phenotyping of pain patients, development of biomarkers, and emerging insights into chronic pain as a disorder of both the periphery and the brain. Collaborative efforts between pharmaceutical, academic, and public entities to advance research in these areas promise to de-risk potential targets, stimulate investment, and speed evaluation and development of better pain therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Borsook
- Center for Pain and the Brain, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Richard Hargreaves
- Center for Pain and the Brain, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Chas Bountra
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 2JD, UK
| | - Frank Porreca
- Center for Pain and the Brain and Department of Pharmacology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA.
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18
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Alfonso Romero-Sandoval E, Sweitzer S. Nonneuronal central mechanisms of pain: glia and immune response. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2015; 131:325-58. [PMID: 25744678 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pmbts.2014.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The role of central glial cells in the mechanisms underlying pain has been intensively studied in the last two decades. Most studies on glia and pain focused on the potential detrimental role of glial cells following noxious stimulus/insults manifested as an "activation" or a "reactive" state (increase in glial marker expression and production of proinflammatory/nociceptive molecules). Therefore, "activated" or "reactive" glial cells became a target for the future generation of drugs to treat chronic pain. Several glial modulators that reduce the activation of glial cells have shown great efficacy in multiple animal (rodents mostly) models of pain (acute, subacute, chronic, inflammatory, neuropathic, surgical, etc.). These encouraging findings inspired clinical trials that have been completed in the last 5 years. Unfortunately, all clinical trials with these glial modulators have failed to demonstrate efficacy for the treatment of pain. New lines of investigation and elegant experimental designs are shedding light on alternative glial functions, which demonstrate that "glial reactivity" is not necessarily deleterious in some pathological conditions. New strategies to validate findings through our current animal models are necessary to enhance the translational value of our preclinical studies. Also, more studies using human subjects would enhance our understanding of glial cells in the context of pain. This chapter explores the available literature to objectively ponder the potential role of glial cells in human pain conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Alfonso Romero-Sandoval
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Administrative Sciences, Presbyterian College School of Pharmacy, Clinton, South Carolina, USA.
| | - Sarah Sweitzer
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Administrative Sciences, Presbyterian College School of Pharmacy, Clinton, South Carolina, USA
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19
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Wang K, Xiang XH, Qiao N, Qi JY, Lin LB, Zhang R, Shou XJ, Ping XJ, Han JS, Han JD, Zhao GP, Cui CL. Genomewide analysis of rat periaqueductal gray-dorsal horn reveals time-, region- and frequency-specific mRNA expression changes in response to electroacupuncture stimulation. Sci Rep 2014; 4:6713. [PMID: 25346229 PMCID: PMC4209446 DOI: 10.1038/srep06713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2014] [Accepted: 10/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Electroacupuncture (EA) has been widely applied for illness prevention, treatment or rehabilitation in the clinic, especially for pain management. However, the molecular events that induce these changes remain largely uncharacterized. The periaqueductal gray (PAG) and the spinal dorsal horn (DH) have been verified as two critical regions in the response to EA stimulation in EA analgesia. In this study, a genetic screen was conducted to delineate the gene expression profile in the PAG-DH regions of rats to explore the molecular events of the analgesic effect induced by low-frequency (2-Hz) and high-frequency (100-Hz) EAs. Microarray analysis at two different time points after EA stimulation revealed time-, region- and frequency-specific gene expression changes. These expression differences suggested that modulation of neural-immune interaction in the central nervous system played an important role during EA analgesia. Furthermore, low-frequency EA could regulate gene expression to a greater degree than high-frequency EA. Altogether, the present study offers, for the first time, a characterized transcriptional response pattern in the PAG-DH regions followed by EA stimulation and, thus, provides a solid experimental framework for future in-depth analysis of the mechanisms underlying EA-induced effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Wang
- 1] Shanghai-MOST Key Laboratory of Health and Disease Genomics, Chinese National Human Genome Center at Shanghai, Shanghai 201203, China [2] Laboratory of Integrative Medicine Surgery, Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Xiao-Hui Xiang
- Neuroscience Research Institute; Department of Neurobiology, Peking University Health Science Center; Key Laboratory of Neuroscience of the Ministry of Education/National Health and Family Planning Commission; Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Nan Qiao
- Chinese Academy of Sciences Key Laboratory of Computational Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences-Max Planck Partner Institute for Computational Biology, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Jun-Yi Qi
- Shanghai-MOST Key Laboratory of Health and Disease Genomics, Chinese National Human Genome Center at Shanghai, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Li-Bo Lin
- Shanghai-MOST Key Laboratory of Health and Disease Genomics, Chinese National Human Genome Center at Shanghai, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Rong Zhang
- Neuroscience Research Institute; Department of Neurobiology, Peking University Health Science Center; Key Laboratory of Neuroscience of the Ministry of Education/National Health and Family Planning Commission; Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Xiao-jing Shou
- Neuroscience Research Institute; Department of Neurobiology, Peking University Health Science Center; Key Laboratory of Neuroscience of the Ministry of Education/National Health and Family Planning Commission; Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Xing-Jie Ping
- Neuroscience Research Institute; Department of Neurobiology, Peking University Health Science Center; Key Laboratory of Neuroscience of the Ministry of Education/National Health and Family Planning Commission; Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Ji-Sheng Han
- Neuroscience Research Institute; Department of Neurobiology, Peking University Health Science Center; Key Laboratory of Neuroscience of the Ministry of Education/National Health and Family Planning Commission; Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Jing-Dong Han
- Chinese Academy of Sciences Key Laboratory of Computational Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences-Max Planck Partner Institute for Computational Biology, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Guo-Ping Zhao
- Shanghai-MOST Key Laboratory of Health and Disease Genomics, Chinese National Human Genome Center at Shanghai, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Cai-Lian Cui
- Neuroscience Research Institute; Department of Neurobiology, Peking University Health Science Center; Key Laboratory of Neuroscience of the Ministry of Education/National Health and Family Planning Commission; Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
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20
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Wang F, Stefano GB, Kream RM. Epigenetic modification of DRG neuronal gene expression subsequent to nerve injury: etiological contribution to complex regional pain syndromes (Part II). Med Sci Monit 2014; 20:1188-200. [PMID: 25027291 PMCID: PMC4106931 DOI: 10.12659/msm.890707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Cumulating evidence indicated that nerve injury-associated cellular and molecular changes play an essential role in contributing to the development of pathological pain, and more recent findings implicated the critical role of epigenetic mechanisms in pain-related sensitization in the DRG subsequent to nerve injury. In this part of the dyad review (Part II), we reviewed and paid special attention on the etiological contribution of DGR gene expression modulated by epigenetic mechanisms of CRPS. As essential effectors to different molecular activation, we first discussed the activation of various signaling pathways that subsequently from nerve injury, and in further illustrated the fundamental and functional underpinnings of nerve injury-induced pain, in which we argued for the potential epigenetic mechanisms in response to sensitizing stimuli or injury. Therefore, understanding the specific mediating factors that influence individual epigenetic differences contributing to pain sensitivity and responsiveness to analgesics possesses crucial clinical implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fuzhou Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Affiliated Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China (mainland)
| | - George B Stefano
- Neuroscience Research Institute, State University of New York at Old Westbury, Old Westbury, China (mainland)
| | - Richard M Kream
- Neuroscience Research Institute, State University of New York at Old Westbury, Old Westbury, China (mainland)
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21
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Collins LM, Downer EJ, Toulouse A, Nolan YM. Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Phosphatase (MKP)-1 in Nervous System Development and Disease. Mol Neurobiol 2014; 51:1158-67. [PMID: 24957007 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-014-8786-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2014] [Accepted: 06/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Mitogen-activated protein kinase phosphatase (MKP)-1 provides a negative feedback mechanism for regulating mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) activity and thus a variety of cellular processes such as proliferation, differentiation, growth and apoptosis. MKP-1 is established as a central regulator of a variety of functions in the immune, metabolic and cardiovascular systems, and it is now increasingly acknowledged as having a role to play in the nervous system. It has been implicated in regulating processes of neuronal cell development and death as well as in glial cell function. Reduced MKP-1 levels have been observed in models of neurological conditions including Huntington's disease, multiple sclerosis, ischemia and cerebral hypoxia. It has also been suggested to have a role to play in psychiatric disorders such as major depressive disorder. Here, we discuss the role of MKP-1 in nervous system development and disease and examine current evidence providing insight into MKP-1 as a potential therapeutic target for various diseases of the central nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louise M Collins
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Western Gate Building, Cork, Ireland
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A novel p38 MAPK docking-groove-targeted compound is a potent inhibitor of inflammatory hyperalgesia. Biochem J 2014; 459:427-39. [PMID: 24517375 DOI: 10.1042/bj20130172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The MAPK (mitogen-activated protein kinase) p38 is an important mediator of inflammation and of inflammatory and neuropathic pain. We have described recently that docking-groove-dependent interactions are important for p38 MAPK-mediated signal transduction. Thus virtual screening was performed to identify putative docking-groove-targeted p38 MAPK inhibitors. Several compounds of the benzo-oxadiazol family were identified with low micromolar inhibitory activity both in a p38 MAPK activity assay, and in THP-1 human monocytes acting as inhibitors of LPS (lipopolysaccharide)-induced TNFα (tumour necrosis factor α) secretion. Positions 2 and 5 in the phenyl ring are essential for the described inhibitory activity with a chloride in position 5 and a methyl group in position 2 yielding the best results, giving an IC₅₀ value of 1.8 μM (FGA-19 compound). Notably, FGA-19 exerted a potent and long-lasting analgesic effect in vivo when tested in a mouse model of inflammatory hyperalgesia. A single intrathecal injection of FGA-19 completely resolved hyperalgesia, being 10-fold as potent and displaying longer lasting effects than the established p38 MAPK inhibitor SB239063. FGA-19 also reversed persistent pain in a model of post-inflammatory hyperalgesia in LysM (lysozyme M)-GRK2 (G-protein-coupled-receptor kinase)(+/-) mice. These potent in vivo effects suggested p38 MAPK docking-site-targeted inhibitors as a potential novel strategy for the treatment of inflammatory pain.
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Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) phosphatase-3 (MKP-3) displays a p-JNK-MAPK substrate preference in astrocytes in vitro. Neurosci Lett 2014; 575:13-8. [PMID: 24861519 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2014.05.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2014] [Revised: 05/14/2014] [Accepted: 05/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) play critical roles in the central nervous system immune responses through glial function, which are regulated with relative selectivity (or preference) by MAPK phosphatases (MKP). Phosphorylated extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase (p-ERK) is preferentially dephosphorylated by MKP-3, which display little activity over p-p38 and p-c-Jun NH2-terminal kinases (p-JNK). It has been proposed that these substrate preferences may vary depending on tissue or functional cellular processes. Since astrocytes display a prominent activity of JNK>ERK under stressed or reactive phenotype, we hypothesize that MKP-3 possess a similar or differential substrate preference in astrocytes for JNK and ERK (ERK=JNK or JNK>ERK). We generated transient expression of MKP-3 by transfecting a specific cDNA in primary rat neonatal brain cortex astrocytes. Cells were stimulated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS), and MAPKs and downstream pro-inflammatory products were measured by Western blot and ELISA analyses. MKP-3 expression in primary astrocytes reduced LPS-induced p-ERK and p-p38 by ∼50%, and p-JNK by ∼75%, and moderately reduced nitrite oxide (NO), while completely blocked Interleukin (IL)-6 and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα). We confirmed MKP-3 specific activity by developing a BV-2 microglia cell line stably overexpressing MKP-3 and using a specific siRNA against MKP-3. Our data demonstrate MKP-3 has differential substrate preference in astrocytes compared to other cells types, since it preferentially dephosphorylated p-JNK over p-ERK. Our results indicate also that astrocytic immune functions can be modulated by MKP-3 induction, a strategy that could be beneficial in neurological conditions in which astrocytes play a pathophysiological role, i.e. persistent pain.
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Abstract
Reciprocal signalling between immunocompetent cells in the central nervous system (CNS) has emerged as a key phenomenon underpinning pathological and chronic pain mechanisms. Neuronal excitability can be powerfully enhanced both by classical neurotransmitters derived from neurons, and by immune mediators released from CNS-resident microglia and astrocytes, and from infiltrating cells such as T cells. In this Review, we discuss the current understanding of the contribution of central immune mechanisms to pathological pain, and how the heterogeneous immune functions of different cells in the CNS could be harnessed to develop new therapeutics for pain control. Given the prevalence of chronic pain and the incomplete efficacy of current drugs--which focus on suppressing aberrant neuronal activity--new strategies to manipulate neuroimmune pain transmission hold considerable promise.
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Spinal mitogen-activated protein kinase phosphatase-3 (MKP-3) is necessary for the normal resolution of mechanical allodynia in a mouse model of acute postoperative pain. J Neurosci 2013; 33:17182-7. [PMID: 24155322 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.5605-12.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The mechanisms that drive the normal resolution of acute postoperative pain are not completely understood. We hypothesize a pivotal role of a major spinal mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPKs) regulator, MAPK phosphatase (MKP)-3, in the resolution of postoperative pain. We used wild-type and MKP-3 knock-out (KO) mice, a paw incision model of acute postoperative pain, and behavioral and molecular biology experiments. We observed persistent mechanical allodynia in mice lacking MKP-3 (postoperative day 21), concurrently with persistent phosphorylation of spinal p38 and extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERK)-1/2 on postoperative day 12, while both MAPK phosphorylation and allodynia resolved on postoperative day 7 in wild-type mice. Spinal p-ERK was expressed mainly in neurons and microglia, while spinal p-p38 was expressed mostly in microglia in MKP-3 KO mice, and their selective pharmacological inhibition reduced the persistent allodynia observed in these mice. Our findings strongly suggest that dysregulation of MKP-3 prevents spontaneous resolution of acute postoperative pain and drives its transition to persistent pain via persistent neuronal and microglial MAPK phosphorylation in the spinal cord.
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Ji RR, Berta T, Nedergaard M. Glia and pain: is chronic pain a gliopathy? Pain 2013; 154 Suppl 1:S10-S28. [PMID: 23792284 PMCID: PMC3858488 DOI: 10.1016/j.pain.2013.06.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 797] [Impact Index Per Article: 72.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2012] [Revised: 05/23/2013] [Accepted: 06/12/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Activation of glial cells and neuro-glial interactions are emerging as key mechanisms underlying chronic pain. Accumulating evidence has implicated 3 types of glial cells in the development and maintenance of chronic pain: microglia and astrocytes of the central nervous system (CNS), and satellite glial cells of the dorsal root and trigeminal ganglia. Painful syndromes are associated with different glial activation states: (1) glial reaction (ie, upregulation of glial markers such as IBA1 and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and/or morphological changes, including hypertrophy, proliferation, and modifications of glial networks); (2) phosphorylation of mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling pathways; (3) upregulation of adenosine triphosphate and chemokine receptors and hemichannels and downregulation of glutamate transporters; and (4) synthesis and release of glial mediators (eg, cytokines, chemokines, growth factors, and proteases) to the extracellular space. Although widely detected in chronic pain resulting from nerve trauma, inflammation, cancer, and chemotherapy in rodents, and more recently, human immunodeficiency virus-associated neuropathy in human beings, glial reaction (activation state 1) is not thought to mediate pain sensitivity directly. Instead, activation states 2 to 4 have been demonstrated to enhance pain sensitivity via a number of synergistic neuro-glial interactions. Glial mediators have been shown to powerfully modulate excitatory and inhibitory synaptic transmission at presynaptic, postsynaptic, and extrasynaptic sites. Glial activation also occurs in acute pain conditions, and acute opioid treatment activates peripheral glia to mask opioid analgesia. Thus, chronic pain could be a result of "gliopathy," that is, dysregulation of glial functions in the central and peripheral nervous system. In this review, we provide an update on recent advances and discuss remaining questions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ru-Rong Ji
- Department of Anesthesiology and Neurobiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Temugin Berta
- Department of Anesthesiology and Neurobiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Maiken Nedergaard
- Division of Glial Disease and Therapeutics, Center for Translational Neuromedicine, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA
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Rathnasamy G, Ling EA, Kaur C. Hypoxia inducible factor-1α mediates iron uptake which induces inflammatory response in amoeboid microglial cells in developing periventricular white matter through MAP kinase pathway. Neuropharmacology 2013; 77:428-40. [PMID: 24184387 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2013.10.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2013] [Revised: 10/04/2013] [Accepted: 10/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Iron accumulation occurs in tissues such as periventricular white matter (PWM) in response to hypoxic injuries, and microglial cells sequester excess iron following hypoxic exposure. As hypoxia has a role in altering the expression of proteins involved in iron regulation, this study was aimed at examining the interaction between hypoxia inducible factor (HIF)-1α and proteins involved in iron transport in microglial cells, and evaluating the mechanistic action of deferoxamine and KC7F2 (an inhibitor of HIF-1α) in iron mediated hypoxic injury. Treating the microglial cultures with KC7F2, led to decreased expression of transferrin receptor and divalent metal transporter-1. Administration of deferoxamine or KC7F2 to hypoxic microglial cells enhanced extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) phosphorylation (p-ERK), but decreased the phosphorylation of p38 (p-p38). The increased p-ERK further phosphorylated the cAMP response element-binding protein (p-CREB) which in turn may have resulted in the increased mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK) phosphatase 1 (MKP1), known to dephosphorylate MAPKs. Consistent with the decrease in p-p38, the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines TNF-α and IL-1β was reduced in hypoxic microglia treated with deferoxamine and SB 202190, an inhibitor for p38. This suggests that the anti-inflammatory effect exhibited by deferoxamine is by inhibition of p-p38 induced inflammation through the pERK-pCREB-MKP1 pathway, whereas that of KC7F2 requires further investigation. The present results suggest that HIF-1α may mediate iron accumulation in hypoxic microglia and KC7F2, similar to deferoxamine, might provide limited protection against iron induced PWMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gurugirijha Rathnasamy
- Department of Anatomy, MD10, 4 Medical Drive, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117594, Singapore
| | - Eng-Ang Ling
- Department of Anatomy, MD10, 4 Medical Drive, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117594, Singapore
| | - Charanjit Kaur
- Department of Anatomy, MD10, 4 Medical Drive, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117594, Singapore.
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Calvo M, Dawes JM, Bennett DLH. The role of the immune system in the generation of neuropathic pain. Lancet Neurol 2012; 11:629-42. [PMID: 22710756 DOI: 10.1016/s1474-4422(12)70134-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 312] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Persistent pain is a sequela of several neurological conditions with a primary immune basis, such as Guillain-Barré syndrome and multiple sclerosis. Additionally, diverse forms of injury to the peripheral or the central nervous systems--whether traumatic, metabolic, or toxic--result in substantial recruitment and activation of immune cells. This response involves the innate immune system, but evidence also exists of T-lymphocyte recruitment, and in some patient cohorts antibodies to neuronal antigens have been reported. Mediators released by immune cells, such as cytokines, sensitise nociceptive signalling in the peripheral and central nervous systems. Preclinical data suggest an immune pathogenesis of neuropathic pain, but clinical evidence of a central role of the immune system is less clear. An important challenge for the future is to establish to what extent this immune response initiates or maintains neuropathic pain in patients and thus whether it is amenable to therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margarita Calvo
- Department of Neurorestoration, Wolfson CARD, King's College London, London, UK
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Landry RP, Martinez E, DeLeo JA, Romero-Sandoval EA. Spinal cannabinoid receptor type 2 agonist reduces mechanical allodynia and induces mitogen-activated protein kinase phosphatases in a rat model of neuropathic pain. THE JOURNAL OF PAIN 2012; 13:836-48. [PMID: 22901764 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpain.2012.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2012] [Revised: 05/07/2012] [Accepted: 05/10/2012] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Peripheral nerve injury generally results in spinal neuronal and glial plastic changes associated with chronic behavioral hypersensitivity. Spinal mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs), eg, p38 or extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERKs), are instrumental in the development of chronic allodynia in rodents, and new p38 inhibitors have shown potential in acute and neuropathic pain patients. We have previously shown that the cannabinoid type 2 receptor agonist JWH015 inhibits ERK activity by inducing MAPK phosphatase (MKP)-1 and MKP-3 (the major regulators of MAPKs) in vitro in microglial cells. Therefore, we decided to investigate the role of these phosphatases in the mechanisms of action of JWH015 in vivo using the rat L5 nerve transection model of neuropathic pain. We observed that peripheral nerve injury reduced spinal MKP-1/3 expression and activity and that intrathecal JWH015 reduced established L5 nerve injury-induced allodynia, enhanced spinal MKP-1/3 expression and activity, and reduced the phosphorylated form of p38 and ERK-1/2. Triptolide, a pharmacological blocker of MKP-1 and MKP-3 expression, inhibited JWH015's effects, suggesting that JWH015 exerts its antinociceptive effects by modulating MKP-1 and MKP-3. JWH015-induced antinociception and MKP-1 and MKP-3 expression were inhibited by the cannabinoid type 2 receptor antagonist AM630. Our data suggest that MKP-1 and MKP-3 are potential targets for novel analgesic drugs. PERSPECTIVE MAPKs are pivotal in the development of chronic allodynia in rodent models of neuropathic pain. A cannabinoid type 2 receptor agonist, JWH015, reduced neuropathic allodynia in rats by reducing MAPK phosphorylation and inducing spinal MAPK phosphatases 1 and 3, the major regulators of MAPKs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Russell P Landry
- Dartmouth Medical School, Department of Anesthesiology, Lebanon, New Hampshire, USA
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