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Šoher L, Cvijetić Stokanović M, Prša S, Miškulin M, Kenjerić D. Adherence to Dietary Recommendations in Organized Living Beneficiaries with Severe Mental Disorders and Their Caregivers. Nutrients 2023; 16:143. [PMID: 38201972 PMCID: PMC10780574 DOI: 10.3390/nu16010143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2023] [Revised: 12/22/2023] [Accepted: 12/30/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
People with severe mental disorders often require special care. Other than institutionalized care, some organizations provide housing options and special care in the form of organized living. Few studies provide a detailed description of nutrient intake in this type of care. The aim of this prospective study was to assess nutritional status and adherence to dietary recommendations in both people with mental disorders (beneficiaries) and their caregivers. Across three levels of care, 46 beneficiaries and 19 caregivers participated in the study. The mean intakes of energy (kcal/day) and macro- and micronutrients (g/day) were estimated from a 3-day dietary record and compared with dietary reference values (DRVs) set by the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA). The majority of participants did not meet energy intake recommendations (kcal/day). The contribution of total fat to energy intake (% E) was higher than recommended in both beneficiaries and caregivers with 42.1 ± 4.4% and 38.5 ± 6.5%, respectively. A total of 45.2% of beneficiaries and 61.1% of caregivers had their carbohydrate intake within the recommended range. Fiber intake was well below the recommendations (25 g/day) in all groups. Across all levels of care, lower micronutrient intake for pantothenic acid, biotin, folate, potassium, magnesium, copper, selenium, and iodine was observed. Based on the current results, the development and implementation of nutritional guidelines may be targeted to specific populations and nutrient intakes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lidija Šoher
- Department of Food and Nutrition Research, Faculty of Food Technology Osijek, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Franje Kuhača 18, 31000 Osijek, Croatia; (L.Š.); (M.C.S.)
| | - Milica Cvijetić Stokanović
- Department of Food and Nutrition Research, Faculty of Food Technology Osijek, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Franje Kuhača 18, 31000 Osijek, Croatia; (L.Š.); (M.C.S.)
| | - Sara Prša
- Center for Providing Community Services Osijek „ME just like YOU“, Martina Divalta 2, 31000 Osijek, Croatia;
| | - Maja Miškulin
- Faculty of Medicine Osijek, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, 31000 Osijek, Croatia;
| | - Daniela Kenjerić
- Department of Food and Nutrition Research, Faculty of Food Technology Osijek, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Franje Kuhača 18, 31000 Osijek, Croatia; (L.Š.); (M.C.S.)
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Stogios N, Humber B, Agarwal SM, Hahn M. Antipsychotic-Induced Weight Gain in Severe Mental Illness: Risk Factors and Special Considerations. Curr Psychiatry Rep 2023; 25:707-721. [PMID: 37755655 DOI: 10.1007/s11920-023-01458-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Weight gain is a disconcerting issue experienced by patients treated with antipsychotics (APs). This review summarizes current knowledge on the prevalence, etiology, and risk factors for antipsychotic-induced weight gain (AIWG), and evidence for interventions, including special considerations. RECENT FINDINGS Predisposing risk factors for AIWG include lack of prior AP exposure, sex, and age. AP dose and duration of exposure are additional treatment-related factors that may contribute to this issue. Among current approaches to target AIWG, metformin has the most evidence to support its use, and this is increasingly reflected in clinical guidelines. While lifestyle approaches are recommended, cost-effectiveness and scalability represent limitations. More research is needed to identify newer treatment options and inform clinical recommendations for AIWG. Concerns around scope of practice in psychiatry to address AIWG and related comorbidities will require enhanced training opportunities and interdisciplinary collaborations, as well as updated position statements/practice guidelines emphasizing prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolette Stogios
- Schizophrenia Division, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (CAMH), 1051 Queen Street West, Toronto, ON, M6J 1H3, Canada
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Bailey Humber
- Schizophrenia Division, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (CAMH), 1051 Queen Street West, Toronto, ON, M6J 1H3, Canada
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Sri Mahavir Agarwal
- Schizophrenia Division, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (CAMH), 1051 Queen Street West, Toronto, ON, M6J 1H3, Canada
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
- Banting and Best Diabetes Centre (BBDC), University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Margaret Hahn
- Schizophrenia Division, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (CAMH), 1051 Queen Street West, Toronto, ON, M6J 1H3, Canada.
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.
- Banting and Best Diabetes Centre (BBDC), University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.
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Examining Factors Associated with Dynapenia/Sarcopenia in Patients with Schizophrenia: A Pilot Case-Control Study. Healthcare (Basel) 2023; 11:healthcare11050684. [PMID: 36900689 PMCID: PMC10000555 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare11050684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2022] [Revised: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 02/22/2023] [Indexed: 03/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Sedentary behavior in patients with schizophrenia causes muscle weakness, is associated with a higher risk of metabolic syndrome, and contributes to mortality risk. This pilot case-control study aims to examine the associated factors for dynapenia/sarcopenia in patients with schizophrenia. The participants were 30 healthy individuals (healthy group) and 30 patients with schizophrenia (patient group), who were matched for age and sex. Descriptive statistics, Welch's t-test, cross-tabulations, adjusted residuals, Fisher's exact probability test (extended), and/or odds ratios (ORs) were calculated. In this study, dynapenia was significantly more prevalent in patients with schizophrenia than in healthy individuals. Regarding body water, Pearson's chi-square value was 4.41 (p = 0.04), and significantly more patients with dynapenia were below the normal range. In particular, body water and dynapenia showed a significant association, with an OR = 3.42 and 95% confidence interval [1.06, 11.09]. Notably, compared with participants of the healthy group, patients with schizophrenia were overweight, had less body water, and were at a higher risk for dynapenia. The impedance method and the digital grip dynamometer used in this study were simple and useful tools for evaluating muscle quality. To improve health conditions for patients with schizophrenia, additional attention should be paid to muscle weakness, nutritional status, and physical rehabilitation.
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Investigating Body Mass Index and Body Composition in Patients with Schizophrenia: A Case-Control Study. SCHIZOPHRENIA RESEARCH AND TREATMENT 2022; 2022:1381542. [PMID: 35265376 PMCID: PMC8898882 DOI: 10.1155/2022/1381542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Revised: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 02/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Antipsychotics exert metabolic side effects, and prolonged treatment with antipsychotics causes changes in body weight and muscle composition. Nevertheless, reports on the changes in body composition of patients with schizophrenia have been limited. This study is aimed at comparing the body mass index and body composition of patients with schizophrenia with healthy individuals in Indonesia. METHODS A total of 195 patients with schizophrenia (148 males and 47 females) and 195 healthy individuals matched by gender were recruited. Using the Bioelectrical Impedance Analysis method, the participants' body compositions were measured. RESULTS Compared to healthy individuals, the patient group exhibited a higher rate of underweight as well as a lower rate of overweight and obesity. Multiple regression analysis confirmed the associations between the body mass index and all measured body compositions. Furthermore, the diagnosis of schizophrenia is significantly associated with lower muscle mass, lower bone mass, higher basal metabolic rate, older metabolic age, and higher total body water. CONCLUSIONS The results showed that patients with schizophrenia are at a greater risk of a lower quality of certain components of body composition. Priority should be given to research that addresses increasing the patient's level of physical activity.
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Smith E, Singh R, Lee J, Colucci L, Graff-Guerrero A, Remington G, Hahn M, Agarwal SM. Adiposity in schizophrenia: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Acta Psychiatr Scand 2021; 144:524-536. [PMID: 34458979 DOI: 10.1111/acps.13365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Revised: 08/19/2021] [Accepted: 08/27/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Although a relationship between schizophrenia (SCZ), antipsychotic (AP) medication, and metabolic dysregulation is now well established, the effect of adiposity is less well understood. By synthesizing findings from imaging techniques that measure adiposity, our systematic review and meta-analysis (PROSPERO CRD42020192977) aims to determine the adiposity-related effects of illness and treatment in this patient population. METHODS We searched MEDLINE, EMBASE, PsychINFO and Scopus for all relevant case-control and prospective longitudinal studies from inception until February 2021. Measures of adiposity including percent body fat (%BF), subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT), and visceral adipose tissue (VAT) were analyzed as primary outcomes. RESULTS Our search identified 29 articles that used imaging methods to quantify adiposity among patients with SCZ spectrum disorders. Analyses revealed that patients have greater %BF (mean difference (MD) = 3.09%; 95% CI: 0.75-5.44), SAT (MD = 24.29 cm2 ; 95% CI: 2.97-45.61) and VAT (MD = 33.73 cm2 , 95% CI: 4.19-63.27) compared to healthy controls. AP treatment was found to increase SAT (MD = 31.98 cm2 ; 95% CI: 11.33-52.64) and VAT (MD = 16.30 cm2 ; 95% CI: 8.17-24.44) with no effect on %BF. However, change in %BF was higher for AP-free/AP-naïve patients compared to treated patients. CONCLUSION Our findings indicate that patients with SCZ spectrum disorders have greater adiposity than healthy controls, which is increased by AP treatment. Young, AP-naïve patients may be particularly susceptible to this effect. Future studies should explore the effect of specific APs on adiposity and its relation to overall metabolic health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily Smith
- Schizophrenia Division, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (CAMH), Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Institute of Medical Science, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Raghunath Singh
- Schizophrenia Division, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (CAMH), Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jiwon Lee
- Schizophrenia Division, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (CAMH), Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Institute of Medical Science, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Laura Colucci
- Schizophrenia Division, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (CAMH), Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Psychology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ariel Graff-Guerrero
- Schizophrenia Division, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (CAMH), Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Institute of Medical Science, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Gary Remington
- Schizophrenia Division, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (CAMH), Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Institute of Medical Science, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Margaret Hahn
- Schizophrenia Division, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (CAMH), Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Institute of Medical Science, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sri Mahavir Agarwal
- Schizophrenia Division, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (CAMH), Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Institute of Medical Science, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Peters T, Nüllig L, Antel J, Naaresh R, Laabs BH, Tegeler L, Amhaouach C, Libuda L, Hinney A, Hebebrand J. The Role of Genetic Variation of BMI, Body Composition, and Fat Distribution for Mental Traits and Disorders: A Look-Up and Mendelian Randomization Study. Front Genet 2020; 11:373. [PMID: 32373164 PMCID: PMC7186862 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2020.00373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2019] [Accepted: 03/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Anthropometric traits and mental disorders or traits are known to be associated clinically and to show genetic overlap. We aimed to identify genetic variants with relevance for mental disorders/traits and either (i) body mass index (or obesity), (ii) body composition, (and/or) (iii) body fat distribution. We performed a look-up analysis of 1,005 genome-wide significant SNPs for BMI, body composition, and body fat distribution in 15 mental disorders/traits. We identified 40 independent loci with one or more SNPs fulfilling our threshold significance criterion (P < 4.98 × 10-5) for the mental phenotypes. The majority of loci was associated with schizophrenia, educational attainment, and/or intelligence. Fewer associations were found for bipolar disorder, neuroticism, attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder, major depressive disorder, depressive symptoms, and well-being. Unique associations with measures of body fat distribution adjusted for BMI were identified at five loci only. To investigate the potential causality between body fat distribution and schizophrenia, we performed two-sample Mendelian randomization analyses. We found no causal effect of body fat distribution on schizophrenia and vice versa. In conclusion, we identified 40 loci which may contribute to genetic overlaps between mental disorders/traits and BMI and/or shape related phenotypes. The majority of loci identified for body composition overlapped with BMI loci, thus suggesting pleiotropic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Triinu Peters
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Lena Nüllig
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Jochen Antel
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Roaa Naaresh
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Björn-Hergen Laabs
- Institute of Medical Biometry and Statistics, University of Lübeck, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Lisa Tegeler
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Chaima Amhaouach
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Lars Libuda
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Anke Hinney
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Johannes Hebebrand
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
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Exploiting horizontal pleiotropy to search for causal pathways within a Mendelian randomization framework. Nat Commun 2020; 11:1010. [PMID: 32081875 PMCID: PMC7035387 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-14452-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2018] [Accepted: 12/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In Mendelian randomization (MR) analysis, variants that exert horizontal pleiotropy are typically treated as a nuisance. However, they could be valuable in identifying alternative pathways to the traits under investigation. Here, we develop MR-TRYX, a framework that exploits horizontal pleiotropy to discover putative risk factors for disease. We begin by detecting outliers in a single exposure-outcome MR analysis, hypothesising they are due to horizontal pleiotropy. We search across hundreds of complete GWAS summary datasets to systematically identify other (candidate) traits that associate with the outliers. We develop a multi-trait pleiotropy model of the heterogeneity in the exposure-outcome analysis due to pathways through candidate traits. Through detailed investigation of several causal relationships, many pleiotropic pathways are uncovered with already established causal effects, validating the approach, but also alternative putative causal pathways. Adjustment for pleiotropic pathways reduces the heterogeneity across the analyses.
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Sugawara N, Yasui-Furukori N, Yamazaki M, Shimoda K, Mori T, Sugai T, Matsuda H, Suzuki Y, Ozeki Y, Okamoto K, Sagae T, Someya T. Predictive Utility of Body Mass Index for Metabolic Syndrome Among Patients with Schizophrenia in Japan. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat 2020; 16:2229-2236. [PMID: 33061393 PMCID: PMC7533264 DOI: 10.2147/ndt.s269619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2020] [Accepted: 09/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Reliable and easy screening for metabolic syndrome (MetS) is important for patients with schizophrenia. The aim of this study was to assess the predictive utility of body mass index (BMI) for MetS among patients with schizophrenia in Japan. METHODS In total, 8468 patients (4705 males, 3763 females) with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorders based on the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, fourth edition (DSM-IV), or the International Classification of Diseases, tenth revision (ICD-10), were assessed for MetS using the criteria of the National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III (ATP III-A). We applied a stratum-specific likelihood ratio (SSLR) analysis, which is independent of the prevalence of the target disease. RESULTS The mean (± standard deviation) age of these patients was 57.4 ± 13.5 years. The prevalence of MetS was 20.4%. Among males, the SSLRs predicting MetS were 0.03 (95% CI 0.02-0.06), 0.54 (95% CI 0.48-0.60), 2.77 (95% CI 2.44-3.14) and 8.75 (95% CI 7.40-10.36) for BMI <20 kg/m2, 20 kg/m2 ≤ BMI < 25 kg/m2, 25 kg/m2≤ BMI < 28 kg/m2, and 28 kg/m2≤BMI, respectively. For females, the SSLRs predicting MetS were 0.08 (95% CI 0.05-0.12), 0.73 (95% CI 0.66-0.82), 2.50 (95% CI 2.16-2.90) and 4.83 (95% CI 4.12-5.67) for the same BMI categories, respectively. CONCLUSION The predictive utility of BMI is confirmed, and BMI has more predictive value in males than in females. Patients with a BMI of 28 kg/m2 or greater had a significantly higher SSLR than those with a BMI less than 28 kg/m2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norio Sugawara
- Department of Psychiatry, Dokkyo Medical University School of Medicine, Mibu, Tochigi 321-0293, Japan.,Japanese Society of Clinical Neuropsychopharmacology, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101-0003, Japan
| | - Norio Yasui-Furukori
- Department of Psychiatry, Dokkyo Medical University School of Medicine, Mibu, Tochigi 321-0293, Japan.,Japanese Society of Clinical Neuropsychopharmacology, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101-0003, Japan
| | - Manabu Yamazaki
- Japan Psychiatric Hospital Association, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8554, Japan
| | - Kazutaka Shimoda
- Department of Psychiatry, Dokkyo Medical University School of Medicine, Mibu, Tochigi 321-0293, Japan.,Japanese Society of Clinical Neuropsychopharmacology, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101-0003, Japan
| | - Takao Mori
- Japan Psychiatric Hospital Association, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8554, Japan
| | - Takuro Sugai
- Japanese Society of Clinical Neuropsychopharmacology, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101-0003, Japan.,Department of Psychiatry, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata University, Chuo-ku, Niigata 951-8510, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Matsuda
- Japan Psychiatric Hospital Association, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8554, Japan
| | - Yutaro Suzuki
- Japanese Society of Clinical Neuropsychopharmacology, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101-0003, Japan.,Department of Psychiatry, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata University, Chuo-ku, Niigata 951-8510, Japan
| | - Yuji Ozeki
- Japanese Society of Clinical Neuropsychopharmacology, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101-0003, Japan.,Department of Psychiatry, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Shiga 520-2134, Japan
| | - Kurefu Okamoto
- Japan Psychiatric Hospital Association, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8554, Japan
| | - Toyoaki Sagae
- Japan Psychiatric Hospital Association, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8554, Japan.,Department of Health and Nutrition, Yamagata Prefectural Yonezawa University of Nutrition Sciences, Yonezawa, Yamagata 992-0025, Japan
| | - Toshiyuki Someya
- Japanese Society of Clinical Neuropsychopharmacology, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101-0003, Japan.,Department of Psychiatry, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata University, Chuo-ku, Niigata 951-8510, Japan
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Huang JJ, Huang MW, Yang ACY. The Analytical Study in the Assessment of Body Segment Composition Using Electrical Impedance in Patients with Schizophrenia. ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF THE IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE 2019; 2018:4245-4248. [PMID: 30441291 DOI: 10.1109/embc.2018.8513305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Bioelectrical impedance analysis technology was used tomeasure whole body parameters and electrical resistance and reactance of specific body regions in schizophrenia patients after long-term medication use. Patient data was compared to that of a control group of subjects to analyze metabolic differences. Our experimental group was composed of 60 schizophrenia patients, and the control group was composed of 30 normal subjects. T-test and ANOVA analyses were conducted to compared differences between groups, with confidencev intervals set at 95%. T-test results showed significant differences in body fat levels between groups (F=4.753, p=0.031<0.05). Additionally, we also found significant differences in upper body resistance and reactance (F=78.433, p=0.000<0.05, F=67.488, p=0.000<0.05), which could be related to accumulation of body fat. These results show correlation between schizophrenia and development of metabolic syndrome.
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10
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Chromatin profiling of cortical neurons identifies individual epigenetic signatures in schizophrenia. Transl Psychiatry 2019; 9:256. [PMID: 31624234 PMCID: PMC6797775 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-019-0596-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2019] [Revised: 09/09/2019] [Accepted: 09/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Both heritability and environment contribute to risk for schizophrenia. However, the molecular mechanisms of interactions between genetic and non-genetic factors remain unclear. Epigenetic regulation of neuronal genome may be a presumable mechanism in pathogenesis of schizophrenia. Here, we performed analysis of open chromatin landscape of gene promoters in prefrontal cortical (PFC) neurons from schizophrenic patients. We cataloged cell-type-based epigenetic signals of transcriptional start sites (TSS) marked by histone H3-K4 trimethylation (H3K4me3) across the genome in PFC from multiple schizophrenia subjects and age-matched control individuals. One of the top-ranked chromatin alterations was found in the major histocompatibility (MHC) locus on chromosome 6 highlighting the overlap between genetic and epigenetic risk factors in schizophrenia. The chromosome conformation capture (3C) analysis in human brain cells revealed the architecture of multipoint chromatin interactions between the schizophrenia-associated genetic and epigenetic polymorphic sites and distantly located HLA-DRB5 and BTNL2 genes. In addition, schizophrenia-specific chromatin modifications in neurons were particularly prominent for non-coding RNA genes, including an uncharacterized LINC01115 gene and recently identified BNRNA_052780. Notably, protein-coding genes with altered epigenetic state in schizophrenia are enriched for oxidative stress and cell motility pathways. Our results imply the rare individual epigenetic alterations in brain neurons are involved in the pathogenesis of schizophrenia.
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Castellani LN, Costa-Dookhan KA, McIntyre WB, Wright DC, Flowers SA, Hahn MK, Ward KM. Preclinical and Clinical Sex Differences in Antipsychotic-Induced Metabolic Disturbances: A Narrative Review of Adiposity and Glucose Metabolism. JOURNAL OF PSYCHIATRY AND BRAIN SCIENCE 2019; 4:e190013. [PMID: 31555747 PMCID: PMC6760310 DOI: 10.20900/jpbs.20190013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Antipsychotic (AP) medications are associated with an increased risk of developing metabolic side effects including weight gain, type 2 diabetes (T2D), dyslipidemia, and hypertension. In the majority of clinical studies, females on APs are noted to gain more weight, and are more likely to be diagnosed with metabolic syndrome when compared to males. However, the data is less clear when comparing sex disparities associated with other specific AP-induced metabolic risk factors. Accumulating evidence has demonstrated a role for AP-induced adipose tissue accumulation as well as whole body glucose dysregulation in male models that is independent of changes in body weight. The purpose of this narrative review is to explore the susceptibility of males and females to changes in adiposity and glucose metabolism across clinical and preclinical models of AP treatment. It is important that future research examining AP-induced metabolic side effects analyzes outcomes by sex to help clarify risk and identify the mechanisms of adverse event development to improve safe prescribing of medications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kenya A. Costa-Dookhan
- Centre for Addition and Mental Health, Toronto, ON M5T1L8, Canada
- Institute of Medical Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S3K1, Canada
| | | | - David C. Wright
- Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G1Y2, Canada
| | | | - Margaret K. Hahn
- Centre for Addition and Mental Health, Toronto, ON M5T1L8, Canada
- Institute of Medical Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S3K1, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5T1R8, Canada
- Banting and Best Diabetes Centre, University of Toronto, ON M5G2C4, Canada
| | - Kristen M. Ward
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, University of Michigan College of Pharmacy, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
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12
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Lu L, Zeng LN, Zong QQ, Rao WW, Ng CH, Ungvari GS, Li J, An FR, Xiang YT. Quality of life in Chinese patients with schizophrenia: A meta-analysis. Psychiatry Res 2018; 268:392-399. [PMID: 30125870 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2018.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2018] [Revised: 05/27/2018] [Accepted: 07/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The impact of schizophrenia on quality of life (QOL) is significantly influenced by sociocultural factors. This meta-analysis systematically compared QOL between patients with schizophrenia and healthy controls in China. PubMed, PsycINFO, Embase, Chinese National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI), SinoMed and WanFang databases were searched to identify case-control studies. Standardized mean differences (SMDs) and 95% confidence interval (CI) were calculated using random effect models. Eighteen case-control studies comparing QOL between schizophrenia patients (n = 2,425) and healthy controls (n = 2,072) were included in the analyses. Compared with healthy controls, schizophrenia patients had significantly poorer overall QOL [11 studies; SMD:-1.07 (95%CI:-1.44, -0.70), P < 0.001] as well as in the physical, psychological, social and environmental QOL domains. Subgroup analyses revealed that poorer QOL was significantly associated with diagnostic criteria, study location, female gender, older age and inpatient status. Older schizophrenia patients had lower physical and psychological QOL, while inpatients had lower psychological QOL. In conclusion, compared with healthy controls, schizophrenia patients in China have significantly lower QOL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Lu
- Unit of Psychiatry, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Macao, SAR, China
| | - Liang-Nan Zeng
- The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Qian-Qian Zong
- School of Nursing, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China; The National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, China &Center of Depression, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders & Mood Disorders Center, Beijing Anding Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Wen-Wang Rao
- Unit of Psychiatry, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Macao, SAR, China
| | - Chee H Ng
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Gabor S Ungvari
- University of Notre Dame Australia & Graylands Hospital, Perth, Australia
| | - Jun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning & IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing Normal University, China
| | - Feng-Rong An
- The National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, China &Center of Depression, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders & Mood Disorders Center, Beijing Anding Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.
| | - Yu-Tao Xiang
- Unit of Psychiatry, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Macao, SAR, China.
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Latham K, Kirkpatrick B. Meta-analysis of adult height and birth length in schizophrenia. Schizophr Res 2018; 195:110-114. [PMID: 29126609 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2017.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2017] [Revised: 09/01/2017] [Accepted: 09/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE As a group, people with schizophrenia have a number of subtle anatomical abnormalities as well as physiological abnormalities that precede antipsychotic treatment. Some studies have also found shorter birth length or shorter adult height in people with schizophrenia compared to control subjects. We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis of studies of birth length and adult height in schizophrenia, following PRISMA guidelines (Prospero Registration # CRD42016043718). DATA SOURCES We searched the PsycInfo, Web of Science, and PubMed databases for articles published 1947-2016. STUDY SELECTION Articles were included if they had data for patients diagnosed with schizophrenia and a matched control group of subjects without a psychotic disorder; both groups were measured for birth length and/or adult height (18years or older); and the paper was published in English. DATA EXTRACTION One author extracted the data, which was verified by the other. RESULTS For adult height, six studies with 1,122 patients and 250,200 control subjects were included in analyses. There were six birth length studies, which included 984 patients and 976,296 controls. The patients did not differ from comparison subjects in birth length (effect size estimate=-0.03; CI: -0.09, 0.03), but adults were slightly shorter than comparison subjects (-0.15; -0.24, -0.06). In meta-regression of adult studies, the variables of first episode versus clinical sample, and population registry versus non-registry were not significant. Matching for several important variables was usually lacking in these studies. CONCLUSIONS While there appears to be no difference in birth length between people with schizophrenia and comparison subjects, the former may be slighter shorter in adult life. The cause of such a discrepancy, if confirmed, is not clear, and lack of matching on potentially confounding variables undermines confidence in any conclusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keely Latham
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, University of Nevada, Reno School of Medicine, Reno, NV, United States
| | - Brian Kirkpatrick
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, University of Nevada, Reno School of Medicine, Reno, NV, United States.
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Strassnig M, Clarke J, Mann S, Remington G, Ganguli R. Body composition, pre-diabetes and cardiovascular disease risk in early schizophrenia. Early Interv Psychiatry 2017; 11:229-236. [PMID: 25752319 DOI: 10.1111/eip.12225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2014] [Accepted: 12/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
AIM This preliminary study examines the relationship between body composition, insulin resistance and NCEP-III-defined cardiovascular disease risk factors in persons early in the course of schizophrenia exposed to commonly prescribed atypical antipsychotic medications. METHODS Subjects underwent modified oral glucose tolerance tests (OGTTs) and DEXA (dual X-ray absorptiometry) scans corrected for relevant sociodemographic data, including activity levels. We used linear multiple regression models to evaluate relationships between body composition and metabolic variables. RESULTS Thirty-six individuals diagnosed with schizophrenia, receiving atypical antipsychotic monotherapy, and within 5 years of illness onset, participated. Average age was 25.1 ± 3.6 years (range, 19-34) and duration of illness was 2.5 years (30 ± 18 months). Mean body mass index (BMI) was 28.3 ± 4.9, with a mean total body fat mass of 28.6 ± 8.4%, suggesting an increase in fat relative to BMI. Ten participants (28%) had pre-diabetes (fasting glucose 100-126 mg dL-1 or 2-h OGTT 140-200 mg dL-1 ), but no participant had diabetes. Insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) was predicted by total body mass (BMI) more so than by body fat mass, with an incremental contribution derived from antipsychotics. Insulin secretion in response to glucose challenge was predicted by BMI, body fat mass and antipsychotic medication. CONCLUSIONS Fat mass relative to BMI was increased in early schizophrenia patients receiving atypical antipsychotics. Body composition accounted for most of the variance in risk for abnormalities in glucose metabolism. Incremental contributions were derived from atypical antipsychotics, in line with their known adipogenicity. If direct fat mass measures are unavailable, frequent BMI measures may be practical proxy markers for metabolic risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Strassnig
- Department of Psychiatry, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Jennifer Clarke
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Steve Mann
- Department of Psychiatry, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Gary Remington
- Department of Psychiatry, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Rohan Ganguli
- Department of Psychiatry, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Mhango SN, Kalimbira A, Mwagomba B. Anthropometric characteristics and the burden of altered nutritional status among neuropsychiatric patients at Zomba Mental Hospital in Zomba, Malawi. Malawi Med J 2016; 27:41-4. [PMID: 26405510 DOI: 10.4314/mmj.v27i2.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the prevalence of overnutrition and undernutrition among neuropsychiatric inpatients and outpatients at Zomba Mental Hospital in Zomba, Malawi. METHODS In this analytical cross-sectional study (n = 239), data were collected from psychiatric patients who were either inpatients (n = 181) or outpatients (n = 58) at Zomba Mental Hospital, which is the largest mental health facility in Malawi. Information was collected about patient demographics, anthropometric data, dietary information, and tobacco and alcohol use, among other variables. Data were entered and analysed in SPSS 16.0 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA). Means were generated and compared between male and female patients, and between inpatients and outpatients. RESULTS The study recruited 158 male and 81 female patients, with mean ages of 31.24 ± 11.85 years and 33.08 ± 15.18 years (p = 0.328), respectively. Male patients were significantly taller (165.27 ± 7.25 cm) than female patients (155.30 ± 6.56 cm) (p < 0.001); were significantly heavier than females (60.02 ± 10.56 kg versus 55.64 ± 10.53 kg); and had a significantly lower mean body mass index (BMI) than females (21.87 ± 3.21 vs. 23.01 ± 3.78) (p = 0.016). Overweight and obese patients comprised 17.6% of the participants, and 8.8% were underweight. There were no significant differences in the prevalence of overweight, obesity, and underweight between male and female participants, or between inpatients and outpatients. CONCLUSION Our study-the first one of its kind in Malawi-characterised the anthropometry of neuropsychiatric patients at a major metal health facility in Malawi, and has shown a high proportion of overweight patients and a notable presence of underweight patients among them. Being overweight or obese is a risk factor for metabolic disorders. Being underweight may aggravate mental illness or disturb the effect of medication. There is need, therefore, to include nutrition screening and therapeutic or supplementary feeding as part of a comprehensive care and treatment plan for neuropsychiatric patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- S N Mhango
- Department of Human Nutrition and Health, Lilongwe University of Agriculture and Natural Resources (LUANAR), Lilongwe, Malawi
| | - A Kalimbira
- Department of Human Nutrition and Health, Lilongwe University of Agriculture and Natural Resources (LUANAR), Lilongwe, Malawi
| | - B Mwagomba
- Non-communicable Diseases and Mental Health Unit, Directorate of Clinical Services, Ministry of Health, Government of Malawi, Lilongwe, Malawi
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Konarzewska B, Stefańska E, Wendołowicz A, Cwalina U, Golonko A, Małus A, Kowzan U, Szulc A, Rudzki L, Ostrowska L. Visceral obesity in normal-weight patients suffering from chronic schizophrenia. BMC Psychiatry 2014; 14:35. [PMID: 24506972 PMCID: PMC3922935 DOI: 10.1186/1471-244x-14-35] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2013] [Accepted: 02/05/2014] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND BMI (body mass index) can be misleading regarding the level of adiposity in a normal-weight individual. Recently, a bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) method was developed that can measure body composition variables. The main objectives of this study were to use BIA to compare the body composition variables between chronic non-diabetic schizophrenic patients with normal weight and healthy individuals. The secondary objective was to compare the nutritional pattern of schizophrenia patients with that of matched healthy subjects, and to identify possible relationships between the content of different components of their diet and visceral adiposity. METHODS The subjects were 52 normal-weight patients (33 males and 19 females) diagnosed with schizophrenia based on the DSM-IV and 45 (23 males and 22 females) BMI- matched controls. The patients had been receiving atypical or typical antipsychotic agents for at least one year before enrollment into the study but continuously for 3 months preceding the study and were psychiatrically stable. Body fat (kg), percent (%) body fat, fat-free mass, VAT (visceral adipose tissue) and SAT (subcutaneous adipose tissue) were measured using the bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) method. Daily food rations (DFR) were quantitatively evaluated by a 24-h dietary recall method covering 3 days preceding the examination. RESULTS In normal-weight patients schizophrenia was significantly linked with higher VAT, VAT/SAT ratio and lower fat- free mass. Men had over 5 times and women over 2 times as much VAT as BMI matched groups. In women with schizophrenia and in their controls, the amount of magnesium, niacin and vitamin B6 in their diet inversely correlated with VAT, while in men lower zinc and vitamin C intake was related to higher visceral adiposity. CONCLUSIONS Our study has shown that normal-weight patients with chronic schizophrenia have higher levels of visceral fat (VAT) than controls but similar volume of subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT). Although no clear conclusion can be made regarding cause-and-effect relationships between the dietary content of food served to our patients and visceral obesity, we suggest that schizophrenia diet should be further investigated as a possible factor related to this type of obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beata Konarzewska
- Department of Psychiatry, Medical University of Bialystok, Plac Brodowicza 1, Choroszcz 16-070, Poland.
| | - Ewa Stefańska
- Department of Dietetics and Clinical Nutrition, Medical University of Bialystok, Mieszka I-go 4B, Białystok 15-054, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Wendołowicz
- Department of Dietetics and Clinical Nutrition, Medical University of Bialystok, Mieszka I-go 4B, Białystok 15-054, Poland
| | - Urszula Cwalina
- Department of Statistics and Medical Informatics, Medical University of Bialystok, Szpitalna 37, Białystok 15-295, Poland
| | - Anna Golonko
- Department of Dietetics and Clinical Nutrition, Medical University of Bialystok, Mieszka I-go 4B, Białystok 15-054, Poland
| | - Aleksandra Małus
- Department of Psychiatry, Medical University of Bialystok, Plac Brodowicza 1, Choroszcz 16-070, Poland
| | - Urszula Kowzan
- Department of Psychiatry, Medical University of Bialystok, Plac Brodowicza 1, Choroszcz 16-070, Poland
| | - Agata Szulc
- Department of Psychiatry, Medical University of Bialystok, Plac Brodowicza 1, Choroszcz 16-070, Poland,Department of Psychiatry, Medical University of Warsaw, Faculty of Health Sciences, ul. Partyzantow 2/4, Pruszkow 05-802, Poland
| | - Leszek Rudzki
- Department of Psychiatry, Medical University of Bialystok, Plac Brodowicza 1, Choroszcz 16-070, Poland
| | - Lucyna Ostrowska
- Department of Dietetics and Clinical Nutrition, Medical University of Bialystok, Mieszka I-go 4B, Białystok 15-054, Poland
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Wakamatsu K, Sakuraba K, Suzuki Y, Maruyama A, Tsuchiya Y, Shikakura J, Ochi E. Association between the stress fracture and bone metabolism/quality markers in lacrosse players. Open Access J Sports Med 2012; 3:67-71. [PMID: 24198589 PMCID: PMC3781901 DOI: 10.2147/oajsm.s34097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Overuse injury including stress fracture is a serious problem for athletes. Recently, the importance of bone metabolism and quality as factors preventing overuse injury has been increasingly recognized. Hence, we hypothesized that markers of bone metabolism and quality are related to overuse injuries. Methods The subjects, which were elite university lacrosse players (male, n = 35; age, 19.8 ± 1.1; female, n = 49; age, 20.0 ± 1.0), were divided into a stress fracture group and a control group. We measured the subjects’ physical characteristics (height, weight, body mass index, and body fat) and bone architecture was evaluated using quantitative ultrasound. Bone alkaline phosphatase, N-telopeptide cross-link of type I collagen, tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase 5b (TRAP-5b), homocysteine, and pentosidine were measured from blood samples obtained from all subjects. Results No significant difference was observed between groups with respect to height, weight, body mass index, and body fat, as well as quantitative ultrasound. Further, there were no significant differences in the levels of bone alkaline phosphatase, N-telopeptide cross-link of type I collagen, or TRAP-5b between stress fracture and control groups in all subjects and in male subjects. However, a significant increase in TRAP-5b level was observed in the stress fracture group compared with the control in the female subjects (409.9 ± 209.3 and 318.6 ± 81.6 mU/dL, respectively; P < 0.05). Homocysteine and pentosidine did not differ between groups. Conclusion These results suggest that osteoclast activity of female athletes with stress fractures may be enhanced by TRAP-5b.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenta Wakamatsu
- Department of Sports Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Juntendo University, Tokyo, Japan
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