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Viriyathorn S, Sachdev S, Suwanwela W, Wangbanjongkun W, Patcharanarumol W, Tangcharoensathien V. Procedural fairness in benefit package design: inclusion of pre-exposure prophylaxis of HIV in Universal Coverage Scheme in Thailand. Health Policy Plan 2023; 38:i36-i48. [PMID: 37963082 PMCID: PMC10645053 DOI: 10.1093/heapol/czad061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2022] [Revised: 03/09/2023] [Accepted: 07/29/2023] [Indexed: 11/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Since 2002, Thailand's Universal Coverage Scheme (UCS) has adopted a comprehensive benefits package with few exclusions. A positive-list approach has gradually been applied, with pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) of HIV recently being included. Disagreements resulting from competing values and diverging interests necessitate an emphasis on procedural fairness when making any decisions. This qualitative study analyses agenda setting, policy formulation and early implementation of PrEP from a procedural fairness lens. Literature reviews and in-depth interviews with 13 key stakeholders involved in PrEP policy processes were conducted. Civil society organizations (CSOs) and academia piloted PrEP service models and co-produced evidence on programmatic feasibility and outcomes. Through a broad stakeholder representation process, the Department of Disease Control proposed PrEP for inclusion in UCS benefits package in 2017. PrEP was shown to be cost-effective and affordable through rigorous health technology assessment, peer review, use of up-to-date evidence and safe-guards against conflicts of interest. In 2021, Thailand's National Health Security Board decided to include PrEP as a prevention and promotion package, free of charge, for the populations at risk. Favourable conditions for procedural fairness were created by Thailand's legislative provisions that enable responsive governance, notably inclusiveness, transparency, safeguarding public interest and accountable budget allocations; longstanding institutional capacity to generate local evidence; and implementation capacity for realisation of procedural fairness criteria. Multiple stakeholders including CSOs, academia and the government deliberated in the policy process through working groups and sub-committees. However, a key lesson from Thailand's deliberative process concerns a possible 'over interpretation' of conflicts of interest, intended to promote impartial decision-making, which inadvertently limited the voices of key populations represented in the decision processes. Finally, this case study underscores the value of examining the full policy cycle when assessing procedural fairness, since some stages of the process may be more amenable to certain procedural criteria than others.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaheda Viriyathorn
- International Health Policy Program (IHPP), Ministry of Public Health, Tiwanon Road, Nonthaburi 11000, Thailand
| | - Saranya Sachdev
- International Health Policy Program (IHPP), Ministry of Public Health, Tiwanon Road, Nonthaburi 11000, Thailand
| | - Waraporn Suwanwela
- National Health Security Office (NHSO), The Government Complex Commemorating His Majesty the King's 80th Birthday Anniversary 5th December, B.E.2550 (2007) Building B 120 Moo 3 Chaengwattana Road, Lak Si District, Bangkok 10210, Thailand
| | - Waritta Wangbanjongkun
- International Health Policy Program (IHPP), Ministry of Public Health, Tiwanon Road, Nonthaburi 11000, Thailand
| | - Walaiporn Patcharanarumol
- International Health Policy Program (IHPP), Ministry of Public Health, Tiwanon Road, Nonthaburi 11000, Thailand
| | - Viroj Tangcharoensathien
- International Health Policy Program (IHPP), Ministry of Public Health, Tiwanon Road, Nonthaburi 11000, Thailand
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Kiewnin K, Boontantrapiwat T, Sosom J, Hongtumrong M, Khunakorncharatphong A, Kanchanachitra C, Pachanee CA. International Trade and Health in Thailand: A Scoping Review. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph182111692. [PMID: 34770208 PMCID: PMC8583137 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph182111692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Revised: 10/31/2021] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
International trade has become more complicated and is now related to more aspects of health and the health system. As Thailand is active in international trade and health, understanding what knowledge exists and determining the knowledge gap is essential for generating the necessary evidence in order to promote better understanding and allow evidence-based policy decisions to be made. This study reviewed the existence of knowledge on international trade and health issues in a scoping review, focusing on Thailand during the period 1991-2020. In total, 156 studies from seven databases and manual searching were included. Of these, 46% were related to trade in health services and 39% were linked to intellectual property, particularly access to medicines. This review found only a very small amount of research on other issues and did not identify any study on trade policies or products related to health and international trade and the environment. We therefore recommend that further studies should be carried out to provide more critical evidence-in particular, more research focusing on the impacts of trade on health-related goods and the analysis of the positive and negative impacts of international trade on industry is needed. Furthermore, better knowledge management through the publication of research findings and making them searchable on international databases will increase the visibility of international trade, increase our knowledge of health issues, and provide supporting evidence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamonwan Kiewnin
- International Health Policy Program, Ministry of Public Health, Nonthaburi 11000, Thailand; (K.K.); (J.S.); (M.H.); (A.K.)
| | - Titaree Boontantrapiwat
- Faculty of Social Sciences and Humanities, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom 73170, Thailand;
| | - Jeerapa Sosom
- International Health Policy Program, Ministry of Public Health, Nonthaburi 11000, Thailand; (K.K.); (J.S.); (M.H.); (A.K.)
| | - Mintar Hongtumrong
- International Health Policy Program, Ministry of Public Health, Nonthaburi 11000, Thailand; (K.K.); (J.S.); (M.H.); (A.K.)
| | - Anon Khunakorncharatphong
- International Health Policy Program, Ministry of Public Health, Nonthaburi 11000, Thailand; (K.K.); (J.S.); (M.H.); (A.K.)
| | | | - Cha-aim Pachanee
- International Health Policy Program, Ministry of Public Health, Nonthaburi 11000, Thailand; (K.K.); (J.S.); (M.H.); (A.K.)
- Correspondence:
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Pharmaceutical drug development: high drug prices and the hidden role of public funding. Biol Futur 2021; 72:129-138. [PMID: 34554467 DOI: 10.1007/s42977-020-00025-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2020] [Accepted: 06/11/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
In 2019, the record for the most expensive drug was broken at US$2.1 million per patient. The high costs of new drugs are justified by the pharmaceutical industry as the expense required for maintaining research and development (R&D) pipelines. However, this does not take into account that globally the public pays for between one to two-thirds of upfront R&D costs through taxpayers or charitable donations. Governments are effectively paying twice for medicines; first through R&D, and then paying the high prices upon approval. High drug prices distort research priorities, emphasising financial gains and not health gains. In this manuscript, issues surrounding the current patent-based drug development model, public funding of research and pharmaceutical lobbying will be addressed. Finally, innovations in drug development to improve public health needs and guaranteeing medication access to patients will be explored.
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Fustok J. Compulsory patents: A way to drive down the cost of pharmaceuticals. Med Leg J 2021; 89:206-207. [PMID: 34344245 DOI: 10.1177/00258172211031726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Moise RK, Srithanaviboonchai K, Alsolami A, Soares MH, Elewonibi BR, Tolmasky ME, Wood MM. The Patient-Provider Continuum of Care: Narratives of People Living With Comorbid HIV and Diabetes in Northern Thailand. J Patient Exp 2020; 7:749-757. [PMID: 33294611 PMCID: PMC7705831 DOI: 10.1177/2374373519882226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Among South-East Asia Region countries, Thailand has a high prevalence of HIV with an increasing significant comorbidity of diabetes mellitus (DM). Objective: Guided by syndemics, the purpose of this qualitative study is to develop insight into the experience of patients living with comorbid HIV and DM in Northern Thailand for quality improvement. Methods: Interviews were conducted in 2 groups for content analysis: (1) people living with comorbid HIV and DM and (2) health-care staff providing care to patients living with the comorbidity. Results: Participants’ (N = 12) ages ranged from 42 to 56 (mean = 49). Health staff (N = 12) generated complementary narratives. All participants reported onset of diabetes after discovering they were HIV infected. Content analysis revealed emergent themes regarding (1) knowledge and perceptions and (2) management framed by syndemics and chronicity. Conclusion: Findings suggest routine training for patient education and provider integration of care. Macrosocial factors such as limited access and resources and biological factor such as drug interactions are noted as key considerations for future interventions and alterations in the care for patients with comorbid HIV and DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rhoda K Moise
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | | | - Ali Alsolami
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Mary H Soares
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Bilikisu Reni Elewonibi
- Department of Global Health and Population, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Michele M Wood
- Department of Public Health, California State University, Fullerton, CA, USA
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Javed S, Chattu VK. Strengthening the COVID-19 pandemic response, global leadership, and international cooperation through global health diplomacy. Health Promot Perspect 2020; 10:300-305. [PMID: 33312925 PMCID: PMC7723006 DOI: 10.34172/hpp.2020.48] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Accepted: 09/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic continues to claim lives around the world and, to some extent, reflects the failure of international cooperation. Global health diplomacy (GHD)can be a bridge for international cooperation for tackling public health crises, strengthening health systems through emphasizing universal health coverage for sustainable and equitable development, and rebuilding multilateral organizations. It can be a catalyst for future global health initiatives. Health should not be used as a political tool at the cost of people’s lives, nor should it become a proxy for geopolitics but can be used to diffuse tensions and create a positive environment for political dialogue. Health diplomacy’s focus should be to mitigate inequality by making available diagnostics, therapeutics, and vaccines as a global public good. The implications for the lack of international cooperation will lead to increased global disparities and inequities as the countries that cannot procure vaccines will find their population more vulnerable to the pandemic’s repercussion. Though the international cooperation on trade has suffered the impact of geopolitical shifts and competition, through engaging in GHD, the governments can align the trade and health policies. Amid this global health crisis, the World Health Organization (WHO) has faced an increase in International Health Regulations violations, limiting its influence and response during this COVID-19 pandemic. Nations need to develop a sense of cooperation that serves as the basis for a mutual strategic trust for international development. The priorities of all the countries should be to find the areas of common interest, common operational overlap on development issues, and resource allocation for this global fight against COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumbal Javed
- School of Public Health, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Vijay Kumar Chattu
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.,Institute of International Relations, The University of the West Indies, St. Augustine, Trinidad and Tobago
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Affiliation(s)
- Hilary Wong
- University of California, Berkeley, School of Law, USA
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Tangcharoensathien V, Patcharanarumol W, Suwanwela W, Supangul S, Panichkriangkrai W, Kosiyaporn H, Witthayapipopsakul W. Defining the Benefit Package of Thailand Universal Coverage Scheme: From Pragmatism to Sophistication. Int J Health Policy Manag 2020; 9:133-137. [PMID: 32331492 PMCID: PMC7182149 DOI: 10.15171/ijhpm.2019.96] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2019] [Accepted: 10/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Benefit package is crucial for implementing universal health coverage (UHC). This editorial analyses how the benefit package of the Thai Universal Coverage Scheme (UC Scheme) evolved from an implicit comprehensive package which covered all conditions and interventions (with a few exceptions), to additional explicit positive lists. In 2002 when the Thai UC Scheme was launched; the comprehensive benefit package, including medicines in the national essential list of medicines, formerly offered by the previous schemes were pragmatically adopted. Later, when capacities of producing evidence on health technology assessment (HTA) increased, rigorous assessment of cost effectiveness is mandatorily required for inclusion of new interventions into the Thai UC Scheme benefit package. This contributed to evidence-informed policy decisions. To prevent emptied promises, whichever policy choices are made about the benefit package, either using a negative or a positive list, developing country governments need to make quality health services available and accessible by the entire population. Political decision on benefit package should be informed by evidence on cost effectiveness, equity dimension and health system capacity to deliver equitable services. Low- and middle-income countries need to strengthen HTA capacity to generate evidence and inform policies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Hathairat Kosiyaporn
- International Health Policy Program, Ministry of Public Health, Nonthaburi, Thailand
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't Hoen EF, Veraldi J, Toebes B, Hogerzeil HV. Medicine procurement and the use of flexibilities in the Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights, 2001-2016. Bull World Health Organ 2018. [PMID: 29531417 PMCID: PMC5840629 DOI: 10.2471/blt.17.199364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Millions of people, particularly in low- and middle-income countries, lack access to effective pharmaceuticals, often because they are unaffordable. The 2001 Ministerial Conference of the World Trade Organization (WTO) adopted the Doha Declaration on the TRIPS (Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights) Agreement and Public Health. The declaration recognized the implications of intellectual property rights for both new medicine development and the price of medicines. The declaration outlined measures, known as TRIPS flexibilities, that WTO Members can take to ensure access to medicines for all. These measures include compulsory licensing of medicines patents and the least-developed countries pharmaceutical transition measure. The aim of this study was to document the use of TRIPS flexibilities to access lower-priced generic medicines between 2001 and 2016. Overall, 176 instances of the possible use of TRIPS flexibilities by 89 countries were identified: 100 (56.8%) involved compulsory licences or public noncommercial use licences and 40 (22.7%) involved the least-developed countries pharmaceutical transition measure. The remainder were: 1 case of parallel importation; 3 research exceptions; and 32 non-patent-related measures. Of the 176 instances, 152 (86.4%) were implemented. They covered products for treating 14 different diseases. However, 137 (77.8%) concerned medicines for human immunodeficiency virus infection and acquired immune deficiency syndrome or related diseases. The use of TRIPS flexibilities was found to be more frequent than is commonly assumed. Given the problems faced by countries today in procuring high-priced, patented medicines, the practical, legal pathway provided by TRIPS flexibilities for accessing lower-cost generic equivalents is increasingly important.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellen Fm 't Hoen
- Global Health Unit, Department of Health Sciences, University Medical Centre Groningen, University of Groningen, PO Box 30.001, Groningen, 9700 RB, the Netherlands
| | | | - Brigit Toebes
- Department of International Law, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Hans V Hogerzeil
- Global Health Unit, Department of Health Sciences, University Medical Centre Groningen, University of Groningen, PO Box 30.001, Groningen, 9700 RB, the Netherlands
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Martin G, MacLachlan M, Labonté R, Larkan F, Vallières F, Bergin N. Globalization and Health: developing the journal to advance the field. Global Health 2016; 12:6. [PMID: 26961760 PMCID: PMC4785659 DOI: 10.1186/s12992-016-0143-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2016] [Accepted: 02/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Founded in 2005, Globalization and Health was the first open access global health journal. The journal has since expanded the field, and its influence, with the number of downloaded papers rising 17-fold, to over 4 million. Its ground-breaking papers, leading authors -including a Nobel Prize winner- and an impact factor of 2.25 place it among the top global health journals in the world. To mark the ten years since the journal's founding, we, members of the current editorial board, undertook a review of the journal's progress over the last decade. Through the application of an inductive thematic analysis, we systematically identified themes of research published in the journal from 2005 to 2014. We identify key areas the journal has promoted and consider these in the context of an existing framework, identify current gaps in global health research and highlight areas we, as a journal, would like to see strengthened.
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Affiliation(s)
- Greg Martin
- Centre for Global Health, Trinity College, University of Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.
| | - Malcolm MacLachlan
- Centre for Global Health, Trinity College, University of Dublin, Dublin, Ireland. .,School of Psychology, Trinity College, University of Dublin, Dublin, Ireland. .,Centre for Rehabilitation Studies, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa. .,Palacky University, Olomouc, Czech Republic.
| | - Ronald Labonté
- School of Epidemiology, Public Health and Preventive Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Fiona Larkan
- Centre for Global Health, Trinity College, University of Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.,School of Medicine, Trinity College, University of Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Frédérique Vallières
- Centre for Global Health, Trinity College, University of Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.,School of Psychology, Trinity College, University of Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Niamh Bergin
- Masters in Global Mental Health Programme, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland
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Prayoonwong T, Wiwatkhunupakan T, Lasuka D, Srisilapanan P. Development of a community-based oral healthcare model for Thai dependent older people. Gerodontology 2015; 33:545-553. [PMID: 26332993 DOI: 10.1111/ger.12208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was to develop a community-based oral healthcare model for Thai dependent older people in Tambon Tha Pla Duk, Amphur Mae Tha, Lamphun Province, in the north of Thailand. MATERIALS AND METHODS Participatory action research was conducted, taking an interdisciplinary approach. Data were collected through focus group discussions with key stakeholders in health care of older people in Amphur Mae Tha. Supplementary data were also collected with the stakeholders through a triangulation of in-depth interviews, a self-administered questionnaire, participant observations with field notes and a literature review. The model was subsequently refined and checked by the stakeholders. The data from all processes were coded, grouped, interpreted and thematically analysed for emerging themes and patterns, independently by the researcher (TP). RESULTS This model consists of two key components: (i) primary care and (ii) other related factors. Primary care: This model provides a strong linkage between home, community and healthcare services to foster strong collaborations with dependent older people. This is the central focus of the model. Other related factors consist of the following: (i) Thai social norms and culture, (ii) the need for equity, (iii) the need for effectiveness, (iv) the need for efficiency and (v) the need for quality (that is, holistic, integrated and continuous). Finally, interdisciplinary collaboration was a strategy used to achieve improved quality of oral health care. CONCLUSION A community-based care model to enhance oral health of dependent older people was developed for potential implementation and submitted to the stakeholders at the location of the study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tipruthai Prayoonwong
- Family and Community Dentistry Department, Faculty of Dentistry, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand.,Department of Preventive Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok, Thailand
| | - Tidawan Wiwatkhunupakan
- Family and Community Dentistry Department, Faculty of Dentistry, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Duangruedee Lasuka
- Department of Medical Nursing, Faculty of Nursing, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Patcharawan Srisilapanan
- Family and Community Dentistry Department, Faculty of Dentistry, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand. .,Center of Excellent in Dental Public Health, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand.
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Sruamsiri R, Ross-Degnan D, Lu CY, Chaiyakunapruk N, Wagner AK. Policies and programs to facilitate access to targeted cancer therapies in Thailand. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0119945. [PMID: 25798948 PMCID: PMC4370712 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0119945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2014] [Accepted: 01/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Increasing access to clinically beneficial targeted cancer medicines is a challenge in every country due to their high cost. We describe the interplay of innovative policies and programs involving multiple stakeholders to facilitate access to these medicines in Thailand, as well as the utilization of selected targeted therapies over time. METHODS We selected two medicines on the 2013 Thai national list of essential medicines (NLEM) [letrozole and imatinib] and three unlisted medicines for the same indications [trastuzumab, nilotinib and dasatinib]. We created timelines of access policies and programs for these products based on scientific and grey literature. Using IMS Health sales data, we described the trajectories of sales volumes of the study medicines between January 2001 and December 2012. We compared estimated average numbers of patients treated before and after the implementation of policies and programs for each product. RESULTS Different stakeholders implemented multiple interventions to increase access to the study medicines for different patient populations. During 2007-2009, the Thai Government created a special NLEM category with different coverage requirements for payers and issued compulsory licenses; payers negotiated prices with manufacturers and engaged in pooled procurement; pharmaceutical companies expanded patient assistance programs and lowered prices in different ways. Compared to before the interventions, estimated numbers of patients treated with each medicine increased significantly afterwards: for letrozole from 645 (95% CI 366-923) to 3683 (95% CI 2,748-4,618); for imatinib from 103 (95% CI 72-174) to 350 (95% CI 307-398); and for trastuzumab from 68 (95% CI 45-118) to 412 (95% CI 344-563). CONCLUSIONS Government, payers, and manufacturers implemented multi-pronged approaches to facilitate access to targeted cancer therapies for the Thai population, which differed by medicine. Routine monitoring is needed to assess clinical and economic impacts of these strategies in the health system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosarin Sruamsiri
- Center of Pharmaceutical Outcomes Research, Department of Pharmacy Practice, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok, Thailand
- Department of Population Medicine, Harvard Medical School and Harvard Pilgrim Health Care Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Dennis Ross-Degnan
- Department of Population Medicine, Harvard Medical School and Harvard Pilgrim Health Care Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Christine Y. Lu
- Department of Population Medicine, Harvard Medical School and Harvard Pilgrim Health Care Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Nathorn Chaiyakunapruk
- Center of Pharmaceutical Outcomes Research, Department of Pharmacy Practice, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok, Thailand
- School of Pharmacy, Monash University Malaysia, Malaysia
- School of Population Health, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
- School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States of America
| | - Anita K. Wagner
- Department of Population Medicine, Harvard Medical School and Harvard Pilgrim Health Care Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
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