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Robertson CC, Elgamal RM, Henry-Kanarek BA, Arvan P, Chen S, Dhawan S, Eizirik DL, Kaddis JS, Vahedi G, Parker SCJ, Gaulton KJ, Soleimanpour SA. Untangling the genetics of beta cell dysfunction and death in type 1 diabetes. Mol Metab 2024; 86:101973. [PMID: 38914291 PMCID: PMC11283044 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2024.101973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2024] [Revised: 06/18/2024] [Accepted: 06/19/2024] [Indexed: 06/26/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is a complex multi-system disease which arises from both environmental and genetic factors, resulting in the destruction of insulin-producing pancreatic beta cells. Over the past two decades, human genetic studies have provided new insight into the etiology of T1D, including an appreciation for the role of beta cells in their own demise. SCOPE OF REVIEW Here, we outline models supported by human genetic data for the role of beta cell dysfunction and death in T1D. We highlight the importance of strong evidence linking T1D genetic associations to bona fide candidate genes for mechanistic and therapeutic consideration. To guide rigorous interpretation of genetic associations, we describe molecular profiling approaches, genomic resources, and disease models that may be used to construct variant-to-gene links and to investigate candidate genes and their role in T1D. MAJOR CONCLUSIONS We profile advances in understanding the genetic causes of beta cell dysfunction and death at individual T1D risk loci. We discuss how genetic risk prediction models can be used to address disease heterogeneity. Further, we present areas where investment will be critical for the future use of genetics to address open questions in the development of new treatment and prevention strategies for T1D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine C Robertson
- Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Center for Precision Health Research, National Human Genome Research Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Ruth M Elgamal
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Belle A Henry-Kanarek
- Department of Internal Medicine and Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology, and Diabetes, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Peter Arvan
- Department of Internal Medicine and Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology, and Diabetes, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Shuibing Chen
- Department of Surgery, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA; Center for Genomic Health, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Sangeeta Dhawan
- Department of Translational Research and Cellular Therapeutics, Arthur Riggs Diabetes and Metabolism Research Institute, City of Hope, Duarte, CA, USA
| | - Decio L Eizirik
- ULB Center for Diabetes Research, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - John S Kaddis
- Department of Diabetes and Cancer Discovery Science, Arthur Riggs Diabetes and Metabolism Research Institute, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope, Duarte, CA, USA
| | - Golnaz Vahedi
- Department of Genetics, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Stephen C J Parker
- Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Department of Human Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Department of Biostatistics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
| | - Kyle J Gaulton
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
| | - Scott A Soleimanpour
- Department of Internal Medicine and Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology, and Diabetes, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
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Chen YG, Mathews CE, Driver JP. The Role of NOD Mice in Type 1 Diabetes Research: Lessons from the Past and Recommendations for the Future. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2018; 9:51. [PMID: 29527189 PMCID: PMC5829040 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2018.00051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
For more than 35 years, the NOD mouse has been the primary animal model for studying autoimmune diabetes. During this time, striking similarities to the human disease have been uncovered. In both species, unusual polymorphisms in a major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II molecule confer the most disease risk, disease is caused by perturbations by the same genes or different genes in the same biological pathways and that diabetes onset is preceded by the presence of circulating autoreactive T cells and autoantibodies that recognize many of the same islet antigens. However, the relevance of the NOD model is frequently challenged due to past failures translating therapies from NOD mice to humans and because the appearance of insulitis in mice and some patients is different. Nevertheless, the NOD mouse remains a pillar of autoimmune diabetes research for its usefulness as a preclinical model and because it provides access to invasive procedures as well as tissues that are rarely procured from patients or controls. The current article is focused on approaches to improve the NOD mouse by addressing reasons why immune therapies have failed to translate from mice to humans. We also propose new strategies for mixing and editing the NOD genome to improve the model in ways that will better advance our understanding of human diabetes. As proof of concept, we report that diabetes is completely suppressed in a knock-in NOD strain with a serine to aspartic acid substitution at position 57 in the MHC class II Aβ. This supports that similar non-aspartic acid substitutions at residue 57 of variants of the human class II HLA-DQβ homolog confer diabetes risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Guang Chen
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States
| | - Clayton E. Mathews
- Department of Pathology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - John P. Driver
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
- *Correspondence: John P. Driver,
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3
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Whitener RL, Gallo Knight L, Li J, Knapp S, Zhang S, Annamalai M, Pliner VM, Fu D, Radichev I, Amatya C, Savinov A, Yurdagul A, Yuan S, Glawe J, Kevil CG, Chen J, Stimpson SE, Mathews CE. The Type 1 Diabetes-Resistance Locus Idd22 Controls Trafficking of Autoreactive CTLs into the Pancreatic Islets of NOD Mice. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 199:3991-4000. [PMID: 29109122 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1602037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2016] [Accepted: 10/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes (T1D) has a strong genetic component. The insulin dependent diabetes (Idd)22 locus was identified in crosses of T1D-susceptible NOD mice with the strongly T1D-resistant ALR strain. The NODcALR-(D8Mit293-D8Mit137)/Mx (NOD-Idd22) recombinant congenic mouse strain was generated in which NOD mice carry the full Idd22 confidence interval. NOD-Idd22 mice exhibit almost complete protection from spontaneous T1D and a significant reduction in insulitis. Our goal was to unravel the mode of Idd22-based protection using in vivo and in vitro models. We determined that Idd22 did not impact immune cell diabetogenicity or β cell resistance to cytotoxicity in vitro. However, NOD-Idd22 mice were highly protected against adoptive transfer of T1D. Transferred CTLs trafficked to the pancreatic lymph node and proliferated to the same extent in NOD and NOD-Idd22 mice, yet the accumulation of pathogenic CTLs in the islets was significantly reduced in NOD-Idd22 mice, correlating with disease resistance. Pancreatic endothelial cells from NOD-Idd22 animals expressed lower levels of adhesion molecules, even in response to inflammatory stimuli. Lower adhesion molecule expression resulted in weaker adherence of T cells to NOD-Idd22 endothelium compared with NOD-derived endothelium. Taken together, these results provide evidence that Idd22 regulates the ability of β cell-autoreactive T cells to traffic into the pancreatic islets and may represent a new target for pharmaceutical intervention to potentially prevent T1D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert L Whitener
- Department of Pathology, Immunology, and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610
| | - Lisa Gallo Knight
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610
| | - Jianwei Li
- Department of Pathology, Immunology, and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610
| | - Sarah Knapp
- Department of Pathology, Immunology, and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610
| | - Shuyao Zhang
- Department of Pathology, Immunology, and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610
| | - Mani Annamalai
- Department of Pathology, Immunology, and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610
| | - Vadim M Pliner
- Department of Pathology, Immunology, and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610
| | - Dongtao Fu
- Department of Pathology, Immunology, and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610
| | - Ilian Radichev
- Children's Health Research Center, Sanford Research, Sioux Falls, SD 57104; and
| | - Christina Amatya
- Children's Health Research Center, Sanford Research, Sioux Falls, SD 57104; and
| | - Alexei Savinov
- Children's Health Research Center, Sanford Research, Sioux Falls, SD 57104; and
| | - Arif Yurdagul
- LSU Health Shreveport, Louisiana State University, Shreveport, LA 71103
| | - Shuai Yuan
- LSU Health Shreveport, Louisiana State University, Shreveport, LA 71103
| | - John Glawe
- LSU Health Shreveport, Louisiana State University, Shreveport, LA 71103
| | | | - Jing Chen
- Department of Pathology, Immunology, and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610
| | - Scott E Stimpson
- Department of Pathology, Immunology, and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610
| | - Clayton E Mathews
- Department of Pathology, Immunology, and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610; .,Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610
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4
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Ryall CL, Viloria K, Lhaf F, Walker AJ, King A, Jones P, Mackintosh D, McNeice R, Kocher H, Flodstrom-Tullberg M, Edling C, Hill NJ. Novel role for matricellular proteins in the regulation of islet β cell survival: the effect of SPARC on survival, proliferation, and signaling. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:30614-30624. [PMID: 25204658 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.573980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding the mechanisms regulating islet growth and survival is critical for developing novel approaches to increasing or sustaining β cell mass in both type 1 and type 2 diabetes patients. Secreted protein acidic and rich in cysteine (SPARC) is a matricellular protein that is important for the regulation of cell growth and adhesion. Increased SPARC can be detected in the serum of type 2 diabetes patients. The aim of this study was to investigate the role of SPARC in the regulation of β cell growth and survival. We show using immunohistochemistry that SPARC is expressed by stromal cells within islets and can be detected in primary mouse islets by Western blot. SPARC is secreted at high levels by pancreatic stellate cells and is regulated by metabolic parameters in these cells, but SPARC expression was not detectable in β cells. In islets, SPARC expression is highest in young mice, and is also elevated in the islets of non-obese diabetic (NOD) mice compared with controls. Purified SPARC inhibits growth factor-induced signaling in both INS-1 β cells and primary mouse islets, and inhibits IGF-1-induced proliferation of INS-1 β cells. Similarly, exogenous SPARC prevents IGF-1-induced survival of primary mouse islet cells. This study identifies the stromal-derived matricellular protein SPARC as a novel regulator of islet survival and β cell growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire L Ryall
- Diabetes and Cardiovascular Research Group, Kingston University, Kingston upon Thames, United Kingdom
| | - Katrina Viloria
- Diabetes and Cardiovascular Research Group, Kingston University, Kingston upon Thames, United Kingdom
| | - Fadel Lhaf
- Diabetes and Cardiovascular Research Group, Kingston University, Kingston upon Thames, United Kingdom
| | - Anthony J Walker
- School of Life Sciences, and Kingston University, Kingston upon Thames, United Kingdom
| | - Aileen King
- Diabetes Research Group, Division of Reproduction & Endocrinology, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Peter Jones
- Diabetes Research Group, Division of Reproduction & Endocrinology, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - David Mackintosh
- Diabetes and Cardiovascular Research Group, Kingston University, Kingston upon Thames, United Kingdom
| | - Rosemary McNeice
- School of Mathematics, Kingston University, Kingston upon Thames, United Kingdom
| | - Hemant Kocher
- Barts Cancer Institute, and Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Malin Flodstrom-Tullberg
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Charlotte Edling
- Blizard Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom, and
| | - Natasha J Hill
- Diabetes and Cardiovascular Research Group, Kingston University, Kingston upon Thames, United Kingdom.
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Hamilton-Williams EE, Rainbow DB, Cheung J, Christensen M, Lyons PA, Peterson LB, Steward CA, Sherman LA, Wicker LS. Fine mapping of type 1 diabetes regions Idd9.1 and Idd9.2 reveals genetic complexity. Mamm Genome 2013; 24:358-75. [PMID: 23934554 PMCID: PMC3824839 DOI: 10.1007/s00335-013-9466-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2013] [Accepted: 07/02/2013] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Nonobese diabetic (NOD) mice congenic for C57BL/10 (B10)-derived genes in the Idd9 region of chromosome 4 are highly protected from type 1 diabetes (T1D). Idd9 has been divided into three protective subregions (Idd9.1, 9.2, and 9.3), each of which partially prevents disease. In this study we have fine-mapped the Idd9.1 and Idd9.2 regions, revealing further genetic complexity with at least two additional subregions contributing to protection from T1D. Using the NOD sequence from bacterial artificial chromosome clones of the Idd9.1 and Idd9.2 regions as well as whole-genome sequence data recently made available, sequence polymorphisms within the regions highlight a high degree of polymorphism between the NOD and B10 strains in the Idd9 regions. Among numerous candidate genes are several with immunological importance. The Idd9.1 region has been separated into Idd9.1 and Idd9.4, with Lck remaining a candidate gene within Idd9.1. One of the Idd9.2 regions contains the candidate genes Masp2 (encoding mannan-binding lectin serine peptidase 2) and Mtor (encoding mammalian target of rapamycin). From mRNA expression analyses, we have also identified several other differentially expressed candidate genes within the Idd9.1 and Idd9.2 regions. These findings highlight that multiple, relatively small genetic effects combine and interact to produce significant changes in immune tolerance and diabetes onset.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma E Hamilton-Williams
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
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6
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Reuß R, Mirau A, Mistarz M, Kraus J, Bödeker RH, Oschmann P. TRAF2 is upregulated in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis. Neuroimmunomodulation 2013; 20:177-83. [PMID: 23595117 DOI: 10.1159/000346794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2012] [Accepted: 12/14/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To elucidate the role of tumor necrosis factor (TNF) receptor signal transduction in multiple sclerosis (MS). METHODS We performed a cross-sectional analysis of the gene expression of TRAF2 (TNF receptor-associated factor 2) and RIP (receptor-interacting protein) in peripheral blood leukocytes of 23 relapsing-remitting (RR), 19 secondary progressive (SP) and 12 primary progressive (PP) MS patients as well as of 29 healthy controls by quantitative RT-PCR. Additionally, we monitored a subgroup of 15 RRMS patients longitudinally every 3 months over a 9-month time period. RESULTS TRAF2 expression was significantly elevated in RRMS patients compared to the other disease courses (p<0.005, respectively) and the control group (p<0.009). RIP expression was significantly elevated in the patient groups compared to the healthy group (phealthy-RR<0.002; phealthy-PP<0.003; phealthy-SP<0.06). Neither variable changed over the 9-month time course. CONCLUSION TRAF2 and RIP1 elevation in leukocytes might be interpreted as the molecular equivalent of an elevated general inflammatory activity in MS patients compared to healthy control persons. TRAF2 elevation in RRMS reinforces the concept that different pathophysiological and immunological processes sustain RRMS and SPMS or PPMS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reinhard Reuß
- Department of Neurology, Bezirkskrankenhaus Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany.
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7
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Gao S, Jia S, Hessner MJ, Wang X. Predicting disease-related subnetworks for type 1 diabetes using a new network activity score. OMICS-A JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE BIOLOGY 2012; 16:566-78. [PMID: 22917479 DOI: 10.1089/omi.2012.0029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
In this study we investigated the advantage of including network information in prioritizing disease genes of type 1 diabetes (T1D). First, a naïve Bayesian network (NBN) model was developed to integrate information from multiple data sources and to define a T1D-involvement probability score (PS) for each individual gene. The algorithm was validated using known functional candidate genes as a benchmark. Genes with higher PS were found to be more likely to appear in T1D-related publications. Next a new network activity metric was proposed to evaluate the T1D relevance of protein-protein interaction (PPI) subnetworks. The metric considered the contribution both from individual genes and from network topological characteristics. The predictions were confirmed by several independent datasets, including a genome wide association study (GWAS), and two large-scale human gene expression studies. We found that novel candidate genes in the T1D subnetworks showed more significant associations with T1D than genes predicted using PS alone. Interestingly, most novel candidates were not encoded within the human leukocyte antigen (HLA) region, and their expression levels showed correlation with disease only in cohorts with low-risk HLA genotypes. The results suggested the importance of mapping disease gene networks in dissecting the genetics of complex diseases, and offered a general approach to network-based disease gene prioritization from multiple data sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shouguo Gao
- Department of Physics, the University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama 35294, USA
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8
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Marleau AM, Sarvetnick NE. IL-18 is required for self-reactive T cell expansion in NOD mice. J Autoimmun 2011; 36:263-77. [PMID: 21414755 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2011.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2010] [Revised: 01/25/2011] [Accepted: 02/06/2011] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
IL-18 has a well-established role in pro-inflammatory responses in the islets in type 1 diabetes. Here, we identify a distinctive role for IL-18 in expanding pathogenic T cells in the periphery of NOD mice. Well in advance of disease onset, the periphery of IL-18-deficient mice exhibits reduced T cell turnover, an increased prevalence of naïve and quiescent T cells, emergence of fewer effector T cells, and disease protection. Islet-reactive T cells fail to become activated in the lymphoid organs of mice lacking IL-18 and their rapid expansion is inhibited. IL-18 secretion by antigen presenting cells increases with advancing disease and is required for expression of its receptor on T cells. Our results demonstrate that induction of the IL-18 receptor reflects a critical stage of autoreactive T cell activation and expansion on the pathway toward effector T cell differentiation. This study therefore assigns a novel role to IL-18 for expanding the pool of islet-destructive T cells during pre-diabetes. This report highlights a new basic mechanism in type 1 diabetes pathogenesis and suggests that targeting the IL-18 pathway should be explored as a potential treatment strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annette M Marleau
- University of Nebraska Medical Center, 985965 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
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Linkes S, Fry C, Quinn A. Antigen-Experienced CD4lo T Cells Are Linked to Deficient Contraction of the Immune Response in Autoimmune Diabetes. Autoimmune Dis 2010; 2010:920148. [PMID: 21188239 PMCID: PMC3005943 DOI: 10.4061/2010/920148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2009] [Revised: 04/24/2010] [Accepted: 08/19/2010] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Following proper activation, naïve “CD4lo” T cells differentiate into effector T cells with enhanced expression of CD4 -“CD4hi” effectors. Autoimmune diabetes-prone NOD mice display a unique set of antigen-experienced “CD4lo” T cells that persist after primary stimulation. Here, we report that a population of such cells remained after secondary and tertiary TCR stimulation and produced cytokines upon antigenic challenge. However, when NOD blasts were induced in the presence of rIL-15, the number of antigen-experienced “CD4lo” T cells was significantly reduced. Clonal contraction, mediated in part by CD95-dependent activation-induced cell death (AICD), normally regulates the accumulation of “CD4hi” effectors. Interestingly, CD95 expression was dramatically reduced on the AICD-resistant NOD “CD4lo” T cells. Thus, while autoimmune disease has often been attributed to the engagement of robust autoimmunity, we suggest that the inability to effectively contract the immune response distinguishes benign autoimmunity from progressive autoimmune diseases that are characterized by chronic T cell-mediated inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean Linkes
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toledo, 2801 W. Bancroft, Toledo, OH 43606, USA
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10
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Hamilton-Williams EE, Wong SJ, Martinez X, Rainbow DB, Hunter KM, Wicker LS, Sherman LA. Idd9.2 and Idd9.3 protective alleles function in CD4+ T-cells and nonlymphoid cells to prevent expansion of pathogenic islet-specific CD8+ T-cells. Diabetes 2010; 59:1478-86. [PMID: 20299469 PMCID: PMC2874709 DOI: 10.2337/db09-1801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Multiple type 1 diabetes susceptibility genes have now been identified in both humans and mice, yet mechanistic understanding of how they impact disease pathogenesis is still minimal. We have sought to dissect the cellular basis for how the highly protective mouse Idd9 region limits the expansion of autoreactive CD8(+) T-cells, a key cell type in destruction of the islets. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS We assess the endogenous CD8(+) T-cell repertoire for reactivity to the islet antigen glucose-6-phosphatase-related protein (IGRP). Through the use of adoptively transferred T-cells, bone marrow chimeras, and reconstituted severe combined immunodeficient mice, we identify the protective cell types involved. RESULTS IGRP-specific CD8(+) T-cells are present at low frequency in the insulitic lesions of Idd9 mice and could not be recalled in the periphery by viral expansion. We show that Idd9 genes act extrinsically to the CD8(+) T-cell to prevent the massive expansion of pathogenic effectors near the time of disease onset that occurs in NOD mice. The subregions Idd9.2 and Idd9.3 mediated this effect. Interestingly, the Idd9.1 region, which provides significant protection from disease, did not prevent the expansion of autoreactive CD8(+) T-cells. Expression of Idd9 genes was required by both CD4(+) T-cells and a nonlymphoid cell to induce optimal tolerance. CONCLUSIONS Idd9 protective alleles are associated with reduced expansion of IGRP-specific CD8(+) T-cells. Intrinsic expression of protective Idd9 alleles in CD4(+) T-cells and nonlymphoid cells is required to achieve an optimal level of tolerance. Protective alleles in the Idd9.2 congenic subregion are required for the maximal reduction of islet-specific CD8(+) T-cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma E. Hamilton-Williams
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California; and
| | - S.B. Justin Wong
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California; and
| | - Xavier Martinez
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California; and
| | - Daniel B. Rainbow
- Juveniles Diabetes Research Foundation/Wellcome Trust Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, Department of Medical Genetics, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K
| | - Kara M. Hunter
- Juveniles Diabetes Research Foundation/Wellcome Trust Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, Department of Medical Genetics, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K
| | - Linda S. Wicker
- Juveniles Diabetes Research Foundation/Wellcome Trust Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, Department of Medical Genetics, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K
| | - Linda A. Sherman
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California; and
- Corresponding author: Linda A. Sherman,
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11
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Driver JP, Serreze DV, Chen YG. Mouse models for the study of autoimmune type 1 diabetes: a NOD to similarities and differences to human disease. Semin Immunopathol 2010; 33:67-87. [DOI: 10.1007/s00281-010-0204-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2010] [Accepted: 03/18/2010] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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12
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Yamanouchi J, Puertas MC, Verdaguer J, Lyons PA, Rainbow DB, Chamberlain G, Hunter KM, Peterson LB, Wicker LS, Santamaria P. Idd9.1 locus controls the suppressive activity of FoxP3+CD4+CD25+ regulatory T-cells. Diabetes 2010; 59:272-81. [PMID: 19833887 PMCID: PMC2797933 DOI: 10.2337/db09-0648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The approximately 45-cM insulin-dependent diabetes 9 (Idd9) region on mouse chromosome 4 harbors several different type 1 diabetes-associated loci. Nonobese diabetic (NOD) mice congenic for the Idd9 region of C57BL/10 (B10) mice, carrying antidiabetogenic alleles in three different Idd9 subregions (Idd9.1, Idd9.2, and Idd9.3), are strongly resistant to type 1 diabetes. However, the mechanisms remain unclear. This study aimed to define mechanisms underlying the type 1 diabetes resistance afforded by B10 Idd9.1, Idd9.2, and/or Idd9.3. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS We used a reductionist approach that involves comparing the fate of a type 1 diabetes-relevant autoreactive CD8(+) T-cell population, specific for residues 206-214 of islet-specific glucose 6 phosphatase catalytic subunit-related protein (IGRP(206-214)), in noncongenic versus B10 Idd9-congenic (Idd9.1 + Idd9.2 + Idd9.3, Idd9.2 + Idd9.3, Idd9.1, Idd9.2, and Idd9.3) T-cell receptor (TCR)-transgenic (8.3) NOD mice. RESULTS Most of the protective effect of Idd9 against 8.3-CD8(+) T-cell-enhanced type 1 diabetes was mediated by Idd9.1. Although Idd9.2 and Idd9.3 afforded some protection, the effects were small and did not enhance the greater protective effect of Idd9.1. B10 Idd9.1 afforded type 1 diabetes resistance without impairing the developmental biology or intrinsic diabetogenic potential of autoreactive CD8(+) T-cells. Studies in T- and B-cell-deficient 8.3-NOD.B10 Idd9.1 mice revealed that this antidiabetogenic effect was mediated by endogenous, nontransgenic T-cells in a B-cell-independent manner. Consistent with this, B10 Idd9.1 increased the suppressive function and antidiabetogenic activity of the FoxP3(+)CD4(+)CD25(+) T-cell subset in both TCR-transgenic and nontransgenic mice. CONCLUSIONS A gene(s) within Idd9.1 regulates the development and function of FoxP3(+)CD4(+)CD25(+) regulatory T-cells and, in turn, the activation of CD8(+) effector T-cells in the pancreatic draining lymph nodes, without affecting their development or intrinsic diabetogenic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Yamanouchi
- Julia McFarlane Diabetes Research Centre (JMDRC) and Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Institute for Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Maria-Carmen Puertas
- Unitat d'Immunologia, Departament de Medicina Experimental, Facultat de Medicina, Universitat de Lleida & IRB Lleida, Lleida, Spain
| | - Joan Verdaguer
- Unitat d'Immunologia, Departament de Medicina Experimental, Facultat de Medicina, Universitat de Lleida & IRB Lleida, Lleida, Spain
| | - Paul A. Lyons
- Juvenile Diabetes Research Foundation/Wellcome Trust Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, Department of Medical Genetics, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K
| | - Daniel B. Rainbow
- Juvenile Diabetes Research Foundation/Wellcome Trust Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, Department of Medical Genetics, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K
| | - Giselle Chamberlain
- Juvenile Diabetes Research Foundation/Wellcome Trust Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, Department of Medical Genetics, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K
| | - Kara M. Hunter
- Juvenile Diabetes Research Foundation/Wellcome Trust Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, Department of Medical Genetics, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K
| | | | - Linda S. Wicker
- Juvenile Diabetes Research Foundation/Wellcome Trust Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, Department of Medical Genetics, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K
| | - Pere Santamaria
- Julia McFarlane Diabetes Research Centre (JMDRC) and Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Institute for Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Corresponding author: Pere Santamaria,
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Sgouroudis E, Piccirillo CA. Control of type 1 diabetes by CD4+Foxp3+ regulatory T cells: lessons from mouse models and implications for human disease. Diabetes Metab Res Rev 2009; 25:208-18. [PMID: 19214972 DOI: 10.1002/dmrr.945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, there has been a revival of the concept of CD4(+) regulatory T (T(reg)) cells as being a central control point in various immune responses, including autoimmune responses and immunity to transplants, allergens, tumours and infectious microbes. The current literature suggests that T(reg) cells are diverse in their phenotype and mechanism(s) of action, and as such, may constitute a myriad of naturally occurring and induced T cell precursors with variable degrees of regulatory potential. In this review, we summarize research from various laboratories, including our own, showing that CD4(+)Foxp3(+) T(reg) cells are critical in the control of type 1 diabetes (T1D) in mouse models and humans. In this review, we also discuss cellular and molecular determinants that impact CD4(+)Foxp3(+) T(reg) cell development and function and consequential resistance to organ-specific autoimmune disease. Recent advances in the use of CD4(+)Foxp3(+) T(reg) cellular therapy to promote immunological tolerance in the absence of long-term generalized immunosuppression are also presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evridiki Sgouroudis
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada, H3A 2B4
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14
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15
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Abstract
It is widely accepted that immune tolerance toward "self" is established by central and peripheral adaptations of the immune system. Mechanisms that have been demonstrated to play a role in the induction and maintenance of tolerance include thymic deletion of self-reactive T cells, peripheral T cell anergy and apoptosis, as well as thymic and peripheral induction of regulatory T cells. However, a large body of experimental findings cannot be rationalized solely based on adaptations of the immune system to its environment. Here we propose a new model termed Ecoimmunity, where the immune system and the tissue are viewed as two sides of a continuously active and co-evolving predator-prey system. Ecoimmunity views self-tolerance, not as an equilibrium in which autoimmunity is chronically suppressed, but as a symmetrical balanced conflict between the ability of immune cells to destroy tissue cells by numerous mechanisms, and the capacity of adapted tissue cells to avoid predation. This balance evolves during ontogeny, in parallel to immune adaptations, embryonic tissue cells adapt their phenotype to the corresponding immune activity by developing the ability to escape or modulate damaging local immune responses. This phenotypic plasticity of tissue cells is directed by epigenetic selection of gene expression pattern and cellular phenotype amidst an ongoing immune pressure. Thus, whereas some immune cells prey predominantly on pathogens and infected cells, self-reactive cells continuously prey on incompetent tissue cells that fail to express the adapted phenotype and resist predation. This model uses ecological generalization to reconcile current contradictory observations as well as classical enigmas related to both autoimmunity and to tolerance toward foreign tissues. Finally, it provides empirical predictions and alternative strategies toward clinical challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uri Nevo
- Section on Tissue Biophysics and Biomimetics, Laboratory of Integrative and Medical Biophysics, National Institute of Human Health and Child Development, National Institutes of Health, 13 South Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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16
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Hill NJ, Hultcrantz M, Sarvetnick N, Flodström-Tullberg M. The target tissue in autoimmunity – an influential niche. Eur J Immunol 2007; 37:589-97. [PMID: 17301949 DOI: 10.1002/eji.200636368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Central and peripheral tolerance mechanisms were for a long time the only regulatory circuits known in autoimmunity. It is now becoming clear that the target tissue itself may have the capacity to control its own destiny. Here we review mechanisms by which the target tissue regulates local inflammation, and the way this could influence progression to overt autoimmunity. Moreover, we discuss recent data showing that physiological properties of the target tissue can determine the organ specificity of autoimmune disease. These recent discoveries and ideas concerning the regulatory potential of the target tissue may, in the future, add a new dimension to our concept of regulatory circuits in autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natasha J Hill
- Centre for Diabetes and Metabolic Medicine, Institute of Cell and Molecular Sciences, Barts and the London Queen Mary's School of Medicine and Dentistry, London, UK
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