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Orth S, Russell AG. Assessment of light-duty versus heavy-duty diesel on-road mobile source emissions using general additive models applied to traffic volume and air quality data and COVID-19 responses. JOURNAL OF THE AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOCIATION (1995) 2023; 73:374-393. [PMID: 37171913 DOI: 10.1080/10962247.2023.2185315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Following the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic, several papers have examined the effect of the pandemic response on urban air pollution worldwide. This study uses observed traffic volume and near-road air pollution data for black carbon (BC), oxides of nitrogen (NOx), and carbon monoxide (CO) to estimate the emissions contributions of light-duty and heavy-duty diesel vehicles in five cities in the continental United States. Analysis of mobile source impacts in the near-road environment has several health and environmental justice implications. Data from the initial COVID-19 response period, defined as March to May in 2020, were used with data from the same period over the previous two years to develop general additive models (GAMs) to quantify the emissions impact of each vehicle class. The model estimated that light-duty traffic contributes 4-69%, 14-65%, and 21-97% of BC, NOx, and CO near-road levels, respectively. Heavy-duty diesel traffic contributes an estimated 26-46%, 17-63%, and -7-18% of near-road levels of the three pollutants. The estimated mobile source impacts were used to calculate NOx to CO and BC to NOx emission ratios, which were between 0.21-0.32 μg m-3 NOx (μg m-3 CO)-1 and 0.013-0.018 μg m-3 BC (μg m-3 NOx)-1. These ratios can be used to assess existing emission inventories for use in determining air pollution standards. These results agree moderately well with recent National Emissions Inventory estimates and other empirically-derived estimates, showing similar trends among the pollutants. However, a limitation of this study was the recurring presence of an implausible air pollution impact estimate in 41% of the site-pollutant combinations, where a vehicle class was estimated to account for either a negative impact or an impact higher than the total estimated pollutant concentration. The variations seen in the GAM estimates are likely a result of location-specific factors, including fleet composition, external pollution sources, and traffic volumes.Implications: Drastic reductions in traffic and air pollution during the lockdowns of the COVID-19 pandemic present a unique opportunity to assess vehicle emissions. A General Additive Modeling approach is developed to relate traffic levels, observed air pollution, and meteorology to identify the amount vehicle types contribute to near-road levels of traffic-related air pollutants (TRAPs), which is important for future emission regulation and policy, given the significant health and environmental justice implications of vehicle-related pollution along major roadways. The model is used to evaluate emission inventories in the near-road environment, which can be used to refine existing estimates. By developing a locally data-driven method to readily characterize impacts and distinguish between heavy and light duty vehicle effects, local regulations can be used to target policies in major cities around the country, thus addressing local health disbenefits and disparities occurring as a result of exposure to near-road air pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Orth
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Armistead G Russell
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
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Urban Sustainability at Risk Due to Soil Pollution by Heavy Metals—Case Study: Volos, Greece. LAND 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/land11071016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The focus of this case study is the meticulous observation of urban soil pollution by heavy metals (HMs), or, alternatively, potentially toxic elements (PTEs). The study took place in the urban center of Volos, Greece. Moreover, 248 soil samples were collected during 2018–2021 (62 samples annually), while 3.65 km2 was, approximately, the study area. The breakdown of total concentrations took place for the interpretation of different soil parameters, also according to mean values and medians of the total concentrations of HMs, the following decreasing order was monitored: Mn > Zn > Cr > Ni > Cu > Pb > Co > Cd. During the 4-year study, an increasing trend of metal concentration was observed (for each year compared to the previous one). Furthermore, the imaginary triangle, which was observed, is bordered by the historic train station, the two city bus and intercity coach stations and the commercial harbor. Statistical analysis was implemented in order to interpret the exceedances of HMs concerning the Directive 86/278/EEC. Principal component analysis (PCA) is an additional technique that was conducted because of the correlations and interdependences between the HMs. A strong correlation was observed between the HMs, but mainly between Cd and Zn, which is probably due to their common origin. During the COVID-19 pandemic, significant changes in metal concentrations were observed in different parts of the city, due to the limited movement of motorized wheeled vehicles, but also due to the long operating hours of the heating systems in the residential area. Further research is needed in the future in order to identify the sources of pollution and to find possible ways to reduce it. All in all, urban soil pollution by HMs is a great conundrum of the environmental aspect of sustainability.
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Review of Top-Down Method to Determine Atmospheric Emissions in Port. Case of Study: Port of Veracruz, Mexico. JOURNAL OF MARINE SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/jmse10010096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Indicators of environmental policies in force in Mexico, fossil fuels will continue to be used in industrial sectors, especially marine fuels, such as marine diesel oil, in port systems for some time. Considering this, we have evaluated several methods corresponding to a top-down system for determining fuel consumption and sulfur dioxide atmospheric emissions for the port of Veracruz in 2020 by type of ship on a daily resolution, considering a sulfur content of 0.5% mass by mass in marine fuel. After analyzing seven methods for determining sulfur dioxide atmospheric emission levels, Goldsworthy’s method was found to be the best option to characterize this port. The port system has two maritime zones, one of which is in expansion, which represented 55.66% of fuel consumption and 23.05% of atmospheric emissions according to the typology of vessels. We found that higher fuel consumption corresponded to container vessels, and tanker vessels represented higher atmospheric emission levels in the berthing position. The main differences that we found in the analysis of the seven methods of the top-down system corresponded to the load factor parameter, main and auxiliary engine power, and estimation of fuel consumption by type of vessel.
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Optimal Configuration and Sizing of Seaport Microgrids including Renewable Energy and Cold Ironing—The Port of Aalborg Case Study. ENERGIES 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/en15020431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/10/2022]
Abstract
Microgrids are among the promising green transition technologies that will provide enormous benefits to the seaports to manage major concerns over energy crises, environmental challenges, and economic issues. However, creating a good design for the seaport microgrid is a challenging task, considering different objectives, constraints, and uncertainties involved. To ensure the optimal operation of the system, determining the right microgrid configuration and component size at minimum cost is a vital decision at the design stage. This paper aims to design a hybrid system for a seaport microgrid with optimally sized components. The selected case study is the Port of Aalborg, Denmark. The proposed grid-connected structure consists of renewable energy sources (photovoltaic system and wind turbines), an energy storage system, and cold ironing facilities. The seaport architecture is then optimized by utilizing HOMER to meet the maximum load demand by considering important parameters such as solar global horizontal irradiance, temperature, and wind resources. Finally, the best configuration is analyzed in terms of economic feasibility, energy reliability, and environmental impacts.
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5
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Identifying Actions to Prepare Electricity Infrastructure in Seaports for Future Power Supplying Cruise Ships with Energy from Land. ENERGIES 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/en14238173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Cruise ships are unfortunately at the infamous forefront of the means of maritime transport emitting the largest amounts of harmful substances into the atmosphere and aquatic environment. At the initiative of IMO and the European Union, formal restrictions were introduced regarding the level of harmful emissions on the high seas and in ports generated by seagoing vessels. To meet these challenges, shipowners have invested in various technological solutions on their ships to reduce the number of harmful emissions, and by ordering new vessels; they promote the use of pro-ecological solutions related to energy saving and eliminate environmental harm. However, despite the actions taken by shipowners, seaports unfortunately lag behind the challenges and expectations of the market and are still not prepared, for example, to power the ships moored in ports with shore-side energy to reduce the environmental pollution when the ships are at berth. The aim of this paper is to identify actions taken by seaport authorities to prepare electricity infrastructure in seaports to power vessels with energy from the land. Key legal restrictions concerning reduction in pollutions emitted from ships in the ports are also described and analyzed. The results of the study also show the approach of seaports to the issue of Onshore Energy Supply for cruise ships. The research was conducted among the selected ports in the Baltic Sea Region where cruise ships are accepted. The following research questions were formulated: (1) What legal regulations oblige seaports and shipowners to reduce the level of pollutions emitted into the environment? (2) Do the ports use a benchmark to assess the level of harmful emissions when defining the amount of port fees for cruise shipowners? (3) How are cruise ships powered in the port? (4) What investments are planned in the port regarding the infrastructure related to the diversification of shore-side electricity for the ships? The studies were conducted by using a few research methods, i.e., the desk research method, the exploration method, and the CAWI Computer Assisted Web Interview. The results of this research can provide an interesting source of information both for cruise ship owners and cruise seaport authorities, but also potentially for shipyards where new vessels are constructed.
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Lloret J, Carreño A, Carić H, San J, Fleming LE. Environmental and human health impacts of cruise tourism: A review. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2021; 173:112979. [PMID: 34598093 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2021.112979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2021] [Revised: 09/13/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The intensive growth of cruise tourism worldwide during recent decades is leading to growing concerns over the sector's global environmental and health impacts. This review combines for the first time various sources of information to estimate the magnitude of the cruise industry's environmental and public health footprints. This research shows that cruising, despite technical advances and some surveillance programmes, remains a major source of air, water (fresh and marine) and land pollution affecting fragile habitats, areas and species, and a potential source of physical and mental human health risks. Health risks impact both the people on board (crew and passengers) and on land (workers of shipyards where cruise ships are dismantled and citizens inhabiting cities with cruise ports and shipyards). In this context, we argue that the cruise industry should be held accountable with more monitoring and regulation to prevent or minimize the growing negative environmental and human health impacts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josep Lloret
- Oceans & Human Health Chair, Institute of Aquatic Ecology, Faculty of Science, University of Girona, C/ Maria Aurèlia Capmany 69, 17003 Girona, Spain.
| | - Arnau Carreño
- Oceans & Human Health Chair, Institute of Aquatic Ecology, Faculty of Science, University of Girona, C/ Maria Aurèlia Capmany 69, 17003 Girona, Spain
| | - Hrvoje Carić
- Institute for Tourism, Vrhovec 5, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Joan San
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Girona, c/ Emili Grahit, 77, 17003 Girona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Lora E Fleming
- European Centre for Environment and Human Health, University of Exeter Medical School, Cornwall TR1 3HD, UK.
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Ren Y, Luo Q, Zhuo S, Hu Y, Shen G, Cheng H, Tao S. Bioaccessibility and public health risk of heavy Metal(loid)s in the airborne particulate matter of four cities in northern China. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 277:130312. [PMID: 33774239 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.130312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2021] [Revised: 03/11/2021] [Accepted: 03/14/2021] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Atmospheric coarse particulate matter (PM10) enriched with heavy metal(loid)s could pose potentially significant health risk to humans, while accurate health risk assessment calls for characterization of their bioaccessibility, besides the total contents. The health risk of major toxic heavy metal(loid)s in the PM10 from four large cities in northern China via inhalation was investigated based on their total contents and bioaccessibility. The annual mean concentrations of PM-bound Zn, As, Pb, and Mn in the atmosphere of the four cities were 650, 305, 227, and 177 ng⋅m-3, respectively. The levels of heavy metal(loid)s in the PM10 were generally higher in winter but lower in summer in all four cities, which resulted primarily from the emissions associated with coal combustion for district and household heating and the unfavorable meteorological conditions in winter. The bioaccessibility of heavy metal(loid)s in the PM10 ranged from 0.9 to 48.7%, following the general order of Mn > Co > Ni > Cd > Cu > As > Cr > Zn > Pb. Based on their total contents in the PM10, most heavy metal(loid)s posed significant public health risk via inhalation exposure in the four cities. However, after accounting for the bioaccessibility of metal(loid)s, the non-carcinogenic risk of most metal(loid)s was negligible, except for As in the PM10 of Jinzhong, while only the carcinogenic risk posed by Cr and As in the PM10 exceeded the acceptable level. These findings demonstrate the importance of characterizing the bioaccessibility of airborne PM-bound heavy metal(loid)s in health risk assessment and could guide the on-going efforts on reducing the public health risk of PM10 in northern China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxuan Ren
- MOE Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Qing Luo
- MOE Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Shaojie Zhuo
- MOE Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Yuanan Hu
- MOE Laboratory of Groundwater Circulation and Evolution, School of Water Resources and Environment, China University of Geosciences (Beijing), Beijing 100083, China
| | - Guofeng Shen
- MOE Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Hefa Cheng
- MOE Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.
| | - Shu Tao
- MOE Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
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8
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Aerosol Direct Radiative Effects under Cloud-Free Conditions over Highly-Polluted Areas in Europe and Mediterranean: A Ten-Years Analysis (2007–2016). REMOTE SENSING 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/rs13152933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
This study investigates changes in aerosol radiative effects on two highly urbanized regions across the Euro-Mediterranean basin with respect to a natural desert region as Sahara over a decade through space-based lidar observations. The research is based on the monthly-averaged vertically-resolved aerosol optical depth (AOD) atmospheric profiles along a 1∘×1∘ horizontal grid, obtained from the Cloud-Aerosol Lidar with Orthogonal Polarization (CALIOP) instrument measurements aboard the Cloud-Aerosol lidar and Infrared Pathfinder Satellite Observation (CALIPSO). To assess the variability of the anthropogenic aerosols on climate, we compared the aerosol vertical profile observations to a one-dimensional radiative transfer model in two metropolitan climate sensible hot-spots in Europe, namely the Po Valley and Benelux, to investigate the variability of the aerosol radiative effects over ten years. The same analysis is carried out as reference on the Sahara desert region, considered subject just to natural local emission. Our findings show the efficacy of emission reduction policies implemented at government level in strongly urbanized regions. The total atmospheric column aerosol load reduction (not observed in Sahara desert region) in Po Valley and Benelux can be associated with: (i) an increase of the energy flux at the surface via direct effects confirmed also by long term surface temperature observations, (ii) a general decrease of the atmospheric column, and likely (iii) an increase in surface temperatures during a ten-year period. Summarizing, the analysis, based on the decade 2007–2016, clearly show an increase of solar irradiation under cloud-free conditions at the surface of +3.6 % and +16.6% for the Po Valley and Benelux, respectively, and a reduction of −9.0% for the Sahara Desert.
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9
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Mifka B, Žurga P, Kontošić D, Odorčić D, Mezlar M, Merico E, Grasso FM, Conte M, Contini D, Alebić-Juretić A. Characterization of airborne particulate fractions from the port city of Rijeka, Croatia. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2021; 166:112236. [PMID: 33744803 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2021.112236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Revised: 02/17/2021] [Accepted: 02/28/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this work was characterization of airborne particulates in the port city of Rijeka in order to evaluate impact of ship emissions on air quality. Samples of airborne particulates were collected with a ten stages cascade impactor during two campaigns: autumn and spring. A total of 16 weekly samples were analyzed on mass concentration, ions, metals and carbonaceous species (EC, OC, WSOC). Distribution of airborne fractions showed a bimodal distribution, with two maxima: one in coarse, and other in fine fraction. Source apportionment using PMF receptor model identified six sources of airborne particulates in Rijeka: crustal, biomass burning, sea salt, traffic/metal industry, combustion/SIA and HFO burning, i.e., ship emission (contribution 3%). The contribution of ship traffic to primary emission of particulate matter, using vanadium as tracer, indicated a twofold increase for PM10 and PM2.5 relative to 2012-14. An unusual desert dust event was registered in autumn campaign.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boris Mifka
- Department of Physics, University of Rijeka, Radmile Matejčić 2, Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Paula Žurga
- Teaching Institute of Public Health, Krešimirova 52a, Rijeka, Croatia.
| | - Dario Kontošić
- Teaching Institute of Public Health, Krešimirova 52a, Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Dajana Odorčić
- Teaching Institute of Public Health, Krešimirova 52a, Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Marjana Mezlar
- Teaching Institute of Public Health, Krešimirova 52a, Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Eva Merico
- Institute of Atmospheric Sciences and Climate, ISAC-CNR, Str. Prv. Lecce-Monteroni km 1.2, Lecce, Italy.
| | - Fabio M Grasso
- Institute of Atmospheric Sciences and Climate, ISAC-CNR, Str. Prv. Lecce-Monteroni km 1.2, Lecce, Italy
| | - Marianna Conte
- Institute of Atmospheric Sciences and Climate, ISAC-CNR, Str. Prv. Lecce-Monteroni km 1.2, Lecce, Italy
| | - Daniele Contini
- Institute of Atmospheric Sciences and Climate, ISAC-CNR, Str. Prv. Lecce-Monteroni km 1.2, Lecce, Italy.
| | - Ana Alebić-Juretić
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Braće Branchetta 20, Rijeka, Croatia.
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Modeling air quality regulation by green infrastructure in a Mediterranean coastal urban area: The removal of PM10 in the Metropolitan City of Naples (Italy). Ecol Modell 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2020.109383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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11
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Calculating a Drop in Carbon Emissions in the Strait of Gibraltar (Spain) from Domestic Shipping Traffic Caused by the COVID-19 Crisis. SUSTAINABILITY 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/su122410368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
As a consequence of the COVID-19 pandemic, the Spanish government declared a State of Emergency, and domestic passenger ship traffic was restricted in Spanish ports. This manuscript presents scenarios of emissions from domestic shipping traffic in the seas of the Strait of Gibraltar (Spain) over three months of the COVID-19 pandemic. Emissions were estimated for only 90 days of the pandemic, and two scenarios were studied: emissions while vessels were berthed at the Algeciras Port and emissions as a consequence of the interruption of passenger ship transportation in the Strait of Gibraltar. To this end, the authors’ own model was used, which has near zero uncertainties. This model was used for the first time in this study and takes into account both meteorological and sea condition parameters, as well as the efficiency of the propulsion system. The manuscript concentrates on the emissions of greenhouse gases (GHGs), nitrogen oxides (NOx), sulphur oxides (SOx), carbon dioxide (CO2), and particulate matter (PM) from six Ro-Pax ships that ceased to operate. The main finding is that as a consequence of the pandemic, reductions of up to 12% were found in the Strait of Gibraltar in all the pollutants and GHGs when taking into account all international traffic, while the decrease in emissions from domestic traffic only reached 51%.
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Zhao J, Zhang Y, Patton AP, Ma W, Kan H, Wu L, Fung F, Wang S, Ding D, Walker K. Projection of ship emissions and their impact on air quality in 2030 in Yangtze River delta, China. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2020; 263:114643. [PMID: 33618465 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.114643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2019] [Revised: 04/17/2020] [Accepted: 04/19/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
China has been in the implementation phase of Domestic Ship Emission Control Areas (DECAs) regulation to reduce emissions of air pollutants from ships near populated areas since 2016. The Yangtze River Delta (YRD) is one of the busiest port clusters in the world, accounting for 11% of global seaborne cargo throughput, so future improvements in shipping emission controls may still be important in this region. To assess the impact of future ship emissions on air quality of coastal areas, this study evaluates emissions reductions and air quality in 2030 for three scenarios (business as usual, stricter regulations, and aspirational policies) representing increasing levels of control compared with a base year of 2015. We projected ship emissions in the region using a bottom-up approach developed in this study and based on the historical ship automatic identification system (AIS) activity data. We then predicted air quality across the YRD region in 2030 using the Community Multiscale Air Quality (CMAQ) model. The annual average contributions of ship emissions to ambient PM2.5 would decrease by 70.9%, 80.4%, and 86.2% relative to 2015 under the three scenarios, with the largest reductions of more than 4.1 μg/m3 near Shanghai Port under the aspirational scenario. Reductions in ship emissions generally led to lower levels of PM2.5, particularly in most of the coastal cities in the YRD. Compared with a business-as-usual approach the aspirational scenario reduced SO2, NOx and PM2.5 concentrations from shipping by 71.8%, 61.1% and 52.5%, respectively. It was also more effective than the stricter regulation scenario, suggesting that the requirement to use 0.1% sulfur fuel within a 100Nm DECA would have additional benefits to ambient PM2.5 concentrations beyond 12Nm DECA area. This study provides evidence to inform deliberations on the potential air quality benefits of future control policies for ship emissions in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junri Zhao
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (LAP3), Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, China; Big Data Institute for Carbon Emission and Environmental Pollution, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (LAP3), Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, China; Shanghai Institute of Eco-Chongming (SIEC), Shanghai, 200062, China; Institute of Atmospheric Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, China.
| | - Allison P Patton
- Health Effects Institute, 75 Federal Street, Suite 1400, Boston, MA, 02110-1817, USA
| | - Weichun Ma
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (LAP3), Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, China; Shanghai Institute of Eco-Chongming (SIEC), Shanghai, 200062, China; Big Data Institute for Carbon Emission and Environmental Pollution, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Haidong Kan
- Public Health School, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Libo Wu
- Big Data Institute for Carbon Emission and Environmental Pollution, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Freda Fung
- Natural Resources Defense Council, China
| | - Shuxiao Wang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Dian Ding
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Katherine Walker
- Health Effects Institute, 75 Federal Street, Suite 1400, Boston, MA, 02110-1817, USA
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Fameli KM, Kotrikla AM, Psanis C, Biskos G, Polydoropoulou A. Estimation of the emissions by transport in two port cities of the northeastern Mediterranean, Greece. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2020; 257:113598. [PMID: 31753631 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2019.113598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2019] [Revised: 11/07/2019] [Accepted: 11/08/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Air pollution is one of the most important branches of environmental science as it affects human health, climate and ecosystems. Emissions of air pollutants from transport (vehicles and ships) in port cities strongly affect air quality at local scales, warranting for a combination of theoretical and experimental studies to identify pollution hotspots. The purpose of this paper is to provide a methodology for developing a hybrid emission inventory from transport sector for two port cities located respectively on the Northern Aegean islands of Chios and Lesvos. Emission inventories were constructed for the year 2014 based on top-down and bottom-up approaches. Official data from local authorities and survey results were used for the calculation of emissions. Traffic emissions were spatially allocated to the road network based on population data and hourly traffic counts, and distributed over time (on an hourly basis) with the use of local temporal coefficients. Regarding carbon monoxide road emissions, the highest quantities are mainly emitted by Passenger Cars (43%,32% in Chios and Lesvos respectively) while for PM10 emissions, trucks have the largest share (66% in Chios and 86% in Lesvos). The pollutants that are emitted in greater quantities from the ships at the ports of Mytilene and Chios are NOx, followed by SO2 and CO. Most of the ship emissions in the ports occur by the ships at berth, as they remain berthed for hours whereas maneuvering lasts 15-20 min. As for the daily contribution of the two transport sources to the pollution profile of Mytilene, road emissions are higher for almost all pollutants. However, the contribution of ship emissions is not negligible, especially during the touristic period when marine traffic increases and emissions close to the port area become more important than those from road transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- K M Fameli
- Institute for Environmental Research and Sustainable Development, National Observatory of Athens, V.Pavlou and I. Metaxa str., 152 36 Athens, Greece.
| | - A M Kotrikla
- Department of Shipping, Transport and Trade, University of the Aegean, Chios, 82100 Greece
| | - C Psanis
- Department of Environment, University of the Aegean, Mytilene, 81100 Greece
| | - G Biskos
- Energy Environment and Water Research Centre, The Cyprus Institute, Nicosia, 2121, Cyprus; Faculty of Civil Engineering and Geosciences, Delft University of Technology, Delft, 2628CN, the Netherlands
| | - A Polydoropoulou
- Department of Shipping, Transport and Trade, University of the Aegean, Chios, 82100 Greece
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Nakatsubo R, Oshita Y, Aikawa M, Takimoto M, Kubo T, Matsumura C, Takaishi Y, Hiraki T. Influence of marine vessel emissions on the atmospheric PM 2.5 in Japan's around the congested sea areas. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 702:134744. [PMID: 31733559 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.134744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2019] [Revised: 09/27/2019] [Accepted: 09/29/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, PM2.5 concentrations in Japan have decreased as China's measures against the emission of air pollutants were strengthened and the subsequent transport of air pollutants to Japan decreased. On the other hand, along the coast of the Seto inland sea in Japan, the PM2.5 concentration remains high. In this study, in order to evaluate the impact of air pollutants from marine vessels on PM2.5 along the coast of the Seto inland sea, PM2.5 was seasonally collected in the vicinity of a congested sea lane (Akashi Strait) in 2016 and 2017, and a receptor-source analysis was performed to determine the main components of the collected PM2.5. In Japan's congested sea lane, the vanadium (V) concentration was very high and showed a strong correlation with the nickel (Ni) concentration. Also, the V/Ni ratio rose when the wind blew from the sea lane. Positive Matrix Factorization (PMF) analysis clarified that the contributions from marine vessel emissions to PM2.5 at the current observation sites were 2.5-2.7 μg m-3 (17.3-21.4%), and the marine vessel emissions were the main source of PM2.5 along the coast of the Seto inland sea. Fuel oil regulations for marine vessels to be introduced in January 2020 are expected to improve the air quality of coastal areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryohei Nakatsubo
- Hyogo Prefectural Institute of Environmental Sciences, Hyogo Environmental Advancement Association, 3-1-18 Yukihira-cho, Suma-ku, Kobe, Hyogo 654 0018, Japan; Graduate School of Maritime Sciences, Kobe University, 5-1-1 Fukaeminami-machi, Higashinada-ku, Kobe, Hyogo 658 0022, Japan.
| | - Yoshie Oshita
- Hyogo Prefectural Institute of Environmental Sciences, Hyogo Environmental Advancement Association, 3-1-18 Yukihira-cho, Suma-ku, Kobe, Hyogo 654 0018, Japan
| | - Masahide Aikawa
- Faculty of Environmental Engineering, The University of Kitakyushu, 1-1 Hibikino, Wakamatsu-ku, Kitakyushu, Fukuoka 808 0135, Japan
| | - Mitsuteru Takimoto
- Hyogo Prefectural Institute of Environmental Sciences, Hyogo Environmental Advancement Association, 3-1-18 Yukihira-cho, Suma-ku, Kobe, Hyogo 654 0018, Japan
| | - Tomoko Kubo
- Hyogo Prefectural Institute of Environmental Sciences, Hyogo Environmental Advancement Association, 3-1-18 Yukihira-cho, Suma-ku, Kobe, Hyogo 654 0018, Japan
| | - Chisato Matsumura
- Hyogo Prefectural Institute of Environmental Sciences, Hyogo Environmental Advancement Association, 3-1-18 Yukihira-cho, Suma-ku, Kobe, Hyogo 654 0018, Japan
| | - Yutaka Takaishi
- Hyogo Prefectural Institute of Environmental Sciences, Hyogo Environmental Advancement Association, 3-1-18 Yukihira-cho, Suma-ku, Kobe, Hyogo 654 0018, Japan
| | - Takatoshi Hiraki
- Hyogo Prefectural Institute of Environmental Sciences, Hyogo Environmental Advancement Association, 3-1-18 Yukihira-cho, Suma-ku, Kobe, Hyogo 654 0018, Japan; Graduate School of Maritime Sciences, Kobe University, 5-1-1 Fukaeminami-machi, Higashinada-ku, Kobe, Hyogo 658 0022, Japan
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15
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Vertical Distribution of Particulates within the Near-Surface Layer of Dry Bulk Port and Influence Mechanism: A Case Study in China. SUSTAINABILITY 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/su11247135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Knowing the vertical distribution of ambient particulate matter (PM) will help port authorities choose the optimal dust-suppression measures to reduce PM concentrations. In this study, we used an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) to assess the vertical distribution (0–120 m altitude) of PM in a dry bulk port along the Yangtze River, China. Total suspended particulates (TSP), PM10, and PM2.5 concentrations at different altitudes were measured at seven sites representing different cargo-handling sites and a background site. Variations in results across sites make it not suitable to characterize the vertical distribution of PM concentration at this port using simple representative distributions. Bulk cargo particle size, fog cannon use, and porous fence all affected the vertical distribution of TSP concentrations but had only minor impacts on PM10 and PM2.5 concentrations. Optimizing porous fence layout according to weather conditions and cargo demand at port have the most potential for mitigating PM pollution related to port operation. As ground-based stations cannot fully measure vertical PM distributions, our methods and results represent an advance in assessing the impact of port activities on air quality and can be used to determine optimal dust-suppression measures for dry bulk ports.
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16
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Ndong Ba A, Cazier F, Verdin A, Garcon G, Cabral M, Courcot L, Diouf A, Courcot D, Gualtieri M, Fall M. Physico-chemical characterization and in vitro inflammatory and oxidative potency of atmospheric particles collected in Dakar city's (Senegal). ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2019; 245:568-581. [PMID: 30469127 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2018.11.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2018] [Revised: 10/31/2018] [Accepted: 11/08/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to atmospheric pollutants has been recognized as a major risk factor of respiratory and cardiovascular diseases. Fine particles (PM2.5) and a coarser fraction (PM>2.5) sampled at an urban site in Dakar (HLM), characterized by high road traffic emissions, were compared with particles sampled at a rural area, Toubab Dialaw located about 40 km from Dakar. The physicochemical characteristics of samples revealed that PMs differ for their physical (surface area) and chemical properties (in terms of CHN, metals, ions, paraffins, VOCs and PAHs) that were 65-75% higher in urban samples. Moreover the fine PMs contain higher amounts of anthropogenic related pollutants than the PM>2.5 one. These differences are sustained by the ratios reported for the analysed PAHs which suggest as predominant primary emission sources vehicle exhausts at urban site and biomass combustion at the rural site. The inflammatory response and the oxidative damages were evaluated in BEAS-2B cells by the quantification of 4 selected inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8) and of total carbonylated proteins and the oxidative DNA adduct 8-OHdG after 8 or 24 h exposure. In accordance with the different sources and different physical and chemical properties, the inflammatory response and the oxidative damages were found higher in bronchial cells exposed to urban PMs. These data confirm the importance, also for West African countries, to evaluate the correlation between PM physico-chemical properties and potential biological impacts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Awa Ndong Ba
- Unité de Chimie Environnementale et Interactions sur le Vivant (UCEIV) EA 4492, SFR Condorcet FR CNRS 3417, Maison de la Recherche en Environnement Industriel, Université du Littoral Côte d'Opale, Dunkerque, France; Laboratoire de Toxicologie et d'Hydrologie, Faculté de Médecine, de Pharmacie et d'Odontologie, Université Cheikh Anta Diop, Dakar, Senegal
| | - Fabrice Cazier
- Centre Commun de Mesures, Maison de la Recherche en Environnement Industriel, Université du Littoral Côte d'Opale, Dunkerque, France
| | - Anthony Verdin
- Unité de Chimie Environnementale et Interactions sur le Vivant (UCEIV) EA 4492, SFR Condorcet FR CNRS 3417, Maison de la Recherche en Environnement Industriel, Université du Littoral Côte d'Opale, Dunkerque, France
| | - Guillaume Garcon
- CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, EA4483-IMPacts de l'Environnement Chimique sur la Santé Humaine (IMPECS), Univ. Lille, Lille, France
| | - Mathilde Cabral
- Laboratoire de Toxicologie et d'Hydrologie, Faculté de Médecine, de Pharmacie et d'Odontologie, Université Cheikh Anta Diop, Dakar, Senegal
| | - Lucie Courcot
- Laboratoire d'Oceanologie et de Geosciences, F-62930, CNRS UMR8187, LOG, Université du Littoral Côte d'Opale, Wimereux, France
| | - Amadou Diouf
- Laboratoire de Toxicologie et d'Hydrologie, Faculté de Médecine, de Pharmacie et d'Odontologie, Université Cheikh Anta Diop, Dakar, Senegal
| | - Dominique Courcot
- Unité de Chimie Environnementale et Interactions sur le Vivant (UCEIV) EA 4492, SFR Condorcet FR CNRS 3417, Maison de la Recherche en Environnement Industriel, Université du Littoral Côte d'Opale, Dunkerque, France
| | - Maurizio Gualtieri
- Unité de Chimie Environnementale et Interactions sur le Vivant (UCEIV) EA 4492, SFR Condorcet FR CNRS 3417, Maison de la Recherche en Environnement Industriel, Université du Littoral Côte d'Opale, Dunkerque, France.
| | - Mamadou Fall
- Laboratoire de Toxicologie et d'Hydrologie, Faculté de Médecine, de Pharmacie et d'Odontologie, Université Cheikh Anta Diop, Dakar, Senegal
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17
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Chu Van T, Ristovski Z, Surawski N, Bodisco TA, Rahman SMA, Alroe J, Miljevic B, Hossain FM, Suara K, Rainey T, Brown RJ. Effect of sulphur and vanadium spiked fuels on particle characteristics and engine performance of auxiliary diesel engines. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2018; 243:1943-1951. [PMID: 30327214 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2018.08.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2018] [Revised: 08/10/2018] [Accepted: 08/18/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Particle emission characteristics and engine performance were investigated from an auxiliary, heavy duty, six-cylinder, turbocharged and after-cooled diesel engine with a common rail injection system using spiked fuels with different combinations of sulphur (S) and vanadium (V) spiking. The effect of fuel S content on both particle number (PN) and mass (PM) was clearly observed in this study. Higher PN and PM were observed for fuels with higher S contents at all engine load conditions. This study also found a correlation between fuel S content and nucleation mode particle number concentration which have more harmful impact on human health than larger particles. The highest PN and PM were observed at partial load conditions. In addition, S in fuel resulted in higher viscosity of spiked fuels, which led to lower engine blow-by. Fuel V content was observed in this study, evidencing that it had no clear effect on engine performance and emissions. Increased engine load also resulted in higher engine blow-by. The lower peak of in-cylinder pressure observed at both pre-mixed and diffusion combustion phases with the spiked fuels may be associated with the lower energy content in the fuel blends compared to diesel fuel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thuy Chu Van
- Biofuel Engine Research Facility (BERF), Queensland University of Technology, 2 George St, Brisbane City, Queensland, 4000, Australia; Vietnam Maritime University, 484 Lach Tray St, Hai Phong City, 180000, Viet Nam.
| | - Zoran Ristovski
- International Laboratory for Air Quality and Health (ILAQH), Queensland University of Technology, 2 George St, Brisbane City, Queensland, 4000, Australia.
| | - Nicholas Surawski
- University of Technology Sydney, 81 Broadway, Ultimo, NSW, 2007, Australia
| | - Timothy A Bodisco
- Deakin University, 75 Pigdons Road, Waurn Ponds, VIC, 3216, Australia
| | - S M Ashrafur Rahman
- International Laboratory for Air Quality and Health (ILAQH), Queensland University of Technology, 2 George St, Brisbane City, Queensland, 4000, Australia
| | - Joel Alroe
- International Laboratory for Air Quality and Health (ILAQH), Queensland University of Technology, 2 George St, Brisbane City, Queensland, 4000, Australia
| | - Branka Miljevic
- International Laboratory for Air Quality and Health (ILAQH), Queensland University of Technology, 2 George St, Brisbane City, Queensland, 4000, Australia
| | - Farhad M Hossain
- Biofuel Engine Research Facility (BERF), Queensland University of Technology, 2 George St, Brisbane City, Queensland, 4000, Australia
| | - Kabir Suara
- Biofuel Engine Research Facility (BERF), Queensland University of Technology, 2 George St, Brisbane City, Queensland, 4000, Australia
| | - Thomas Rainey
- Biofuel Engine Research Facility (BERF), Queensland University of Technology, 2 George St, Brisbane City, Queensland, 4000, Australia
| | - Richard J Brown
- Biofuel Engine Research Facility (BERF), Queensland University of Technology, 2 George St, Brisbane City, Queensland, 4000, Australia.
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18
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Mazaheri M, Clifford S, Yeganeh B, Viana M, Rizza V, Flament R, Buonanno G, Morawska L. Investigations into factors affecting personal exposure to particles in urban microenvironments using low-cost sensors. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2018; 120:496-504. [PMID: 30149341 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2018.08.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2018] [Revised: 08/13/2018] [Accepted: 08/13/2018] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Epidemiological studies have linked outdoor PM2.5 concentrations to a range of health effects, although people spend most of the time indoors. To better understand how individuals' exposure vary as they move between different indoor and outdoor microenvironments, our study investigated personal PM2.5 exposure and exposure intensity of 14 adult volunteers over one week (five weekdays and one weekend), using low-cost personal monitors, recording PM2.5 concentrations in 5 min intervals. Further, the study evaluated community perception of air pollution exposure during the recruitment and engagement with the volunteers. We found that people with tertiary education across all ages had greater interest in participating, with younger people being interested regardless of the level of education. The derived exposures and exposure intensities differed between weekdays and the weekend due to larger variations in individuals' daily routines. In general, time spent at home and engaged in indoor activities was associated with the highest personal PM2.5 exposure and exposure intensity on both, week and weekend days, implying the significance of both duration of the exposure and the indoor PM2.5 concentrations. The results showed no relationship between personal exposures and indoor characteristics of home (ventilation, building age and cooktop), which are expected to be due to the study's small sample size. The observed PM2.5 > 10 μg m-3 were significantly higher for distances <50 m to the roads for both major and minor roads, and were observed in areas with <16% open space, which were also close to a major road.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mandana Mazaheri
- International Laboratory for Air Quality and Health, Institute for Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Samuel Clifford
- International Laboratory for Air Quality and Health, Institute for Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia; Mathematical Sciences School, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia; ARC Centre of Excellence for Mathematical and Statistical Frontiers, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Bijan Yeganeh
- International Laboratory for Air Quality and Health, Institute for Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia; Centre for Air Quality and Health Research and Evaluation, Sydney, Australia; Environmental Sciences Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mar Viana
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research, Spanish National Research Council Barcelona, Spain
| | - Valeria Rizza
- University of Cassino and Southern Lazio, Cassino, Italy
| | | | - Giorgio Buonanno
- International Laboratory for Air Quality and Health, Institute for Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia; University of Cassino and Southern Lazio, Cassino, Italy; Department of Engineering, University of Naples "Parthenope", Naples, Italy
| | - Lidia Morawska
- International Laboratory for Air Quality and Health, Institute for Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia.
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19
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Mamoudou I, Zhang F, Chen Q, Wang P, Chen Y. Characteristics of PM 2.5 from ship emissions and their impacts on the ambient air: A case study in Yangshan Harbor, Shanghai. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 640-641:207-216. [PMID: 29859437 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.05.261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2018] [Revised: 05/21/2018] [Accepted: 05/22/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The rapid development of ports in China over the last two decades has had inevitable consequences on the ambient air quality in coastal areas and harbors. For mitigation strategies and monitoring aims, the contributions of ship emissions should be identified, especially in these specific areas. Therefore, in this study, fine particulate matters (PM2.5) samples were collected at Yangshan Harbor in 2016 to characterize ship emissions and estimate their impacts on the ambient air. The results showed that the average annual PM2.5 concentration was 44.02 μg/m3 at Yangshan Harbor. The mean seasonal PM2.5 concentrations reached a maximum in the spring (60.28 μg/m3) and a minimum in the summer (28.04 μg/m3). Two methods were used in this study to estimate the contributions of ship emissions to the ambient air. When a V-based method was used, the primary estimated daily contributions of ship emissions to the ambient air at Yangshan Harbor ranged from 0.02 to 0.73 μg/m3 with an annual average of 0.10 μg/m3. When a PMF-based method was used, the contributions ranged from 0.02 to 9.15 μg/m3 with an annual average of 1.02 μg/m3. In fact, there was a significant underestimation of the true influences of ship emissions when only the primary contribution was considered. In accordance with this evidence, there was a main average underestimation of 1.84 μg/m3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Issoufou Mamoudou
- United Nations Environment Programme -Tongji Institute of Environment for Sustainable Development, Key Laboratory of Cities' Mitigation and Adaptation to Climate Change in Shanghai, China Meteorological Administration, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, PR China
| | - Fan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Cities' Mitigation and Adaptation to Climate Change in Shanghai, China Meteorological Administration, State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, PR China.
| | - Qi Chen
- Institute of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, PR China
| | - Panpan Wang
- United Nations Environment Programme -Tongji Institute of Environment for Sustainable Development, Key Laboratory of Cities' Mitigation and Adaptation to Climate Change in Shanghai, China Meteorological Administration, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, PR China
| | - Yingjun Chen
- Key Laboratory of Cities' Mitigation and Adaptation to Climate Change in Shanghai, China Meteorological Administration, State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, PR China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai 200092, PR China.
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20
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Streibel T, Schnelle-Kreis J, Czech H, Harndorf H, Jakobi G, Jokiniemi J, Karg E, Lintelmann J, Matuschek G, Michalke B, Müller L, Orasche J, Passig J, Radischat C, Rabe R, Reda A, Rüger C, Schwemer T, Sippula O, Stengel B, Sklorz M, Torvela T, Weggler B, Zimmermann R. Aerosol emissions of a ship diesel engine operated with diesel fuel or heavy fuel oil. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017; 24:10976-10991. [PMID: 27137191 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-016-6724-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2016] [Accepted: 04/19/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Gaseous and particulate emissions from a ship diesel research engine were elaborately analysed by a large assembly of measurement techniques. Applied methods comprised of offline and online approaches, yielding averaged chemical and physical data as well as time-resolved trends of combustion by-products. The engine was driven by two different fuels, a commonly used heavy fuel oil (HFO) and a standardised diesel fuel (DF). It was operated in a standardised cycle with a duration of 2 h. Chemical characterisation of organic species and elements revealed higher concentrations as well as a larger number of detected compounds for HFO operation for both gas phase and particulate matter. A noteworthy exception was the concentration of elemental carbon, which was higher in DF exhaust aerosol. This may prove crucial for the assessment and interpretation of biological response and impact via the exposure of human lung cell cultures, which was carried out in parallel to this study. Offline and online data hinted at the fact that most organic species in the aerosol are transferred from the fuel as unburned material. This is especially distinctive at low power operation of HFO, where low volatility structures are converted to the particulate phase. The results of this study give rise to the conclusion that a mere switching to sulphur-free fuel is not sufficient as remediation measure to reduce health and environmental effects of ship emissions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thorsten Streibel
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Centre, Chair of Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University Rostock, Rostock, Germany
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Centre, CMA-Comprehensive Molecular Analytics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Jürgen Schnelle-Kreis
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Centre, CMA-Comprehensive Molecular Analytics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Hendryk Czech
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Centre, Chair of Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Horst Harndorf
- Chair of Piston Machines and Internal Combustion Engines, University Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Gert Jakobi
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Centre, CMA-Comprehensive Molecular Analytics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Jorma Jokiniemi
- Fine Particle and Aerosol Technology Laboratory, Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Erwin Karg
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Centre, CMA-Comprehensive Molecular Analytics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Jutta Lintelmann
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Centre, CMA-Comprehensive Molecular Analytics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Georg Matuschek
- Research Unit Analytical BioGeoChemistry, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Bernhard Michalke
- Research Unit Medical Radiation Physics and Diagnostics (AMSD), Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Laarnie Müller
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Centre, CMA-Comprehensive Molecular Analytics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Jürgen Orasche
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Centre, CMA-Comprehensive Molecular Analytics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Johannes Passig
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Centre, Chair of Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Christian Radischat
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Centre, Chair of Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Rom Rabe
- Chair of Piston Machines and Internal Combustion Engines, University Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Ahmed Reda
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Centre, CMA-Comprehensive Molecular Analytics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Christopher Rüger
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Centre, Chair of Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Theo Schwemer
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Centre, Chair of Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Olli Sippula
- Fine Particle and Aerosol Technology Laboratory, Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Benjamin Stengel
- Chair of Piston Machines and Internal Combustion Engines, University Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Martin Sklorz
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Centre, Chair of Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Tiina Torvela
- Fine Particle and Aerosol Technology Laboratory, Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Benedikt Weggler
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Centre, CMA-Comprehensive Molecular Analytics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Ralf Zimmermann
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Centre, Chair of Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University Rostock, Rostock, Germany.
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Centre, CMA-Comprehensive Molecular Analytics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany.
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21
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Morillas H, Maguregui M, García-Florentino C, Marcaida I, Madariaga JM. Study of particulate matter from Primary/Secondary Marine Aerosol and anthropogenic sources collected by a self-made passive sampler for the evaluation of the dry deposition impact on built heritage. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2016; 550:285-296. [PMID: 26820932 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.01.080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2015] [Revised: 12/26/2015] [Accepted: 01/13/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Dry deposition is one of the most dangerous processes that can take place in the environment where the compounds that are suspended in the atmosphere can react directly on different surrounding materials, promoting decay processes. Usually this process is related with industrial/urban fog and/or marine aerosol in the coastal areas. Particularly, marine aerosol transports different types of salts which can be deposited on building materials and by dry deposition promotes different decay pathways. A new analytical methodology based on the combined use of Raman Spectroscopy and SEM-EDS (point-by-point and imaging) was applied. For that purpose, firstly evaporated seawater (presence of Primary Marine Aerosol (PMA)) was analyzed. After that, using a self-made passive sampler (SMPS), different suspended particles coming from marine aerosol (transformed particles in the atmosphere (Secondary Marine Aerosol (SMA)) and metallic airborne particulate matter coming from anthropogenic sources, were analyzed. Finally in order to observe if SMA and metallic particles identified in the SMPS can be deposited on a building, sandstone samples from La Galea Fortress (Getxo, north of Spain) located in front of the sea and in the place where the passive sampler was mounted were analyzed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Héctor Morillas
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, P.O. Box 644, 48080 Bilbao, Basque Country, Spain.
| | - Maite Maguregui
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, P.O. Box 450, 01080 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Basque Country, Spain
| | - Cristina García-Florentino
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, P.O. Box 644, 48080 Bilbao, Basque Country, Spain
| | - Iker Marcaida
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, P.O. Box 644, 48080 Bilbao, Basque Country, Spain
| | - Juan Manuel Madariaga
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, P.O. Box 644, 48080 Bilbao, Basque Country, Spain
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22
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Effect of Pollution Controls on Atmospheric PM2.5 Composition during Universiade in Shenzhen, China. ATMOSPHERE 2016. [DOI: 10.3390/atmos7040057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Prati MV, Costagliola MA, Quaranta F, Murena F. Assessment of ambient air quality in the port of Naples. JOURNAL OF THE AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOCIATION (1995) 2015; 65:970-979. [PMID: 26029862 DOI: 10.1080/10962247.2015.1050129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Two experimental monitoring campaigns were carried out in 2012 to investigate the air quality in the port of Naples, the most important in southern Italy for traffic of passengers and one of the most important for goods. Therefore, it represents an important air pollution source located close to the city of Naples. The concentrations of sulfur dioxide (SO₂), nitrogen dioxide (NO₂), and BTEX (benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylenes) in the air were measured at 15 points inside the Naples port area through the use of passive samplers. In addition, a mobile laboratory was positioned in a fixed point inside the port area to measure continuous concentration of pollutants together with particulate matter, ambient parameters, and wind direction and intensity. The pollution levels monitored were compared with those observed in the urban area of Naples and in other Mediterranean ports. Even though the observation time was limited, measured concentrations were also compared with limit values established by European legislation. All the measured pollutants were below the limits with the exception of nitrogen dioxide: its average concentration during the exposition time exceeded the yearly limit value. A spatial analysis of data, according to the measured wind direction and intensity, provided information about the effects that ship emissions have on ambient air quality in the port area. The main evidence indicates that ship emissions influence sulfur dioxide concentration more than any other pollutants analyzed.
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Oeder S, Kanashova T, Sippula O, Sapcariu SC, Streibel T, Arteaga-Salas JM, Passig J, Dilger M, Paur HR, Schlager C, Mülhopt S, Diabaté S, Weiss C, Stengel B, Rabe R, Harndorf H, Torvela T, Jokiniemi JK, Hirvonen MR, Schmidt-Weber C, Traidl-Hoffmann C, BéruBé KA, Wlodarczyk AJ, Prytherch Z, Michalke B, Krebs T, Prévôt ASH, Kelbg M, Tiggesbäumker J, Karg E, Jakobi G, Scholtes S, Schnelle-Kreis J, Lintelmann J, Matuschek G, Sklorz M, Klingbeil S, Orasche J, Richthammer P, Müller L, Elsasser M, Reda A, Gröger T, Weggler B, Schwemer T, Czech H, Rüger CP, Abbaszade G, Radischat C, Hiller K, Buters JTM, Dittmar G, Zimmermann R. Particulate matter from both heavy fuel oil and diesel fuel shipping emissions show strong biological effects on human lung cells at realistic and comparable in vitro exposure conditions. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0126536. [PMID: 26039251 PMCID: PMC4454644 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0126536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2014] [Accepted: 04/02/2015] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ship engine emissions are important with regard to lung and cardiovascular diseases especially in coastal regions worldwide. Known cellular responses to combustion particles include oxidative stress and inflammatory signalling. OBJECTIVES To provide a molecular link between the chemical and physical characteristics of ship emission particles and the cellular responses they elicit and to identify potentially harmful fractions in shipping emission aerosols. METHODS Through an air-liquid interface exposure system, we exposed human lung cells under realistic in vitro conditions to exhaust fumes from a ship engine running on either common heavy fuel oil (HFO) or cleaner-burning diesel fuel (DF). Advanced chemical analyses of the exhaust aerosols were combined with transcriptional, proteomic and metabolomic profiling including isotope labelling methods to characterise the lung cell responses. RESULTS The HFO emissions contained high concentrations of toxic compounds such as metals and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon, and were higher in particle mass. These compounds were lower in DF emissions, which in turn had higher concentrations of elemental carbon ("soot"). Common cellular reactions included cellular stress responses and endocytosis. Reactions to HFO emissions were dominated by oxidative stress and inflammatory responses, whereas DF emissions induced generally a broader biological response than HFO emissions and affected essential cellular pathways such as energy metabolism, protein synthesis, and chromatin modification. CONCLUSIONS Despite a lower content of known toxic compounds, combustion particles from the clean shipping fuel DF influenced several essential pathways of lung cell metabolism more strongly than particles from the unrefined fuel HFO. This might be attributable to a higher soot content in DF. Thus the role of diesel soot, which is a known carcinogen in acute air pollution-induced health effects should be further investigated. For the use of HFO and DF we recommend a reduction of carbonaceous soot in the ship emissions by implementation of filtration devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Oeder
- HICE—Helmholtz Virtual Institute of Complex Molecular Systems in Environmental Health—Aerosols and Health, www.hice-vi.eu, Neuherberg, Rostock, Munich, Karlsruhe, Berlin, Waldkirch, Germany, Kuopio, Finland, Cardiff, UK, Esch-Belval, Luxembourg
- Center of Allergy and Environment (ZAUM), Helmholtz Zentrum München and Technische Universität München, Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Munich, Germany
- CK-CARE, Christine Kühne Center for Allergy Research and Education, Davos, Switzerland
| | - Tamara Kanashova
- HICE—Helmholtz Virtual Institute of Complex Molecular Systems in Environmental Health—Aerosols and Health, www.hice-vi.eu, Neuherberg, Rostock, Munich, Karlsruhe, Berlin, Waldkirch, Germany, Kuopio, Finland, Cardiff, UK, Esch-Belval, Luxembourg
- Mass Spectrometry Core Unit, Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine Berlin-Buch, Germany
| | - Olli Sippula
- HICE—Helmholtz Virtual Institute of Complex Molecular Systems in Environmental Health—Aerosols and Health, www.hice-vi.eu, Neuherberg, Rostock, Munich, Karlsruhe, Berlin, Waldkirch, Germany, Kuopio, Finland, Cardiff, UK, Esch-Belval, Luxembourg
- University of Eastern Finland, Department of Environmental Science, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Sean C. Sapcariu
- HICE—Helmholtz Virtual Institute of Complex Molecular Systems in Environmental Health—Aerosols and Health, www.hice-vi.eu, Neuherberg, Rostock, Munich, Karlsruhe, Berlin, Waldkirch, Germany, Kuopio, Finland, Cardiff, UK, Esch-Belval, Luxembourg
- Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine, University of Luxembourg, L-4362 Esch-Belval, Luxembourg
| | - Thorsten Streibel
- HICE—Helmholtz Virtual Institute of Complex Molecular Systems in Environmental Health—Aerosols and Health, www.hice-vi.eu, Neuherberg, Rostock, Munich, Karlsruhe, Berlin, Waldkirch, Germany, Kuopio, Finland, Cardiff, UK, Esch-Belval, Luxembourg
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Centre, Chair of Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University Rostock, Rostock, Germany
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Centre, CMA—Comprehensive Molecular Analytics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Jose Manuel Arteaga-Salas
- HICE—Helmholtz Virtual Institute of Complex Molecular Systems in Environmental Health—Aerosols and Health, www.hice-vi.eu, Neuherberg, Rostock, Munich, Karlsruhe, Berlin, Waldkirch, Germany, Kuopio, Finland, Cardiff, UK, Esch-Belval, Luxembourg
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Centre, CMA—Comprehensive Molecular Analytics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Johannes Passig
- HICE—Helmholtz Virtual Institute of Complex Molecular Systems in Environmental Health—Aerosols and Health, www.hice-vi.eu, Neuherberg, Rostock, Munich, Karlsruhe, Berlin, Waldkirch, Germany, Kuopio, Finland, Cardiff, UK, Esch-Belval, Luxembourg
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Centre, Chair of Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Marco Dilger
- HICE—Helmholtz Virtual Institute of Complex Molecular Systems in Environmental Health—Aerosols and Health, www.hice-vi.eu, Neuherberg, Rostock, Munich, Karlsruhe, Berlin, Waldkirch, Germany, Kuopio, Finland, Cardiff, UK, Esch-Belval, Luxembourg
- Institute for Technical Chemistry (ITC), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Campus North, Karlsruhe, Germany
- Institute of Toxicology and Genetics (ITG), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Campus North, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Hanns-Rudolf Paur
- HICE—Helmholtz Virtual Institute of Complex Molecular Systems in Environmental Health—Aerosols and Health, www.hice-vi.eu, Neuherberg, Rostock, Munich, Karlsruhe, Berlin, Waldkirch, Germany, Kuopio, Finland, Cardiff, UK, Esch-Belval, Luxembourg
- Institute for Technical Chemistry (ITC), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Campus North, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Christoph Schlager
- HICE—Helmholtz Virtual Institute of Complex Molecular Systems in Environmental Health—Aerosols and Health, www.hice-vi.eu, Neuherberg, Rostock, Munich, Karlsruhe, Berlin, Waldkirch, Germany, Kuopio, Finland, Cardiff, UK, Esch-Belval, Luxembourg
- Institute for Technical Chemistry (ITC), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Campus North, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Sonja Mülhopt
- HICE—Helmholtz Virtual Institute of Complex Molecular Systems in Environmental Health—Aerosols and Health, www.hice-vi.eu, Neuherberg, Rostock, Munich, Karlsruhe, Berlin, Waldkirch, Germany, Kuopio, Finland, Cardiff, UK, Esch-Belval, Luxembourg
- Institute for Technical Chemistry (ITC), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Campus North, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Silvia Diabaté
- HICE—Helmholtz Virtual Institute of Complex Molecular Systems in Environmental Health—Aerosols and Health, www.hice-vi.eu, Neuherberg, Rostock, Munich, Karlsruhe, Berlin, Waldkirch, Germany, Kuopio, Finland, Cardiff, UK, Esch-Belval, Luxembourg
- Institute of Toxicology and Genetics (ITG), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Campus North, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Carsten Weiss
- HICE—Helmholtz Virtual Institute of Complex Molecular Systems in Environmental Health—Aerosols and Health, www.hice-vi.eu, Neuherberg, Rostock, Munich, Karlsruhe, Berlin, Waldkirch, Germany, Kuopio, Finland, Cardiff, UK, Esch-Belval, Luxembourg
- Institute of Toxicology and Genetics (ITG), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Campus North, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Benjamin Stengel
- HICE—Helmholtz Virtual Institute of Complex Molecular Systems in Environmental Health—Aerosols and Health, www.hice-vi.eu, Neuherberg, Rostock, Munich, Karlsruhe, Berlin, Waldkirch, Germany, Kuopio, Finland, Cardiff, UK, Esch-Belval, Luxembourg
- Chair of Piston Machines and Internal Combustion Engines, University Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Rom Rabe
- HICE—Helmholtz Virtual Institute of Complex Molecular Systems in Environmental Health—Aerosols and Health, www.hice-vi.eu, Neuherberg, Rostock, Munich, Karlsruhe, Berlin, Waldkirch, Germany, Kuopio, Finland, Cardiff, UK, Esch-Belval, Luxembourg
- Chair of Piston Machines and Internal Combustion Engines, University Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Horst Harndorf
- HICE—Helmholtz Virtual Institute of Complex Molecular Systems in Environmental Health—Aerosols and Health, www.hice-vi.eu, Neuherberg, Rostock, Munich, Karlsruhe, Berlin, Waldkirch, Germany, Kuopio, Finland, Cardiff, UK, Esch-Belval, Luxembourg
- Chair of Piston Machines and Internal Combustion Engines, University Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Tiina Torvela
- University of Eastern Finland, Department of Environmental Science, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Jorma K. Jokiniemi
- HICE—Helmholtz Virtual Institute of Complex Molecular Systems in Environmental Health—Aerosols and Health, www.hice-vi.eu, Neuherberg, Rostock, Munich, Karlsruhe, Berlin, Waldkirch, Germany, Kuopio, Finland, Cardiff, UK, Esch-Belval, Luxembourg
- University of Eastern Finland, Department of Environmental Science, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland
- VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland, P.O. Box 1000, FI-02044 VTT, Espoo, Finland
| | - Maija-Riitta Hirvonen
- HICE—Helmholtz Virtual Institute of Complex Molecular Systems in Environmental Health—Aerosols and Health, www.hice-vi.eu, Neuherberg, Rostock, Munich, Karlsruhe, Berlin, Waldkirch, Germany, Kuopio, Finland, Cardiff, UK, Esch-Belval, Luxembourg
- University of Eastern Finland, Department of Environmental Science, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland
- National Institute for Health and Welfare, Department of Environmental Health, P.O. Box 95, FI-70701, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Carsten Schmidt-Weber
- Center of Allergy and Environment (ZAUM), Helmholtz Zentrum München and Technische Universität München, Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Munich, Germany
| | - Claudia Traidl-Hoffmann
- CK-CARE, Christine Kühne Center for Allergy Research and Education, Davos, Switzerland
- Institute of environmental medicine, UNIKA-T, Technische Universität, Munich, Germany
| | - Kelly A. BéruBé
- HICE—Helmholtz Virtual Institute of Complex Molecular Systems in Environmental Health—Aerosols and Health, www.hice-vi.eu, Neuherberg, Rostock, Munich, Karlsruhe, Berlin, Waldkirch, Germany, Kuopio, Finland, Cardiff, UK, Esch-Belval, Luxembourg
- Lung and Particle Research Group, School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales, United Kingdom
| | - Anna J. Wlodarczyk
- HICE—Helmholtz Virtual Institute of Complex Molecular Systems in Environmental Health—Aerosols and Health, www.hice-vi.eu, Neuherberg, Rostock, Munich, Karlsruhe, Berlin, Waldkirch, Germany, Kuopio, Finland, Cardiff, UK, Esch-Belval, Luxembourg
- Lung and Particle Research Group, School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales, United Kingdom
| | - Zoë Prytherch
- HICE—Helmholtz Virtual Institute of Complex Molecular Systems in Environmental Health—Aerosols and Health, www.hice-vi.eu, Neuherberg, Rostock, Munich, Karlsruhe, Berlin, Waldkirch, Germany, Kuopio, Finland, Cardiff, UK, Esch-Belval, Luxembourg
- Lung and Particle Research Group, School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales, United Kingdom
| | - Bernhard Michalke
- Research Unit Analytical BioGeoChemistry, Helmholtz Zentrum München—German Research Center for Environmental Health GmbH, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Tobias Krebs
- HICE—Helmholtz Virtual Institute of Complex Molecular Systems in Environmental Health—Aerosols and Health, www.hice-vi.eu, Neuherberg, Rostock, Munich, Karlsruhe, Berlin, Waldkirch, Germany, Kuopio, Finland, Cardiff, UK, Esch-Belval, Luxembourg
- Vitrocell GmbH, Waldkirch, Germany
| | - André S. H. Prévôt
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute (PSI), Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Michael Kelbg
- HICE—Helmholtz Virtual Institute of Complex Molecular Systems in Environmental Health—Aerosols and Health, www.hice-vi.eu, Neuherberg, Rostock, Munich, Karlsruhe, Berlin, Waldkirch, Germany, Kuopio, Finland, Cardiff, UK, Esch-Belval, Luxembourg
- Institute of Physics, University Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Josef Tiggesbäumker
- HICE—Helmholtz Virtual Institute of Complex Molecular Systems in Environmental Health—Aerosols and Health, www.hice-vi.eu, Neuherberg, Rostock, Munich, Karlsruhe, Berlin, Waldkirch, Germany, Kuopio, Finland, Cardiff, UK, Esch-Belval, Luxembourg
- Institute of Physics, University Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Erwin Karg
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Centre, CMA—Comprehensive Molecular Analytics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Gert Jakobi
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Centre, CMA—Comprehensive Molecular Analytics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Sorana Scholtes
- HICE—Helmholtz Virtual Institute of Complex Molecular Systems in Environmental Health—Aerosols and Health, www.hice-vi.eu, Neuherberg, Rostock, Munich, Karlsruhe, Berlin, Waldkirch, Germany, Kuopio, Finland, Cardiff, UK, Esch-Belval, Luxembourg
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Centre, CMA—Comprehensive Molecular Analytics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Jürgen Schnelle-Kreis
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Centre, CMA—Comprehensive Molecular Analytics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Jutta Lintelmann
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Centre, CMA—Comprehensive Molecular Analytics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Georg Matuschek
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Centre, CMA—Comprehensive Molecular Analytics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Martin Sklorz
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Centre, Chair of Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Sophie Klingbeil
- HICE—Helmholtz Virtual Institute of Complex Molecular Systems in Environmental Health—Aerosols and Health, www.hice-vi.eu, Neuherberg, Rostock, Munich, Karlsruhe, Berlin, Waldkirch, Germany, Kuopio, Finland, Cardiff, UK, Esch-Belval, Luxembourg
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Centre, Chair of Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Jürgen Orasche
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Centre, CMA—Comprehensive Molecular Analytics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Patrick Richthammer
- HICE—Helmholtz Virtual Institute of Complex Molecular Systems in Environmental Health—Aerosols and Health, www.hice-vi.eu, Neuherberg, Rostock, Munich, Karlsruhe, Berlin, Waldkirch, Germany, Kuopio, Finland, Cardiff, UK, Esch-Belval, Luxembourg
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Centre, CMA—Comprehensive Molecular Analytics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Laarnie Müller
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Centre, CMA—Comprehensive Molecular Analytics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Michael Elsasser
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Centre, CMA—Comprehensive Molecular Analytics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Ahmed Reda
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Centre, CMA—Comprehensive Molecular Analytics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Thomas Gröger
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Centre, CMA—Comprehensive Molecular Analytics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Benedikt Weggler
- HICE—Helmholtz Virtual Institute of Complex Molecular Systems in Environmental Health—Aerosols and Health, www.hice-vi.eu, Neuherberg, Rostock, Munich, Karlsruhe, Berlin, Waldkirch, Germany, Kuopio, Finland, Cardiff, UK, Esch-Belval, Luxembourg
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Centre, CMA—Comprehensive Molecular Analytics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Theo Schwemer
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Centre, Chair of Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Hendryk Czech
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Centre, Chair of Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Christopher P. Rüger
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Centre, Chair of Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Gülcin Abbaszade
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Centre, CMA—Comprehensive Molecular Analytics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Christian Radischat
- HICE—Helmholtz Virtual Institute of Complex Molecular Systems in Environmental Health—Aerosols and Health, www.hice-vi.eu, Neuherberg, Rostock, Munich, Karlsruhe, Berlin, Waldkirch, Germany, Kuopio, Finland, Cardiff, UK, Esch-Belval, Luxembourg
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Centre, Chair of Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Karsten Hiller
- HICE—Helmholtz Virtual Institute of Complex Molecular Systems in Environmental Health—Aerosols and Health, www.hice-vi.eu, Neuherberg, Rostock, Munich, Karlsruhe, Berlin, Waldkirch, Germany, Kuopio, Finland, Cardiff, UK, Esch-Belval, Luxembourg
- Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine, University of Luxembourg, L-4362 Esch-Belval, Luxembourg
| | - Jeroen T. M. Buters
- HICE—Helmholtz Virtual Institute of Complex Molecular Systems in Environmental Health—Aerosols and Health, www.hice-vi.eu, Neuherberg, Rostock, Munich, Karlsruhe, Berlin, Waldkirch, Germany, Kuopio, Finland, Cardiff, UK, Esch-Belval, Luxembourg
- Center of Allergy and Environment (ZAUM), Helmholtz Zentrum München and Technische Universität München, Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Munich, Germany
- CK-CARE, Christine Kühne Center for Allergy Research and Education, Davos, Switzerland
| | - Gunnar Dittmar
- HICE—Helmholtz Virtual Institute of Complex Molecular Systems in Environmental Health—Aerosols and Health, www.hice-vi.eu, Neuherberg, Rostock, Munich, Karlsruhe, Berlin, Waldkirch, Germany, Kuopio, Finland, Cardiff, UK, Esch-Belval, Luxembourg
- Mass Spectrometry Core Unit, Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine Berlin-Buch, Germany
| | - Ralf Zimmermann
- HICE—Helmholtz Virtual Institute of Complex Molecular Systems in Environmental Health—Aerosols and Health, www.hice-vi.eu, Neuherberg, Rostock, Munich, Karlsruhe, Berlin, Waldkirch, Germany, Kuopio, Finland, Cardiff, UK, Esch-Belval, Luxembourg
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Centre, Chair of Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University Rostock, Rostock, Germany
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Centre, CMA—Comprehensive Molecular Analytics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
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Zyoud SH, Al-Jabi SW, Sweileh WM, Awang R, Waring WS. Bibliometric profile of the global scientific research on methanol poisoning (1902-2012). J Occup Med Toxicol 2015; 10:17. [PMID: 25949270 PMCID: PMC4422445 DOI: 10.1186/s12995-015-0062-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2015] [Accepted: 04/29/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Methanol poisoning is on the rise and has been associated with high morbidity and mortality; it has resulted in growing research in the field of toxicology. The aim of this study was to reveal underlying patterns in scientific outputs related to methanol poisoning at the global level by evaluating different bibliometric indices. METHODS We searched for publications that contained specific words regarding methanol poisoning in Scopus database. RESULTS A total of 912 articles, with 8,317 citations and with an average of 9.1 citations per document, were retrieved on methanol poisoning, and the bulk of the articles were published from the USA (20.9%), followed by Spain (4.4%), Canada (4.3%), India (3.1%), and France (3.0%). The articles were published belonging to 57 countries. No data related to methanol poisoning were published from 155 (73.1%) out of 212 countries. Twenty-one documents (2.3%) were published in Clinical Toxicology, whereas 18 (2.0%) were published in The Lancet. CONCLUSIONS Scientific production related to methanol poisoning is increasing. articles have been published in a wide range of journals with a variety of subject areas, most notably clinical toxicology; and the country with the greatest production was the USA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sa’ed H Zyoud
- Poison Control and Drug Information Center (PCDIC), College of Medicine and Health Sciences, An-Najah National University, Nablus, 44839 Palestine
- Department of Clinical and Community Pharmacy, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, An-Najah National University, Nablus, 44839 Palestine
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Drug Information, National Poison Centre, Universiti Sains Malaysia (USM), Pulau Pinang, Penang 11800 Malaysia
| | - Samah W Al-Jabi
- Department of Clinical and Community Pharmacy, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, An-Najah National University, Nablus, 44839 Palestine
| | - Waleed M Sweileh
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, An-Najah National University, Nablus, 44839 Palestine
| | - Rahmat Awang
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Drug Information, National Poison Centre, Universiti Sains Malaysia (USM), Pulau Pinang, Penang 11800 Malaysia
| | - W Stephen Waring
- Acute Medical Unit, York Teaching Hospital, NHS Foundation Trust, Wigginton Road, York, YO31 8HE UK
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Hackstadt AJ, Peng RD. A Bayesian Multivariate Receptor Model for Estimating Source Contributions to Particulate Matter Pollution using National Databases. ENVIRONMETRICS 2014; 25:513-527. [PMID: 25309119 PMCID: PMC4188403 DOI: 10.1002/env.2296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Time series studies have suggested that air pollution can negatively impact health. These studies have typically focused on the total mass of fine particulate matter air pollution or the individual chemical constituents that contribute to it, and not source-specific contributions to air pollution. Source-specific contribution estimates are useful from a regulatory standpoint by allowing regulators to focus limited resources on reducing emissions from sources that are major contributors to air pollution and are also desired when estimating source-specific health effects. However, researchers often lack direct observations of the emissions at the source level. We propose a Bayesian multivariate receptor model to infer information about source contributions from ambient air pollution measurements. The proposed model incorporates information from national databases containing data on both the composition of source emissions and the amount of emissions from known sources of air pollution. The proposed model is used to perform source apportionment analyses for two distinct locations in the United States (Boston, Massachusetts and Phoenix, Arizona). Our results mirror previous source apportionment analyses that did not utilize the information from national databases and provide additional information about uncertainty that is relevant to the estimation of health effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amber J. Hackstadt
- Biostatistics Department, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, USA
- Correspondence to: A. J. Hackstadt, Biostatistics Department,
Johns Hopkins University, 615 N. Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA.
| | - Roger D. Peng
- Biostatistics Department, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, USA
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Wu CF, Lin HI, Ho CC, Yang TH, Chen CC, Chan CC. Modeling horizontal and vertical variation in intraurban exposure to PM2.5 concentrations and compositions. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2014; 133:96-102. [PMID: 24906073 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2014.04.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2013] [Revised: 04/27/2014] [Accepted: 04/29/2014] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Land use regression (LUR) models are increasingly used to evaluate intraurban variability in population exposure to fine particulate matter (PM2.5). However, most of these models lack information on PM2.5 elemental compositions and vertically distributed samples. The purpose of this study was to evaluate intraurban exposure to PM2.5 concentrations and compositions for populations in an Asian city using LUR models, with special emphasis on examining the effects of having measurements on different building stories. PM2.5 samples were collected at 20 sampling sites below the third story (low-level sites). Additional vertically stratified sampling sites were set up on the fourth to sixth (mid-level sites, n=5) and seventh to ninth (high-level sites, n=5) stories. LUR models were built for PM2.5, copper (Cu), iron (Fe), potassium (K), manganese (Mn), nickel (Ni), sulfur (S), silicon (Si), and zinc (Zn). The explained concentration variance (R(2)) of the PM2.5 model was 65%. R(2) values were >69% in the Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Si, and Zn models and <44% in the K and S models. Sampling height from ground level was a significant predictor in the PM2.5 and Si models. This finding stresses the importance of collecting vertically stratified information on PM2.5 mass concentrations to reduce potential exposure misclassification in future health studies. In addition to traffic variables, some models identified gravel-plant, industrial, and port variables with large buffer zones as important predictors, indicating that PM from these sources had significant effects at distant places.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang-Fu Wu
- Department of Public Health, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan; Institute of Environmental Health, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan; Institute of Occupational Medicine and Industrial Hygiene, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.
| | - Hung-I Lin
- Institute of Environmental Health, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Chang Ho
- Institute of Occupational Medicine and Industrial Hygiene, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Tzu-Hui Yang
- Institute of Environmental Health, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chu-Chih Chen
- Division of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Institute of Population Health Sciences, National Health Research Institutes, Taiwan
| | - Chang-Chuan Chan
- Institute of Occupational Medicine and Industrial Hygiene, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
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Svendsen ER, Reynolds S, Ogunsakin OA, Williams EM, Fraser-Rahim H, Zhang H, Wilson SM. Assessment of Particulate Matter Levels in Vulnerable Communities in North Charleston, South Carolina prior to Port Expansion. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH INSIGHTS 2014; 8:5-14. [PMID: 24653648 PMCID: PMC3956811 DOI: 10.4137/ehi.s12814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2013] [Revised: 11/20/2013] [Accepted: 11/21/2013] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The Port of Charleston, one of the busiest US ports, currently operates five terminals. The fifth terminal is being planned for expansion to accommodate container ships from the proposed Panama Canal expansion. Such expansion is expected to increase traffic within local vulnerable North Charleston neck communities by at least 7,000 diesel truck trips per day, more than a 70% increase from the present average rate of 10,000 trucks per day. Our objective was to measure the current particulate matter (PM) concentrations in North Charleston communities as a baseline to contrast against future air pollution after the proposed port expansion. METHODS Saturation study was performed to determine spatial variability of PM in local Charleston neck communities. In addition, the temporal trends in particulate air pollution within the region were determined across several decades. With the BGI sampler, PM samples were collected for 24 hours comparable to the federal reference method protocol. Gravimetric analysis of the PM filter samples was conducted following EPA protocol. RESULTS The range of the PM10 annual average across the region from 1982 to 2006 was 17.0-55.0 μg/m3. On only two occasions were the records of PM10 averaged above the 50.0 μg/m3 national standard. In the case of PM2.5, the annual average for 1999-2006 ranged from 11.0 to 13.5 μg/m3 and no annual average exceeded the 15.0 μg/m3 PM2.5 annual standard. CONCLUSIONS Although ambient PM levels have fallen in the Charleston region since the 1960s due to aggressive monitoring by the stakeholders against air pollution, local air pollution sources within the North Charleston neck communities have consistently contributed to the PM levels in the region for several decades. This baseline assessment of ambient PM will allow for comparisons with future assessments to ascertain the impact of the increased truck and port traffic on PM concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik R Svendsen
- Tulane University School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, USA
| | - Scott Reynolds
- South Carolina Department of Health and Environmental Control, USA
| | | | - Edith M Williams
- University of South Carolina’s Arnold School of Public Health, USA
| | | | | | - Sacoby M Wilson
- University of Maryland Institute for Applied Environmental Health, USA
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