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Dutertre Q, Guy PA, Sutour S, Peitsch MC, Ivanov NV, Glauser G, von Reuss S. Identification of Granatane Alkaloids from Duboisia myoporoides (Solanaceae) using Molecular Networking and Semisynthesis. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2024; 87:1914-1920. [PMID: 39038492 PMCID: PMC11348422 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.4c00304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2024] [Revised: 07/05/2024] [Accepted: 07/05/2024] [Indexed: 07/24/2024]
Abstract
The Solanaceae plant family contains at least 98 genera and over 2700 species. The Duboisia genus stands out for its ability to produce pyridine and tropane alkaloids, which are relatively poorly characterized at the phytochemical level. In this study, we analyzed dried leaves of Duboisia spp. using supercritical CO2 extraction and ultra-high-pressure liquid chromatography coupled to high-resolution tandem mass spectrometry, followed by feature-based molecular networking. Thirty-one known tropane alkaloids were putatively annotated, and the identity of six (atropine, scopolamine, anisodamine, aposcopolamine, apoatropine, and noratropine) were identified using reference standards. Two new granatane alkaloids connected in the molecular network were highlighted from Duboisia myoporoides, and their α-granatane tropate and α-granatane isovalerate structures were unambiguously established by semisynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quentin Dutertre
- Philip
Morris Product SA, Quai
Jeanrenaud 3, Neuchâtel 2000, Switzerland
- Laboratory
of Bioanalytical Chemistry, University of
Neuchâtel, Neuchâtel 2000, Switzerland
| | - Philippe A. Guy
- Philip
Morris Product SA, Quai
Jeanrenaud 3, Neuchâtel 2000, Switzerland
| | - Sylvain Sutour
- Neuchâtel
Platform of Analytical Chemistry (NPAC), University of Neuchâtel, Neuchâtel 2000, Switzerland
| | - Manuel C. Peitsch
- Philip
Morris Product SA, Quai
Jeanrenaud 3, Neuchâtel 2000, Switzerland
| | - Nikolai V. Ivanov
- Philip
Morris Product SA, Quai
Jeanrenaud 3, Neuchâtel 2000, Switzerland
| | - Gaetan Glauser
- Neuchâtel
Platform of Analytical Chemistry (NPAC), University of Neuchâtel, Neuchâtel 2000, Switzerland
| | - Stephan von Reuss
- Laboratory
of Bioanalytical Chemistry, University of
Neuchâtel, Neuchâtel 2000, Switzerland
- Neuchâtel
Platform of Analytical Chemistry (NPAC), University of Neuchâtel, Neuchâtel 2000, Switzerland
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Konner M, Eaton SB. Hunter-gatherer diets and activity as a model for health promotion: Challenges, responses, and confirmations. Evol Anthropol 2023; 32:206-222. [PMID: 37417918 DOI: 10.1002/evan.21987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2021] [Revised: 07/27/2022] [Accepted: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 07/08/2023]
Abstract
Beginning in 1985, we and others presented estimates of hunter-gatherer (and ultimately ancestral) diet and physical activity, hoping to provide a model for health promotion. The Hunter-Gatherer Model was designed to offset the apparent mismatch between our genes and the current Western-type lifestyle, a mismatch that arguably affects prevalence of many chronic degenerative diseases. The effort has always been controversial and subject to both scientific and popular critiques. The present article (1) addresses eight such challenges, presenting for each how the model has been modified in response, or how the criticism can be rebutted; (2) reviews new epidemiological and experimental evidence (including especially randomized controlled clinical trials); and (3) shows how official recommendations put forth by governments and health authorities have converged toward the model. Such convergence suggests that evolutionary anthropology can make significant contributions to human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melvin Konner
- Department of Anthropology, Program in Anthropology and Human Biology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - S Boyd Eaton
- Department of Radiology, Emory University School of Medicine (Emeritus), Adjunct Lecturer, Department of Anthropology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
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Sadgrove NJ. Rumors of Psychedelics, Psychotropics and Related Derivatives in Vachellia and Senegalia in Contrast with Verified Records in Australian Acacia. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 11:3356. [PMID: 36501395 PMCID: PMC9738376 DOI: 10.3390/plants11233356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2022] [Revised: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
There are almost 1000 species of Acacia sensu stricto in Australia, while the 44 species and 4 subspecies in southern Africa were taxonomically revised in the year 2011 to Senegalia and Vachellia. There are rumors of a chemical similarity between the Australian Acacia and their southern African sister genera. Chemical analysis has unequivocally demonstrated the presence of tryptamines (i.e., DMT), β-carbolines, histamines, and phenethylamines in Australian species. However, reliable published data were not found in support of similar alkaloids in southern African (or even African) species, indicating the need for exploratory phytochemical analysis. Interestingly, the Australian species are more like the Vachellia and Senegalia from the Americas. While many reliable chemical studies have been found, there are several more that report only tentative results. Tentative data and anecdotal accounts are included in the current review to guide researchers to areas where further work can be done. For example, the current review encourages further phytochemical work to confirm if the two metabolite families, tryptamine and β-carboline alkaloids, occur together in a single specimen. Tryptamines and β-carbolines are the prerequisite ingredients of the South American psychotropic drink ayahuasca, which utilizes two different species to create this synergistic combination. These observations and others are discussed in light of geochemical variability, the potential ethnobotanical implications, and the need for further research to confirm or nullify anecdotal reports and tentative chromatographic/spectroscopic data in southern African species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas J Sadgrove
- Department of Botany and Plant Biotechnology, University of Johannesburg (Auckland Park Campus), Auckland Park, P.O. Box 524, Johannesburg 2006, South Africa
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Ratsch A, Bogossian F, Burmeister EA, Ryu B, Steadman KJ. Higher blood nicotine concentrations following smokeless tobacco (pituri) and cigarette use linked to adverse pregnancy outcomes for Central Australian Aboriginal pregnancies. BMC Public Health 2022; 22:2157. [PMID: 36419022 PMCID: PMC9685874 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-022-14609-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In central Australia, Aboriginal women use wild tobacco plants, Nicotiana spp. (locally known as pituri) as a chewed smokeless tobacco, with this use continuing throughout pregnancy and lactation. Our aim was to describe the biological concentrations of nicotine and metabolites in samples from mothers and neonates and examine the relationships between maternal self-reported tobacco use and maternal and neonatal outcomes. METHODS Central Australian Aboriginal mothers (and their neonates) who planned to birth at the Alice Springs Hospital (Northern Territory, Australia) provided biological samples: maternal blood, arterial and venous cord blood, amniotic fluid, maternal and neonatal urine, and breast milk. These were analysed for concentrations of nicotine and five metabolites. RESULTS A sample of 73 women were enrolled who self-reported: no-tobacco use (n = 31), tobacco chewing (n = 19), or smoking (n = 23). Not all biological samples were obtained from all mothers and neonates. In those where samples were available, higher total concentrations of nicotine and metabolites were found in the maternal plasma, urine, breast milk, cord bloods and Day 1 neonatal urine of chewers compared with smokers and no-tobacco users. Tobacco-exposed mothers (chewers and smokers) with elevated blood glucose had higher nicotine and metabolite concentrations than tobacco-exposed mothers without elevated glucose, and this was associated with increased neonatal birthweight. Neonates exposed to higher maternal nicotine levels were more likely to be admitted to Special Care Nursery. By Day 3, urinary concentrations in tobacco-exposed neonates had reduced from Day 1, although these remained higher than concentrations from neonates in the no-tobacco group. CONCLUSIONS This research provides the first evidence that maternal pituri chewing results in high nicotine concentrations in a wide range of maternal and neonatal biological samples and that exposure may be associated with adverse maternal and neonatal outcomes. Screening for the use of all tobacco and nicotine products during pregnancy rather than focusing solely on smoking would provide a more comprehensive assessment and contribute to a more accurate determination of tobacco and nicotine exposure. This knowledge will better inform maternal and foetal care, direct attention to targeted cessation strategies and ultimately improve long-term clinical outcomes, not only in this vulnerable population, but also for the wider population. NOTE TO READERS In this research, the central Australian Aboriginal women chose the term 'Aboriginal' to refer to themselves, and 'Indigenous' to refer to the broader group of Australian First Peoples. That choice has been maintained in the reporting of the research findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Ratsch
- Research Services, Wide Bay Hospital and Health Services, Nissen Street, Hervey Bay, QLD 4655 Australia
| | - Fiona Bogossian
- University of the Sunshine Coast, Maroochydore, QLD 4558 Australia
| | - Elizabeth A. Burmeister
- Research Services, Wide Bay Hospital and Health Services, Nissen Street, Hervey Bay, QLD 4655 Australia
| | - BoMi Ryu
- Department of Marine Life Science, Jeju National University, Jeju, 63243 Republic of Korea
| | - Kathryn J. Steadman
- School of Pharmacy, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4102 Australia
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Protocol for iSISTAQUIT: Implementation phase of the supporting indigenous smokers to assist quitting project. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0274139. [DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0274139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction
About 44% of Aboriginal and/or Torres Strait Islander women smoke during pregnancy compared to 12% of their general population counterparts. Evidence-based quit smoking advice received from health care professionals (HCPs) can increase smoking cessation rates. However, HCPs lack culturally appropriate smoking cessation training, which is a major barrier to provision of smoking cessation care for this population.
Methods and analysis
iSISTAQUIT is a multicentre, single arm study aiming to implement and evaluate the evidence-based, culturally competent iSISTAQUIT smoking cessation training among health practitioners who provide support and assistance to pregnant, Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander women in Australia. This project will implement the iSISTAQUIT intervention in Aboriginal Medical Services and Mainstream Health Services. The proposed sample size is 10 of each of these services (total N = 20), however if the demand is higher, we will aim to accommodate up to 30 services for the training. Participating sites and their HCPs will have the option to choose one of the two iSISTAQUIT packages available: a) Evaluation- research package b) Training package (with or without continued professional development points). Training will be provided via an online eLearning platform that includes videos, text, interactive elements and a treatment manual. A social media campaign will be conducted from December 2021 to September 2022 to raise brand and issue awareness about smoking cessation for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander women in pregnancy. This national campaign will consist of systematic advertising and promotion of iSISTAQUIT and video messages through various social media platforms.
Analysis
We will use the RE-AIM framework (Reach, Effectiveness, Adoption, Implementation and Maintenance) to plan, evaluate and report the intervention impact of iSISTAQUIT. Effectiveness of social media campaign will be assessed via social media metrics, cross-sectional surveys, and interviews.
Discussion
This innovative research, using a multi-component intervention, aims to practically apply and integrate a highly translatable smoking cessation intervention in real-world primary care settings in Aboriginal Medical Services and Mainstream services. The research benefits Aboriginal women, babies and their family and community members through improved support for smoking cessation during pregnancy. The intervention is based on accepted Australian and international smoking cessation guidelines, developed and delivered in a culturally appropriate approach for Aboriginal communities.
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Wan M, Quinn C, Butson C, Kingon A. The dilemma of Pituri: a review and case report. Aust Dent J 2022; 67:362-365. [PMID: 36082535 DOI: 10.1111/adj.12935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Smokeless tobacco is the term used to describe a range of products found worldwide which individuals use to extract nicotine, but without smoking. Ways of achieving this include chewing, sniffing and placing in areas of the body where tissues are sufficiently thin for absorption to take place such as the oral mucosa or postauricular skin. In Central Australia, Aboriginal groups across a wide area have chewed wild tobacco plants, commonly known as Pituri, for countless generations. As well as inducing a sense of well-being, the habit has strong cultural significance. While some smokeless tobacco products used outside Australia are known to have a detrimental effect on oral health, particularly malignant change, little is known about Pituri. To date, reports of adverse oral outcomes have been elusive. Most Pituri research seems to have focussed on obstetric issues, arguably unexpected as the tobacco seems to be in contact with the mouth for longer than any other body tissues. The following report describes a lesion on the anterior buccal mucosa resulting from prolonged Pituri use. The relevant literature is reviewed. A clinical and ethical management dilemma arises between respecting the associated cultural issues and ignoring an apparent pathological entity. © 2022 Australian Dental Association.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miryam Wan
- Oral health Service Central Australia (OHSCA), Public and Primary Health Care Central Australia Health Service (CAHS), Northern Territory Government
| | - Christopher Quinn
- Oral health Service Central Australia (OHSCA), Public and Primary Health Care Central Australia Health Service (CAHS), Northern Territory Government
| | - Christopher Butson
- Oral health Service Central Australia (OHSCA), Public and Primary Health Care Central Australia Health Service (CAHS), Northern Territory Government
| | - Angus Kingon
- Oral health Service Central Australia (OHSCA), Public and Primary Health Care Central Australia Health Service (CAHS), Northern Territory Government
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Turpin G, Ritmejerytė E, Jamie J, Crayn D, Wangchuk P. Aboriginal medicinal plants of Queensland: ethnopharmacological uses, species diversity, and biodiscovery pathways. JOURNAL OF ETHNOBIOLOGY AND ETHNOMEDICINE 2022; 18:54. [PMID: 35948982 PMCID: PMC9364609 DOI: 10.1186/s13002-022-00552-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2022] [Accepted: 06/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Aboriginal peoples have occupied the island continent of Australia for millennia. Over 500 different clan groups or nations with distinctive cultures, beliefs, and languages have learnt to live sustainably and harmoniously with nature. They have developed an intimate and profound relationship with the environment, and their use of native plants in food and medicine is largely determined by the environment they lived in. Over 1511 plant species have been recorded as having been used medicinally in Australia. Most of these medicinal plants were recorded from the Aboriginal communities in Northern Territory, New South Wales, South Australia, and Western Australia. Not much has yet been reported on Aboriginal medicinal plants of Queensland. Therefore, the main aim of this review is to collect the literature on the medicinal plants used by Aboriginal peoples of Queensland and critically assess their ethnopharmacological uses. METHODS The information used in this review was collected from archival material and uploaded into the Tropical Indigenous Ethnobotany Centre (TIEC) database. Archival material included botanist's journals/books and old hard copy books. Scientific names of the medicinal plant species were matched against the 'World Flora Online Plant List', and 'Australian Plant Census' for currently accepted species names to avoid repetition. An oral traditional medical knowledge obtained through interviewing traditional knowledge holders (entered in the TIEC database) has not been captured in this review to protect their knowledge. RESULTS This review identified 135 species of Queensland Aboriginal medicinal plants, which belong to 103 genera from 53 families, with Myrtaceae being the highest represented plant family. While trees represented the biggest habit, leaves were the most commonly used plant parts. Of 62 different diseases treated by the medicinal plants, highest number of plants are used for treating skin sores and infections. Few plants identified through this review can be found in other tropical countries but many of these medicinal plants are native to Australia. Many of these medicinal plants are also used as bush food by Aboriginal peoples. CONCLUSION Through extensive literature review, we found that 135 medicinal plants native to Queensland are used for treating 62 different diseases, especially skin infections. Since these medicinal plants are also used as bush food and are rarely studied using the Western scientific protocols, there is a huge potential for bioprospecting and bush food industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerry Turpin
- Tropical Indigenous Ethnobotany Centre, Australian Tropical Herbarium, James Cook University, Building E1, Cairns Campus, McGregor Road, Smithfield, QLD, 4878, Australia.
- Queensland Herbarium, Department of Environment and Science, Mount Coot-tha Botanical Gardens, Mount Coot-tha Road, Toowong, QLD, 4066, Australia.
- Centre for Molecular Therapeutics, Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Building E4, Cairns Campus, McGregor Road, Smithfield, QLD, 4878, Australia.
| | - Edita Ritmejerytė
- Centre for Molecular Therapeutics, Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Building E4, Cairns Campus, McGregor Road, Smithfield, QLD, 4878, Australia
| | - Joanne Jamie
- School of Natural Sciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Macquarie University, North Ryde, NSW, 2109, Australia
| | - Darren Crayn
- Australian Tropical Herbarium, James Cook University, Building E1, Cairns Campus, McGregor Road, Smithfield, QLD, 4878, Australia
- Centre for Tropical Environmental Sustainability Science, James Cook University, PO Box 6811, Cairns, QLD, 4870, Australia
| | - Phurpa Wangchuk
- Centre for Molecular Therapeutics, Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Building E4, Cairns Campus, McGregor Road, Smithfield, QLD, 4878, Australia.
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Wylie S, Li H. Historical and Scientific Evidence for the Origin and Cultural Importance to Australia's First-Nations Peoples of the Laboratory Accession of Nicotiana benthamiana, a Model for Plant Virology. Viruses 2022; 14:771. [PMID: 35458501 PMCID: PMC9027518 DOI: 10.3390/v14040771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Revised: 04/04/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Nicotiana benthamiana is an indigenous plant species distributed across northern Australia. The laboratory accession (LAB) of N. benthamiana has become widely adopted as a model host for plant viruses, and it is distinct from other accessions morphologically, physiologically, and by having an attenuation-of-function mutation in the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase 1 (NbRdr1) gene, referred to as NbRdr1m. Recent historical evidence suggested LAB was derived from a 1936 collection by John Cleland at The Granites of the Northern Territory, although no scientific evidence was provided. We provide scientific evidence and further historical evidence supporting the origin of LAB as The Granites. Analysis of a herbarium specimen of N. benthamiana collected by Cleland in 1936 revealed that The Granites population contains plants heterozygous for the NbRdr1 locus, having both the functional NbRdr1 and the mutant NbRdr1m alleles. N. benthamiana was an important cultural asset actively utilised as the narcotic Pituri (chewing tobacco) by the Warlpiri Aboriginal people at the site, who prevented women of child-bearing age from consuming it. We propose that Aboriginal people selected some of the unique traits of LAB that have subsequently facilitated its adoption as a model plant, such as lack of seed dormancy, fast maturity, low nornicotine content, and gracility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steve Wylie
- Plant Biotechnology Research Group (Virology), Western Australian State Agricultural Biotechnology Centre, Murdoch University, 90 South Street, Murdoch 6150, Australia;
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Ratsch A, Bogossian F, Burmeister EA, Steadman K. Central Australian Aboriginal women's placental and neonatal outcomes following maternal smokeless tobacco, cigarette or no tobacco use. Aust N Z J Public Health 2021; 46:186-195. [PMID: 34821425 DOI: 10.1111/1753-6405.13186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2021] [Revised: 09/01/2021] [Accepted: 10/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To describe the placental characteristics and neonatal outcomes of Central Australian Aboriginal women based on maternal self-report of tobacco use. METHODS Placental and neonatal variables were collected from a prospective maternal cohort of 19 smokeless tobacco chewers, 23 smokers and 31 no-tobacco users. RESULTS Chewers had the lowest placental weight (460 g) while the no-tobacco group had the heaviest placental weight (565 g). Chewers and the no-tobacco group had placental areas of similar size (285 cm2 and 288 cm2 , respectively) while the placentas of smokers were at least 13 cm2 smaller (272 cm2 ). There were two stillbirths in the study and more than one-third (36%) of neonates (newborns) were admitted to the Special Care Nursery, with the chewers' neonates having a higher admission rate compared with smokers' neonates (44% vs. 23%). The cohort mean birthweight (3348 g) was not significantly different between the groups. When stratified for elevated maternal glucose, the chewers' neonates had the lowest mean birthweight (2906 g) compared to the neonates of the no-tobacco group (3242 g) and smokers (3398 g). CONCLUSIONS This research is the first to demonstrate that the maternal use of Australian Nicotiana spp. (pituri) as smokeless tobacco may negatively impact placental and neonatal outcomes. Implications for public health: Maternal smokeless tobacco use is a potential source of placental and foetal nicotine exposure. Maternal antenatal screening should be expanded to capture a broader range of tobacco and nicotine products, and appropriate cessation support is required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Ratsch
- Wide Bay Hospital and Health Services, Queensland.,Rural Clinical School, The University of Queensland, Queensland
| | - Fiona Bogossian
- School of Health and Behavioural Sciences, University of the Sunshine Coast, Queensland.,School of Nursing, Midwifery and Social Work, The University of Queensland, Queensland
| | - Elizabeth A Burmeister
- Wide Bay Hospital and Health Services, Queensland.,School of Nursing, Midwifery and Social Work, The University of Queensland, Queensland
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Rooney EJ, Johnson A, Jeong SYS, Wilson RL. Use of traditional therapies in palliative care for Australian First Nations peoples: An integrative review. J Clin Nurs 2021; 31:1465-1476. [PMID: 34611956 DOI: 10.1111/jocn.16070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2021] [Revised: 08/25/2021] [Accepted: 09/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
AIMS AND OBJECTIVES To conduct an integrative review of the literature to understand how the incorporation of traditional therapies affect First Nations people's utilisation of palliative care services. BACKGROUND First Nations peoples face many barriers related to accessing and utilising specialised health services such as palliative care. Whilst culturally appropriate care has been shown to improve these outcomes, there is little evidence regarding how this may be achieved. DESIGN Integrative review. METHODS A systematic search was conducted using electronic databases CINAHL, Joanna Briggs, Medline, Scopus, ScienceDirect InformitHealth and ProQuest between the years of 2005 - 2021 databases were searched for papers with full text available and published in English. Papers were included if they were primary-based research and focused on the topics of the use of traditional therapies in a palliative care context by First Nations persons. The Critical Appraisal Skills Programme principles were used to assess the methodological quality of the selected articles. RESULTS Seven studies met the inclusion criteria and were included in the review. The review included six qualitative studies and one quantitative study. From these studies, five themes were identified in the literature: supporting a holistic approach, developing culturally appropriate care, conflict within a Western medical model, regulatory issues, and geographical barriers. CONCLUSION There is a dearth of current literature available discussing the utilization of traditional therapies in palliative care. From the literature analysed, the benefits of including traditional therapies are overall positive, however, there are barriers including conflict with the Western model of medicine and regulation. More research is required in the provision of traditional therapies in palliative care. RELEVANCE TO CLINICAL PRACTICE The incorporation of traditional medicines within a palliative care setting could help nurses provide holistic and culturally appropriate care, especially in rural and remote areas where they make up the majority of the healthcare force.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Amanda Johnson
- University of Newcastle, Gosford, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Sarah Yeun-Sim Jeong
- School of Nursing and Midwifery, University of Newcastle, Gosford, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Rhonda L Wilson
- School of Nursing and Midwifery, University of Newcastle, Gosford, New South Wales, Australia.,School of Nursing, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
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11
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Ratsch A, Bogossian F, Steadman K. Central Australian Aboriginal women's pregnancy, labour and birth outcomes following maternal smokeless tobacco (pituri) use, cigarette use or no-tobacco use: a prospective cohort study. BMC Public Health 2021; 21:814. [PMID: 33910555 PMCID: PMC8082654 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-021-10872-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2021] [Accepted: 04/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Outcomes related to maternal smoked tobacco (cigarette) use have been substantially examined over the past 50 years with resultant public health education targeted towards the reduction of use during pregnancy. However, worldwide the effects of maternal smokeless tobacco use have been less well explored and in Australia, there has been no examination of maternal outcomes in relation to the use of Australian Nicotiana spp. (tobacco plant) as a smokeless tobacco, colloquially known as pituri. The aim of this study is to describe the maternal outcomes of a group of central Australian Aboriginal women in relation to their self-reported tobacco use. METHODS Eligible participants were > 18 years of age, with a singleton pregnancy, > 28 weeks gestation, and who planned to birth at the Alice Springs Hospital (the major regional hospital for central Australia, in the Northern Territory, Australia). The sample consisted of 73 conveniently recruited women categorized by tobacco-use status as no-tobacco users (n = 31), pituri chewers (n = 19), and smokers (n = 23). RESULTS There were differences in the groups in relation to teenage pregnancies; 35% of no-tobacco users, compared with 5% of pituri users, and 13% of smokers were < 20 years of age. The chewers had a higher rate (48%) of combined pre-existing and pregnancy-related elevated glucose concentrations compared with smokers (22%) and no-tobacco users (16%).The pituri chewers had the lowest rate (14%) of clinically significant post-partum hemorrhage (> 1000 ml) compared with 22% of smokers and 36% of the no-tobacco users. CONCLUSIONS This is the first research to examine pituri use in pregnancy and the findings indicate possible associations with a range of adverse maternal outcomes. The use of smokeless tobacco needs to be considered in maternal healthcare assessment to inform antenatal, intrapartum and postpartum care planning. IMPLICATIONS FOR PUBLIC HEALTH Female smokeless tobacco use is a global phenomenon and is particularly prevalent in low and middle income countries and in Indigenous populations. The findings contribute to the developing knowledge around maternal smokeless tobacco use and maternal outcomes. Maternal screening for a broader range of tobacco and nicotine products is required. NOTE TO READERS In this research, the central Australian Aboriginal women chose the term 'Aboriginal' to refer to themselves, and 'Indigenous' to refer to the broader First Peoples. That choice has been maintained in the reporting of the research findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Ratsch
- Wide Bay Hospital and Health Services, Hervey Bay, Queensland 4655 Australia
| | - Fiona Bogossian
- Professor of Practice Education in Health at the University of the Sunshine Coast (USC) and USC Academic Lead at the Sunshine Coast Health Institute (SCHI), Birtinya, Queensland 4575 Australia
| | - Kathryn Steadman
- Associate Professor School of Pharmacy, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4102 Australia
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Kapellas K, Hughes JT, Cass A, Maple-Brown LJ, Skilton MR, Harris D, Askie LM, Hoy W, Pawar B, McKenzie K, Sajiv CT, Arrow P, Brown A, Jamieson LM. Oral health of aboriginal people with kidney disease living in Central Australia. BMC Oral Health 2021; 21:50. [PMID: 33541341 PMCID: PMC7863237 DOI: 10.1186/s12903-021-01415-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2020] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Associations between kidney disease and periodontal disease are not well documented among Aboriginal people of Australia. The purpose of this investigation was to report and compare demographic, oral health, anthropometric and systemic health status of Aboriginal Australians with kidney disease and to compare against relevant Aboriginal Australians and Australian population estimates. This provides much needed evidence to inform dental health service provision policies for Aboriginal Australians with kidney disease. METHODS Sample frequencies and means were assessed in adults represented in six datasets including: (1) 102 Aboriginal Australians with kidney disease residing in Central Australia who participated in a detailed oral health assessment; (2) 312 Aboriginal participants of the Northern Territory's PerioCardio study; (3) weighted estimates from 4775 participants from Australia's National Survey of Adult Oral Health (NSAOH); (4) Australian 2016 Census (all Australians); (5) National Health Survey 2017-2018 (all Australians) and; (6) Australian Health Survey: Biomedical Results for Chronic Diseases, 2011-2012 (all Australians). Oral health status was described by periodontal disease and experience of dental caries (tooth decay). Statistically significant differences were determined via non-overlapping 95% confidence intervals. RESULTS Aboriginal Australians with kidney disease were significantly older, less likely to have a tertiary qualification or be employed compared with both PerioCardio study counterparts and NSAOH participants. Severe periodontitis was found in 54.3% of Aboriginal Australians with kidney disease, almost 20 times the 2.8% reported in NSAOH. A higher proportion of Aboriginal Australians with kidney disease had teeth with untreated caries and fewer dental restorations when compared to NSAOH participants. The extent of periodontal attachment loss and periodontal pocketing among Aboriginal Australians with kidney disease (51.0%, 21.4% respectively) was several magnitudes greater than PerioCardio study (22.0%, 12.3% respectively) and NSAOH (5.4%, 1.3% respectively) estimates. CONCLUSIONS Aboriginal Australians with kidney disease exhibited more indicators of poorer oral health than both the general Australian population and a general Aboriginal population from Australia's Northern Territory. It is imperative that management of oral health among Aboriginal Australians with kidney disease be included as part of their ongoing medical care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kostas Kapellas
- Australian Research Centre for Population Oral Health, Adelaide Dental School, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Jaquelyne T Hughes
- Wellbeing and Preventable Chronic Disease Division, Menzies School of Health Research, Charles Darwin University, Darwin, Australia
- Department of Nephrology, Division of Medicine, Royal Darwin Hospital, Darwin, Australia
| | - Alan Cass
- Wellbeing and Preventable Chronic Disease Division, Menzies School of Health Research, Charles Darwin University, Darwin, Australia
| | - Louise J Maple-Brown
- Wellbeing and Preventable Chronic Disease Division, Menzies School of Health Research, Charles Darwin University, Darwin, Australia
| | - Michael R Skilton
- Boden Collaboration for Obesity, Nutrition, Exercise and Eating Disorders, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - David Harris
- Department of Renal Medicine, Westmead Centre for Medical Research, Westmead Hospital, University of Sydney, Westmead, Australia
| | - Lisa M Askie
- NHMRC Clinical Trials Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Wendy Hoy
- Griffith University, Brisbane, Australia
| | | | - Kirsty McKenzie
- Boden Collaboration for Obesity, Nutrition, Exercise and Eating Disorders, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | | | | | - Alex Brown
- South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Lisa M Jamieson
- Australian Research Centre for Population Oral Health, Adelaide Dental School, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia.
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13
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McGrath-Morrow SA, Gorzkowski J, Groner JA, Rule AM, Wilson K, Tanski SE, Collaco JM, Klein JD. The Effects of Nicotine on Development. Pediatrics 2020; 145:peds.2019-1346. [PMID: 32047098 PMCID: PMC7049940 DOI: 10.1542/peds.2019-1346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Recently, there has been a significant increase in the use of noncombustible nicotine-containing products, including electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes). Of increasing popularity are e-cigarettes that can deliver high doses of nicotine over short periods of time. These devices have led to a rise in nicotine addiction in adolescent users who were nonsmokers. Use of noncombustible nicotine products by pregnant mothers is also increasing and can expose the developing fetus to nicotine, a known teratogen. In addition, young children are frequently exposed to secondhand and thirdhand nicotine aerosols generated by e-cigarettes, with little understanding of the effects these exposures can have on health. With the advent of these new nicotine-delivery systems, many concerns have arisen regarding the short- and long-term health effects of nicotine on childhood health during all stages of development. Although health studies on nicotine exposure alone are limited, educating policy makers and health care providers on the potential health effects of noncombustible nicotine is needed because public acceptance of these products has become so widespread. Most studies evaluating the effects of nicotine on health have been undertaken in the context of smoke exposure. Nevertheless, in vitro and in vivo preclinical studies strongly indicate that nicotine exposure alone can adversely affect the nervous, respiratory, immune, and cardiovascular systems, particularly when exposure occurs during critical developmental periods. In this review, we have included both preclinical and clinical studies to identify age-related health effects of nicotine exposure alone, examining the mechanisms underlying these effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharon A. McGrath-Morrow
- Julius B. Richmond Center of Excellence, American Academy of Pediatrics, Itasca, Illinois;,Eudowood Division of Pediatric Respiratory Sciences, Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine and
| | - Julie Gorzkowski
- Julius B. Richmond Center of Excellence, American Academy of Pediatrics, Itasca, Illinois
| | - Judith A. Groner
- Julius B. Richmond Center of Excellence, American Academy of Pediatrics, Itasca, Illinois;,Department of Pediatrics, Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Ana M. Rule
- Julius B. Richmond Center of Excellence, American Academy of Pediatrics, Itasca, Illinois;,Department of Environmental Health and Engineering, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Karen Wilson
- Julius B. Richmond Center of Excellence, American Academy of Pediatrics, Itasca, Illinois;,Department of Pediatrics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai and Kravis Children’s Hospital, New York, New York
| | - Susanne E. Tanski
- Julius B. Richmond Center of Excellence, American Academy of Pediatrics, Itasca, Illinois;,Department of Pediatrics, Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth College, Lebanon, New Hampshire; and
| | - Joseph M. Collaco
- Julius B. Richmond Center of Excellence, American Academy of Pediatrics, Itasca, Illinois;,Eudowood Division of Pediatric Respiratory Sciences, Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine and
| | - Jonathan D. Klein
- Julius B. Richmond Center of Excellence, American Academy of Pediatrics, Itasca, Illinois;,Department of Pediatrics, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
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14
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Xu D, Jenkins A, Ryan C, Keech A, Brown A, Boffa J, O'Dea K, Bursell SE, Brazionis L. Health-related behaviours in a remote Indigenous population with Type 2 diabetes: a Central Australian primary care survey in the Telehealth Eye and Associated Medical Services Network [TEAMSnet] project. Diabet Med 2019; 36:1659-1670. [PMID: 31385331 DOI: 10.1111/dme.14099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
AIM There is a wealth of data concerning the health behaviours of Indigenous Australians, but the health behaviours of Indigenous Australians with diabetes are not systematically documented. At the clinical level, understanding a person's health behaviours can help identify and address barriers to diabetes care and promote good clinical outcomes. METHODS We used a novel survey tool to systematically collect health behaviour data on Smoking, Nutrition, Alcohol consumption, Physical activity and Emotional well-being (SNAPE) from Indigenous Australians with Type 2 diabetes in a remote primary care setting in Alice Springs. RESULTS At least one of the five surveys in the SNAPE tool was completed by 210 participants: 30% male, mean age 52.6 years (range 22.9 - 87.4). Fifty per cent of men and 23% of women were current smokers (P < 0.001). None of the participants reported an adequate intake of vegetables. Only 9.6% reported an adequate fruit intake. Some 49% of men and 32% of women consumed alcohol in the past year (P = 0.022), and 46% of drinkers were considered high-risk or likely-dependent drinkers. On average, participants walked 10 min or more at a time 6.0 days a week and spent 4.8 h sitting on a weekday. Mean adapted Patient Health Questionnaire 9 score was 4.61, with 34% of participants having mild depressive symptoms and 11% having moderate-severe depressive symptoms. CONCLUSIONS Our SNAPE survey tool results present a high-risk, disadvantaged Indigenous population with Type 2 diabetes. More resources will be needed to sustainably implement interventions with the goal of improving health behaviours and subsequent long-term health.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Xu
- National Health and Medical Research Council of Australia Clinical Trials Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW
- The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC
| | - A Jenkins
- National Health and Medical Research Council of Australia Clinical Trials Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW
- The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC
| | - C Ryan
- National Health and Medical Research Council of Australia Clinical Trials Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW
| | - A Keech
- National Health and Medical Research Council of Australia Clinical Trials Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW
| | - A Brown
- South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, SA
| | - J Boffa
- Central Australian Aboriginal Congress, Alice Springs, NT, Australia
| | - K O'Dea
- The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC
| | - S E Bursell
- National Health and Medical Research Council of Australia Clinical Trials Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW
- The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC
- Telehealth Research Institute, University of Hawaii, Hawaii, HI, USA
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15
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Tane MP, Hefler M, Thomas DP. Smokefree leadership among the Yolŋu peoples of East Arnhem Land, Northern Territory: a qualitative study. Glob Health Promot 2019; 27:100-108. [PMID: 31232171 DOI: 10.1177/1757975919829405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
This qualitative study examined smokefree leadership among the Yolŋu people, Indigenous landowners of East Arnhem Land. Despite disproportionately high smoking prevalence, the study found that most people enacted smokefree leadership within families and communities. While there was broad concern about not impinging on the autonomy of others, Indigenous health workers regularly advised clients, family and community members to quit smoking. This followed a general belief that the issue of smoking was best raised by health workers, rather than traditional leaders. Protecting children from second-hand smoke and preventing smoking initiation was important to all participants irrespective of their smoking status. An enduring and highly valued cultural connection to ŋarali' (tobacco) remains an essential part of the sacred practices of the funeral ceremony, an important and unique social utility. The study found consensus among participants that this would not change. Navigating traditional connections to ŋarali' in a context where most people are still addicted to commercial tobacco is challenging and requires respectful and culturally compelling approaches. Tobacco control initiatives with the Yolŋu should therefore utilise existing smokefree leaders within the social context in which ŋarali' is valued and used, an approach that may resonate with other Indigenous Australian nations and communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moana Pera Tane
- Menzies School of Health Research, Charles Darwin University, Casuarina, NT, Australia
| | - Marita Hefler
- Menzies School of Health Research, Charles Darwin University, Casuarina, NT, Australia
| | - David P Thomas
- Menzies School of Health Research, Charles Darwin University, Casuarina, NT, Australia
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16
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Affiliation(s)
| | - C. Ball
- Geoffrey Kaye Museum of Anaesthetic History
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17
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Chase MW, Christenhusz MJM, Conran JG, Dodsworth S, Medeiros de Assis FN, Felix LP, Fay MF. UNEXPECTED DIVERSITY OF AUSTRALIAN TOBACCO SPECIES (NICOTIANASECTIONSUAVEOLENTES,SOLANACEAE). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018. [DOI: 10.1111/curt.12241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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18
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Cockburn N, Gartner C, Ford PJ. Smoking behaviour and preferences for cessation support among clients of an Indigenous community-controlled health service. Drug Alcohol Rev 2018; 37:676-682. [DOI: 10.1111/dar.12691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2017] [Revised: 12/21/2017] [Accepted: 02/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Cockburn
- School of Dentistry; The University of Queensland; Brisbane Australia
| | - Coral Gartner
- Faculty of Medicine, School of Public Health; The University of Queensland; Brisbane Australia
| | - Pauline J. Ford
- School of Dentistry; The University of Queensland; Brisbane Australia
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19
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Kohnen KL, Sezgin S, Spiteller M, Hagels H, Kayser O. Localization and Organization of Scopolamine Biosynthesis in Duboisia myoporoides R. Br. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2018; 59:107-118. [PMID: 29095998 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcx165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2017] [Accepted: 10/25/2017] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Tropane alkaloids (TAs), especially hyoscyamine and scopolamine, are important precursors for anticholinergic and antispasmodic drugs. Hyoscyamine and scopolamine are currently obtained at commercial scale from hybrid crosses of Duboisia myoporoides × Duboisia leichhardtii plants. In this study, we present a global investigation of the localization and organization of TA biosynthesis in a Duboisia myoporoides R. Br. wild-type line. The tissue-specific spatial distribution of TAs within D. myoporoides is presented, including quantification of the TAs littorine, 6-hydroxy hyoscyamine, hyoscyamine, scopolamine and, additionally, hyoscyamine aldehyde as well as scopolamine glucoside. Scopolamine (14.77 ± 5.03 mg g-1), and to a lesser extent hyoscyamine (3.01 ± 1.54 mg g-1) as well as 6-hydroxy hyoscyamine (4.35 ± 1.18 mg g-1), are accumulated in leaves during plant development, with the highest concentration of total TAs detected in 6-month-old plants. Littorine, an early precursor in TA biosynthesis, was present only in the roots (0.46 ± 0.07 mg g-1). During development, the spatial distribution of all investigated alkaloids changed due to secondary growth in the roots. Transcripts of pmt, tr-I and cyp80f1 genes, involved in early stages of TA biosynthesis, were found to be most abundant in the roots. In contrast, the transcript encoding hyoscyamine 6β-hydroxylase (h6h) was highest in the leaves of 3-month-old plants. This investigation presents the spatial distribution of biochemical components as well as gene expression profiles of genetic factors known to participate in TA biosynthesis in D. myoporoides. The results of this investigation may aid in future breeding or genetic enhancement strategies aimed at increasing the yields of TAs in these medicinally valuable plant species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathrin Laura Kohnen
- Technical Biochemistry, Department of Biochemical and Chemical Engineering, Technical University Dortmund, D-44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Selahaddin Sezgin
- Institute of Environmental Research (INFU), Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Technical University Dortmund, D-44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Michael Spiteller
- Institute of Environmental Research (INFU), Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Technical University Dortmund, D-44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Hansjörg Hagels
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH und Co. KG, 55216 Ingelheim am Rhein, Germany
| | - Oliver Kayser
- Technical Biochemistry, Department of Biochemical and Chemical Engineering, Technical University Dortmund, D-44227 Dortmund, Germany
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20
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Gould GS, Zeev YB, Tywman L, Oldmeadow C, Chiu S, Clarke M, Bonevski B. Do Clinicians Ask Pregnant Women about Exposures to Tobacco and Cannabis Smoking, Second-Hand-Smoke and E-Cigarettes? An Australian National Cross-Sectional Survey. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2017; 14:E1585. [PMID: 29258185 PMCID: PMC5751003 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph14121585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2017] [Revised: 12/11/2017] [Accepted: 12/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Clinicians often ask pregnant women about tobacco smoking, but their practices of asking about other smoking and nicotine exposures are unknown. This study analysed how often clinicians ask pregnant women about their use of e-cigarettes, cannabis, chewing tobacco, and second-hand smoke (SHS) exposure. Two cross-sectional surveys were undertaken. A random sample of 500 General Practitioner (GP) members were invited from the National Faculty of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Health (NFATSIH) to complete an on-line survey, and 5571 GP and Obstetrician (OBS) members of the Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists (RANZCOG) were sent a paper survey by mail. Questions on frequency of asking about the exposures used Likert Scales, later dichotomized to "often-always" and "never-sometimes". Logistic regressions estimated associations between clinician type and asking about cannabis, e-cigarettes, chewing tobacco, and SHS. An adjusted model reduced potential confounders of location, guidelines, gender and population. n = 378 GPs and OBS participated (6.2% response). In total, 13-14% asked "often-always" about e-cigarettes; 58% cannabis; 38% cannabis with tobacco; 27% SHS, and 10% chewing tobacco-compared to 95% of the sample asking about cigarette smoking. After adjustment, the odds of RANZCOG GPs (OR 0.34) and OBS (OR 0.63) asking about cannabis were lower compared to NFATSIH GPs. Clinician type was non-significant for asking about e-cigarettes, chewing tobacco and SHS. Surveyed Australian GPs and obstetricians asked less frequently about e-cigarettes, chewing, SHS exposure, and cannabis, potentially missing important exposures for mother and child.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gillian S Gould
- School of Medicine and Public Health, The University of Newcastle, University Drive, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia.
| | - Yael Bar Zeev
- School of Medicine and Public Health, The University of Newcastle, University Drive, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia.
| | - Laura Tywman
- School of Medicine and Public Health, The University of Newcastle, University Drive, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia.
| | | | - Simon Chiu
- Hunter Medical Research Institute, Newcastle, NSW 2305, Australia.
| | - Marilyn Clarke
- Clarence Specialist Clinic, Grafton, NSW 2460, Australia.
| | - Billie Bonevski
- School of Medicine and Public Health, The University of Newcastle, University Drive, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia.
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21
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Moghbel N, Ryu B, Ratsch A, Steadman KJ. Nicotine alkaloid levels, and nicotine to nornicotine conversion, in Australian Nicotiana species used as chewing tobacco. Heliyon 2017; 3:e00469. [PMID: 29264422 PMCID: PMC5727613 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2017.e00469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2017] [Revised: 11/13/2017] [Accepted: 11/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A range of endemic Nicotiana species are chewed as a smokeless tobacco by several Aboriginal populations of Australia. In tobacco research, nicotine to nornicotine conversion is important because nornicotine lowers tobacco quality and is detrimental to health. A diverse group of cytochrome P450 genes with different transcriptional regulations are involved in this conversion. The primary aims of this study were to quantify the pyridine alkaloids and investigate nicotine to nornicotine conversion in laboratory-grown Australian Nicotiana spp. Nicotine, nornicotine, anatabine, anabasine, myosmine and cotinine were quantified in fresh leaves of 24 out of the 26 recognised Australian Nicotiana taxa. Conserved regions of CYP82E related genes were PCR amplified in all studied taxa. The conversion process in fresh leaves was compared with that in leaves that underwent a simulated curing process for species that we identified as being high converters (N. cavicola, N. goodspeedii, N. velutina) and low converters (N. benthamiana, N. excelsior, N. gossei). Agarose gel electrophoretic analysis of CYP82E related genes obtained from the PCR amplification of the cDNA in fresh versus leaves with simulated curing showed about a 3-fold increase in transcript accumulation levels in cured leaves of the high converter species, while the transcript accumulation in N. gossei and N. excelsior maintained a steady basal level and increased by a small amount in N. benthamiana. This suggests the presence of functional loci that are triggered by curing in only high converter species and indicates a potential risk for chewers of high converter species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nahid Moghbel
- School of Pharmacy, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Qld, 4072, Australia
| | - BoMi Ryu
- School of Pharmacy, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Qld, 4072, Australia
| | - Angela Ratsch
- School of Nursing, Midwifery and Social Work, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Qld, 4072, Australia
| | - Kathryn J. Steadman
- School of Pharmacy, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Qld, 4072, Australia
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22
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Jassbi AR, Zare S, Asadollahi M, Schuman MC. Ecological Roles and Biological Activities of Specialized Metabolites from the Genus Nicotiana. Chem Rev 2017; 117:12227-12280. [PMID: 28960061 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.7b00001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Species of Nicotiana grow naturally in different parts of the world and have long been used both medicinally and recreationally by human societies. More recently in our history, Nicotiana tabacum has attracted interest as one of the most economically important industrial crops. Nicotiana species are frequently investigated for their bioactive natural products, and the ecological role of their specialized metabolites in responses to abiotic stress or biotic stress factors like pathogens and herbivores. The interest of tobacco companies in genetic information as well as the success of a few wild tobacco species as experimental model organisms have resulted in growing knowledge about the molecular biology and ecology of these plants and functional studies of the plant's natural products. Although a large number of reviews and books on biologically active natural products already exists, mostly from N. tabacum, we focus our attention on the ecological roles and biological activity of natural products, versus products from cured and processed material, in this Review. The studied compounds include alkaloids, aromatic compounds, flavonoids, volatiles, sesquiterpenoids, diterpenes alcohols, and sugar esters from trichomes of the plants, and recently characterized acyclic hydroxygeranyllinalool diterpene glycosides (HGL-DTGs). In this Review (1800s-2017), we describe the above-mentioned classes of natural products, emphasizing their biological activities and functions as they have been determined either in bioassay-guided purification approaches or in bioassays with plants in which the expression of specific biosynthetic genes has been genetically manipulated. Additionally, a review on the history, taxonomy, ecology, and medicinal application of different Nicotiana species growing around the globe presented in this Review may be of interest for pharmacognosists, natural products, and ecological chemists.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Meredith C Schuman
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology , Jena 07745, Germany
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) , Deutscher Platz 5e, Leipzig 04103, Germany
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23
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Chamberlain C, Perlen S, Brennan S, Rychetnik L, Thomas D, Maddox R, Alam N, Banks E, Wilson A, Eades S. Evidence for a comprehensive approach to Aboriginal tobacco control to maintain the decline in smoking: an overview of reviews among Indigenous peoples. Syst Rev 2017; 6:135. [PMID: 28693556 PMCID: PMC5504765 DOI: 10.1186/s13643-017-0520-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2017] [Accepted: 06/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tobacco smoking is a leading cause of disease and premature mortality among Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander (Indigenous) Australians. While the daily smoking prevalence among Indigenous Australians has declined significantly from 49% in 2001, it remains about three times higher than that of non-Indigenous Australians (39 and 14%, respectively, for age ≥15 years in 2014-15). This overview of systematic reviews aimed to synthesise evidence about reducing tobacco consumption among Indigenous peoples using a comprehensive framework for Indigenous tobacco control in Australia comprised of the National Tobacco Strategy (NTS) and National Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Health Plan (NATSIHP) principles and priorities. METHODS MEDLINE, EMBASE, systematic review and Indigenous health databases were searched (2000 to Jan 2016) for reviews examining the effects of tobacco control interventions among Indigenous peoples. Two reviewers independently screened reviews, extracted data, and assessed review quality using Assessing the Methodological Quality of Systematic Reviews. Data were synthesised narratively by framework domain. Reporting followed the PRISMA statement. RESULTS Twenty-one reviews of varying quality were included. There was generally limited Indigenous-specific evidence of effective interventions for reducing smoking; however, many reviewers recommended multifaceted interventions which incorporate Indigenous leadership, partnership and engagement and cultural tailoring. Under the NTS priority areas, reviewers reported evidence for brief smoking cessation interventions and pharmacological support, mass media campaigns (on knowledge and attitudes) and reducing affordability and regulation of tobacco sales. Aspects of intervention implementation related to the NATSIHP domains were less well described and evidence was limited; however, reviewers suggested that cultural tailoring, holistic approaches and building workforce capacity were important strategies to address barriers. There was limited evidence regarding social media and mobile applications, for Indigenous youth, pregnant women and prisoners, and no evidence regarding interventions to protect communities from industry interference, the use of electronic cigarettes, interventions for people experiencing mental illness, juvenile justice, linguistic diversity or 'pubs, clubs and restaurants'. CONCLUSIONS There is limited Indigenous-specific evidence for most tobacco interventions. A 'comprehensive approach' incorporating NTS and NATSIHP Principles and Priorities of partnership and engagement, evidence from other settings, programme logic and responsive evaluation plans may improve intervention acceptability, effectiveness and implementation and mitigate risks of adapting tobacco evidence for Indigenous Australians.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine Chamberlain
- Aboriginal Health Domain, Baker IDI Heart and Diabetes Institute, Level 4, 99 Commercial Rd, Melbourne, VIC 3004 Australia
- School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3004 Australia
- Judith Lumley Centre, La Trobe University, 217 Franklin St, Melbourne, VIC 3000 Australia
- Healthy Mothers, Healthy Families Group, Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, Royal Children’s Hospital, Flemington Road, Parkville, VIC 3052 Australia
- The Australian Prevention Partnership Centre, 13/235 Jones St, Ultimo, NSW 2007 Australia
| | - Susan Perlen
- Aboriginal Health Domain, Baker IDI Heart and Diabetes Institute, Level 4, 99 Commercial Rd, Melbourne, VIC 3004 Australia
- Healthy Mothers, Healthy Families Group, Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, Royal Children’s Hospital, Flemington Road, Parkville, VIC 3052 Australia
| | - Sue Brennan
- School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3004 Australia
| | - Lucie Rychetnik
- School of Medicine, University of Notre Dame, 160 Oxford St, Darlinghurst, NSW 2010 Australia
- The Australian Prevention Partnership Centre, 13/235 Jones St, Ultimo, NSW 2007 Australia
| | - David Thomas
- Tobacco Control Research, Menzies School of Health Research, PO Box 41096, Casuarina, NT 0811 Australia
| | - Raglan Maddox
- Well Living House, Centre for Urban Health Solutions, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St Michael’s Hospital, 209 Victoria St, Toronto, Canada
- Faculty of Health, University of Canberra, University Dr, Bruce, Canberra, ACT 2617 Australia
- Cancer Epidemiology Unit, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Noore Alam
- Prevention Division, Department of Health, Queensland Government, 15 Butterfield St, Herston, QLD 4006 Australia
| | - Emily Banks
- National Centre for Epidemiology and Population Health, Australian National University, Mills Road, Canberra, ACT 2601 Australia
| | - Andrew Wilson
- The Australian Prevention Partnership Centre, 13/235 Jones St, Ultimo, NSW 2007 Australia
- Menzies Centre for Health Policy, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW 2006 Australia
| | - Sandra Eades
- Aboriginal Health Domain, Baker IDI Heart and Diabetes Institute, Level 4, 99 Commercial Rd, Melbourne, VIC 3004 Australia
- School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3004 Australia
- The Australian Prevention Partnership Centre, 13/235 Jones St, Ultimo, NSW 2007 Australia
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Gould GS, Lim LL, Mattes J. Prevention and Treatment of Smoking and Tobacco Use During Pregnancy in Selected Indigenous Communities in High-Income Countries of the United States, Canada, Australia, and New Zealand: An Evidence-Based Review. Chest 2017; 152:853-866. [PMID: 28694200 DOI: 10.1016/j.chest.2017.06.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2017] [Revised: 06/09/2017] [Accepted: 06/28/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Tobacco smoking during pregnancy is the most important modifiable risk factor for adverse pregnancy outcomes and long-term health complications for mother and baby. Tobacco use during pregnancy has decreased in high-income countries but not in Indigenous women in Australia, New Zealand, the United States, and Canada. This evidence-based review focuses on tobacco use among Indigenous pregnant women in high-income countries that share a history of European colonization. Indigenous women are more likely to use tobacco because of socioeconomic disadvantage, social norms, and poor access to culturally appropriate tobacco cessation support. Complications arising from tobacco smoking during pregnancy, such as low birth weight, prematurity, perinatal death, and sudden infant death syndrome, are much higher in Indigenous populations. Effective approaches to cessation in pregnant nonindigenous women involves behavioral counseling, with or without nicotine replacement therapy (NRT). Higher nicotine metabolism during pregnancy and poor adherence may affect therapeutic levels of NRT. Only two randomized trials were conducted among Indigenous women: neither found a statistically significant difference in cessation rates between the treatment and comparison arms. Considerations should be given to (1) whole life course approaches to reduce tobacco use in Indigenous women, (2) prohibiting tobacco promotion and reducing access to alcohol for minors to prevent smoking initiation in Indigenous youth, and (3) training health-care professionals in culturally appropriate smoking cessation care to improve access to services. It is critical to ensure acceptability and feasibility of study designs, consult with the relevant Indigenous communities, and preempt implementation challenges. Research is needed into the effect of reducing or stopping smoking during pregnancy when using NRT on subsequent maternal and infant outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gillian S Gould
- Priority Reseach Centre for Brain and Mental Health Research, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia.
| | - Ling Li Lim
- Priority Reseach Centre for Brain and Mental Health Research, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia
| | - Joerg Mattes
- Priority Research Centre GrowUpWell, Hunter Medical Research Institute and University of Newcastle, and Department of Paediatric Respiratory and Sleep Medicine, John Hunter Children's Hospital, Newcastle, NSW, Australia
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Yuke K, Ford P, Foley W, Mutch A, Fitzgerald L, Gartner C. Australian urban Indigenous smokers' perspectives on nicotine products and tobacco harm reduction. Drug Alcohol Rev 2017; 37:87-96. [DOI: 10.1111/dar.12549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2016] [Revised: 02/01/2017] [Accepted: 03/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kym Yuke
- Southern Queensland Centre of Excellence in Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Primary Health Care; Brisbane Australia
- School of Public Health; The University of Queensland; Brisbane Australia
| | - Pauline Ford
- School of Dentistry; The University of Queensland; Brisbane Australia
| | - Wendy Foley
- Southern Queensland Centre of Excellence in Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Primary Health Care; Brisbane Australia
- School of Public Health; The University of Queensland; Brisbane Australia
| | - Allyson Mutch
- School of Public Health; The University of Queensland; Brisbane Australia
| | - Lisa Fitzgerald
- School of Public Health; The University of Queensland; Brisbane Australia
| | - Coral Gartner
- School of Public Health; The University of Queensland; Brisbane Australia
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Gould GS, Patten C, Glover M, Kira A, Jayasinghe H. Smoking in Pregnancy Among Indigenous Women in High-Income Countries: A Narrative Review. Nicotine Tob Res 2017; 19:506-517. [PMID: 28403465 PMCID: PMC5896479 DOI: 10.1093/ntr/ntw288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2016] [Accepted: 02/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Pregnant women in socioeconomically disadvantaged circumstances, such as Indigenous women, have a high prevalence of smoking. Tobacco smoking is the most significant reversible risk factor for the health of Indigenous pregnant women and their babies. METHODS As researchers working in this specialized area, we conducted a narrative review of the literature on smoking among Indigenous pregnant women in the United States, Canada, New Zealand, and Australia. We summarize prevalence and factors influencing tobacco use, interventions, and evidence gaps for tobacco control and smoking cessation. Recommendations are made for future interventions, policy changes, and much-needed research. RESULTS Common themes emerging across the four countries reveal opportunities for cross-cultural collaborative studies and trials. These include the social-normative use of tobacco as barriers to quitting in pregnancy and the need for evaluations of interventions at the family and community level. Socioeconomic disparities underscore the importance of enhancing the implementation and reach of strategies to prevent and reduce prenatal tobacco smoking among Indigenous women. Elders and community health care providers as role models for nontobacco use could be explored. Qualitative work is needed to understand the barriers and opportunities, such as cultural strengths supporting quitting tobacco to develop more effective approaches. CONCLUSIONS Although a high-priority group, there remains a dearth of research on Indigenous women's smoking in pregnancy. Studies have assessed knowledge and attitudes to smoking in pregnancy, and small feasibility studies and a few empirical trials have been conducted. Recommendations for promising culturally appropriate cessation interventions have been made. Larger trials are warranted. IMPLICATIONS Strategies to support quitting among pregnant Indigenous women need to be multifactorial and take account of the social determinants of smoking including historical antecedents, community norms, cultural strengths, and recognition of individual and community needs. Cross-country research collaborations have the potential to leverage funding, share expertise, and strengthen approaches to tackle an important and poorly attended health disparity that has a profound impact on the entire life course for Indigenous peoples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gillian S Gould
- School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Christi Patten
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
| | - Marewa Glover
- School of Public Health, College of Health, Massey University, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Anette Kira
- Independent Researcher, Manawatu, New Zealand
| | - Harshani Jayasinghe
- University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
- Basil Hetzel Institute for Translational Health Research, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
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Iyngkaran P, Kangaharan N, Zimmet H, Arstall M, Minson R, Thomas MC, Bergin P, Atherton J, MacDonald P, Hare DL, Horowitz JD, Ilton M. Heart Failure in Minority Populations - Impediments to Optimal Treatment in Australian Aborigines. Curr Cardiol Rev 2016; 12:166-79. [PMID: 27280307 PMCID: PMC5011191 DOI: 10.2174/1573403x12666160606115034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2015] [Revised: 12/18/2015] [Accepted: 01/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic heart failure (CHF) among Aboriginal/Indigenous Australians is endemic. There are also grave concerns for outcomes once acquired. This point is compounded by a lack of prospective and objective studies to plan care. To capture the essence of the presented topic it is essential to broadly understand Indigenous health. Key words such as ‘worsening’, ‘gaps’, ‘need to do more’, ‘poorly studied’, or ‘future studies should inform’ occur frequently in contrast to CHF research for almost all other groups. This narrative styled opinion piece attempts to discuss future directions for CHF care for Indigenous Australians. We provide a synopsis of the problem, highlight the treatment gaps, and define the impediments that present hurdles in optimising CHF care for Indigenous Australians.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pupalan Iyngkaran
- Cardiologist and Senior Lecturer NT Medical School, Flinders University, Tiwi, NT 0811, Australia.
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A Biocultural Investigation of Gender Differences in Tobacco Use in an Egalitarian Hunter-Gatherer Population. HUMAN NATURE-AN INTERDISCIPLINARY BIOSOCIAL PERSPECTIVE 2016; 27:105-29. [DOI: 10.1007/s12110-016-9255-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Tucci J, Wilkens S. A brief review of the application and pharmacology of ethnomedicines of Indigenous Australians. Aust J Rural Health 2015; 24:156-69. [PMID: 26439911 DOI: 10.1111/ajr.12256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Indigenous Australians suffer higher mortality and have statistically worse outcomes for many chronic disease states than the non-Indigenous population. Although many of these people are prescribed pharmaceutical drugs for their illnesses, some still use medicines that were traditional to their culture. This report reviews some of the traditional medicines used for ailments seen in Indigenous Australian communities. DESIGN A literature search was conducted, with the period between the publication of an 'Aboriginal Pharmacopoeia' in 1988 and 'current' our target interval for searching. The ethics of publishing knowledge belonging to Aboriginal people is briefly discussed in this context. RESULTS Ailments were grouped into communicable diseases, pain and inflammation, skin disorders and gastrointestinal disorders. Although cancer is regarded as a disease of the 'white man', it is briefly discussed in the context that several traditional medicines and foods may have provided some protective effects. Where known, the ethnopharmacology of these medicines is discussed, as well as a brief description of their preparation and application. CONCLUSION Some Indigenous Australians continue to use traditional medicines. We have tabulated these according to ailment, and have listed pharmacological actions where known. What is not known, however, is their potential to interact with pharmaceutical drugs. Further study in this area is needed to optimise health outcomes for Indigenous Australians, especially those in remote communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Tucci
- School of Pharmacy and Applied Science, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Bendigo, Victoria, Australia
| | - Sabine Wilkens
- School of Pharmacy and Applied Science, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Bendigo, Victoria, Australia
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Wylie SJ, Zhang C, Long V, Roossinck MJ, Koh SH, Jones MGK, Iqbal S, Li H. Differential responses to virus challenge of laboratory and wild accessions of australian species of nicotiana, and comparative analysis of RDR1 gene sequences. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0121787. [PMID: 25822508 PMCID: PMC4379023 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0121787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2014] [Accepted: 02/04/2015] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Nicotiana benthamiana is a model plant utilised internationally in plant virology because of its apparent hyper-susceptibility to virus infection. Previously, others showed that all laboratory accessions of N. benthamiana have a very narrow genetic basis, probably originating from a single source. It is unknown if responses to virus infection exhibited by the laboratory accession are typical of the species as a whole. To test this, 23 accessions of N. benthamiana were collected from wild populations and challenged with one to four viruses. Additionally, accessions of 21 other Nicotiana species and subspecies from Australia, one from Peru and one from Namibia were tested for susceptibility to the viruses, and for the presence of a mutated RNA-dependent RNA polymerase I allele (Nb-RDR1m) described previously from a laboratory accession of N. benthamiana. All Australian Nicotiana accessions tested were susceptible to virus infections, although there was symptom variability within and between species. The most striking difference was that plants of a laboratory accession of N. benthamiana (RA-4) exhibited hypersensitivity to Yellow tailflower mild mottle tobamovirus infection and died, whereas plants of wild N. benthamiana accessions responded with non-necrotic symptoms. Plants of certain N. occidentalis accessions also exhibited initial hypersensitivity to Yellow tailflower mild mottle virus resembling that of N. benthamiana RA-4 plants, but later recovered. The mutant Nb-RDR1m allele was identified from N. benthamiana RA-4 but not from any of 51 other Nicotiana accessions, including wild accessions of N. benthamiana, demonstrating that the accession of N. benthamiana used widely in laboratories is unusual.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen J. Wylie
- Plant Biotechnology Research Group-Virology, Western Australian State Agricultural Biotechnology Centre, School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
- Plant Biotechnology Research Group—Pests, Western Australian State Agricultural Biotechnology Centre, School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Chao Zhang
- College of Plant Protection, Northwest Agriculture and Forestry University, Yangling, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Vicki Long
- Astron Environmental Services, Karratha, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Marilyn J. Roossinck
- Plant Biotechnology Research Group-Virology, Western Australian State Agricultural Biotechnology Centre, School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
- Departments of Plant Pathology and Environmental Microbiology, and Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Shu Hui Koh
- Plant Biotechnology Research Group-Virology, Western Australian State Agricultural Biotechnology Centre, School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
- Plant Biotechnology Research Group—Pests, Western Australian State Agricultural Biotechnology Centre, School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Michael G. K. Jones
- Plant Biotechnology Research Group-Virology, Western Australian State Agricultural Biotechnology Centre, School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
- Plant Biotechnology Research Group—Pests, Western Australian State Agricultural Biotechnology Centre, School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Sadia Iqbal
- Plant Biotechnology Research Group—Pests, Western Australian State Agricultural Biotechnology Centre, School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Hua Li
- Plant Biotechnology Research Group-Virology, Western Australian State Agricultural Biotechnology Centre, School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
- Plant Biotechnology Research Group—Pests, Western Australian State Agricultural Biotechnology Centre, School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
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Smokeless tobacco use in pregnancy: an integrative review of the literature. Int J Public Health 2014; 59:599-608. [PMID: 24794708 DOI: 10.1007/s00038-014-0558-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2013] [Revised: 04/14/2014] [Accepted: 04/16/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To systematically critique and summarise the available evidence on the outcomes of smokeless tobacco use in pregnancy to inform the public health response. METHODS In March 2013, a search was conducted of observational studies where the exposure to smokeless tobacco during pregnancy and maternal, placental and/or neonatal outcomes was assessed. Two reviewers extracted data and completed quality assessment of the literature utilizing the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality criteria (West et al. 2002). RESULTS The search resulted in 211 articles, 21 (10%) of which met the final criteria for integrative review. Ten (10) of the studies are from India, seven (7) from Sweden, two (2) from Alaska and one (1) each from South Africa and Pakistan. CONCLUSIONS Many studies lacked sufficient power to estimate precise risks. Most reports were hindered by imprecise measures of exposure and lack of confounding variable control. However, there were indications that maternal smokeless tobacco use increases rates of stillbirth, low birth weight and alters the male:female live birth ratio. Maternal smokeless tobacco use may not be safe for mother or foetus.
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Dawson AP, Cargo M, Stewart H, Chong A, Daniel M. Identifying multi-level culturally appropriate smoking cessation strategies for Aboriginal health staff: a concept mapping approach. HEALTH EDUCATION RESEARCH 2013; 28:31-45. [PMID: 23221591 DOI: 10.1093/her/cys111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Aboriginal Australians, including Aboriginal Health Workers (AHWs), smoke at rates double the non-Aboriginal population. This study utilized concept mapping methodology to identify and prioritize culturally relevant strategies to promote smoking cessation in AHWs. Stakeholder participants included AHWs, other health service employees and tobacco control personnel. Smoking cessation strategies (n = 74) were brainstormed using 34 interviews, 3 focus groups and a stakeholder workshop. Stakeholders sorted strategies into meaningful groups and rated them on perceived importance and feasibility. A concept map was developed using multi-dimensional scaling and hierarchical cluster analyses. Ten unique clusters of smoking cessation strategies were depicted that targeted individuals, family and peers, community, workplace and public policy. Smoking cessation resources and services were represented in addition to broader strategies addressing social and environmental stressors that perpetuate smoking and make quitting difficult. The perceived importance and feasibility of clusters were rated differently by participants working in health services that were government-coordinated compared with community-controlled. For health service workers within vulnerable populations, these findings clearly implicate a need for contextualized strategies that mitigate social and environmental stressors in addition to conventional strategies for tobacco control. The concept map is being applied in knowledge translation to guide development of smoking cessation programs for AHWs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna P Dawson
- Social Epidemiology and Evaluation Research Group, Sansom Institute for Health Research, University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
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Dawson AP, Cargo M, Stewart H, Chong A, Daniel M. "I know it's bad for me and yet I do it": exploring the factors that perpetuate smoking in Aboriginal Health Workers--a qualitative study. BMC Health Serv Res 2012; 12:102. [PMID: 22533609 PMCID: PMC3394210 DOI: 10.1186/1472-6963-12-102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2011] [Accepted: 04/25/2012] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Aboriginal Health Workers (AHWs) have a mandate to deliver smoking cessation support to Aboriginal people. However, a high proportion of AHWs are smokers and this undermines their delivery of smoking cessation programs. Smoking tobacco is the leading contributor to the burden of disease in Aboriginal Australians and must be prevented. Little is known about how to enable AHWs to quit smoking. An understanding of the factors that perpetuate smoking in AHWs is needed to inform the development of culturally relevant programs that enable AHWs to quit smoking. A reduction of smoking in AHWs is important to promote their health and also optimise the delivery of smoking cessation support to Aboriginal clients. Methods We conducted a fundamental qualitative description study that was nested within a larger mixed method participatory research project. The individual and contextual factors that directly or indirectly promote (i.e. perpetuate) smoking behaviours in AHWs were explored in 34 interviews and 3 focus groups. AHWs, other health service staff and tobacco control personnel shared their perspectives. Data analysis was performed using a qualitative content analysis approach with collective member checking by AHW representatives. Results AHWs were highly stressed, burdened by their responsibilities, felt powerless and undervalued, and used smoking to cope with and support a sense of social connectedness in their lives. Factors directly and indirectly associated with smoking were reported at six levels of behavioural influence: personal factors (e.g. stress, nicotine addiction), family (e.g. breakdown of family dynamics, grief and loss), interpersonal processes (e.g. socialisation and connection, domestic disputes), the health service (e.g. job insecurity and financial insecurity, demanding work), the community (e.g. racism, social disadvantage) and policy (e.g. short term and insecure funding). Conclusions An extensive array of factors perpetuated smoking in AHWs. The multitude of personal, social and environmental stressors faced by AHWs and the accepted use of communal smoking to facilitate socialisation and connection were primary drivers of smoking in AHWs in addition to nicotine dependence. Culturally sensitive multidimensional smoking cessation programs that address these factors and can be tailored to local needs are indicated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna P Dawson
- Social Epidemiology and Evaluation Research Group, Sansom Institute for Health Research, University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
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Steenkamp M, Rumbold A, Barclay L, Kildea S. A population-based investigation into inequalities amongst Indigenous mothers and newborns by place of residence in the Northern Territory, Australia. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth 2012; 12:44. [PMID: 22682627 PMCID: PMC3480936 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2393-12-44] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2011] [Accepted: 05/23/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Comparisons of birth outcomes between Australian Indigenous and non-Indigenous populations show marked inequalities. These comparisons obscure Indigenous disparities. There is much variation in terms of culture, language, residence, and access to services amongst Australian Indigenous peoples. We examined outcomes by region and remoteness for Indigenous subgroups and explored data for communities to inform health service delivery and interventions. METHODS Our population-based study examined maternal and neonatal outcomes for 7,560 mothers with singleton pregnancies from Australia's Northern Territory Midwives' Data Collection (2003-2005) using uni- and multivariate analyses. Groupings were by Indigenous status; region (Top End (TE)/Central Australia (CA)); Remote/Urban residence; and across two large TE communities. RESULTS Of the sample, 34.1% were Indigenous women, of whom 65.6% were remote-dwelling versus 6.7% of non-Indigenous women. In comparison to CA Urban mothers: TE Remote (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 1.47, 95%CI: 1.13, 1.90) and TE Urban mothers (aOR 1.36 (95% CI: 1.02, 1.80) were more likely, but CA Remote mothers (aOR 0.43; 95% CI: 0.31, 0.58) less likely to smoke during pregnancy; CA Remote mothers giving birth at >32 weeks gestation were less likely to have attended ≥ five antenatal visits (aOR 0.55; 95%CI: 0.36, 0.86); TE Remote (aOR 0.71; 95%CI: 0.53, 0.95) and CA Remote women (aOR 0.68; 95%CI: 0.49, 0.95) who experienced labour had lower odds of epidural/spinal/narcotic pain relief; and TE Remote (aOR 0.47; 95%CI: 0.34, 0.66), TE Urban (aOR 0.67; 95%CI: 0.46, 0.96) and CA Remote mothers (aOR 0.52; 95%CI: 0.35, 0.76) all had lower odds of having a 'normal' birth. The aOR for preterm birth for TE Remote newborns was 2.09 (95%CI: 1.20, 3.64) and they weighed 137 g (95%CI: -216 g, -59 g) less than CA Urban babies. There were few significant differences for communities, except for smoking prevalence. CONCLUSIONS This paper is one of few quantifying inequalities between groups of Australian Indigenous women and newborns at a regional level. Indigenous mothers and newborns do worse on some outcomes if they live remotely, especially if they live in the TE. Smoking prevention and high-quality antenatal care is fundamental to addressing many of the adverse outcomes identified in this paper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malinda Steenkamp
- University Centre for Rural Health North Coast, School of Public Health, University of Sydney, Lismore, Australia
| | - Alice Rumbold
- Discipline of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Adelaide, Adelaide and Services Systems and Society Division, Menzies School of Health Research, Darwin, Australia
| | - Lesley Barclay
- University Centre for Rural Health North Coast, School of Public Health, University of Sydney, Lismore, Australia
| | - Sue Kildea
- Australian Catholic University and Mater Medical Research Institute, Women's Health and Newborn Services (Maternity), Mater Health Services, Brisbane, Australia
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Aboriginal health workers experience multilevel barriers to quitting smoking: a qualitative study. Int J Equity Health 2012; 11:27. [PMID: 22621767 PMCID: PMC3477099 DOI: 10.1186/1475-9276-11-27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2011] [Accepted: 05/07/2012] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Long-term measures to reduce tobacco consumption in Australia have had differential effects in the population. The prevalence of smoking in Aboriginal peoples is currently more than double that of the non-Aboriginal population. Aboriginal Health Workers are responsible for providing primary health care to Aboriginal clients including smoking cessation programs. However, Aboriginal Health Workers are frequently smokers themselves, and their smoking undermines the smoking cessation services they deliver to Aboriginal clients. An understanding of the barriers to quitting smoking experienced by Aboriginal Health Workers is needed to design culturally relevant smoking cessation programs. Once smoking is reduced in Aboriginal Health Workers, they may then be able to support Aboriginal clients to quit smoking. Methods We undertook a fundamental qualitative description study underpinned by social ecological theory. The research was participatory, and academic researchers worked in partnership with personnel from the local Aboriginal health council. The barriers Aboriginal Health Workers experience in relation to quitting smoking were explored in 34 semi-structured interviews (with 23 Aboriginal Health Workers and 11 other health staff) and 3 focus groups (n = 17 participants) with key informants. Content analysis was performed on transcribed text and interview notes. Results Aboriginal Health Workers spoke of burdensome stress and grief which made them unable to prioritise quitting smoking. They lacked knowledge about quitting and access to culturally relevant quitting resources. Interpersonal obstacles included a social pressure to smoke, social exclusion when quitting, and few role models. In many workplaces, smoking was part of organisational culture and there were challenges to implementation of Smokefree policy. Respondents identified inadequate funding of tobacco programs and a lack of Smokefree public spaces as policy level barriers. The normalisation of smoking in Aboriginal society was an overarching challenge to quitting. Conclusions Aboriginal Health Workers experience multilevel barriers to quitting smoking that include personal, social, cultural and environmental factors. Multidimensional smoking cessation programs are needed that reduce the stress and burden for Aboriginal Health Workers; provide access to culturally relevant quitting resources; and address the prevailing normalisation of smoking in the family, workplace and community.
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