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Zarzyńska-Nowak A, Minicka J, Wieczorek P, Hasiów-Jaroszewska B. Development of Stable Infectious cDNA Clones of Tomato Black Ring Virus Tagged with Green Fluorescent Protein. Viruses 2024; 16:125. [PMID: 38257825 PMCID: PMC10819210 DOI: 10.3390/v16010125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2023] [Revised: 01/08/2024] [Accepted: 01/13/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Tomato black ring virus (TBRV) is a member of the Nepovirus genus in the Secoviridae family, which infects a wide range of important crop species worldwide. In this work, we constructed four cDNA infectious clones of the TBRV tagged with the green fluorescent protein (TBRV-GFP), which varied in (i) the length of the sequences flanking the GFP insert, (ii) the position of the GFP insert within the RNA2 polyprotein, and (iii) the addition of a self-cutting 2A protein. The presence of the GFP coding sequence in infected plants was verified by RT-PCR, while the infectivity and stability of the constructs were verified by mechanical inoculation of the host plants. The systemic spread of TBRV-GFP within plants was observed under UV light at a macroscopic level, monitoring GFP-derived fluorescence in leaves, and at a microscopic level using confocal microscopy. The obtained clones are a valuable tool for future studies of TBRV-host interactions, virus biology, and the long-term monitoring of its distribution in infected plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Zarzyńska-Nowak
- Department of Virology and Bacteriology, Institute of Plant Protection—National Research Institute, Wladyslawa Wegorka 20, 60-318 Poznan, Poland; (J.M.); (B.H.-J.)
| | - Julia Minicka
- Department of Virology and Bacteriology, Institute of Plant Protection—National Research Institute, Wladyslawa Wegorka 20, 60-318 Poznan, Poland; (J.M.); (B.H.-J.)
| | - Przemysław Wieczorek
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Institute of Plant Protection—National Research Institute, Wladyslawa Wegorka 20, 60-318 Poznan, Poland;
| | - Beata Hasiów-Jaroszewska
- Department of Virology and Bacteriology, Institute of Plant Protection—National Research Institute, Wladyslawa Wegorka 20, 60-318 Poznan, Poland; (J.M.); (B.H.-J.)
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Wu X, Zhang Y, Jiang X, Ma T, Guo Y, Wu X, Guo Y, Cheng X. Considerations in engineering viral vectors for genome editing in plants. Virology 2024; 589:109922. [PMID: 37924727 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2023.109922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2023] [Revised: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 10/27/2023] [Indexed: 11/06/2023]
Abstract
Plant viruses have been engineered to express proteins and induce gene silencing for decades. Recently, plant viruses have also been used to deliver components into plant cells for genome editing, a technique called virus-induced genome editing (VIGE). Although more than a dozen plant viruses have been engineered into VIGE vectors and VIGE has been successfully accomplished in some plant species, application of VIGE to crops that are difficult to tissue culture and/or have low regeneration efficiency is still tough. This paper discusses factors to consider for an ideal VIGE vector, including insertion capacity for foreign DNA, vertical transmission ability, expression level of the target gene, stability of foreign DNA insertion, and biosafety. We also proposed a step-by-step schedule for excavating the suitable viral vector for VIGE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyun Wu
- College of Plant Protection, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, Heilongjiang, PR China; Key Laboratory of Germplasm Enhancement, Physiology and Ecology of Food Crops in Cold Region of Chinese Education Ministry, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, PR China
| | - Ying Zhang
- College of Plant Protection, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, Heilongjiang, PR China
| | - Xue Jiang
- College of Plant Protection, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, Heilongjiang, PR China
| | - Tingshuai Ma
- College of Plant Protection, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, Heilongjiang, PR China
| | - Yating Guo
- College of Plant Protection, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, Heilongjiang, PR China
| | - Xiaoxia Wu
- College of Agriculture, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, PR China
| | - Yushuang Guo
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, Guizhou Academy of Tobacco Science, Guiyang, 550081, Guizhou, PR China.
| | - Xiaofei Cheng
- College of Plant Protection, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, Heilongjiang, PR China; Key Laboratory of Germplasm Enhancement, Physiology and Ecology of Food Crops in Cold Region of Chinese Education Ministry, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, PR China.
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Méndez-López E, Aranda MA. A regulatory role for the redox status of the pepino mosaic virus coat protein. PLoS Pathog 2023; 19:e1011732. [PMID: 37851701 PMCID: PMC10615272 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1011732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Revised: 10/30/2023] [Accepted: 10/02/2023] [Indexed: 10/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Cysteine oxidations play important regulatory roles during animal virus infections. Despite the importance of redox modifications during plant infections, no plant virus protein has yet been shown to be regulated by cysteine oxidation. The potexvirus pepino mosaic virus (PepMV) is pandemic in tomato crops. Previously we modeled the structure of the PepMV particle and coat protein (CP) by cryo-electron microscopy and identified critical residues of the CP RNA-binding pocket that interact with the viral RNA during particle formation and viral cell-to-cell movement. The PepMV CP has a single cysteine residue (Cys127) central to its RNA binding pocket, which is highly conserved. Here we show that the Cys127Ser replacement diminishes PepMV fitness, and that PepMV CPWT is oxidized in vivo while CPC127S is not. We also show that Cys127 gets spontaneously glutathionylated in vitro, and that S-glutathionylation blocks in vitro the formation of virion-like particles (VLPs). VLPs longer than 200 nm could be formed after in planta CPC127S overexpression, while very short and dispersed VLPs were observed after CPWT overexpression. Our results strongly suggest that the CP redox status regulates CP functions via cysteine oxidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo Méndez-López
- Centro de Edafología y Biología Aplicada del Segura (CEBAS)-CSIC, Department of Stress Biology and Plant Pathology, Campus Universitario de Espinardo, Murcia, Spain
| | - Miguel A. Aranda
- Centro de Edafología y Biología Aplicada del Segura (CEBAS)-CSIC, Department of Stress Biology and Plant Pathology, Campus Universitario de Espinardo, Murcia, Spain
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Ruiz‐Ramón F, Rodríguez‐Sepúlveda P, Bretó P, Donaire L, Hernando Y, Aranda MA. The tomato calcium-permeable channel 4.1 (SlOSCA4.1) is a susceptibility factor for pepino mosaic virus. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2023; 21:2140-2154. [PMID: 37448155 PMCID: PMC10502756 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.14119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Revised: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 06/23/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023]
Abstract
The hyperosmolality-gated calcium permeable channel 4.1 (OSCA4.1) belongs to an evolutionarily conserved small family of mechano-sensitive channels. OSCA members may represent key players in plant resistance to drought and to pathogen infection but are scarcely studied. After screening for resistance to pepino mosaic virus (PepMV) a collection of 1000 mutagenized tomato families, we identified a mutant showing no symptoms and reduced virus accumulation. Resistance was mapped to chromosome 2 between positions 46 309 531 to 47 044 163, where a missense mutation caused the putative truncation of the OSCA4.1 protein. A CRISPR/Cas9 slosca4.1 mutant was resistant to PepMV, but not to tobacco mosaic virus or potato virus X. Inoculation of mutant and wild type tomato protoplasts showed that resistance was expressed in single cells, suggesting a role for SlOSCA4.1 in early viral function(s); congruently, SlOSCA4.1 re-localized to structures reminiscent of viral replication complexes. We propose that SlOSCA4.1 contributes to the correct regulation of the Ca2+ homeostasis necessary for optimal PepMV infection. PepMV is a pandemic virus that causes significant losses in tomato crops worldwide. In spite of its importance, no tomato-resistant varieties have been deployed yet; the mutant identified here has great potential to breed tomato varieties resistant to PepMV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabiola Ruiz‐Ramón
- Abiopep S.L., Parque Científico de MurciaMurciaSpain
- Centro de Edafología y Biología Aplicada del Segura (CEBAS)‐CSICCampus Universitario de EspinardoMurciaSpain
| | | | - Pau Bretó
- Abiopep S.L., Parque Científico de MurciaMurciaSpain
| | - Livia Donaire
- Abiopep S.L., Parque Científico de MurciaMurciaSpain
- Centro de Edafología y Biología Aplicada del Segura (CEBAS)‐CSICCampus Universitario de EspinardoMurciaSpain
| | | | - Miguel A. Aranda
- Centro de Edafología y Biología Aplicada del Segura (CEBAS)‐CSICCampus Universitario de EspinardoMurciaSpain
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Beernink BM, Whitham SA. Foxtail mosaic virus: A tool for gene function analysis in maize and other monocots. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2023; 24:811-822. [PMID: 37036421 PMCID: PMC10257046 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.13330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Revised: 02/20/2023] [Accepted: 03/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Many plant viruses have been engineered into vectors for use in functional genomics studies, expression of heterologous proteins, and, most recently, gene editing applications. The use of viral vectors overcomes bottlenecks associated with mutagenesis and transgenesis approaches often implemented for analysis of gene function. There are several engineered viruses that are demonstrated or suggested to be useful in maize through proof-of-concept studies. However, foxtail mosaic virus (FoMV), which has a relatively broad host range, is emerging as a particularly useful virus for gene function studies in maize and other monocot crop or weed species. A few clones of FoMV have been independently engineered, and they have different features and capabilities for virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) and virus-mediated overexpression (VOX) of proteins. In addition, FoMV can be used to deliver functional guide RNAs in maize and other plants expressing the Cas9 protein, demonstrating its potential utility in virus-induced gene editing applications. There is a growing number of studies in which FoMV vectors are being applied for VIGS or VOX in maize and the vast majority of these are related to maize-microbe interactions. In this review, we highlight the biology and engineering of FoMV as well as its applications in maize-microbe interactions and more broadly in the context of the monocot functional genomics toolbox.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bliss M. Beernink
- Department of Plant Pathology, Entomology, and MicrobiologyIowa State UniversityAmesIowaUSA
- Department of BiologyUniversity of ManitobaWinnipegManitobaCanada
| | - Steven A. Whitham
- Department of Plant Pathology, Entomology, and MicrobiologyIowa State UniversityAmesIowaUSA
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Méndez-López E, Donaire L, Gosálvez B, Díaz-Vivancos P, Sánchez-Pina MA, Tilsner J, Aranda MA. Tomato SlGSTU38 interacts with the PepMV coat protein and promotes viral infection. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2023; 238:332-348. [PMID: 36631978 DOI: 10.1111/nph.18728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Pepino mosaic virus (PepMV) is pandemic in tomato crops, causing important economic losses world-wide. No PepMV-resistant varieties have been developed yet. Identification of host factors interacting with PepMV proteins is a promising source of genetic targets to develop PepMV-resistant varieties. The interaction between the PepMV coat protein (CP) and the tomato glutathione S-transferase (GST) SlGSTU38 was identified in a yeast two-hybrid (Y2H) screening and validated by directed Y2H and co-immunoprecipitation assays. SlGSTU38-knocked-out Micro-Tom plants (gstu38) generated by the CRISPR/Cas9 technology together with live-cell imaging were used to understand the role of SlGSTU38 during infection. The transcriptomes of healthy and PepMV-infected wild-type (WT) and gstu38 plants were profiled by RNA-seq analysis. SlGSTU38 functions as a PepMV-specific susceptibility factor in a cell-autonomous manner and relocalizes to the virus replication complexes during infection. Besides, knocking out SlGSTU38 triggers reactive oxygen species accumulation in leaves and the deregulation of stress-responsive genes. SlGSTU38 may play a dual role: On the one hand, SlGSTU38 may exert a proviral function depending on its specific interaction with the PepMV CP; and on the other hand, SlGSTU38 may delay PepMV-infection sensing by participating in the redox intracellular homeostasis in a nonspecific manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo Méndez-López
- Department of Stress Biology and Plant Pathology, CEBAS-CSIC, Campus Universitario de Espinardo, 30100, Murcia, Spain
| | - Livia Donaire
- Department of Stress Biology and Plant Pathology, CEBAS-CSIC, Campus Universitario de Espinardo, 30100, Murcia, Spain
| | - Blanca Gosálvez
- Department of Stress Biology and Plant Pathology, CEBAS-CSIC, Campus Universitario de Espinardo, 30100, Murcia, Spain
| | - Pedro Díaz-Vivancos
- Department of Plant Breeding, CEBAS-CSIC, Campus Universitario de Espinardo, 30100, Murcia, Spain
| | - M Amelia Sánchez-Pina
- Department of Stress Biology and Plant Pathology, CEBAS-CSIC, Campus Universitario de Espinardo, 30100, Murcia, Spain
| | - Jens Tilsner
- Biomedical Sciences Research Complex, The University of St. Andrews, St. Andrews, KY16 9ST, UK
- Cell and Molecular Sciences, The James Hutton Institute, Dundee, DD2 5DA, UK
| | - Miguel A Aranda
- Department of Stress Biology and Plant Pathology, CEBAS-CSIC, Campus Universitario de Espinardo, 30100, Murcia, Spain
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Alcaide C, Donaire L, Aranda MA. Transcriptome analyses unveiled differential regulation of AGO and DCL genes by pepino mosaic virus strains. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2022; 23:1592-1607. [PMID: 35852033 PMCID: PMC9562736 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.13249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2022] [Revised: 06/21/2022] [Accepted: 07/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Pepino mosaic virus (PepMV) is a single-stranded (ss), positive-sense (+) RNA potexvirus that affects tomato crops worldwide. We have described an in planta antagonistic interaction between PepMV isolates of two strains in which the EU isolate represses the accumulation of the CH2 isolate during mixed infections. Reports describing transcriptomic responses to mixed infections are scant. We carried out transcriptomic analyses of tomato plants singly and mixed-infected with two PepMV isolates of both strains. Comparison of the transcriptomes of singly infected plants showed that deeper transcriptomic alterations occurred at early infection times, and also that each of the viral strains modulated the host transcriptome differentially. Mixed infections caused transcriptomic alterations similar to those for the sum of single infections at early infection times, but clearly differing at later times postinfection. We next tested the hypothesis that PepMV-EU, in either single or mixed infections, deregulates host gene expression differentially so that virus accumulation of both strains gets repressed. That seemed to be the case for the genes AGO1a, DCL2d, AGO2a, and DCL2b, which are involved in the antiviral silencing pathway and were upregulated by PepMV-EU but not by PepMV-CH2 at early times postinfection. The pattern of AGO2a expression was validated by reverse transcription-quantitative PCR in tomato and Nicotiana benthamiana plants. Using an N. benthamiana ago2 mutant line, we showed that AGO2 indeed plays an important role in the antiviral defence against PepMV, but it is not the primary determinant of the outcome of the antagonistic interaction between the two PepMV strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Alcaide
- Department of Stress Biology and Plant PathologyCentro de Edafología y Biología Aplicada del Segura‐CSICMurciaSpain
| | - Livia Donaire
- Department of Stress Biology and Plant PathologyCentro de Edafología y Biología Aplicada del Segura‐CSICMurciaSpain
| | - Miguel A. Aranda
- Department of Stress Biology and Plant PathologyCentro de Edafología y Biología Aplicada del Segura‐CSICMurciaSpain
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Role of an RNA pseudoknot involving the polyA tail in replication of Pepino mosaic potexvirus and related plant viruses. Sci Rep 2022; 12:11532. [PMID: 35798958 PMCID: PMC9262919 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-15598-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Pepino mosaic virus (PepMV) is a potexvirus of the family Alphaflexiviridae within the order of Tymovirales that threatens tomato production worldwide. PepMV possesses a positive-strand RNA genome with a 5′-methylguanosine cap and a 3′-polyA tail. Previously, using partially-purified viral RNA polymerase important secondary structures within the 3′-untranslated region (UTR) of PepMV RNA were identified. Here we show that an RNA pseudoknot can be formed in the 3′-UTR that includes part of the polyA tail. Using protoplasts, we demonstrate that the pseudoknot is required for replication of PepMV RNA. Mutational analysis and native gel electrophoresis further show that the pseudoknot is stabilized by UAU base triples, as is the human telomerase RNA pseudoknot. The presence of a pseudoknot in several other members of the Alpha- and Betaflexiviridae is supported by covariance analysis and native gel electrophoresis of other potexvirus, capillovirus and trichovirus RNAs. The ubiquitous presence of the pseudoknot in viruses of the Betaflexiviridae, suggests that the pseudoknot is a typical trait of the Betaflexiviridae that may have been adopted by many potexviruses during evolution.
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Urrutia CD, Romay G, Shaw BD, Verchot J. Advancing the Rose Rosette Virus Minireplicon and Encapsidation System by Incorporating GFP, Mutations, and the CMV 2b Silencing Suppressor. Viruses 2022; 14:836. [PMID: 35458566 PMCID: PMC9031449 DOI: 10.3390/v14040836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Revised: 04/01/2022] [Accepted: 04/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Plant infecting emaraviruses have segmented negative strand RNA genomes and little is known about their infection cycles due to the lack of molecular tools for reverse genetic studies. Therefore, we innovated a rose rosette virus (RRV) minireplicon containing the green fluorescent protein (GFP) gene to study the molecular requirements for virus replication and encapsidation. Sequence comparisons among RRV isolates and structural modeling of the RNA dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) and nucleocapsid (N) revealed three natural mutations of the type species isolate that we reverted to the common species sequences: (a) twenty-one amino acid truncations near the endonuclease domain (named delA), (b) five amino acid substitutions near the putative viral RNA binding loop (subT), and (c) four amino acid substitutions in N (NISE). The delA and subT in the RdRp influenced the levels of GFP, gRNA, and agRNA at 3 but not 5 days post inoculation (dpi), suggesting these sequences are essential for initiating RNA synthesis and replication. The NISE mutation led to sustained GFP, gRNA, and agRNA at 3 and 5 dpi indicating that the N supports continuous replication and GFP expression. Next, we showed that the cucumber mosaic virus (CMV strain FNY) 2b singularly enhanced GFP expression and RRV replication. Including agRNA2 with the RRV replicon produced observable virions. In this study we developed a robust reverse genetic system for investigations into RRV replication and virion assembly that could be a model for other emaravirus species.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Jeanmarie Verchot
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77845, USA; (C.D.U.); (G.R.); (B.D.S.)
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Tuo D, Zhou P, Yan P, Cui H, Liu Y, Wang H, Yang X, Liao W, Sun D, Li X, Shen W. A cassava common mosaic virus vector for virus-induced gene silencing in cassava. PLANT METHODS 2021; 17:74. [PMID: 34247636 PMCID: PMC8273954 DOI: 10.1186/s13007-021-00775-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 07/01/2021] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cassava is an important crop for food security and industry in the least-developed and developing countries. The completion of the cassava genome sequence and identification of large numbers of candidate genes by next-generation sequencing provide extensive resources for cassava molecular breeding and increase the need for rapid and efficient gene function analysis systems in cassava. Several plant virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) systems have been developed as reverse genetic tools for rapid gene function analysis in cassava. However, these VIGS vectors could cause severe viral symptoms or inefficient gene silencing. RESULTS In this study, we constructed agroinfection-compatible infectious cDNA clones of cassava common mosaic virus isolate CM (CsCMV-CM, genus Potexvirus, family Alphaflexiviridae) that causes systemic infection with mild symptoms in cassava. CsCMV-CM was then modified to a viral vector carrying the Nimble cloning frame, which facilitates the rapid and high-throughput cloning of silencing fragments into the viral genome. The CsCMV-based vector successfully silenced phytoene desaturase (PDS) and magnesium chelatase subunit I (ChlI) in different cassava varieties and Nicotiana benthamiana. The silencing of the ChlI gene could persist for more than two months. CONCLUSIONS This CsCMV-based VIGS system provides a new tool for rapid and efficient gene function studies in cassava.
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Affiliation(s)
- Decai Tuo
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Resources of Tropical Crops, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs & Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, 571101, China
- Hainan Key Laboratory for Protection and Utilization of Tropical Bioresources &, Institute for Tropical Agricultural Resources, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, 571101, China
| | - Peng Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Resources of Tropical Crops, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs & Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, 571101, China
- Hainan Key Laboratory for Protection and Utilization of Tropical Bioresources &, Institute for Tropical Agricultural Resources, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, 571101, China
| | - Pu Yan
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Resources of Tropical Crops, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs & Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, 571101, China
- Hainan Key Laboratory for Protection and Utilization of Tropical Bioresources &, Institute for Tropical Agricultural Resources, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, 571101, China
| | - Hongguang Cui
- College of Plant Protection, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, China
| | - Yang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Resources of Tropical Crops, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs & Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, 571101, China
- College of Horticulture, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, China
| | - He Wang
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Resources of Tropical Crops, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs & Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, 571101, China
- College of Horticulture, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, China
| | - Xiukun Yang
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Resources of Tropical Crops, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs & Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, 571101, China
- College of Horticulture, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, China
| | - Wenbin Liao
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Resources of Tropical Crops, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs & Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, 571101, China
- Hainan Key Laboratory for Protection and Utilization of Tropical Bioresources &, Institute for Tropical Agricultural Resources, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, 571101, China
| | - Di Sun
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Resources of Tropical Crops, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs & Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, 571101, China
- College of Horticulture, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, China
| | - Xiaoying Li
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Resources of Tropical Crops, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs & Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, 571101, China
- Hainan Key Laboratory for Protection and Utilization of Tropical Bioresources &, Institute for Tropical Agricultural Resources, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, 571101, China
| | - Wentao Shen
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Resources of Tropical Crops, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs & Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, 571101, China.
- Hainan Key Laboratory for Protection and Utilization of Tropical Bioresources &, Institute for Tropical Agricultural Resources, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, 571101, China.
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Alcaide C, Aranda MA. Determinants of Persistent Patterns of Pepino Mosaic Virus Mixed Infections. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:694492. [PMID: 34295323 PMCID: PMC8290496 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.694492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2021] [Accepted: 05/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Pepino mosaic virus (PepMV) has become a pandemic virus in tomato crops, causing important economic losses worldwide. In Spain, isolates of the EU and CH2 strains co-circulate, with PepMV-EU predominantly found in mixed infections. Simultaneous in planta mixed infections result in an asymmetric antagonism against PepMV-CH2, but the outcome of over-infections has never been tested. PepMV-EU and PepMV-CH2 time-lagged inoculations were performed, and viral accumulation was measured 10 days after challenge inoculation. PepMV-EU had a protective effect over PepMV-CH2; in contrast, the accumulation of PepMV-EU increased in plants pre-inoculated with PepMV-CH2 as compared to single infections. We also studied the effect of the type of infection on viral transmission. Independently of the nature of the infection (single or mixed), we observed a strong positive correlation between virus accumulation in the source plant and transmission, excluding mixed infection effects different than modulating viral accumulation. Finally, in order to determine the genetic variability of PepMV strains in single and mixed infections, a 430 nucleotide region was RT-PCR amplified from samples from a serial passages experiment and deep-sequenced. No significant differences were found in the number of nucleotide substitutions between single and mixed infections for PepMV-EU; in contrast, significant differences were found for PepMV-CH2, which was more variable in single than in mixed infections. Comparing PepMV-EU with PepMV-CH2, a higher nucleotide diversity was found for PepMV-CH2. Collectively, our data strongly suggest that PepMV mixed infections can impact the virus epidemiology by modulating in planta virus strain accumulation and diversification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Alcaide
- Department of Stress Biology and Plant Pathology, Centro de Edafología y Biología Aplicada del Segura (CEBAS)-CSIC, Murcia, Spain
| | - Miguel A Aranda
- Department of Stress Biology and Plant Pathology, Centro de Edafología y Biología Aplicada del Segura (CEBAS)-CSIC, Murcia, Spain
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Stable Display of Artificially Long Foreign Antigens on Chimeric Bamboo mosaic virus Particles. Viruses 2021; 13:v13040572. [PMID: 33805417 PMCID: PMC8067224 DOI: 10.3390/v13040572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2021] [Revised: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Plant viruses can be genetically modified to generate chimeric virus particles (CVPs) carrying heterologous peptides fused on the surface of coat protein (CP) subunits as vaccine candidates. However, some factors may be especially significant in determining the properties of chimeras. In this study, peptides from various sources and of various lengths were inserted into the Bamboo mosaic virus-based (BaMV) vector CP N-terminus to examine the chimeras infecting and accumulating in plants. Interestingly, it was found that the two different strains Foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) VP1 antigens with flexible linker peptides (77 or 82 amino acids) were directly expressed on the BaMV CP, and the chimeric particles self-assembled and continued to express FMDV antigens. The chimeric CP, when directly fused with a large foreign protein (117 amino acids), can self-fold into incomplete virus particles or disks. The physicochemical properties of heterologus peptides N-terminus, complex strand structures of heterologus peptides C-terminus and different flexible linker peptides, can affect the chimera accumulation. Based on these findings, using plant virus-based chimeras to express foreign proteins can increase their length limitations, and engineered plant-made CVP-based vaccines have increasing potential for further development as novel vaccines.
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13
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Sánchez Pina MA, Gómez-Aix C, Méndez-López E, Gosalvez Bernal B, Aranda MA. Imaging Techniques to Study Plant Virus Replication and Vertical Transmission. Viruses 2021; 13:358. [PMID: 33668729 PMCID: PMC7996213 DOI: 10.3390/v13030358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Revised: 02/17/2021] [Accepted: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Plant viruses are obligate parasites that need to usurp plant cell metabolism in order to infect their hosts. Imaging techniques have been used for quite a long time to study plant virus-host interactions, making it possible to have major advances in the knowledge of plant virus infection cycles. The imaging techniques used to study plant-virus interactions have included light microscopy, confocal laser scanning microscopy, and scanning and transmission electron microscopies. Here, we review the use of these techniques in plant virology, illustrating recent advances in the area with examples from plant virus replication and virus plant-to-plant vertical transmission processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Amelia Sánchez Pina
- Centro de Edafología y Biología Aplicada del Segura (CEBAS-CSIC), Departamento de Biología del Estrés y Patología Vegetal, Grupo de Patología Vegetal, 30100 Murcia, Spain; (E.M.-L.); (B.G.B.)
| | - Cristina Gómez-Aix
- Abiopep S.L., R&D Department, Parque Científico de Murcia, Ctra. de Madrid, Km 388, Complejo de Espinardo, Edf. R, 2º, 30100 Murcia, Spain;
| | - Eduardo Méndez-López
- Centro de Edafología y Biología Aplicada del Segura (CEBAS-CSIC), Departamento de Biología del Estrés y Patología Vegetal, Grupo de Patología Vegetal, 30100 Murcia, Spain; (E.M.-L.); (B.G.B.)
| | - Blanca Gosalvez Bernal
- Centro de Edafología y Biología Aplicada del Segura (CEBAS-CSIC), Departamento de Biología del Estrés y Patología Vegetal, Grupo de Patología Vegetal, 30100 Murcia, Spain; (E.M.-L.); (B.G.B.)
| | - Miguel A. Aranda
- Centro de Edafología y Biología Aplicada del Segura (CEBAS-CSIC), Departamento de Biología del Estrés y Patología Vegetal, Grupo de Patología Vegetal, 30100 Murcia, Spain; (E.M.-L.); (B.G.B.)
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14
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Alcaide C, Sardanyés J, Elena SF, Gómez P. Increasing temperature alters the within-host competition of viral strains and influences virus genetic variability. Virus Evol 2021; 7:veab017. [PMID: 33815829 PMCID: PMC8007957 DOI: 10.1093/ve/veab017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Environmental conditions can affect viral accumulation, virulence and adaptation, which have implications in the disease outcomes and efficiency of control measures. Concurrently, mixed viral infections are relevant in plants, being their epidemiology shaped by within-host virus–virus interactions. However, the extent in which the combined effect of variations in abiotic components of the plant ecological niche and the prevalence of mixed infections affect the evolutionary dynamics of viral populations is not well understood. Here, we explore the interplay between ecological and evolutionary factors during viral infections and show that isolates of two strains of Pepino mosaic potexvirus coexisted in tomato plants in a temperature-dependent continuum between neutral and antagonistic interactions. After a long-term infection, the mutational analysis of the evolved viral genomes revealed strain-specific single-nucleotide polymorphisms that were modulated by the interaction between the type of infection and temperature. These results suggest that the temperature is an ecological driver of virus-virus interactions, with an effect on the genetic diversity of individual viruses that are co-infecting an individual host. This research provides insights into the effect that changes in host growth temperatures might have on the evolutionary dynamics of viral populations in mixed infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Alcaide
- Departamento de Biología del Estrés y Patología Vegetal, Centro de Edafología y Biología Aplicada del Segura (CEBAS), CSIC, PO Box 164, 30100 Murcia, Spain
| | - Josep Sardanyés
- Centre de Recerca Matemàtica (CRM), Edifici C, Campus de Bellaterra, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona 08193, Spain
- Dynamical Systems and Computational Virology Associated Unit Instituto de Biología Integrativa de Sistemas (I2SysBio) - CRM, Edifici C, Campus de Bellaterra, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona 08193, Spain
| | - Santiago F Elena
- I2SysBio, CSIC-Universitat de València, Paterna, 46980 València, Spain
- The Santa Fe Institute, Santa Fe, NM 87501, USA
| | - Pedro Gómez
- Departamento de Biología del Estrés y Patología Vegetal, Centro de Edafología y Biología Aplicada del Segura (CEBAS), CSIC, PO Box 164, 30100 Murcia, Spain
- Corresponding author: E-mail:
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15
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De Moya-Ruiz C, Rabadán P, Juárez M, Gómez P. Assessment of the Current Status of Potyviruses in Watermelon and Pumpkin Crops in Spain: Epidemiological Impact of Cultivated Plants and Mixed Infections. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 10:138. [PMID: 33445406 PMCID: PMC7827711 DOI: 10.3390/plants10010138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2020] [Revised: 01/04/2021] [Accepted: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Viral infections on cucurbit plants cause substantial quality and yield losses on their crops. The diseased plants can often be infected by multiple viruses, and their epidemiology may depend, in addition to the agro-ecological management practices, on the combination of these viral infections. Watermelon mosaic virus (WMV) is one of the most prevalent viruses in cucurbit crops, and Moroccan watermelon mosaic virus (MWMV) emerged as a related species that threatens these crops. The occurrence of WMV and MWMV was monitored in a total of 196 apical-leaf samples of watermelon and pumpkin plants that displayed mosaic symptoms. The samples were collected from 49 fields in three major cucurbit-producing areas in Spain (Castilla La-Mancha, Alicante, and Murcia) for three consecutive (2018-2020) seasons. A molecular hybridization dot-blot method revealed that WMV was mainly (53%) found in both cultivated plants, with an unadvertised occurrence of MWMV. To determine the extent of cultivated plant species and mixed infections on viral dynamics, two infectious cDNA clones were constructed from a WMV isolate (MeWM7), and an MWMV isolate (ZuM10). Based on the full-length genomes, both isolates were grouped phylogenetically with the Emergent and European clades, respectively. Five-cucurbit plant species were infected steadily with either WMV or MWMV cDNA clones, showing variations on symptom expressions. Furthermore, the viral load varied depending on the plant species and infection type. In single infections, the WMV isolate showed a higher viral load than the MWMV isolate in melon and pumpkin, and MWMV only showed higher viral load than the WMV isolate in zucchini plants. However, in mixed infections, the viral load of the WMV isolate was greater than MWMV isolate in melon, watermelon and zucchini, whereas MWMV isolate was markedly reduced in zucchini. These results suggest that the impaired distribution of MWMV in cucurbit crops may be due to the cultivated plant species, in addition to the high prevalence of WMV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Celia De Moya-Ruiz
- Centro de Edafología y Biología Aplicada del Segura (CEBAS)—CSIC, Departamento de Biología del Estrés y Patología Vegetal, P.O. Box 164, 30100 Murcia, Spain; (C.D.M.-R.); (P.R.)
| | - Pilar Rabadán
- Centro de Edafología y Biología Aplicada del Segura (CEBAS)—CSIC, Departamento de Biología del Estrés y Patología Vegetal, P.O. Box 164, 30100 Murcia, Spain; (C.D.M.-R.); (P.R.)
| | - Miguel Juárez
- Escuela Politécnica Superior de Orihuela, Universidad Miguel Hernández de Elche, Orihuela, 03312 Alicante, Spain;
| | - Pedro Gómez
- Centro de Edafología y Biología Aplicada del Segura (CEBAS)—CSIC, Departamento de Biología del Estrés y Patología Vegetal, P.O. Box 164, 30100 Murcia, Spain; (C.D.M.-R.); (P.R.)
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16
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Abrahamian P, Hammond J, Hammond RW. Development and optimization of a pepino mosaic virus-based vector for rapid expression of heterologous proteins in plants. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2021; 105:627-645. [PMID: 33394156 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-020-11066-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Revised: 12/10/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Plant-virus-derived vectors are versatile tools with multiple applications in agricultural and medical biotechnology. In this study, we developed pepino mosaic virus (PepMV) (family Alphaflexiviridae; genus Potexvirus) into a vector for heterologous protein expression in plants. PepMV was initially cloned in a step-wise manner, fully sequenced and the full-length infectious clone was tested for infectivity in Nicotiana benthamiana. Initial infectious clones resulted in poor replication of PepMV and lack of systemic movement. Mutations in the viral sequence affected systemic infection. Two suspected mutations were altered to restore systemic infectivity. PepMV infection was apparent as early as 4 days post agroinfiltration (dpa) inoculation in N. benthamiana. A multiple cloning site was inserted into the PepMV genome for introduction and expression of foreign genes. Several modifications to the wild-type vector were made, such as a replacing the native subgenomic promoter (SGP) with a heterologous SGP, and introduction of translational enhancers and terminators, to improve heterologous expression of the foreign gene-of-interest. GFP was used as a reporter for monitoring virus infection and protein production. Strong GFP expression was observed as early as 4 dpa with a translational enhancer. The PepMV-based vector produces rapid expression of the foreign gene in comparison to two other potexvirus-based vectors. GFP production was monitored over time and optimal protein production was recorded between 5 and 7 dpa. GFP protein levels reached up to 4% and decreased to 0.5% total soluble protein at 7 and 14 dpa, respectively. Future studies will evaluate this virus-based vector for large-scale production of pharmaceutical compounds. KEY POINTS: • A pepino mosaic virus isolate was developed into a plant-based expression vector. • Expression levels of the heterologous protein were comparable or exceeded previously developed viral vectors. • Protein levels in plants were highest between 5 and 7 days and decreased gradually.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Abrahamian
- Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Molecular Plant Pathology Laboratory, USDA-ARS, Beltsville, MD, 20705, USA.
| | - John Hammond
- United States National Arboretum, Floral and Nursery Plants Research Unit, USDA-ARS, Beltsville, MD, 20705, USA
| | - Rosemarie W Hammond
- Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Molecular Plant Pathology Laboratory, USDA-ARS, Beltsville, MD, 20705, USA.
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17
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Verchot J, Herath V, Urrutia CD, Gayral M, Lyle K, Shires MK, Ong K, Byrne D. Development of a Reverse Genetic System for Studying Rose Rosette Virus in Whole Plants. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2020; 33:1209-1221. [PMID: 32815767 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-04-20-0094-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Rose rosette virus (RRV) is a negative-sense RNA virus with a seven-segmented genome that is enclosed by a double membrane. We constructed an unconventional minireplicon system encoding the antigenomic (ag)RNA1 (encoding the viral RNA-dependent RNA polymerase [RdRp]), agRNA3 (encoding the nucleocapsid protein [N]), and a modified agRNA5 containing the coding sequence for the iLOV protein in place of the P5 open reading frame (R5-iLOV). iLOV expression from the R5-iLOV template was amplified by activities of the RdRp and N proteins in Nicotiana benthamiana leaves. A mutation was introduced into the RdRp catalytic domain and iLOV expression was eliminated, indicating RNA1-encoded polymerase activity drives iLOV expression from the R5-iLOV template. Fluorescence from the replicon was highest at 3 days postinoculation (dpi) and declined at 7 and 13 dpi. Addition of the tomato bushy stunt virus (TBSV) P19 silencing-suppressor protein prolonged expression until 7 dpi. A full-length infectious clone system was constructed of seven binary plasmids encoding each of the seven genome segments. Agro-delivery of constructs encoding RRV RNAs 1 through 4 or RNAs 1 through 7 to N. benthamiana plants produced systemic infection. Finally, agro-delivery of the full-length RRV infectious clone including all segments produced systemic infection within 60 dpi. This advance opens new opportunities for studying RRV infection biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeanmarie Verchot
- Texas A&M Agrilife Center in Dallas, 17360 Coit Rd, Dallas, TX, U.S.A
- Department of Plant Pathology & Microbiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, U.S.A
| | - Venura Herath
- Texas A&M Agrilife Center in Dallas, 17360 Coit Rd, Dallas, TX, U.S.A
- Department of Plant Pathology & Microbiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, U.S.A
- Department of Agricultural Biology, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Peradeniya, 20400, Sri Lanka
| | - Cesar D Urrutia
- Department of Plant Pathology & Microbiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, U.S.A
| | - Mathieu Gayral
- Texas A&M Agrilife Center in Dallas, 17360 Coit Rd, Dallas, TX, U.S.A
| | - Kelsey Lyle
- Department of Biological Sciences, The University of Texas at Dallas, Dallas, TX, U.S.A
| | - Madalyn K Shires
- Department of Plant Pathology & Microbiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, U.S.A
| | - Kevin Ong
- Department of Plant Pathology & Microbiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, U.S.A
| | - David Byrne
- Department of Horticulture Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, U.S.A
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18
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Abrahamian P, Hammond RW, Hammond J. Plant Virus-Derived Vectors: Applications in Agricultural and Medical Biotechnology. Annu Rev Virol 2020; 7:513-535. [PMID: 32520661 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-virology-010720-054958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Major advances in our understanding of plant viral genome expression strategies and the interaction of a virus with its host for replication and movement, induction of disease, and resistance responses have been made through the generation of infectious molecules from cloned viral sequences. Autonomously replicating viral vectors derived from infectious clones have been exploited to express foreign genes in plants. Applications of virus-based vectors include the production of human/animal therapeutic proteins in plant cells and the specific study of plant biochemical processes, including those that confer resistance to pathogens. Additionally, virus-induced gene silencing, which is RNA mediated and triggered through homology-dependent RNA degradation mechanisms, has been exploited as an efficient method to study the functions of host genes in plants and to deliver small RNAs to insects. New and exciting strategies for vector engineering, delivery, and applications of plant virus-based vectors are the subject of this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Abrahamian
- Molecular Plant Pathology Laboratory, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville, Maryland 20705, USA
| | - Rosemarie W Hammond
- Molecular Plant Pathology Laboratory, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville, Maryland 20705, USA
| | - John Hammond
- Floral and Nursery Plants Research Unit, United States National Arboretum, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville, Maryland 20705, USA;
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19
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Liu M, Liang Z, Aranda MA, Hong N, Liu L, Kang B, Gu Q. A cucumber green mottle mosaic virus vector for virus-induced gene silencing in cucurbit plants. PLANT METHODS 2020; 16:9. [PMID: 32025236 PMCID: PMC6996188 DOI: 10.1186/s13007-020-0560-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2019] [Accepted: 01/23/2020] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cucurbits produce fruits or vegetables that have great dietary importance and economic significance worldwide. The published genomes of at least 11 cucurbit species are boosting gene mining and novel breeding strategies, however genetic transformation in cucurbits is impractical as a tool for gene function validation due to low transformation efficiency. Virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) is a potential alternative tool. So far, very few ideal VIGS vectors are available for cucurbits. RESULTS Here, we describe a new VIGS vector derived from cucumber green mottle mosaic virus (CGMMV), a monopartite virus that infects cucurbits naturally. We show that the CGMMV vector is competent to induce efficient silencing of the phytoene desaturase (PDS) gene in the model plant Nicotiana benthamiana and in cucurbits, including watermelon, melon, cucumber and bottle gourd. Infection with the CGMMV vector harboring PDS sequences of 69-300 bp in length in the form of sense-oriented or hairpin cDNAs resulted in photobleaching phenotypes in N. benthamiana and cucurbits by PDS silencing. Additional results reflect that silencing of the PDS gene could persist for over two months and the silencing effect of CGMMV-based vectors could be passaged. CONCLUSIONS These results demonstrate that CGMMV vector could serve as a powerful and easy-to-use tool for characterizing gene function, controlling viral pathogens or even performing resistance breeding in cucurbits. Moreover, this study will possess considerable important reference value for developing different viral vectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei Liu
- Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, 450009 People’s Republic of China
- Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070 People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhiling Liang
- Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, 450009 People’s Republic of China
| | - Miguel A. Aranda
- Centro de Edafologia y Biologia Aplicada del Segura (CEBAS)-CSIC, Apdo. Correos 164, Espinardo, 30100 Murcia, Spain
| | - Ni Hong
- Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070 People’s Republic of China
| | - Liming Liu
- Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, 450009 People’s Republic of China
| | - Baoshan Kang
- Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, 450009 People’s Republic of China
| | - Qinsheng Gu
- Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, 450009 People’s Republic of China
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20
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Alcaide C, Rabadán MP, Juárez M, Gómez P. Long-Term Cocirculation of Two Strains of Pepino Mosaic Virus in Tomato Crops and Its Effect on Population Genetic Variability. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2020; 110:49-57. [PMID: 31524081 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-07-19-0247-fi] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Mixed viral infections are common in plants, and the evolutionary dynamics of viral populations may differ depending on whether the infection is caused by single or multiple viral strains. However, comparative studies of single and mixed infections using viral populations in comparable agricultural and geographical locations are lacking. Here, we monitored the occurrence of pepino mosaic virus (PepMV) in tomato crops in two major tomato-producing areas in Murcia (southeastern Spain), supporting evidence showing that PepMV disease-affected plants had single infections of the Chilean 2 (CH2) strain in one area and the other area exhibited long-term (13 years) coexistence of the CH2 and European (EU) strains. We hypothesized that circulating strains of PepMV might be modulating the differentiation between them and shaping the evolutionary dynamics of PepMV populations. Our phylogenetic analysis of 106 CH2 isolates randomly selected from both areas showed a remarkable divergence between the CH2 isolates, with increased nucleotide variability in the geographical area where both strains cocirculate. Furthermore, the potential virus-virus interaction was studied further by constructing six full-length infectious CH2 clones from both areas, and assessing their viral fitness in the presence and absence of an EU-type isolate. All CH2 clones showed decreased fitness in mixed infections and although complete genome sequencing indicated a nucleotide divergence of those CH2 clones by area, the magnitude of the fitness response was irrespective of the CH2 origin. Overall, these results suggest that although agroecological cropping practices may be particularly important for explaining the evolutionary dynamics of PepMV in tomato crops, the cocirculation of both strains may have implications on the genetic variability of PepMV populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Alcaide
- Centro de Edafología y Biología Aplicada del Segura (CEBAS-CSIC), Departamento de Biología del Estrés y Patología Vegetal, Campus de Espinardo, Espinardo, CP.30100, Murcia, Spain
| | - M P Rabadán
- Centro de Edafología y Biología Aplicada del Segura (CEBAS-CSIC), Departamento de Biología del Estrés y Patología Vegetal, Campus de Espinardo, Espinardo, CP.30100, Murcia, Spain
| | - M Juárez
- Escuela Politécnica Superior de Orihuela, Universidad Miguel Hernández de Elche, Orihuela 03312, Alicante, Spain
| | - P Gómez
- Centro de Edafología y Biología Aplicada del Segura (CEBAS-CSIC), Departamento de Biología del Estrés y Patología Vegetal, Campus de Espinardo, Espinardo, CP.30100, Murcia, Spain
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21
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Dubey KK, Luke GA, Knox C, Kumar P, Pletschke BI, Singh PK, Shukla P. Vaccine and antibody production in plants: developments and computational tools. Brief Funct Genomics 2019; 17:295-307. [PMID: 29982427 DOI: 10.1093/bfgp/ely020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Plants as bioreactors have been widely used to express efficient vaccine antigens against viral, bacterial and protozoan infections. To date, many different plant-based expression systems have been analyzed, with a growing preference for transient expression systems. Antibody expression in diverse plant species for therapeutic applications is well known, and this review provides an overview of various aspects of plant-based biopharmaceutical production. Here, we highlight conventional and gene expression technologies in plants along with some illustrative examples. In addition, the portfolio of products that are being produced and how they relate to the success of this field are discussed. Stable and transient gene expression in plants, agrofiltration and virus infection vectors are also reviewed. Further, the present report draws attention to antibody epitope prediction using computational tools, one of the crucial steps of vaccine design. Finally, regulatory issues, biosafety and public perception of this technology are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kashyap Kumar Dubey
- Department of Biotechnology, Central University of Haryana, Jant-Pali Mahendergarh, Haryana, India.,Microbial Process Development Laboratory, University Institute of Engineering and Technology, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak, Haryana, India
| | - Garry A Luke
- Centre for Biomolecular Sciences, School of Biology, University of St Andrews, North Haugh, St Andrews, Fife KY16 9ST, Scotland
| | - Caroline Knox
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Rhodes University, Grahamstown, Eastern Cape, South Africa
| | - Punit Kumar
- Microbial Process Development Laboratory, University Institute of Engineering and Technology, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak, Haryana, India
| | - Brett I Pletschke
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Rhodes University, Grahamstown, Eastern Cape, South Africa
| | - Puneet Kumar Singh
- Enzyme Technology and Protein Bioinformatics Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak, Haryana, India
| | - Pratyoosh Shukla
- Enzyme Technology and Protein Bioinformatics Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak, Haryana, India
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22
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Jiang MC, Hu CC, Lin NS, Hsu YH. Production of Human IFNγ Protein in Nicotiana benthamiana Plant through an Enhanced Expression System Based on Bamboo mosaic Virus. Viruses 2019; 11:E509. [PMID: 31163694 PMCID: PMC6630494 DOI: 10.3390/v11060509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2019] [Revised: 05/30/2019] [Accepted: 06/01/2019] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Plant-based systems are safe alternatives to the current platforms for the production of biologically active therapeutic proteins. However, plant-based expression systems face certain major challenges, including the relatively low productivity and the generation of target proteins in biologically active forms. The use of plant virus-based expression systems has been shown to enhance yields, but further improvement is still required to lower the production cost. In this study, various strategies were employed to increase the yields of an important therapeutic protein, human interferon gamma (IFNγ), in Nicotiana benthamiana through modifications of expression vectors based on potexviruses. Among these, the vector based on a coat protein (CP)-deficient Bamboo mosaic virus (BaMV), pKB△CHis, was shown to exhibit the highest expression level for the unmodified IFNγ. Truncation of the N-terminal signal peptide of IFN (designated mIFNγ) resulted in a nearly seven-fold increase in yield. Co-expression of a silencing suppressor protein by replacing the coding sequence of BaMV movement protein with that of P19 led to a 40% increase in mIFNγ accumulation. The fusion of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) retention signal with mIFNγ significantly enhanced the accumulation ratio of biologically active dimeric mIFNγ to 87% relative to the non-active monomeric form. The construct pKB19mIFNγER, employing the combination of all the above enhancement strategies, gave the highest level of protein accumulation, up to 119 ± 0.8 μg/g fresh weight, accounting for 2.5% of total soluble protein (TSP) content. These findings advocate the application of the modified BaMV-based vector as a platform for high-level expression of therapeutic protein in N. benthamiana.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min-Chao Jiang
- Ph.D Program in Microbial Genomic, National Chung Hsing University and Academia Sinica, Taichung 40227, Taiwan.
| | - Chung-Chi Hu
- Graduate Institute of Biotechnology, Advanced Plant Biotechnology Center, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 40227, Taiwan.
| | - Na-Sheng Lin
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan.
| | - Yau-Heiu Hsu
- Graduate Institute of Biotechnology, Advanced Plant Biotechnology Center, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 40227, Taiwan.
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Ruiz-Ramón F, Sempere RN, Méndez-López E, Sánchez-Pina MA, Aranda MA. Second generation of pepino mosaic virus vectors: improved stability in tomato and a wide range of reporter genes. PLANT METHODS 2019; 15:58. [PMID: 31149024 PMCID: PMC6537163 DOI: 10.1186/s13007-019-0446-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2019] [Accepted: 05/23/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Vectors based on plant viruses are important tools for functional genomics, cellular biology, plant genome engineering and molecular farming. We previously reported on the construction of PepGFP2a, a viral vector based on pepino mosaic virus (PepMV) which expressed GFP efficiently and stably in plants of its experimental host Nicotiana benthamiana, but not in its natural host tomato. We have prepared a new set of PepMV-based vectors with improved stability that are able to express a wide range of reporter genes, useful for both N. benthamiana and tomato. RESULTS We first tested PepGFPm1 and PepGFPm2, two variants of PepGFP2a in which we progressively reduced a duplication of nucleotides encoding the N-terminal region of the coat protein. The new vectors had improved GFP expression levels and stability in N. benthamiana but not in tomato plants. Next, we replaced GFP by DsRed or mCherry in the new vectors PepDsRed and PepmCherry, respectively; while PepmCherry behaved similarly to PepGFPm2, PepDsRed expressed the reporter gene efficiently also in tomato plants. We then used PepGFPm2 and PepDsRed to study the PepMV localization in both N. benthamiana and tomato cells. Using confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM), we observed characteristic fluorescent bodies in PepMV-infected cells; these bodies had a cytoplasmic localization and appeared in close proximity to the cell nucleus. Already at 3 days post-agroinoculation there were fluorescent bodies in almost every cell of agroinoculated tissues of both hosts, and always one body per cell. When markers for the endoplasmic reticulum or the Golgi apparatus were co-expressed with PepGFPm2 or PepDsRed, a reorganisation of these organelles was observed, with images suggesting that both are intimately related but not the main constituents of the PepMV bodies. Altogether, this set of data suggested that the PepMV bodies are similar to the potato virus X (PVX) "X-bodies", which have been described as the PVX viral replication complexes (VRCs). To complete the set of PepMV-based vectors, we constructed a vector expressing the BAR herbicide resistance gene, useful for massive susceptibility screenings. CONCLUSIONS We have significantly expanded the PepMV tool box by producing a set of new vectors with improved stability and efficiency in both N. benthamiana and tomato plants. By using two of these vectors, we have described characteristic cellular bodies induced by PepMV infection; these bodies are likely the PepMV VRCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabiola Ruiz-Ramón
- Present Address: R + D+I Department, Abiopep S.L., Murcia, Spain
- Centro de Edafología y Biología Aplicada del Segura (CEBAS), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Murcia, Spain
| | | | - Eduardo Méndez-López
- Centro de Edafología y Biología Aplicada del Segura (CEBAS), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Murcia, Spain
| | - M. Amelia Sánchez-Pina
- Centro de Edafología y Biología Aplicada del Segura (CEBAS), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Murcia, Spain
| | - Miguel A. Aranda
- Centro de Edafología y Biología Aplicada del Segura (CEBAS), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Murcia, Spain
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Ur Rehman A, Li Z, Yang Z, Waqas M, Wang G, Xu W, Li F, Hong N. The Coat Protein of Citrus Yellow Vein Clearing Virus Interacts with Viral Movement Proteins and Serves as an RNA Silencing Suppressor. Viruses 2019; 11:E329. [PMID: 30959816 PMCID: PMC6520955 DOI: 10.3390/v11040329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2019] [Revised: 03/27/2019] [Accepted: 04/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Citrus yellow vein clearing virus is a newly accepted member of the genus Mandarivirus in the family Alphaflexiviridae. The triple gene block proteins (TGBp1, TGBp2 and TGBp3) encoded by plant viruses in this family function on facilitating virus movement. However, the protein function of citrus yellow vein clearing virus (CYVCV) have never been explored. Here, we showed in both yeast two-hybrid (Y2H) and bimolecular fluorescence (BiFC) assays that the coat protein (CP), TGBp1 and TGBp2 of CYVCV are self-interacting. Its CP also interacts with all three TGB proteins, and TGBp1 and TGBp2 interact with each other but not with TGBp3. Furthermore, the viral CP colocalizes with TGBp1 and TGBp3 at the plasmodesmata (PD) of epidermal cells of Nicotiana benthamiana leaves, and TGBp1 can translocate TGBp2 from granular-like structures embedded within ER networks to the PD. The results suggest that these proteins could coexist at the PD of epidermal cells of N. benthamiana. Using Agrobacterium infiltration-mediated RNA silencing assays, we show that CYVCV CP is a strong RNA silencing suppressor (RSS) triggered by positive-sense green fluorescent protein (GFP) RNA. The presented results provide insights for further revealing the mechanism of the viral movement and suppression of RNA silencing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atta Ur Rehman
- Key Lab of Plant Pathology of Hubei Province, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Crop (Fruit Trees) Biology and Germplasm Creation of the Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan 430070, China.
- Plant Pathology Section, Central Cotton Research Institute, Sakrand, Sindh 67210, Pakistan.
| | - Zhuoran Li
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (MOE), College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.
| | - Zuokun Yang
- Key Lab of Plant Pathology of Hubei Province, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Crop (Fruit Trees) Biology and Germplasm Creation of the Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan 430070, China.
| | - Muhammad Waqas
- Key Lab of Plant Pathology of Hubei Province, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.
| | - Guoping Wang
- Key Lab of Plant Pathology of Hubei Province, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Crop (Fruit Trees) Biology and Germplasm Creation of the Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan 430070, China.
| | - Wenxing Xu
- Key Lab of Plant Pathology of Hubei Province, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Crop (Fruit Trees) Biology and Germplasm Creation of the Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan 430070, China.
| | - Feng Li
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (MOE), College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.
| | - Ni Hong
- Key Lab of Plant Pathology of Hubei Province, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Crop (Fruit Trees) Biology and Germplasm Creation of the Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan 430070, China.
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25
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Le DHT, Méndez-López E, Wang C, Commandeur U, Aranda MA, Steinmetz NF. Biodistribution of Filamentous Plant Virus Nanoparticles: Pepino Mosaic Virus versus Potato Virus X. Biomacromolecules 2019; 20:469-477. [PMID: 30516960 PMCID: PMC6485256 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.8b01365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Nanoparticles with high aspect ratios have favorable attributes for drug delivery and bioimaging applications based on their enhanced tissue penetration and tumor homing properties. Here, we investigated a novel filamentous viral nanoparticle (VNP) based on the Pepino mosaic virus (PepMV), a relative of the established platform Potato virus X (PVX). We studied the chemical reactivity of PepMV, produced fluorescent versions of PepMV and PVX, and then evaluated their biodistribution in mouse tumor models. We found that PepMV can be conjugated to various small chemical modifiers including fluorescent probes via the amine groups of surface-exposed lysine residues, yielding VNPs carrying payloads of up to 1600 modifiers per particle. Although PepMV and PVX share similarities in particle size and shape, PepMV achieved enhanced tumor homing and less nonspecific tissue distribution compared to PVX in mouse models of triple negative breast cancer and ovarian cancer. In conclusion, PepMV provides a novel tool for nanomedical research but more research is needed to fully exploit the potential of plant VNPs for health applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duc H. T. Le
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, United States
| | - Eduardo Méndez-López
- Centro de Edafología y Biología Aplicada del Segura (CEBAS)-CSIC, Campus Universitario de Espinardo, 30100 Murcia, Spain
| | - Chao Wang
- Department of NanoEngineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, United States
| | - Ulrich Commandeur
- Department of Molecular Biology, RWTH-Aachen University, Aachen 52064, Germany
| | - Miguel A. Aranda
- Centro de Edafología y Biología Aplicada del Segura (CEBAS)-CSIC, Campus Universitario de Espinardo, 30100 Murcia, Spain
| | - Nicole F. Steinmetz
- Department of NanoEngineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
- Department of Radiology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, United States
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26
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Agüero J, Gómez-Aix C, Sempere RN, García-Villalba J, García-Núñez J, Hernando Y, Aranda MA. Stable and Broad Spectrum Cross-Protection Against Pepino Mosaic Virus Attained by Mixed Infection. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 9:1810. [PMID: 30574159 PMCID: PMC6291676 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.01810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2018] [Accepted: 11/21/2018] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
While recent pepino mosaic virus (PepMV; species Pepino mosaic virus, genus Potexvirus, family Alphaflexiviridae) epidemics seem to be predominantly caused by isolates of the CH2 strain, PepMV epidemics in intensive tomato crops in Spain are caused by both CH2 and EU isolates that co-circulate, representing a challenge in terms of control, including cross-protection. In this work, we hypothesized that mixed infections with two mild isolates of the EU and CH2 strains (PepMV-Sp13 and -PS5, respectively) may be useful in PepMV cross-protection in Spanish epidemics, providing protection against a broad range of aggressive isolates. Thus, we performed a range of field trials and an experimental evolution assay to determine the phenotypic and genetic stability of PepMV-Sp13 and -PS5 mixed infections, as well as their cross-protective efficiency. Our results showed that: (i) the phenotype of PepMV-Sp13 and -PS5 mixed infections was mild and did not change significantly when infecting different tomato cultivars or under different environmental conditions in Spain, (ii) PepMV-Sp13 and -PS5 mixed infections provided more efficient protection against two aggressive EU and CH2 isolates than single infections, and (iii) PepMV-Sp13 and -PS5, either in single or in mixed infections, were less variable than other two PepMV isolates occurring naturally in PepMV epidemics in Spain.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Jorge García-Núñez
- Centro de Edafología y Biología Aplicada del Segura, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Murcia, Spain
| | | | - Miguel A. Aranda
- Centro de Edafología y Biología Aplicada del Segura, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Murcia, Spain
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27
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Mathioudakis MM, Khechmar S, Owen CA, Medina V, Ben Mansour K, Tomaszewska W, Spanos T, Sarris PF, Livieratos IC. A Thioredoxin Domain-Containing Protein Interacts with Pepino mosaic virus Triple Gene Block Protein 1. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:E3747. [PMID: 30477269 PMCID: PMC6320799 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19123747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2018] [Revised: 11/20/2018] [Accepted: 11/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Pepino mosaic virus (PepMV) is a mechanically-transmitted tomato pathogen of importance worldwide. Interactions between the PepMV coat protein and triple gene block protein (TGBp1) with the host heat shock cognate protein 70 and catalase 1 (CAT1), respectively, have been previously reported by our lab. In this study, a novel tomato interactor (SlTXND9) was shown to bind the PepMV TGBp1 in yeast-two-hybrid screening, in vitro pull-down and bimolecular fluorescent complementation (BiFC) assays. SlTXND9 possesses part of the conserved thioredoxin (TRX) active site sequence (W__PC vs. WCXPC), and TXND9 orthologues cluster within the TRX phylogenetic superfamily closest to phosducin-like protein-3. In PepMV-infected and healthy Nicotiana benthamiana plants, NbTXND9 mRNA levels were comparable, and expression levels remained stable in both local and systemic leaves for 10 days post inoculation (dpi), as was also the case for catalase 1 (CAT1). To localize the TXND9 in plant cells, a polyclonal antiserum was produced. Purified α-SlTXND9 immunoglobulin (IgG) consistently detected a set of three protein bands in the range of 27⁻35 kDa, in the 1000 and 30,000 g pellets, and the soluble fraction of extracts of healthy and PepMV-infected N. benthamiana leaves, but not in the cell wall. These bands likely consist of the homologous protein NbTXND9 and its post-translationally modified derivatives. On electron microscopy, immuno-gold labelling of ultrathin sections of PepMV-infected N. benthamiana leaves using α-SlTXND9 IgG revealed particle accumulation close to plasmodesmata, suggesting a role in virus movement. Taken together, this study highlights a novel tomato-PepMV protein interaction and provides data on its localization in planta. Currently, studies focusing on the biological function of this interaction during PepMV infection are in progress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthaios M Mathioudakis
- Mediterranean Agronomic Institute of Chania, Department of Sustainable Agriculture, Alsylio Agrokepio, GR-73100 Chania, Greece.
| | - Souheyla Khechmar
- Mediterranean Agronomic Institute of Chania, Department of Sustainable Agriculture, Alsylio Agrokepio, GR-73100 Chania, Greece.
| | - Carolyn A Owen
- Mediterranean Agronomic Institute of Chania, Department of Sustainable Agriculture, Alsylio Agrokepio, GR-73100 Chania, Greece.
| | - Vicente Medina
- Departament de Producció Vegetal i Ciència Forestal, Universitat de Lleida, 25198 Lleida, Spain.
| | - Karima Ben Mansour
- Mediterranean Agronomic Institute of Chania, Department of Sustainable Agriculture, Alsylio Agrokepio, GR-73100 Chania, Greece.
| | - Weronika Tomaszewska
- Mediterranean Agronomic Institute of Chania, Department of Sustainable Agriculture, Alsylio Agrokepio, GR-73100 Chania, Greece.
| | - Theodore Spanos
- Mediterranean Agronomic Institute of Chania, Department of Sustainable Agriculture, Alsylio Agrokepio, GR-73100 Chania, Greece.
| | - Panagiotis F Sarris
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas, GR-70013 Heraklion, Greece.
- Department of Biosciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter EX4 4QD, UK.
| | - Ioannis C Livieratos
- Mediterranean Agronomic Institute of Chania, Department of Sustainable Agriculture, Alsylio Agrokepio, GR-73100 Chania, Greece.
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28
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Bouton C, King RC, Chen H, Azhakanandam K, Bieri S, Hammond-Kosack KE, Kanyuka K. Foxtail mosaic virus: A Viral Vector for Protein Expression in Cereals. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2018; 177:1352-1367. [PMID: 29880705 PMCID: PMC6084670 DOI: 10.1104/pp.17.01679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2017] [Accepted: 05/30/2018] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Rapid and cost-effective virus-derived transient expression systems for plants are invaluable in elucidating gene function and are particularly useful in plant species for which transformation-based methods are unavailable or are too time and labor demanding, such as wheat (Triticum aestivum) and maize (Zea mays). The virus-mediated overexpression (VOX) vectors based on Barley stripe mosaic virus and Wheat streak mosaic virus described previously for these species are incapable of expressing free recombinant proteins of more than 150 to 250 amino acids, are not suited for high-throughput screens, and have other limitations. In this study, we report the development of a VOX vector based on a monopartite single-stranded positive sense RNA virus, Foxtail mosaic virus (genus Potexvirus). In this vector, PV101, the gene of interest was inserted downstream of the duplicated subgenomic promoter of the viral coat protein gene, and the corresponding protein was expressed in its free form. The vector allowed the expression of a 239-amino acid-long GFP in both virus-inoculated and upper uninoculated (systemic) leaves of wheat and maize and directed the systemic expression of a larger approximately 600-amino acid protein, GUSPlus, in maize. Moreover, we demonstrated that PV101 can be used for in planta expression and functional analysis of apoplastic pathogen effector proteins such as the host-specific toxin ToxA of Parastagonospora nodorum Therefore, this VOX vector opens possibilities for functional genomics studies in two important cereal crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clément Bouton
- Biointeractions and Crop Protection, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden AL5 2JQ, United Kingdom
| | - Robert C King
- Computational and Analytical Sciences, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden AL5 2JQ, United Kingdom
| | - Hongxin Chen
- Biointeractions and Crop Protection, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden AL5 2JQ, United Kingdom
| | - Kasi Azhakanandam
- Seeds Research, Syngenta Biotechnology, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709
| | | | - Kim E Hammond-Kosack
- Biointeractions and Crop Protection, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden AL5 2JQ, United Kingdom
| | - Kostya Kanyuka
- Biointeractions and Crop Protection, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden AL5 2JQ, United Kingdom
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29
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Sempere RN, Gómez-Aix C, Ruíz-Ramón F, Gómez P, Hasiów-Jaroszewska B, Sánchez-Pina MA, Aranda MA. Pepino mosaic virus RNA-Dependent RNA Polymerase POL Domain Is a Hypersensitive Response-Like Elicitor Shared by Necrotic and Mild Isolates. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2016; 106:395-406. [PMID: 26667188 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-10-15-0277-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Pepino mosaic virus (PepMV) is an emerging pathogen that represents a serious threat to tomato production worldwide. PepMV-induced diseases manifest with a wide range of symptoms, including systemic necrosis. Our results showed that PepMV accumulation depends on the virus isolate, tomato cultivar, and environmental conditions, and associates with the development of necrosis. Substitution of lysine for glutamic acid at position 67 in the triple gene block 3 (TGB3) protein, previously described as a necrosis determinant, led to increased virus accumulation and was necessary but not sufficient to induce systemic necrosis. Systemic necrosis both in tomato and Nicotiana benthamiana shared hypersensitive response (HR) features, allowing the assessment of the role of different genomic regions on necrosis induction. Overexpression of both TGB3 and the polymerase domain (POL) of the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) resulted in necrosis, although only local expression of POL triggered HR-like symptoms. Our results also indicated that the necrosis-eliciting activity of POL resides in its highly conserved "palm" domain, and that necrosis was jasmonic acid-dependent but not salicylic acid-dependent. Altogether, our data suggest that the RdRp-POL domain plays an important role in PepMV necrosis induction, with necrosis development depending on the virus accumulation level, which can be modulated by the nature of TGB3, host genotype and environmental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel N Sempere
- First, second, third, fourth, sixth, and seventh authors: Centro de Edafología y Biología Aplicada del Segura (CEBAS), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), P.O. Box 164, 30100 Espinardo, Murcia, Spain; and fifth author: Institute of Plant Protection-National Research Institute, Department of Virology and Bacteriology, ul. Władysława Węgorka 20, 60-318 Poznán (Poland)
| | - Cristina Gómez-Aix
- First, second, third, fourth, sixth, and seventh authors: Centro de Edafología y Biología Aplicada del Segura (CEBAS), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), P.O. Box 164, 30100 Espinardo, Murcia, Spain; and fifth author: Institute of Plant Protection-National Research Institute, Department of Virology and Bacteriology, ul. Władysława Węgorka 20, 60-318 Poznán (Poland)
| | - Fabiola Ruíz-Ramón
- First, second, third, fourth, sixth, and seventh authors: Centro de Edafología y Biología Aplicada del Segura (CEBAS), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), P.O. Box 164, 30100 Espinardo, Murcia, Spain; and fifth author: Institute of Plant Protection-National Research Institute, Department of Virology and Bacteriology, ul. Władysława Węgorka 20, 60-318 Poznán (Poland)
| | - Pedro Gómez
- First, second, third, fourth, sixth, and seventh authors: Centro de Edafología y Biología Aplicada del Segura (CEBAS), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), P.O. Box 164, 30100 Espinardo, Murcia, Spain; and fifth author: Institute of Plant Protection-National Research Institute, Department of Virology and Bacteriology, ul. Władysława Węgorka 20, 60-318 Poznán (Poland)
| | - Beata Hasiów-Jaroszewska
- First, second, third, fourth, sixth, and seventh authors: Centro de Edafología y Biología Aplicada del Segura (CEBAS), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), P.O. Box 164, 30100 Espinardo, Murcia, Spain; and fifth author: Institute of Plant Protection-National Research Institute, Department of Virology and Bacteriology, ul. Władysława Węgorka 20, 60-318 Poznán (Poland)
| | - María Amelia Sánchez-Pina
- First, second, third, fourth, sixth, and seventh authors: Centro de Edafología y Biología Aplicada del Segura (CEBAS), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), P.O. Box 164, 30100 Espinardo, Murcia, Spain; and fifth author: Institute of Plant Protection-National Research Institute, Department of Virology and Bacteriology, ul. Władysława Węgorka 20, 60-318 Poznán (Poland)
| | - Miguel A Aranda
- First, second, third, fourth, sixth, and seventh authors: Centro de Edafología y Biología Aplicada del Segura (CEBAS), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), P.O. Box 164, 30100 Espinardo, Murcia, Spain; and fifth author: Institute of Plant Protection-National Research Institute, Department of Virology and Bacteriology, ul. Władysława Węgorka 20, 60-318 Poznán (Poland)
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30
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Canto T. Transient Expression Systems in Plants: Potentialities and Constraints. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2016; 896:287-301. [PMID: 27165332 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-27216-0_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Plants have been used from old to extract and isolate by different means the products of interest that they store. In recent years new techniques have emerged that allow the use of plants as factories to overexpress transiently and often efficiently, specific genes of interest, either endogenous or foreign, in their native form or modified. These techniques allow and facilitate the targeted purification of gene products for research and commercial purposes without resorting to lengthy, time-consuming and sometimes challenging plant stable transformations, while avoiding some of their associated regulatory constraints. In this chapter we describe the main strategies available for the transient expression of gene sequences and their encoded products in plants. We discuss biological issues affecting transient expression, including resistance responses elicited by the plant against sequences that it recognizes naturally as foreign, and ways to neutralize them. We also discuss the relative advantages of each expression strategy as well as their inherent drawbacks and technical limitations, and how to partially prevent or overcome them, whenever possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomas Canto
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas (CIB, CSIC), Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040, Madrid, Spain.
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31
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Agirrezabala X, Méndez-López E, Lasso G, Sánchez-Pina MA, Aranda M, Valle M. The near-atomic cryoEM structure of a flexible filamentous plant virus shows homology of its coat protein with nucleoproteins of animal viruses. eLife 2015; 4:e11795. [PMID: 26673077 PMCID: PMC4739775 DOI: 10.7554/elife.11795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2015] [Accepted: 12/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Flexible filamentous viruses include economically important plant pathogens. Their viral particles contain several hundred copies of a helically arrayed coat protein (CP) protecting a (+)ssRNA. We describe here a structure at 3.9 Å resolution, from electron cryomicroscopy, of Pepino mosaic virus (PepMV), a representative of the genus Potexvirus (family Alphaflexiviridae). Our results allow modeling of the CP and its interactions with viral RNA. The overall fold of PepMV CP resembles that of nucleoproteins (NPs) from the genus Phlebovirus (family Bunyaviridae), a group of enveloped (-)ssRNA viruses. The main difference between potexvirus CP and phlebovirus NP is in their C-terminal extensions, which appear to determine the characteristics of the distinct multimeric assemblies – a flexuous, helical rod or a loose ribonucleoprotein. The homology suggests gene transfer between eukaryotic (+) and (-)ssRNA viruses. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.11795.001 A group of “flexible filamentous” viruses can cause serious diseases in a wide variety of crops and other plants. Each virus particle contains a single molecule called ribonucleic acid (RNA), which is protected by hundreds of copies of a coat protein. The RNA and coat proteins are arranged in a helical fashion to make a flexible rod-shaped particle. The flexibility of these viruses makes it difficult to carry out in-depth studies of their three-dimensional structures. As a result, we do not know how the RNA and coat proteins interact to form the structure of each virus particle. Agirrezabala et al. used a technique called cryo-electron microscopy (or cryoEM for short) to generate a highly detailed three-dimensional model of a flexible filamentous virus called Pepino Mosaic Virus. Agirezabala et al.’s findings reveal how the virus particles assemble, and the interactions between the coat protein and the ssRNA. Unexpectedly, the structure of the coat protein from Pepino Mosiac Virus is very similar to the structure of “nucleoproteins” from a group of viruses called the Phleboviruses, which infect animals. This similarity is striking and suggests that the gene that encodes these proteins has been transferred between the two groups of viruses during evolution. A future challenge is to find out whether this similarity extends to other groups of viruses. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.11795.002
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Affiliation(s)
- Xabier Agirrezabala
- Structural Biology Unit, Center for Cooperative Research in Biosciences, Derio, Spain
| | - Eduardo Méndez-López
- Centro de Edafología y Biología Aplicada del Segura, Murcia, Spain.,Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Murcia, Spain
| | - Gorka Lasso
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, United States
| | - M Amelia Sánchez-Pina
- Centro de Edafología y Biología Aplicada del Segura, Murcia, Spain.,Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Murcia, Spain
| | - Miguel Aranda
- Centro de Edafología y Biología Aplicada del Segura, Murcia, Spain.,Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Murcia, Spain
| | - Mikel Valle
- Structural Biology Unit, Center for Cooperative Research in Biosciences, Derio, Spain
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Peyret H, Lomonossoff GP. When plant virology met Agrobacterium: the rise of the deconstructed clones. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2015; 13:1121-35. [PMID: 26073158 PMCID: PMC4744784 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.12412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2015] [Revised: 05/05/2015] [Accepted: 05/06/2015] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
In the early days of molecular farming, Agrobacterium-mediated stable genetic transformation and the use of plant virus-based vectors were considered separate and competing technologies with complementary strengths and weaknesses. The demonstration that 'agroinfection' was the most efficient way of delivering virus-based vectors to their target plants blurred the distinction between the two technologies and permitted the development of 'deconstructed' vectors based on a number of plant viruses. The tobamoviruses, potexviruses, tobraviruses, geminiviruses and comoviruses have all been shown to be particularly well suited to the development of such vectors in dicotyledonous plants, while the development of equivalent vectors for use in monocotyledonous plants has lagged behind. Deconstructed viral vectors have proved extremely effective at the rapid, high-level production of a number of pharmaceutical proteins, some of which are currently undergoing clinical evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hadrien Peyret
- Department of Biological Chemistry, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK
| | - George P Lomonossoff
- Department of Biological Chemistry, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK
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Duff-Farrier CRA, Bailey AM, Boonham N, Foster GD. A pathogenicity determinant maps to the N-terminal coat protein region of the Pepino mosaic virus genome. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2015; 16:308-15. [PMID: 25131553 PMCID: PMC6638494 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.12184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Pepino mosaic virus (PepMV) poses a worldwide threat to the tomato industry. Considerable differences at the genetic level allow for the distinction of four main genotypic clusters; however, the basis of the phenotypic outcome is difficult to elucidate. This work reports the generation of wild-type PepMV infectious clones of both EU (mild) and CH2 (aggressive) genotypes, from which chimeric infectious clones were created. Phenotypic analysis in three solanaceous hosts, Nicotiana benthamiana, Datura stramonium and Solanum lycopersicum, indicated that a PepMV pathogenicity determinant mapped to the 3'-terminal region of the genome. Increased aggression was only observed in N. benthamiana, showing that this factor is host specific. The determinant was localized to amino acids 11-26 of the N-terminal coat protein (CP) region; this is the first report of this region functioning as a virulence factor in PepMV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Celia R A Duff-Farrier
- School of Biological Sciences, Life Sciences Building, University of Bristol, 24 Tyndall Avenue, Bristol, BS8 1TQ, UK
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34
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Fahad S, Khan FA, Pandupuspitasari NS, Ahmed MM, Liao YC, Waheed MT, Sameeullah M, Darkhshan, Hussain S, Saud S, Hassan S, Jan A, Jan MT, Wu C, Chun MX, Huang J. Recent developments in therapeutic protein expression technologies in plants. Biotechnol Lett 2015; 37:265-79. [PMID: 25326175 PMCID: PMC7088338 DOI: 10.1007/s10529-014-1699-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2014] [Accepted: 10/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Infectious diseases and cancers are some of the commonest causes of deaths throughout the world. The previous two decades have witnessed a combined endeavor across various biological sciences to address this issue in novel ways. The advent of recombinant DNA technologies has provided the tools for producing recombinant proteins that can be used as therapeutic agents. A number of expression systems have been developed for the production of pharmaceutical products. Recently, advances have been made using plants as bioreactors to produce therapeutic proteins directed against infectious diseases and cancers. This review highlights the recent progress in therapeutic protein expression in plants (stable and transient), the factors affecting heterologous protein expression, vector systems and recent developments in existing technologies and steps towards the industrial production of plant-made vaccines, antibodies, and biopharmaceuticals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shah Fahad
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, MOA Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System in the Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, No. 1 Shizishan Street, Hongshan District, Wuhan, 430070 Hubei China
| | - Faheem Ahmed Khan
- Molecular Biotechnology Laboratory for Triticeae Crops, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070 China
| | | | | | - Yu Cai Liao
- College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | | | - Muhammad Sameeullah
- Biotechnology Lab., Department of Biology, Faculty of Science and Arts, Abant Izzet Baysal University, Golkoy Campus, 14280 Bolu, Turkey
| | - Darkhshan
- Women Institute of Learning, Abbottabad, Pakistan
| | - Saddam Hussain
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, MOA Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System in the Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, No. 1 Shizishan Street, Hongshan District, Wuhan, 430070 Hubei China
| | - Shah Saud
- Department of Horticultural, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030 China
| | - Shah Hassan
- Agriculture University, Peshawar, 25000 Pakistan
| | | | | | - Chao Wu
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, MOA Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System in the Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, No. 1 Shizishan Street, Hongshan District, Wuhan, 430070 Hubei China
| | - Ma Xiao Chun
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, MOA Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System in the Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, No. 1 Shizishan Street, Hongshan District, Wuhan, 430070 Hubei China
| | - Jianliang Huang
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, MOA Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System in the Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, No. 1 Shizishan Street, Hongshan District, Wuhan, 430070 Hubei China
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35
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Mathioudakis MM, Rodríguez-Moreno L, Sempere RN, Aranda MA, Livieratos I. Multifaceted capsid proteins: multiple interactions suggest multiple roles for Pepino mosaic virus capsid protein. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2014; 27:1356-69. [PMID: 25162316 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-07-14-0195-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Pepino mosaic virus (PepMV) (family Alphaflexiviridae, genus Potexvirus) is a mechanically transmitted tomato pathogen that, over the last decade, has evolved from emerging to endemic worldwide. Here, two heat-shock cognate (Hsc70) isoforms were identified as part of the coat protein (CP)/Hsc70 complex in vivo, following full-length PepMV and CP agroinoculation. PepMV accumulation was severely reduced in Hsp70 virus-induced gene silenced and in quercetin-treated Nicotiana benthamiana plants. Similarly, in vitro-transcribed as well as virion RNA input levels were reduced in quercetin-treated protoplasts, suggesting an essential role for Hsp70 in PepMV replication. As for Potato virus X, the PepMV CP and triple gene-block protein 1 (TGBp1) self-associate and interact with each other in vitro but, unlike in the prototype, both PepMV proteins represent suppressors of transgene-induced RNA silencing with different modes of action; CP is a more efficient suppressor of RNA silencing, sequesters the silencing signal by preventing its spread to neighboring cells and its systemic movement. Here, we provide evidence for additional roles of the PepMV CP and host-encoded Hsp70 in viral infection, the first as a truly multifunctional protein able to specifically bind to a host chaperone and to counterattack an RNA-based defense mechanism, and the latter as an essential factor for PepMV infection.
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36
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Osman TAM, Olsthoorn RCL, Livieratos IC. Role of the Pepino mosaic virus 3'-untranslated region elements in negative-strand RNA synthesis in vitro. Virus Res 2014; 190:110-7. [PMID: 25051146 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2014.06.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2014] [Revised: 06/27/2014] [Accepted: 06/27/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Pepino mosaic virus (PepMV) is a mechanically-transmitted positive-strand RNA potexvirus, with a 6410 nt long single-stranded (ss) RNA genome flanked by a 5'-methylguanosine cap and a 3' poly-A tail. Computer-assisted folding of the 64 nt long PepMV 3'-untranslated region (UTR) resulted in the prediction of three stem-loop structures (hp1, hp2, and hp3 in the 3'-5' direction). The importance of these structures and/or sequences for promotion of negative-strand RNA synthesis and binding to the RNA dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) was tested in vitro using a specific RdRp assay. Hp1, which is highly variable among different PepMV isolates, appeared dispensable for negative-strand synthesis. Hp2, which is characterized by a large U-rich loop, tolerated base-pair changes in its stem as long as they maintained the stem integrity but was very sensitive to changes in the U-rich loop. Hp3, which harbours the conserved potexvirus ACUUAA hexamer motif, was essential for template activity. Template-RNA polymerase binding competition experiments showed that the ACUUAA sequence represents a high-affinity RdRp binding element.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toba A M Osman
- Department of Sustainable Agriculture, Mediterranean Agronomic Institute of Chania, Alsylio Agrokepion, GR-73100 Chania, Crete, Greece; Department of Agricultural Botany, Faculty of Agriculture, Fayoum University, Fayoum 63514, Egypt
| | - René C L Olsthoorn
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Leiden Institute of Chemistry, P.O. Box 9502, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands.
| | - Ioannis C Livieratos
- Department of Sustainable Agriculture, Mediterranean Agronomic Institute of Chania, Alsylio Agrokepion, GR-73100 Chania, Crete, Greece.
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37
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Minato N, Komatsu K, Okano Y, Maejima K, Ozeki J, Senshu H, Takahashi S, Yamaji Y, Namba S. Efficient foreign gene expression in planta using a plantago asiatica mosaic virus-based vector achieved by the strong RNA-silencing suppressor activity of TGBp1. Arch Virol 2014; 159:885-96. [PMID: 24154949 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-013-1860-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2013] [Accepted: 09/24/2013] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Plant virus expression vectors provide a powerful tool for basic research as well as for practical applications. Here, we report the construction of an expression vector based on plantago asiatica mosaic virus (PlAMV), a member of the genus Potexvirus. Modification of a vector to enhance the expression of a foreign gene, combined with the use of the foot-and-mouth disease virus 2A peptide, allowed efficient expression of the foreign gene in two model plant species, Arabidopsis thaliana and Nicotiana benthamiana. Comparison with the widely used potato virus X (PVX) vector demonstrated that the PlAMV vector retains an inserted foreign gene for a longer period than PVX. Moreover, our results showed that the GFP expression construct PlAMV-GFP exhibits stronger RNA silencing suppression activity than PVX-GFP, which is likely to contribute to the stability of the PlAMV vector.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nami Minato
- Laboratory of Plant Pathology, Department of Agricultural and Environmental Biology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8657, Japan
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38
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Mathioudakis MM, Veiga RSL, Canto T, Medina V, Mossialos D, Makris AM, Livieratos I. Pepino mosaic virus triple gene block protein 1 (TGBp1) interacts with and increases tomato catalase 1 activity to enhance virus accumulation. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2013; 14:589-601. [PMID: 23634807 PMCID: PMC6638622 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.12034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Various plant factors are co-opted by virus elements (RNA, proteins) and have been shown to act in pathways affecting virus accumulation and plant defence. Here, an interaction between Pepino mosaic virus (PepMV) triple gene block protein 1 (TGBp1; p26) and tomato catalase 1 (CAT1), a crucial enzyme in the decomposition of toxic hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂), was identified using the yeast two-hybrid assay, and confirmed via an in vitro pull-down assay and bimolecular fluorescent complementation (BiFC) in planta. Each protein was independently localized within loci in the cytoplasm and nuclei, sites at which their interaction had been visualized by BiFC. Following PepMV inoculation, CAT mRNA and protein levels in leaves were unaltered at 0, 3 and 6 days (locally) and 8 days (systemically) post-inoculation; however, leaf extracts from the last two time points contained increased CAT activity and lower H₂O₂ evels. Overexpression of PepMV p26 in vitro and in planta conferred the same effect, suggesting an additional involvement of TGBp1 in potexvirus pathogenesis. The accumulation of PepMV genomic and subgenomic RNAs and the expression of viral coat protein in noninoculated (systemic) leaves were reduced significantly in CAT-silenced plants. It is postulated that, during PepMV infection, a p26-CAT1 interaction increases H₂O₂ cavenging, thus acting as a negative regulator of plant defence mechanisms to promote PepMV infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthaios M Mathioudakis
- Department of Sustainable Agriculture, Mediterranean Agronomic Institute of Chania, Alsylio Agrokepio, Chania 73100, Greece
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39
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Zhang H, Wang L, Hunter D, Voogd C, Joyce N, Davies K. A Narcissus mosaic viral vector system for protein expression and flavonoid production. PLANT METHODS 2013; 9:28. [PMID: 23849589 PMCID: PMC3728148 DOI: 10.1186/1746-4811-9-28] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2013] [Accepted: 07/07/2013] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND With the explosive numbers of sequences generated by next generation sequencing, the demand for high throughput screening to understand gene function has grown. Plant viral vectors have been widely used as tools in down-regulating plant gene expression. However, plant viral vectors can also express proteins in a very efficient manner and, therefore, can also serve as a valuable tool for characterizing proteins and their functions in metabolic pathways in planta. RESULTS In this study, we have developed a Gateway®-based high throughput viral vector cloning system from Narcissus Mosaic Virus (NMV). Using the reporter genes of GFP and GUS, and the plant genes PAP1 (an R2R3 MYB which activates the anthocyanin pathway) and selenium-binding protein 1 (SeBP), we show that NMV vectors and the model plant Nicotiana benthamiana can be used for efficient protein expression, protein subcellular localization and secondary metabolite production. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that not only can the plant viral vector system be employed for protein work but also can potentially be amenable to producing valuable secondary metabolites on a large scale, as the system does not require plant regeneration from seed or calli, which are stages where certain secondary metabolites can interfere with development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huaibi Zhang
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Limited (PFR), Private Bag 11600 Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Lei Wang
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Limited (PFR), Private Bag 11600 Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Donald Hunter
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Limited (PFR), Private Bag 11600 Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Charlotte Voogd
- PFR, Private Bag Private Bag 92169, Auckland 1142 New Zealand
| | - Nigel Joyce
- PFR, Private Bag 4704 Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Kevin Davies
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Limited (PFR), Private Bag 11600 Palmerston North, New Zealand
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40
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Simultaneous detection and identification of four viruses infecting pepino by multiplex RT-PCR. Arch Virol 2013; 158:1181-7. [DOI: 10.1007/s00705-013-1604-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2012] [Accepted: 12/07/2012] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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Gómez P, Sempere R, Aranda MA. Pepino mosaic virus and Tomato torrado virus: two emerging viruses affecting tomato crops in the Mediterranean basin. Adv Virus Res 2012; 84:505-32. [PMID: 22682177 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-394314-9.00014-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The molecular biology, epidemiology, and evolutionary dynamics of Pepino mosaic virus (PepMV) are much better understood than those of Tomato torrado virus (ToTV). The earliest descriptions of PepMV suggest a recent jump from nontomato species (e.g., pepino; Solanum muricatum) to tomato (Solanum lycopersicum). Its stability in contaminated plant tissues, its transmission through seeds, and the global trade of tomato seeds and fruits may have facilitated the global spread of PepMV. Stability and seed transmission also probably account for the devastating epidemics caused by already-established PepMV strains, although additional contributing factors may include the efficient transmission of PepMV by contact and the often-inconspicuous symptoms in vegetative tomato tissues. The genetic variability of PepMV is likely to have promoted the first phase of emergence (i.e., the species jump) and it continues to play an important role as the virus becomes more pervasive, progressing from regional outbreaks to pandemics. In contrast, the long-term progression of ToTV outbreaks is not yet clear and this may reflect factors such as the limited accumulation of the virus in infected plants, which has been shown to be approximately two orders of magnitude less than PepMV. The efficient dispersion of ToTV may therefore depend on dense populations of its principal vectors, Bemisia tabaci and Trialeurodes vaporariorum, as has been proposed for the necrogenic satellite RNA of Cucumber mosaic virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Gómez
- Centro de Edafología y Biología Aplicada del Segura-CEBAS, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-CSIC, Campus Universitario de Espinardo, Espinardo, Murcia, Spain
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42
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Osman TAM, Olsthoorn RCL, Livieratos IC. In vitro template-dependent synthesis of Pepino mosaic virus positive- and negative-strand RNA by its RNA-dependent RNA polymerase. Virus Res 2012; 167:267-72. [PMID: 22617023 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2012.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2012] [Revised: 05/10/2012] [Accepted: 05/13/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Pepino mosaic virus (PepMV)-infected tomato plants were used to develop an in vitro template-dependent system for the study of viral RNA synthesis. Differential sedimentation and sucrose-gradient purification of PepMV-infected tomato extracts resulted in fractions containing a transcriptionally active membrane-bound RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp). In the presence of Mg(2+) ions, (32)P-labelled UTP and unlabelled ATP, CTP, GTP, the PepMV RdRp catalysed the conversion of endogenous RNA templates into single- and double-stranded (ds) genomic RNAs and three 3'-co-terminal subgenomic dsRNAs. Hybridisation experiments showed that the genomic ssRNA was labelled only in the plus strand, the genomic dsRNA mainly in the plus strand and the three subgenomic dsRNAs equally in both strands. Following removal of the endogenous templates from the membrane-bound complex, the purified template-dependent RdRp could specifically catalyse transcription of PepMV virion RNA, in vitro-synthesized full-length plus-strand RNA and the 3'-termini of both the plus- and minus-strand RNAs. Rabbit polyclonal antibodies against an immunogenic epitope of the PepMV RdRp (anti-RdRp) detected a protein of approximately 164kDa in the membrane-bound and template-dependent RdRp preparations and exclusively inhibited PepMV RNA synthesis when added to the template-dependent in vitro transcription system. The 300 nucleotides long 3'-terminal region of the PepMV genome, containing a stretch of at least 20 adenosine (A) residues, was an adequate exogenous RNA template for RdRp initiation of the minus-strand synthesis but higher transcription efficiency was observed as the number of A residues increased. This observation might indicate a role for the poly(A)-tail in the formation and stabilisation of secondary structure(s) essential for initiation of transcription. The template-dependent specific RdRp system described in this article will facilitate identification of RNA elements and host components required for PepMV RNA synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toba A M Osman
- Department of Sustainable Agriculture, Mediterranean Agronomic Institute of Chania, Alsylio Agrokepion, GR-73100 Chania, Crete, Greece.
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43
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Mathioudakis MM, Veiga R, Ghita M, Tsikou D, Medina V, Canto T, Makris AM, Livieratos IC. Pepino mosaic virus capsid protein interacts with a tomato heat shock protein cognate 70. Virus Res 2012; 163:28-39. [PMID: 21884738 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2011.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2011] [Revised: 08/12/2011] [Accepted: 08/15/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Plant viral capsid proteins (CP) can be involved in virus movement, replication and symptom development as a result of their interaction with host factors. The identification of such interactions may thus provide information about viral pathogenesis. In this study, Pepino mosaic virus (PepMV) CP was used as bait to screen a tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) cDNA library for potential interactors in yeast. Of seven independent interacting clones, six were predicted to encode the C-termini of the heat shock cognate 70 (Hsc70) proteins. Three full length tomato Hsc70s (named Hsc70.1, .2, .3) were used to confirm the interaction in the yeast two hybrid assay and bimolecular fluorescent complementation (BiFC) in planta. The PepMV CP-Hsc70 interaction was confirmed only in the case of Hsc70.3 for both assays. In BiFC, the interaction was visualized in the cytoplasm and nucleus of agroinfiltrated Nicotiana benthamiana epidermal cells. During PepMV infection, Hsc70.3 mRNA levels were induced and protein accumulation increased at 48 and 72 h post inoculation. In transmission electron microscopy using immunogold labelling techniques, Hsc70 was detected to co-localize with virions in the phloem of PepMV-infected tomato leaves. These observations, together with the co-purification of Hsc70 with PepMV virions further support the notion of a PepMV CP/Hsc70 interaction during virus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthaios M Mathioudakis
- Department of Sustainable Agriculture, Mediterranean Agronomic Institute of Chania, Alsylio Agrokepion, GR-73100 Chania, Crete, Greece.
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