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Chung CJ, Bagg R, Schumann K, Blakemore L, Beauchamp M. Further validation of 2 nonstructural protein-specific antibody tests for diagnosis and surveillance of foot-and-mouth disease in the United States. J Vet Diagn Invest 2024:10406387241266900. [PMID: 39152699 DOI: 10.1177/10406387241266900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is a highly contagious disease of cloven-hoofed animals. FMD poses an economic threat to the livestock industry in the United States. Due to the potential use of vaccines composed of partially purified structural proteins of the FMD virus (FMDV), it is important to test samples from infected and vaccinated animals with a competitive ELISA that detects antibodies against nonstructural proteins (NSPs) of FMDV. Our study extends the diagnostic validation of the Prionics ELISA (Thermo Fisher) and the VMRD ELISA. We used diverse serum sample sets from bovine, porcine, and other cloven-hoofed animals to evaluate the analytical specificity and sensitivity, diagnostic specificity and sensitivity, and differentiation of infected from vaccinated animals (DIVA) per validation guidelines outlined by the World Organisation for Animal Health (WOAH). The 2 tests were analytically 100% accurate. The VMRD test was diagnostically more sensitive than Prionics, but Prionics was diagnostically more specific than the VMRD test. Both tests could tell if animals were infected or vaccinated. Considering these data, both VMRD and Prionics ELISAs can be used for serodetection of FMDV antibodies at the Foreign Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory and within the National Animal Health Laboratory Network laboratories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chungwon J Chung
- United Status Department of Agriculture (USDA), Animal Plant Health and Inspection Service (APHIS), Veterinary Services (VS), National Veterinary Service Laboratories (NVSL), Foreign Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory (FADDL), Greenport, NY, USA
| | - Ryan Bagg
- United Status Department of Agriculture (USDA), Animal Plant Health and Inspection Service (APHIS), Veterinary Services (VS), National Veterinary Service Laboratories (NVSL), Foreign Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory (FADDL), Greenport, NY, USA
| | - Kate Schumann
- United Status Department of Agriculture (USDA), Animal Plant Health and Inspection Service (APHIS), Veterinary Services (VS), National Veterinary Service Laboratories (NVSL), Foreign Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory (FADDL), Greenport, NY, USA
| | - Leslie Blakemore
- United Status Department of Agriculture (USDA), Animal Plant Health and Inspection Service (APHIS), Veterinary Services (VS), National Veterinary Service Laboratories (NVSL), Foreign Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory (FADDL), Greenport, NY, USA
| | - Madison Beauchamp
- United Status Department of Agriculture (USDA), Animal Plant Health and Inspection Service (APHIS), Veterinary Services (VS), National Veterinary Service Laboratories (NVSL), Foreign Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory (FADDL), Greenport, NY, USA
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Shao J, Liu W, Gao S, Chang H, Guo H. A recombinant multi-epitope trivalent vaccine for foot-and-mouth disease virus serotype O in pigs. Virology 2024; 596:110103. [PMID: 38781710 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2024.110103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2023] [Revised: 04/09/2024] [Accepted: 05/06/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
In order to develop a safe and effective broad-spectrum vaccine for foot-and-mouth disease (FMDV), here, we developed a recombinant FMD multiple-epitope trivalent vaccine based on three distinct topotypes of FMDV. Potency of the vaccine was evaluated by immune efficacy in pigs. The results showed that the vaccine with no less than 25 μg of antigen elicited FMDV serotype O specific antibodies and neutralization antibodies by primary-booster regime, and offered immune protection to pigs. More importantly, the vaccine elicited not only the same level of neutralization antibodies against the three distinct topotypes of FMDV, but also provided complete protection in pigs from the three corresponding virus challenge. None of the fully protected pigs were able to generate anti-3ABC antibodies throughout the experiment, which implied the vaccine can offer sterilizing immunity. The vaccine elicited lasting-long high-level antibodies and effectively protected pigs from virulent challenge within six months of immunization. Therefore, we consider that this vaccine may be used in the future for the prevention and control of FMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junjun Shao
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Gansu Province Research Center for Basic Disciplines of Pathogen Biology, WOAH/China National Foot-and-Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu Province, 730046, China.
| | - Wei Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Gansu Province Research Center for Basic Disciplines of Pathogen Biology, WOAH/China National Foot-and-Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu Province, 730046, China
| | - Shandian Gao
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Gansu Province Research Center for Basic Disciplines of Pathogen Biology, WOAH/China National Foot-and-Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu Province, 730046, China
| | - Huiyun Chang
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Gansu Province Research Center for Basic Disciplines of Pathogen Biology, WOAH/China National Foot-and-Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu Province, 730046, China.
| | - Huichen Guo
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Gansu Province Research Center for Basic Disciplines of Pathogen Biology, WOAH/China National Foot-and-Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu Province, 730046, China
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3
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Jones G, Heuer C, Johnson W, Begg D, McFadden A, Sutar A, Abila R, Browning C, Wilsden G, Ludi AB, Khounsy S, Subharat S. Evaluating serological tests for foot-and-mouth disease while accounting for different serotypes and uncertain vaccination status. Prev Vet Med 2023; 214:105889. [PMID: 36906937 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2023.105889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2022] [Revised: 02/23/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 03/09/2023]
Abstract
Controlling foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) by vaccination requires adequate population coverage and high vaccine efficacy under field conditions. To assure veterinary services that animals have acquired sufficient immunity, strategic post-vaccination surveys can be conducted to monitor the coverage and performance of the vaccine. Correct interpretation of these serological data and an ability to derive exact prevalence estimates of antibody responses requires an awareness of the performance of serological tests. Here, we used Bayesian latent class analysis to evaluate the diagnostic sensitivity and specificity of four tests. A non-structural protein (NSP) ELISA determines vaccine independent antibodies from environmental exposure to FMD virus (FMDV), and three assays measuring total antibodies derived from vaccine antigen or environmental exposure to two serotypes (A, O): the virus neutralisation test (VNT), a solid phase competitive ELISA (SPCE), and a liquid phase blocking ELISA (LPBE). Sera (n = 461) were collected by a strategic post-vaccination monitoring survey in two provinces of Southern Lao People's Democratic Republic (PDR) after a vaccination campaign in early 2017. Not all samples were tested by every assay and each serotype: VNT tested for serotype A and O, whereas SPCE and LPBE tested for serotype O, and only NSP-negative samples were tested by VNT, with 90 of them not tested (missing by study design). These data challenges required informed priors (based on expert opinion) for mitigating possible lack of model identifiability. The vaccination status of each animal, its environmental exposure to FMDV, and the indicator of successful vaccination were treated as latent (unobserved) variables. Posterior median for sensitivity and specificity of all tests were in the range of 92-99 %, except for the sensitivity of NSP (∼66%) and the specificity of LPBE (∼71 %). There was strong evidence that SPCE outperformed LPBE. In addition, the proportion of animals recorded as having been vaccinated that showed a serological immune response was estimated to be in the range of 67-86 %. The Bayesian latent class modelling framework can easily and appropriately impute missing data. It is important to use field study data as diagnostic tests are likely to perform differently on field survey samples compared to samples obtained under controlled conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geoff Jones
- School of Mathematical and Computational Sciences, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Cord Heuer
- EpiCentre, School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Wes Johnson
- Department of Statistics, University of California, Irvine, USA
| | - Douglas Begg
- Animal Health Laboratory, Diagnostic and Surveillance Services, Biosecurity New Zealand, Ministry for Primary Industries, New Zealand
| | - Andrew McFadden
- Animal Health Laboratory, Diagnostic and Surveillance Services, Biosecurity New Zealand, Ministry for Primary Industries, New Zealand
| | - Ashish Sutar
- World Organisation for Animal Health, Sub-Regional Representation for Southeast Asia, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Ronello Abila
- World Organisation for Animal Health, Sub-Regional Representation for Southeast Asia, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Clare Browning
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Surrey GU24 0NF, UK
| | - Ginette Wilsden
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Surrey GU24 0NF, UK
| | - Anna B Ludi
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Surrey GU24 0NF, UK
| | - Syseng Khounsy
- Department of Livestock and Fisheries, Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry, Vientiane, Lao PDR
| | - Supatsak Subharat
- EpiCentre, School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand.
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van Andel M, Jones G, Buckle K, Phiri B, McFadden A, Dacre I, Bingham P, Heuer C, Abila R, Win HH, Lwin KO, Binney B, Zaari S, Gates MC. Estimating foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) prevalence in central Myanmar: Comparison of village headman and farmer disease reports with serological findings. Transbound Emerg Dis 2019; 67:778-791. [PMID: 31646750 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.13397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2019] [Revised: 09/09/2019] [Accepted: 10/15/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The impacts of foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) on food security in developing countries are difficult to quantify due to the scarcity of accurate data on the prevalence and incidence of affected villages. This is partly due to resource constraints as well as the logistical challenges of conducting regular diagnostic testing in remote locations. In this study, we used descriptive analysis and latent class analysis (LCA) models to analyse data collected during a field survey of 160 villages in central Myanmar in the Mandalay and Sagaing Regions over the 2012-2016 time period. We evaluated the performance of verbal reports made by village householders and headmen against serological data to retrospectively determine the FMD-infection status of our study area and to identify factors contributing to under-reporting. Blood samples were collected from approximately 30 cattle per village in both the 6- to 18-month age range and over 18-month age range to distinguish between recent and historic exposure. Village householders were asked to identify pictures of FMD-affected cattle amongst pictures of cattle affected with other common endemic diseases to assess the accuracy of their verbal reporting. The serological results confirmed that FMD is endemic in central Myanmar with village-level seroprevalence estimated at 56% for animals 6-18 months of age and 80% when all age groups were considered together. Most village householders were familiar with the clinical signs of FMD-affected cattle (72%). Based on the results from the LCA models, the village headman had a sensitivity of 77% and specificity of 75% for identifying FMD outbreaks in their village, whereas individual householders had a higher sensitivity and lower specificity of 80% and 56%, respectively. The level of disagreement between the different sources was correlated with the total number of cattle in the village and may potentially be worse in villages where endemic FMD may have led to a high level of natural immunity in cattle and subsequent masking of clinical signs. However, other regional effects such as the intensity of FMD extension efforts cannot be ruled out. Overall, the results suggest that verbal reports of FMD outbreaks from village headmen may be a useful tool to integrate into active FMD surveillance programmes in developing countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary van Andel
- Ministry for Primary Industries, Operations Branch, Diagnostic and Surveillance Services Directorate, Wallaceville, New Zealand
| | - Geoff Jones
- School of Fundamental Sciences, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Kelly Buckle
- Ministry for Primary Industries, Operations Branch, Diagnostic and Surveillance Services Directorate, Wallaceville, New Zealand
| | - Ben Phiri
- Ministry for Primary Industries, Operations Branch, Diagnostic and Surveillance Services Directorate, Wallaceville, New Zealand
| | - Andrew McFadden
- Ministry for Primary Industries, Operations Branch, Diagnostic and Surveillance Services Directorate, Wallaceville, New Zealand
| | - Ian Dacre
- OIE Sub-Regional Representation for South East Asia, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Paul Bingham
- Ministry for Primary Industries, Operations Branch, Diagnostic and Surveillance Services Directorate, Wallaceville, New Zealand
| | - Cord Heuer
- School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Ronel Abila
- OIE Sub-Regional Representation for South East Asia, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Htun Htun Win
- Livestock Breeding and Veterinary Department, Nay Pyi Taw, Myanmar
| | - Khin Ohnmar Lwin
- Livestock Breeding and Veterinary Department, Nay Pyi Taw, Myanmar
| | - Barbara Binney
- Ministry for Primary Industries, Operations Branch, Diagnostic and Surveillance Services Directorate, Wallaceville, New Zealand
| | - Scott Zaari
- OIE Sub-Regional Representation for South East Asia, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - M Carolyn Gates
- School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
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5
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Orono SA, Gitao GC, Mpatswenumugabo JP, Chepkwony M, Mutisya C, Okoth E, Bronsvoort BMDC, Russell GC, Nene V, Cook EAJ. Field validation of clinical and laboratory diagnosis of wildebeest associated malignant catarrhal fever in cattle. BMC Vet Res 2019; 15:69. [PMID: 30819152 PMCID: PMC6396541 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-019-1818-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2018] [Accepted: 02/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Wildebeest associated malignant catarrhal fever (WA-MCF) is a fatal disease of cattle. Outbreaks are seasonal and associated with close interaction between cattle and calving wildebeest. In Kenya, WA-MCF has a dramatic effect on cattle-keepers who lose up to 10% of their cattle herds per year. The objective of this study was to report the impact of WA-MCF on a commercial ranch and assess the performance of clinical diagnosis compared to laboratory diagnosis as a disease management tool. A retrospective study of WA-MCF in cattle was conducted from 2014 to 2016 at Kapiti Plains Ranch Ltd., Kenya. During this period, 325 animals showed clinical signs of WA-MCF and of these, 123 were opportunistically sampled. In addition, 51 clinically healthy animals were sampled. Nested polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and indirect enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) were used to confirm clinically diagnosed cases of WA-MCF. A latent class model (LCM) was used to evaluate the diagnostic parameters of clinical diagnosis and the tests in the absence of a gold standard. Results By PCR, 94% (95% C.I. 89–97%) of clinically affected animals were positive to WA-MCF while 63% (95% C.I. 54–71%) were positive by indirect ELISA. The LCM demonstrated the indirect ELISA had poor sensitivity 63.3% (95% PCI 54.4–71.7%) and specificity 62.6% (95% PCI 39.2–84.9%) while the nested PCR performed better with sensitivity 96.1% (95% PCI 90.7–99.7%) and specificity 92.9% (95% PCI 76.1–99.8%). The sensitivity and specificity of clinical diagnosis were 99.1% (95% PCI 96.8–100.0%) and 71.5% (95% PCI 48.0–97.2%) respectively. Conclusions Clinical diagnosis was demonstrated to be an effective method to identify affected animals although animals may be incorrectly classified resulting in financial loss. The study revealed indirect ELISA as a poor test and nested PCR to be a more appropriate confirmatory test for diagnosing acute WA-MCF. However, the logistics of PCR make it unsuitable for field diagnosis of WA-MCF. The future of WA-MCF diagnosis should be aimed at development of penside techniques, which will allow for fast detection in the field. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12917-019-1818-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheillah Ayiela Orono
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Microbiology and Parasitology, University of Nairobi, P. O. Box, 29053, Kangemi, Kenya.,International Livestock Research Institute, Old Naivasha Road, P. O. Box 30709, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - George Chege Gitao
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Microbiology and Parasitology, University of Nairobi, P. O. Box, 29053, Kangemi, Kenya
| | - Jean Pierre Mpatswenumugabo
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Microbiology and Parasitology, University of Nairobi, P. O. Box, 29053, Kangemi, Kenya.,Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Rwanda, P.O. Box: 210, Musanze, Rwanda
| | - Maurine Chepkwony
- International Livestock Research Institute, Old Naivasha Road, P. O. Box 30709, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Christine Mutisya
- International Livestock Research Institute, Old Naivasha Road, P. O. Box 30709, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Edward Okoth
- International Livestock Research Institute, Old Naivasha Road, P. O. Box 30709, Nairobi, Kenya
| | | | | | - Vishvanath Nene
- International Livestock Research Institute, Old Naivasha Road, P. O. Box 30709, Nairobi, Kenya
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Chung CJ, Clavijo A, Bounpheng MA, Uddowla S, Sayed A, Dancho B, Olesen IC, Pacheco J, Kamicker BJ, Brake DA, Bandaranayaka-Mudiyanselage CL, Lee SS, Rai DK, Rieder E. An improved, rapid competitive ELISA using a novel conserved 3B epitope for the detection of serum antibodies to foot-and-mouth disease virus. J Vet Diagn Invest 2018; 30:699-707. [PMID: 29916768 PMCID: PMC6505784 DOI: 10.1177/1040638718779641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The highly contagious foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) afflicts cloven-hoofed animals, resulting in significant costs because of loss of trade and recovery from disease. We developed a sensitive, specific, and rapid competitive ELISA (cELISA) to detect serum antibodies to FMDV. The cELISA utilized a monoclonal blocking antibody specific for a highly conserved FMDV nonstructural 3B epitope, a recombinant mutant FMDV 3ABC coating protein, and optimized format variables including serum incubation for 90 min at 20-25°C. Samples from 16 animals experimentally infected with one FMDV serotype (A, O, Asia, or SAT-1) demonstrated early detection capacity beginning 7 d post-inoculation. All samples from 55 vesicular stomatitis virus antibody-positive cattle and 44 samples from cloven-hoofed animals affected by non-FMD vesicular diseases were negative in the cELISA, demonstrating 100% analytical specificity. The diagnostic sensitivity was 100% against sera from 128 cattle infected with isolates of all FMDV serotypes, emphasizing serotype-agnostic results. Diagnostic specificities of U.S. cattle ( n = 1135) and swine ( n = 207) sera were 99.4% and 100%, respectively. High repeatability and reproducibility were demonstrated with 3.1% coefficient of variation in percent inhibition data and 100% agreement using 2 kit lots and 400 negative control serum samples, with no difference between bench and biosafety cabinet operation. Negative results from vaccinated, uninfected cattle, pig, and sheep sera confirmed the DIVA (differentiate infected from vaccinated animals) capability. This rapid (<3 h), select agent-free assay with high sensitivity and specificity, DIVA capability, and room temperature processing capability will serve as a useful tool in FMDV surveillance, emergency preparedness, response, and outbreak recovery programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chungwon J Chung
- U.S. Department of Homeland Security Science & Technology Directorate (Chung) Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Greenport, NY
| | - Alfonso Clavijo
- Institute for Infectious Animal Diseases, College Station, TX (Clavijo)
| | - Mangkey A Bounpheng
- Texas A&M Veterinary Medical Diagnostic Laboratory, College Station, TX (Bounpheng)
| | - Sabena Uddowla
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, Plum Island Animal Disease Center Research Participation Program, Oak Ridge, TN (Uddowla, Pacheco, Rai)
| | - Abu Sayed
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Foreign Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory (Sayed, Dancho, Olesen) Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Greenport, NY
| | - Brooke Dancho
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Foreign Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory (Sayed, Dancho, Olesen) Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Greenport, NY
| | - Ian C Olesen
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Foreign Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory (Sayed, Dancho, Olesen) Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Greenport, NY
| | - Juan Pacheco
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, Plum Island Animal Disease Center Research Participation Program, Oak Ridge, TN (Uddowla, Pacheco, Rai)
| | | | - David A Brake
- BioQuest Associates LLC (Brake) Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Greenport, NY
| | | | - Stephen S Lee
- Department of Statistics, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID (Lee)
| | - Devendra K Rai
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, Plum Island Animal Disease Center Research Participation Program, Oak Ridge, TN (Uddowla, Pacheco, Rai)
| | - Elizabeth Rieder
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit (Rieder) Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Greenport, NY
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Barrera J, Schutta C, Pisano M, Grubman MJ, Brake DA, Miller T, Kamicker BJ, Olutunmbi F, Ettyreddy D, Brough DE, Butman BT, Neilan JG. Use of ENABL® adjuvant to increase the potency of an adenovirus-vectored foot-and-mouth disease virus serotype A subunit vaccine. Vaccine 2018; 36:1078-1084. [PMID: 29358056 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2018.01.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2017] [Revised: 01/08/2018] [Accepted: 01/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) recombinant subunit vaccine formulated with a lipid/polymer adjuvant was evaluated in two vaccine efficacy challenge studies in steers. The vaccine active ingredient is a replication-deficient human adenovirus serotype 5 vector encoding the FMD virus (FMDV) A24/Cruzeiro/BRA/55 capsid (AdtA24). In the first study, AdtA24 formulated in ENABL® adjuvant was compared to a fourfold higher dose of AdtA24 without adjuvant. Steers vaccinated with AdtA24 + ENABL® adjuvant developed a significantly higher virus neutralizing test (VNT) antibody titer and an improved clinical response following FMDV A24/Cruzeiro/BRA/55 intradermal lingual challenge at 14 days post-vaccination (dpv) than steers vaccinated with the active ingredient alone. In the second study, vaccination with AdtA24 formulated in ENABL® at the same dose used in the first study, followed by FMDV A24/Cruzeiro/BRA/55 challenge on 7 or 14 dpv, prevented clinical FMD in all steers and conferred 90% protection against viremia. In addition, post-challenge FMDV titers in nasal samples from vaccinated steers compared to unvaccinated steers were significantly reduced. In both studies, none of the AdtA24 vaccinated steers developed antibodies to the FMDV non-structural proteins prior to challenge with FMDV, indicative of the capacity to differentiate infected from vaccinated animals (DIVA). These results demonstrate that administration of AdtA24 formulated in ENABL® adjuvant lowered the protective dose and prevented clinical FMD following exposure of vaccinated steers to virulent FMDV at 7 or 14 dpv.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Barrera
- The McConnell Group, Inc., Plum Island Animal Disease Center, P.O. Box 848, Greenport, NY 11944, United States
| | - Christopher Schutta
- U.S. Department of Homeland Security Science and Technology Directorate, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, P.O. Box 848, Greenport, NY 11944, United States
| | - Melia Pisano
- The McConnell Group, Inc., Plum Island Animal Disease Center, P.O. Box 848, Greenport, NY 11944, United States; Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, Plum Island Animal Disease Center Research Participation Program, Oak Ridge, TN, United States
| | - Marvin J Grubman
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, P.O. Box 848, Greenport, NY 11944, United States
| | - David A Brake
- BioQuest Associates, LLC, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, P.O. Box 848, Greenport, NY 11944, United States
| | - Timothy Miller
- Benchmark Biolabs, Inc., 421 West Industrial Lake Dr., Lincoln, NE 68528, United States
| | - Barbara J Kamicker
- Leidos, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, P.O. Box 848, Greenport, NY 11944, United States
| | - Femi Olutunmbi
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, Plum Island Animal Disease Center Research Participation Program, Oak Ridge, TN, United States
| | - Damodar Ettyreddy
- GenVec, Inc., 910 Clopper Road, Suite 220N, Gaithersburg, MD 20878, United States
| | - Douglas E Brough
- GenVec, Inc., 910 Clopper Road, Suite 220N, Gaithersburg, MD 20878, United States
| | - Bryan T Butman
- GenVec, Inc., 910 Clopper Road, Suite 220N, Gaithersburg, MD 20878, United States
| | - John G Neilan
- U.S. Department of Homeland Security Science and Technology Directorate, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, P.O. Box 848, Greenport, NY 11944, United States.
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8
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Wungak YS, Ishola OO, Olugasa BO, Lazarus DD, Ehizibolo DO, Ularamu HG. Spatial pattern of foot-and-mouth disease virus serotypes in North Central Nigeria. Vet World 2017; 10:450-456. [PMID: 28507418 PMCID: PMC5422250 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2017.450-456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2016] [Accepted: 03/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM This study aimed to determine the foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) serotypes circulating, the prevalence of FMDV serotypes, and the spatial distribution of FMDV among sedentary and pastoral cattle herds in the North-Central Nigeria. MATERIALS AND METHODS A cross-sectional study was undertaken, during which a total of 155 sera that tested positive for foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) 3ABC non-structural protein antibodies were selected and screened for FMD structural protein serotypes, A, O, SAT 1, and SAT 2 using a solid-phase competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Epithelial tissue specimens were collected during outbreak investigations which were tested for FMD using an antigen capture ELISA for serotype A, O, SAT 1, and SAT 2. RESULTS An overall serotype-specific prevalence of 79.35 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 72.4-85.18) was recorded for serotype O, 65.2% (95% CI: 57.41-72.3) for serotype A, 52.9% (95% CI: 45.03-60.67) for SAT 2, and 33.55% (95% CI: 26.45-41.26) for SAT 1. Evidence of exposure to multiple FMDV serotypes showed that 12.26% of the sera samples had antibodies against four serotypes circulating, 30.97% had antibodies against three serotypes circulating, 22.58% had antibodies against two serotypes, and 17% showed exposure to only one serotype. Clinical specimens (epithelial tissue) collected during outbreak investigations showed that serotype O has the highest proportion of 50% with serotype A - 25%; SAT 2 - 20.8%; and SAT 1 - 4.1%. CONCLUSION The study detected diffuse and co-circulation of serotypes A, O, SAT 1, and SAT 2 within the study area, and hence the need for the appropriately matched multivalent vaccine is strongly advocated for FMD control in Nigeria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiltawe Simwal Wungak
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria.,Division of Virology, National Veterinary Research Institute, Vom, Plateau State, Nigeria
| | - Olayinka O Ishola
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Babasola O Olugasa
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - David D Lazarus
- Division of Virology, National Veterinary Research Institute, Vom, Plateau State, Nigeria
| | - David O Ehizibolo
- Division of Virology, National Veterinary Research Institute, Vom, Plateau State, Nigeria
| | - Hussaini G Ularamu
- Division of Virology, National Veterinary Research Institute, Vom, Plateau State, Nigeria
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Aw-Yong KL, Sam IC, Koh MT, Chan YF. Immunodominant IgM and IgG Epitopes Recognized by Antibodies Induced in Enterovirus A71-Associated Hand, Foot and Mouth Disease Patients. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0165659. [PMID: 27806091 PMCID: PMC5091889 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0165659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2016] [Accepted: 09/26/2016] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Enterovirus A71 (EV-A71) is one of the main causative agents of hand, foot and mouth disease (HFMD). Unlike other enteroviruses that cause HFMD, EV-A71 is more frequently associated with severe neurological complications and fatality. To date, no effective licensed antivirals are available to combat EV-A71 infection. Little is known about the immunogenicity of viral non-structural proteins in humans. Previous studies have mainly focused on characterization of epitopes of EV-A71 structural proteins by using immunized animal antisera. In this study, we have characterized human antibody responses against the structural and non-structural proteins of EV-A71. Each viral protein was cloned and expressed in either bacterial or mammalian systems, and tested with antisera by western blot. Results revealed that all structural proteins (VP1-4), and non-structural proteins 2A, 3C and 3D were targets of EV-A71 IgM, whereas EV-A71 IgG recognized all the structural and non-structural proteins. Sixty three synthetic peptides predicted to be immunogenic in silico were synthesized and used for the characterization of EV-A71 linear B-cell epitopes. In total, we identified 22 IgM and four IgG dominant epitopes. Synthetic peptide PEP27, corresponding to residues 142-156 of VP1, was identified as the EV-A71 IgM-specific immunodominant epitope. PEP23, mapped to VP1 41-55, was recognized as the EV-A71 IgG cross-reactive immunodominant epitope. The structural protein VP1 is the major immunodominant site targeted by anti-EV-A71 IgM and IgG antibodies, but epitopes against non-structural proteins were also detected. These data provide new understanding of the immune response to EV-A71 infection, which benefits the development of diagnostic tools, potential therapeutics and subunit vaccine candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kam Leng Aw-Yong
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - I-Ching Sam
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Mia Tuang Koh
- Department of Paediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Yoke Fun Chan
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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Bronsvoort BMD, Handel IG, Nfon CK, Sørensen KJ, Malirat V, Bergmann I, Tanya VN, Morgan KL. Redefining the "carrier" state for foot-and-mouth disease from the dynamics of virus persistence in endemically affected cattle populations. Sci Rep 2016; 6:29059. [PMID: 27381947 PMCID: PMC4933899 DOI: 10.1038/srep29059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2015] [Accepted: 06/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) "carrier" state was defined by van Bekkum in 1959. It was based on the recovery of infectious virus 28 days or more post infection and has been a useful construct for experimental studies. Using historic data from 1,107 cattle, collected as part of a population based study of endemic FMD in 2000, we developed a mixed effects logistic regression model to predict the probability of recovering viable FMDV by probang and culture, conditional on the animal's age and time since last reported outbreak. We constructed a second set of models to predict the probability of an animal being probang positive given its antibody response in three common non-structural protein (NSP) ELISAs and its age. We argue that, in natural ecological settings, the current definition of a "carrier" fails to capture the dynamics of either persistence of the virus (as measured by recovery using probangs) or the uncertainty in transmission from such animals that the term implies. In these respects it is not particularly useful. We therefore propose the first predictive statistical models for identifying persistently infected cattle in an endemic setting that captures some of the dynamics of the probability of persistence. Furthermore, we provide a set of predictive tools to use alongside NSP ELISAs to help target persistently infected cattle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barend M deC Bronsvoort
- The Roslin Institute at The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, East Bush, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Ian G Handel
- The Roslin Institute at The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, East Bush, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Charles K Nfon
- National Centre for Foreign Animal Disease, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | | | - Viviana Malirat
- Pan-American Foot-and-Mouth Disease Center (PAHO/WHO), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Centro de Virología Animal, Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología Dr. César Milstein, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET) Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Ingrid Bergmann
- Pan-American Foot-and-Mouth Disease Center (PAHO/WHO), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Centro de Virología Animal, Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología Dr. César Milstein, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET) Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | | | - Kenton L Morgan
- Institute of Ageing and Chronic Disease, School of Veterinary Science, University of Liverpool, Leahurst Campus, Neston, Wirral, CH64 7TE, UK
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11
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Morgan KL, Handel IG, Tanya VN, Hamman SM, Nfon C, Bergman IE, Malirat V, Sorensen KJ, de C Bronsvoort BM. Accuracy of herdsmen reporting versus serologic testing for estimating foot-and-mouth disease prevalence. Emerg Infect Dis 2016; 20:2048-54. [PMID: 25417556 PMCID: PMC4257810 DOI: 10.3201/eid2012.140931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Herdsman-reported disease prevalence is widely used in veterinary epidemiologic studies, especially for diseases with visible external lesions; however, the accuracy of such reports is rarely validated. Thus, we used latent class analysis in a Bayesian framework to compare sensitivity and specificity of herdsman reporting with virus neutralization testing and use of 3 nonstructural protein ELISAs for estimates of foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) prevalence on the Adamawa plateau of Cameroon in 2000. Herdsman-reported estimates in this FMD-endemic area were comparable to those obtained from serologic testing. To harness to this cost-effective resource of monitoring emerging infectious diseases, we suggest that estimates of the sensitivity and specificity of herdsmen reporting should be done in parallel with serologic surveys of other animal diseases.
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Sikombe TKW, Mweene AS, Muma J, Kasanga C, Sinkala Y, Banda F, Mulumba M, Fana EM, Mundia C, Simuunza M. Serological Survey of Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus in Buffaloes (Syncerus caffer) in Zambia. Vet Med Int 2015; 2015:264528. [PMID: 26347208 PMCID: PMC4541020 DOI: 10.1155/2015/264528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2015] [Revised: 06/27/2015] [Accepted: 07/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
A study was conducted to determine the serotypes of foot-and-mouth disease viruses (FMDV) circulating in African buffaloes (Syncerus caffer) from selected areas in Zambia. Sera and probang samples were collected between 2011 and 2012 and analysed for presence of antibodies against FMDV while probang samples were used to isolate the FMDV by observing cytopathic effect (CPE). Samples with CPE were further analysed using antigen ELISA. High FMD seroprevalence was observed and antibodies to all the three Southern African Territories (SAT) serotypes were detected in four study areas represented as follows: SAT2 was 72.7 percent; SAT1 was 62.6 percent; and SAT3 was 26.2 percent. Mixed infections accounted for 68.6 percent of those that were tested positive. For probang samples, CPE were observed in three of the samples, while the antigen ELISA results showed positivity and for SAT1 (n = 1) and SAT2 (n = 2). It is concluded that FMDV is highly prevalent in Zambian buffaloes which could play an important role in the epidemiology of the disease. Therefore livestock reared at interface with the game parks should be included in all routine FMDV vaccination programmes.
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Affiliation(s)
- T. K. W. Sikombe
- Department of Disease Control, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zambia, P.O. Box 32379, Lusaka, Zambia
- Central Veterinary Research Institute, P.O. Box 33980, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - A. S. Mweene
- Department of Disease Control, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zambia, P.O. Box 32379, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - John Muma
- Department of Disease Control, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zambia, P.O. Box 32379, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - C. Kasanga
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Sokoine University of Agriculture, P.O. Box 3021, Morogoro, Tanzania
| | - Y. Sinkala
- Department of Disease Control, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zambia, P.O. Box 32379, Lusaka, Zambia
- National Livestock Epidemiology and Information Centre, P.O. Box 30041, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - F. Banda
- Central Veterinary Research Institute, P.O. Box 33980, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - M. Mulumba
- Southern African Development Community Secretariat, SADC House, Plot No. 54385, Central Business District, Private Bag 0095, Gaborone, Botswana
| | - E. M. Fana
- Botswana Vaccine Institute, Private Bag 0031, Gaborone, Botswana
| | - C. Mundia
- Department of Veterinary Services, Southern African Development Community, Trans-Boundary Animal Disease Section, Ministry of Agriculture and Livestock, P.O. Box 50060, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - M. Simuunza
- Department of Disease Control, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zambia, P.O. Box 32379, Lusaka, Zambia
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Pan-Serotype Diagnostic for Foot-and-Mouth Disease Using the Consensus Antigen of Nonstructural Protein 3B. J Clin Microbiol 2015; 53:1797-805. [PMID: 25788546 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.03491-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2014] [Accepted: 03/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
An amino acid consensus sequence for the seven serotypes of foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) nonstructural protein 3B, including all three contiguous repeats, and its use in the development of a pan-serotype diagnostic test for all seven FMDV serotypes are described. The amino acid consensus sequence of the 3B protein was determined from a multiple-sequence alignment of 125 sequences of 3B. The consensus 3B (c3B) protein was expressed as a soluble recombinant fusion protein with maltose-binding protein (MBP) using a bacterial expression system and was affinity purified using amylose resin. The MBP-c3B protein was used as the antigen in the development of a competition enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (cELISA) for detection of anti-3B antibodies in bovine sera. The comparative diagnostic sensitivity and specificity at 47% inhibition were estimated to be 87.22% and 93.15%, respectively. Reactivity of c3B with bovine sera representing the seven FMDV serotypes demonstrated the pan-serotype diagnostic capability of this bioreagent. The consensus antigen and competition ELISA are described here as candidates for a pan-serotype diagnostic test for FMDV infection.
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Gonzales JL, Barrientos MA, Quiroga JL, Ardaya D, Daza O, Martinez C, Orozco C, Crowther J, Paton DJ. Within herd transmission and evaluation of the performance of clinical and serological diagnosis of foot-and-mouth disease in partially immune cattle herds. Vaccine 2014; 32:6193-8. [PMID: 25261377 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2014.09.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2014] [Revised: 09/12/2014] [Accepted: 09/14/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The control of foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) in vaccinated populations relies upon surveillance activities such as clinical inspections (CI) and serological monitoring. New evidence to refine current surveillance guidelines has been provided by evaluating (1) the diagnostic performance of CI and serological tests for detection of FMD virus (FMDV) non-structural proteins (NSP), and (2) the within-herd transmission of the virus in partially immune cattle. Data came from 23 affected herds during an epidemic of FMDV type O in Bolivia, in 2007. All cattle (n=957) in these herds were clinically inspected and serum samples were collected one month after the last animal with clinical signs was detected. Samples were tested for the presence of antibodies against NSP using the PANAFTOSA 3ABC-ELISA test and a subset of samples were tested using the enzyme-linked immunoelectrotransfer blot assay (EITB). Data from clinical and serological diagnoses were analysed using a Bayesian model. The sensitivity Se and specificity Sp of the tests, as well as the prevalence and the within-herd reproduction ratio R of FMDV were estimated. In addition, risk factors for infection were identified. The Se of CI, the 3ABC-ELISA and the EITB tests were estimated to be 0.30, 0.88 and 0.96 respectively. The estimated Sp, in the same order, were 0.88, 0.93 and 0.97. The within-herd prevalence of infected animals ranged from 0.04 to 0.91 and R ranged from 1.02 to 2.68. It was observed that cattle coming from areas with high vaccination coverage had a lower risk of becoming infected than home-bred cattle from the affected herds, where vaccination coverage was thought to be low. Although these estimates come from herds kept under specific conditions, they provide a reference for future surveillance design and can inform simulation models for surveillance and control of FMD in similar cattle populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- J L Gonzales
- Unidad Nacional de Sanidad Animal, Servicion Nacional de Sanidad Animal y Ganaderia "SENASAG", Calle Natush Bush S/N, Trinidad, Bolivia; The Pirbright Institute, Ash road, GU24 0NF, Pirbright, Woking, UK.
| | - M A Barrientos
- Unidad Nacional de Sanidad Animal, Servicion Nacional de Sanidad Animal y Ganaderia "SENASAG", Calle Natush Bush S/N, Trinidad, Bolivia
| | - J L Quiroga
- Laboratorio de Investigacion y Diagnostico Veterinario LIDIVET, Av. Ejercito Nacional No 153, Santa Cruz, Bolivia
| | - D Ardaya
- Laboratorio de Investigacion y Diagnostico Veterinario LIDIVET, Av. Ejercito Nacional No 153, Santa Cruz, Bolivia
| | - O Daza
- Unidad Nacional de Sanidad Animal, Servicion Nacional de Sanidad Animal y Ganaderia "SENASAG", Calle Natush Bush S/N, Trinidad, Bolivia
| | - C Martinez
- Unidad Nacional de Sanidad Animal, Servicion Nacional de Sanidad Animal y Ganaderia "SENASAG", Calle Natush Bush S/N, Trinidad, Bolivia
| | | | | | - D J Paton
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash road, GU24 0NF, Pirbright, Woking, UK
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Chen TH, Lee F, Lin YL, Pan CH, Shih CN, Tseng CH, Tsai HJ. Development of a multiplex Luminex assay for detecting swine antibodies to structural and nonstructural proteins of foot-and-mouth disease virus in Taiwan. JOURNAL OF MICROBIOLOGY, IMMUNOLOGY, AND INFECTION = WEI MIAN YU GAN RAN ZA ZHI 2014; 49:196-207. [PMID: 25074628 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmii.2014.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2014] [Revised: 04/28/2014] [Accepted: 05/01/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/PURPOSE(S) Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) and swine vesicular disease (SVD) are serious vesicular diseases that have devastated swine populations throughout the world. The aim of this study was to develop a multianalyte profiling (xMAP) Luminex assay for the differential detection of antibodies to the FMD virus of structural proteins (SP) and nonstructural proteins (NSP). METHODS After the xMAP was optimized, it detected antibodies to SP-VP1 and NSP-3ABC of the FMD virus in a single serum sample. These tests were also compared with 3ABC polypeptide blocking enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and virus neutralization test (VNT) methods for the differential diagnosis and assessment of immune status, respectively. RESULTS To detect SP antibodies in 661 sera from infected naïve pigs and vaccinated pigs, the diagnostic sensitivity (DSn) and diagnostic specificity (DSp) of the xMAP were 90.0-98.7% and 93.0-96.5%, respectively. To detect NSP antibodies, the DSn was 90% and the DSp ranged from 93.3% to 99.1%. The xMAP can detect the immune response to SP and NSP as early as 4 days postinfection and 8 days postinfection, respectively. Furthermore, the SP and NSP antibodies in all 15 vaccinated but unprotected pigs were detected by xMAP. A comparison of SP and NSP antibodies detected in the sera of the infected samples indicated that the results from the xMAP had a high positive correlation with results from the VNT and a 3ABC polypeptide blocking ELISA assay. However, simultaneous quantitation detected that xMAP had no relationship with the VNT. Furthermore, the specificity was 93.3-94.9% with 3ABC polypeptide blocking ELISA for the FMDV-NSP antibody. CONCLUSION The results indicated that xMAP has the potential to detect antibodies to FMDV-SP-VP1 and NSP-3ABC and to distinguish FMDV-infected pigs from pigs infected with the swine vesicular disease virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsu-Han Chen
- Animal Health Research Institute, New Taipei City, Taiwan; Graduate Institute of Veterinary Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Fan Lee
- Animal Health Research Institute, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Yeou-Liang Lin
- Animal Health Research Institute, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Chu-Hsiang Pan
- Animal Health Research Institute, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Ni Shih
- Animal Health Research Institute, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | | | - Hsiang-Jung Tsai
- Animal Health Research Institute, New Taipei City, Taiwan; Graduate Institute of Veterinary Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.
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Chen TH, Lee F, Lin YL, Pan CH, Shih CN, Lee MC, Tsai HJ. Development of a Luminex assay for the detection of swine antibodies to non-structural proteins of foot-and-mouth disease virus. J Immunol Methods 2013; 396:87-95. [PMID: 23962586 PMCID: PMC7127766 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2013.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2013] [Revised: 05/16/2013] [Accepted: 08/01/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Foot-and mouth disease (FMD), swine vesicular disease (SVD), and vesicular stomatitis (VS) are highly contagious vesicular diseases of swine but are not easy to differentiate clinically. For the purpose of instant detecting of FMD and differentiating it from the other vesicular diseases, a Luminex assay was developed. Sera from 64 infected, 307 vaccinated, and 280 naïve pigs were tested by the Luminex assay. Diagnostic sensitivity of the assay was 100%. Diagnostic specificity of the assay was 98.7% in vaccinated pigs and 97.5% to 100% in naïve pigs. Agreement between the results from the Luminex assay and those from a 3ABC polypeptide blocking ELISA was 96.3% with kappa statistics of 0.92. The Luminex assay can detect the immune response to NSP-3ABC in swine as early as eight days post-infection. Moreover, all of the 15 vaccinated but unprotected pigs were all detected by the Luminex assay. The results indicated that the Luminex assay has potential with specificity in detecting antibodies to FMDV 3ABC NSP and in distinguishing FMDV-infected pigs from with either SVDV or VSV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsu-Han Chen
- Animal Health Research Institute, 376, Chung-Cheng Road, Tamsui District, New Taipei City 25158, Taiwan; Graduate Institute of Veterinary Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, National Taiwan University, 1, Section 4 Roosevelt Road, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
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Gonçalves L, Subtil A, de Oliveira MR, do Rosário V, Lee PW, Shaio MF. Bayesian Latent Class Models in malaria diagnosis. PLoS One 2012; 7:e40633. [PMID: 22844405 PMCID: PMC3402519 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0040633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2012] [Accepted: 06/11/2012] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Aims The main focus of this study is to illustrate the importance of the statistical analysis in the evaluation of the accuracy of malaria diagnostic tests, without admitting a reference test, exploring a dataset (3317) collected in São Tomé and Príncipe. Methods Bayesian Latent Class Models (without and with constraints) are used to estimate the malaria infection prevalence, together with sensitivities, specificities, and predictive values of three diagnostic tests (RDT, Microscopy and PCR), in four subpopulations simultaneously based on a stratified analysis by age groups (, 5 years old) and fever status (febrile, afebrile). Results In the afebrile individuals with at least five years old, the posterior mean of the malaria infection prevalence is 3.2% with a highest posterior density interval of [2.3–4.1]. The other three subpopulations (febrile 5 years, afebrile or febrile children less than 5 years) present a higher prevalence around 10.3% [8.8–11.7]. In afebrile children under-five years old, the sensitivity of microscopy is 50.5% [37.7–63.2]. In children under-five, the estimated sensitivities/specificities of RDT are 95.4% [90.3–99.5]/93.8% [91.6–96.0] – afebrile – and 94.1% [87.5–99.4]/97.5% [95.5–99.3] – febrile. In individuals with at least five years old are 96.0% [91.5–99.7]/98.7% [98.1–99.2] – afebrile – and 97.9% [95.3–99.8]/97.7% [96.6–98.6] – febrile. The PCR yields the most reliable results in four subpopulations. Conclusions The utility of this RDT in the field seems to be relevant. However, in all subpopulations, data provide enough evidence to suggest caution with the positive predictive values of the RDT. Microscopy has poor sensitivity compared to the other tests, particularly, in the afebrile children less than 5 years. This type of findings reveals the danger of statistical analysis based on microscopy as a reference test. Bayesian Latent Class Models provide a powerful tool to evaluate malaria diagnostic tests, taking into account different groups of interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luzia Gonçalves
- CEAUL and Unidade de Saúde Pública Internacional e Bioestatística, Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal.
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Ayebazibwe C, Mwiine FN, Balinda SN, Tjørnehøj K, Alexandersen S. Application of the Ceditest® FMDV type O and FMDV-NS enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays for detection of antibodies against Foot-and-mouth disease virus in selected livestock and wildlife species in Uganda. J Vet Diagn Invest 2012; 24:270-6. [PMID: 22379044 DOI: 10.1177/1040638711435807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Diagnosis and control of Foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) requires rapid and sensitive diagnostic tests. Two antibody enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kits, Ceditest® FMDV-NS for the detection of antibodies against the nonstructural proteins of all FMDV serotypes and Ceditest® FMDV type O for the detection of antibodies against serotype O, were evaluated under African endemic conditions where the presence of multiple serotypes and the use of nonpurified vaccines complicate serological diagnosis. Serum samples from 218 African buffalo, 758 cattle, 304 goats, and 88 sheep were tested using both kits, and selected samples were tested not only in serotype-specific ELISAs for antibodies against primarily FMDV serotype O, but also against other serotypes. The FMDV-NS assay detected far more positive samples (93%) than the FMDV type O assay (30%) in buffalo (P < 0.05), with predominant antibodies against the South African Territories (SAT) serotypes, while the seroprevalence was generally comparable in cattle with antibodies against serotype O elicited by infection and/or vaccination. However, some districts had higher seroprevalence using the FMDV type O assay indicating vaccination without infection, while 1 cattle herd with antibodies against the SAT serotypes had far more positive samples (85%) using the FMDV-NS versus the FMDV type O (10%), consistent with the latter test's lower sensitivity for antibodies against SAT serotypes. Based on the current investigation, the FMDV type O ELISA may be limited by the presence of SAT serotypes. The FMD NS assay worked well as a screening test for antibodies against all FMDV serotypes present in Uganda; however, as long as nonpurified vaccines are applied in the region, this test cannot be used to differentiate between vaccinated and infected animals.
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Vergne T, Grosbois V, Durand B, Goutard F, Bellet C, Holl D, Roger F, Dufour B. A capture–recapture analysis in a challenging environment: Assessing the epidemiological situation of foot-and-mouth disease in Cambodia. Prev Vet Med 2012; 105:235-43. [DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2011.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2011] [Revised: 11/15/2011] [Accepted: 12/06/2011] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Bellet C, Vergne T, Grosbois V, Holl D, Roger F, Goutard F. Evaluating the efficiency of participatory epidemiology to estimate the incidence and impacts of foot-and-mouth disease among livestock owners in Cambodia. Acta Trop 2012; 123:31-8. [PMID: 22487753 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2012.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2011] [Revised: 03/23/2012] [Accepted: 03/24/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The economic and social impacts of foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) for livestock owners of developed countries have been extensively documented over the past few years. In developing countries such as Cambodia, this evaluation is often lacking due to the scarcity of accurate data. In the present study, we used a range of participatory tools to infer farmers' knowledge and perception, and the relative incidence of FMD from January 2009 to June 2010 in fifty-one villages of Svay Rieng province, Cambodia. In addition, the detection of non-structural protein at village level was used to cross-validate the results from the participatory epidemiology (PE) study. A quantitative assessment using Bayesian modeling was carried out to assess the ability of PE to retrospectively determine the FMD-infected status of a village in Cambodia. Our study shows that even if FMD is ranked second in the list of priority diseases, livestock owners did not see any benefit in reporting it since the disease entailed low direct losses. The average clinical incidence rates at individual level for cattle-buffaloes and pigs in infected villages were assessed by proportional piling at 18% and 11%, respectively for the year 2009. The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV) and negative predictive value (NPV) of PE study were estimated at 87%, 30%, 51% and 74%, respectively. This approach seems to largely overestimate the presence of the disease but proves useful in evaluating the impact of FMD at household level and in understanding the reasons for not reporting it. This information may be important in establishing well-adapted disease prevention and control strategies in Cambodia.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Bellet
- CIRAD, Département ES, Unité AGIRs (UR22), Campus international de Baillarguet, Montpellier Cedex, France. camille
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Nampanya S, Richards J, Khounsy S, Inthavong P, Yang M, Rast L, Windsor PA. Investigation of Foot and Mouth Disease hotspots in northern Lao PDR. Transbound Emerg Dis 2012; 60:315-29. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1865-1682.2012.01350.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Ayebazibwe C, Mwiine FN, Balinda SN, Tjørnehøj K, Masembe C, Muwanika VB, Okurut ARA, Siegismund HR, Alexandersen S. Antibodies Against Foot-and-mouth Disease (FMD) Virus in African Buffalos (Syncerus caffer) in Selected National Parks in Uganda (2001-2003). Transbound Emerg Dis 2010; 57:286-92. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1865-1682.2010.01147.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Chen TH, Pan CH, Jong MH, Lin HM, Huang YL, Hsiung KP, Chao PH, Lee F. Development of a chromatographic strip assay for detection of porcine antibodies to 3ABC non-structural protein of foot-and-mouth disease virus serotype O. J Vet Med Sci 2009; 71:703-8. [PMID: 19578276 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.71.703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
A chromatographic strip assay was developed for rapid detection of serum antibodies to non-structural protein of foot-and-mouth disease virus. The assay was based on Escherichia coli-expressed 3ABC non-structural protein and an immunochromatographic technique, which shortened the detection time to about one hour. The sensitivity of the assay was determined to be 96.8% for infected pigs; its specificity was 100% for naïve pigs and 98.8% for vaccinated pigs. In the experimentally infected pigs, anti-3ABC antibodies were detectable from eight days post-infection until the end of the study, 34 days post-infection. The performance of this assay was comparable to that of two commercial ELISA kits, Ceditest FMDV-NS and UBI FMDV NS EIA, and was better than that of CHEKIT FMD-3ABC po. Given its advantages of instant testing and quantitative measurement, this assay has potential as a useful tool for rapid on-farm diagnosis of foot-and-mouth disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsu-Han Chen
- Division of Hog Cholera Research, Animal Health Research Institute 376 Chung-Cheng Road, Tamsui, Taipei County 25158, Taiwan
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Campos RDM, Malirat V, Neitzert E, Grazioli S, Brocchi E, Sanchez C, Falczuk A, Ortiz S, Rebello M, Bergmann I. Development and characterization of a bovine serum evaluation panel as a standard for immunoassays based on detection of antibodies against foot-and-mouth disease viral non-capsid proteins. J Virol Methods 2008; 151:15-23. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2008.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2007] [Revised: 04/02/2008] [Accepted: 04/08/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Bronsvoort BMDC, Parida S, Handel I, McFarland S, Fleming L, Hamblin P, Kock R. Serological survey for foot-and-mouth disease virus in wildlife in eastern Africa and estimation of test parameters of a nonstructural protein enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for buffalo. CLINICAL AND VACCINE IMMUNOLOGY : CVI 2008; 15:1003-11. [PMID: 18385460 PMCID: PMC2446625 DOI: 10.1128/cvi.00409-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2007] [Revised: 10/30/2007] [Accepted: 03/05/2008] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
In this study we estimate the seroprevalence of foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) in wildlife from eastern and central Africa. Sera were sourced from between 1994 and 2002 from a rinderpest surveillance program. Our study compared a nonstructural protein enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (Cedi test) with a virus neutralization test. The study shows that there is only a low seroprevalence of FMDV in sampled nonbuffalo species. The seroprevalence in the Cape buffalo was high for SAT2, lower for SAT1, and lowest for SAT3. As the SAT2 serotype was most prevalent, the Cedi test largely reflected the occurrence of SAT2-positive animals. The results also suggest that SAT2 became dominant around 1998, with a large increase in seroprevalence. The sensitivity and specificity of the Cedi test were estimated by comparison to the combined virus neutralization test results from all three SAT tests. A Bayesian implementation of the Hui-Walter latent class model was used to estimate the test parameters. The model permits estimation in the absence of a gold standard test. The final model, using noninformative priors and assuming conditional independence of test performance, estimated Cedi test sensitivity at 87.7% and specificity at 87.3%. These estimates are similar to those for domestic bovines; they suggest that the Cedi test is a useful tool for screening buffalo for infection with the various serotypes of FMDV.
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Affiliation(s)
- B M D C Bronsvoort
- University of Edinburgh, Centre for Tropical Veterinary Medicine, The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, Easter Bush Veterinary Centre, Roslin EH25 9RG, United Kingdom
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