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de Souza AF, Pereira CAM, Costa C, Fürst A, Kümmerle JM, De Zoppa ALV. Mechanical Properties and Failure Mode of Proximal Screw Fixation Technique Using Locking Compression Plate for Proximal Interphalangeal Arthrodesis in Horses: An Ex Vivo Study. Vet Comp Orthop Traumatol 2024. [PMID: 38834168 DOI: 10.1055/s-0044-1787680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to measure the mechanical properties and failure mode of an ex vivo model of proximal interphalangeal arthrodesis in horses with different methods of proximal screw fixation using a locking compression plate. STUDY DESIGN Pastern joint arthrodesis with a 3-hole 4.5-mm narrow locking compression plate was performed on 20 forelimbs of equine cadavers, randomized into four groups based on the fixation method and type of proximal screw used: unicortical cortex, bicortical cortex, unicortical locking, bicortical locking. Single-cycle axial compression testing was conducted until failure. The frequency of implant plastic deformation was recorded. Bone failure analysis was performed through computed tomography examinations and fractal analysis. RESULTS There were no differences in the analysed mechanical variables and fractal dimension among the groups. Transarticular screws showed a higher frequency of deformation (75%) regardless of the group. Both unicortical locking and bicortical locking groups deformed the plate more frequently. CONCLUSION The type of screw used in the proximal hole of the locking compression plate and its method of anchoring in the proximal phalanx do not affect the mechanical properties of pastern arthrodesis in equine cadavers subjected to single-cycle axial compression tests until failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anderson F de Souza
- Department of Surgery, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - César A M Pereira
- Institute de Orthopedics and Traumatology, School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Claudio Costa
- Department of Stomatology, School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Anton Fürst
- Equine Department, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Jan M Kümmerle
- Equine Department, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - André L V De Zoppa
- Department of Surgery, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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Hewitt-Dedman CL, Kershaw LE, Schwarz T, Del-Pozo J, Duncan J, Daniel CR, Cillán-García E, Pressanto MC, Taylor SE. Preliminary study of proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy to assess bone marrow adiposity in the third metacarpus or metatarsus in Thoroughbred racehorses. Equine Vet J 2024. [PMID: 38699829 DOI: 10.1111/evj.14086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2024] [Indexed: 05/05/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) has been used to investigate metabolic changes within human bone. It may be possible to use MRS to investigate bone metabolism and fracture risk in the distal third metacarpal/tarsal bone (MC/MTIII) in racehorses. OBJECTIVES To determine the feasibility of using MRS as a quantitative imaging technique in equine bone by using the 1H spectra for the MC/MTIII to calculate fat content (FC). STUDY DESIGN Observational cross-sectional study. METHODS Limbs from Thoroughbred racehorses were collected from horses that died or were subjected to euthanasia on racecourses. Each limb underwent magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) at 3 T followed by single-voxel MRS at three regions of interest (ROI) within MC/MTIII (lateral condyle, medial condyle, proximal bone marrow [PBM]). Percentage FC was calculated at each ROI. Each limb underwent computed tomography (CT) and bone mineral density (BMD) was calculated for the same ROIs. All MR and CT images were graded for sclerosis. Histology slides were graded for sclerosis and proximal marrow space was calculated. Pearson or Spearman correlations were used to assess the relationship between BMD, FC and marrow space. Kruskal-Wallis tests were used to check for differences between sclerosis groups for BMD or FC. RESULTS Eighteen limbs from 10 horses were included. A negative correlation was identified for mean BMD and FC for the lateral condyle (correlation coefficient = -0.60, p = 0.01) and PBM (correlation coefficient = -0.5, p = 0.04). There was a significant difference between median BMD for different sclerosis grades in the condyles on both MRI and CT. A significant difference in FC was identified between sclerosis groups in the lateral condyle on MRI and CT. MAIN LIMITATIONS Small sample size. CONCLUSIONS 1H Proton MRS is feasible in the equine MC/MTIII. Further work is required to evaluate the use of this technique to predict fracture risk in racehorses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte L Hewitt-Dedman
- Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and Roslin Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Roslin, UK
| | - Lucy E Kershaw
- BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science and Edinburgh Imaging, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Tobias Schwarz
- Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and Roslin Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Roslin, UK
| | - Jorge Del-Pozo
- Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and Roslin Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Roslin, UK
| | - Juliet Duncan
- Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and Roslin Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Roslin, UK
| | - Carola R Daniel
- Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and Roslin Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Roslin, UK
| | - Eugenio Cillán-García
- Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and Roslin Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Roslin, UK
| | - Maria Chiara Pressanto
- Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and Roslin Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Roslin, UK
| | - Sarah E Taylor
- Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and Roslin Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Roslin, UK
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Loomes K, Louro LF. Recovery of horses from general anaesthesia: A systematic review (2000-2020) of risk factors and influence of interventions during the recovery period. Equine Vet J 2021; 54:201-218. [PMID: 34537994 DOI: 10.1111/evj.13517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2021] [Revised: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 09/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In equine anaesthesia, the recovery period is a time of considerable risk and has been the focus of prolific research. Risk factors, including age, type and duration of procedure or temperament may influence recovery quality. Unfortunately, the anaesthetist is unable to control for these factors, therefore various pharmacological interventions and recovery methods have been developed with the objective of improving recovery quality. However, no consensus among anaesthetists has been reached for many of these interventions and their implications for recovery-related mortality and morbidity. OBJECTIVES To conduct a systematic review of the published evidence relating to risk factors and interventions in the recovery period which may influence recovery quality from equine general anaesthesia (GA). STUDY DESIGN A systematic evaluation of the equine veterinary literature using the GRADE framework. METHODS A literature search was performed and studies were assessed for eligibility by both authors utilising PRISMA guidelines. Studies meeting inclusion criteria were evaluated by both authors, categorically summarised and the quality of evidence for each sub-topic was assessed using the GRADE framework. RESULTS Thirty-nine studies were identified which directly assessed the impact of risk factors and recovery interventions on recovery quality after equine GA. There was evidence to support that peri-anaesthetic risk factors such as anaesthesia duration, American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) physical status and surgical procedure influenced recovery quality. We also identified sufficient evidence that administration of α-2 adrenoreceptor agonists immediately prior to recovery, improves recovery quality. MAIN LIMITATIONS The validity of the results of some studies may have been compromised by missing data and small sample sizes. CONCLUSIONS Recovery quality is influenced by factors including: anaesthesia duration, ASA physical status and surgical procedure. Recovery quality can be improved by the administration of an α-2 adrenoreceptor agonist immediately prior to recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Luís Filipe Louro
- School of Veterinary Science, Leahurst Campus, University of Liverpool, Wirral, UK
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Louro LF, Milner PI, Bardell D. Epidural administration of opioid analgesics improves quality of recovery in horses anaesthetised for treatment of hindlimb synovial sepsis. Equine Vet J 2020; 53:682-689. [PMID: 32852063 DOI: 10.1111/evj.13338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2020] [Revised: 07/17/2020] [Accepted: 08/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Opioid epidural analgesia has been shown to provide effective analgesia in horses. There is a lack of evidence regarding the effect of opioid epidural analgesia on quality of recovery in horses. OBJECTIVES Identify whether opioid epidural analgesia influences quality of recovery in horses undergoing general anaesthesia required for management of hindlimb synovial sepsis. STUDY DESIGN Single-centre retrospective cross-sectional study. METHODS Data were obtained from the clinical records of horses which had undergone arthroscopic or tenoscopic surgery for management of hindlimb synovial sepsis over a 9-year period in a referral hospital population. Multivariable logistic regression analysis was used to identify the perioperative factors that impact on quality of recovery. RESULTS Records from 149 horses, undergoing 170 general anaesthetics were included. Multivariable logistic regression analysis showed that opioid epidural analgesia (OR 3.0, 95% CI 1.2 to 7.2, P = .02) was associated with good quality of recovery, whereas Cob breeds (OR 0.16, 95% CI 0.06 to 0.46, P = .001), age (in years) (OR 0.90, 95% CI 0.83 to 0.97, P = .004) increasing intraoperative dosages (in mg/kg) of thiopental (OR 0.64, 95% CI 0.46 to 0.90, P = .01) or ketamine (OR 0.42, 95% CI 0.18 to 0.98, P = .04) were associated with poor quality of recovery. MAIN LIMITATIONS Certain variables that may influence quality of recovery, such as patient temperament and hindlimb orthopaedic co-morbidities were not recorded. The clinical prediction model obtained is only applicable to the specific facilities, population and perianaesthetic management practiced at our institution. CONCLUSIONS Opioid epidural analgesia is significantly associated with good quality of recovery in horses undergoing general anaesthesia required for management of hindlimb synovial sepsis. Other risk factors, such as increasing age, cob breed, use of higher intraoperative dosages (in mg/kg) of ketamine and/or thiopental, were associated with poor quality of recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luís F Louro
- Institute of Veterinary Science, University of Liverpool, Neston, UK
| | - Peter I Milner
- Institute of Veterinary Science, University of Liverpool, Neston, UK
| | - David Bardell
- Institute of Veterinary Science, University of Liverpool, Neston, UK.,Department of Musculoskeletal Biology, Institute of Ageing and Chronic Disease, Liverpool, UK
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Anne-Archard N, Martel G, Fogarty U, Richard H, Beauchamp G, Laverty S. Differences in third metacarpal trabecular microarchitecture between the parasagittal groove and condyle at birth and in adult racehorses. Equine Vet J 2018; 51:115-122. [DOI: 10.1111/evj.12980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2017] [Accepted: 06/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- N. Anne-Archard
- Comparative Orthopaedic Research Laboratory; Département des Sciences Cliniques; Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire; Université de Montréal; Saint-Hyacinthe Quebec Canada
| | - G. Martel
- Comparative Orthopaedic Research Laboratory; Département des Sciences Cliniques; Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire; Université de Montréal; Saint-Hyacinthe Quebec Canada
| | - U. Fogarty
- Irish Equine Centre; Johnstown Co Kildare Ireland
| | - H. Richard
- Comparative Orthopaedic Research Laboratory; Département des Sciences Cliniques; Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire; Université de Montréal; Saint-Hyacinthe Quebec Canada
| | - G. Beauchamp
- Département de Pathologie et Microbiologie; Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire; Université de Montréal; Saint-Hyacinthe Quebec Canada
| | - S. Laverty
- Comparative Orthopaedic Research Laboratory; Département des Sciences Cliniques; Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire; Université de Montréal; Saint-Hyacinthe Quebec Canada
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Donati B, Fürst AE, Hässig M, Jackson MA. Epidemiology of fractures: The role of kick injuries in equine fractures. Equine Vet J 2018; 50:580-586. [PMID: 29441693 DOI: 10.1111/evj.12819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2016] [Revised: 12/23/2017] [Accepted: 01/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fractures occur commonly in equids and often are associated with complications and a poor outcome. There are no reports on the epidemiology of fractures in a heterogeneous equine population. OBJECTIVES To study the epidemiology of fractures in a heterogeneous equine population, focusing on differences between fractures resulting from a kick and fractures, resulting from other causes and investigating predictors for recovery. STUDY DESIGN Retrospective case series. METHODS Data of all equids presented to the Equine Department, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich between 1990 and 2014 and diagnosed with a fracture were reviewed and those with a known cause were included in this study. Mann-Whitney and chi-squared tests were used to compare recovery rates of fractures resulting from a kick and fractures resulting from other causes, and a logistic regression was carried out for multivariate analysis of the most important factors affecting recovery. RESULTS Here, 1144 cases fulfilled the inclusion criteria. Of all fractures (with a known cause), 43.6% were the result of a kick from another equid. Kicks often produced open fractures (44.7%) that involved bones of the limbs (85.6%). Overall recovery was 70.1%. Logistic regression showed that high-grade lameness accompanying the fracture and severe comminution negatively affected recovery. MAIN LIMITATIONS The equids in this study were drawn from a referred population, which likely precluded the inclusion of both minor fractures and catastrophic fractures that necessitated immediate euthanasia. Moreover, many cases were excluded because the cause of the fracture could not be determined from the patient record. CONCLUSIONS Kicks are the most common cause of fractures in a heterogeneous equine population and measures to reduce the incidence of kicks are necessary in group-housing systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Donati
- Equine Department, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - A E Fürst
- Equine Department, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - M Hässig
- Section of Herd Health, Department of Farm Animals, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - M A Jackson
- Equine Department, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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Actis EA, Mosconi S, Jahn GA, Superina M. Reproductive implications of bone mineral density in an armadillo, the pichi (Zaedyus pichiy). J Mammal 2017. [DOI: 10.1093/jmammal/gyx060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Dzierzęcka M, Jaworski M, Purzyc H, Barszcz K. Regional Differences of Densitometric and Geometric Parameters of the Third Metacarpal Bone in Coldblood Horses - pQCT Study. J Vet Res 2017; 61:111-120. [PMID: 29978062 PMCID: PMC5894412 DOI: 10.1515/jvetres-2017-0014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2016] [Accepted: 03/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction The aim of the study was to analyse selected densitometric and geometric parameters in the third metacarpal bone along the long axis in horses. The densitometric parameters included the cortical and trabecular bone mineral density, while the geometric parameters included the cortical, trabecular, and total areas, strength strain index X, strength strain index Y, and the polar strength strain index. Material and Methods The parameters were analysed using eight sections from 10% to 80% of the length of the bone. Peripheral quantitative computed tomography was used in the study. Statistical analysis was carried out using the Friedman analysis of variance and post-hoc tests. Results The proximal metaphyseal region showed the highest predicted resistance to bone fractures in the transverse (back-front) plane, the distal metaphyseal region had the highest predicted resistance to transverse and torsional fractures in the transverse (side-side) plane. The cross-sectional area and the shape of the cross-section of the cortical bone of the MCIII had the highest coefficient of variation. The density of the cortical bone was least variable. Conclusions The cortical area and cortical bone mineral density assumed the highest values in the diaphyseal region, while the highest total area, trabecular area and trabecular bone mineral density values were obtained in the metaphyseal proximal and distal region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Małgorzata Dzierzęcka
- Department of Morphological Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, 02-776Warsaw, Poland
| | - Maciej Jaworski
- Department of Biochemistry, Radioimmunology, and Experimental Medicine, The Children‘s Memorial Health Institute, 04-730Warsaw, Poland
| | - Halina Purzyc
- Department of Animal Physiology and Biostructure, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, 51-631Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Karolina Barszcz
- Department of Morphological Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, 02-776Warsaw, Poland
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Grant MJ, Barnett TP. Iatrogenic fracture of the premaxilla during standing exodontia. EQUINE VET EDUC 2016. [DOI: 10.1111/eve.12659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Tang L, Chen X, Bao Y, Xu W, Lv Y, Wang Z, Wen X. CT Imaging Biomarkers of Bone Damage Induced by Environmental Level of Cadmium Exposure in Male Rats. Biol Trace Elem Res 2016. [PMID: 26206562 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-015-0447-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Cadmium (Cd) can induce bone loss and osteoporosis. Histologic methods have shown that Cd can induce microarchitecture change of the trabecular bone. The aim of this study is to evaluate the imaging biomarkers of osteoporosis induced by Cd using micro-computed tomography (micro-CT). Twenty-four male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into four groups that were exposed to Cd via drinking water at concentrations of 0, 2, 10, and 50 mg/L for 3 months. Before sacrifice, micro-CT scanning was performed on the proximal tibia. Three-dimensional images were analyzed by using commercial software to measure apparent bone mineral density (ABMD), tissue bone mineral density (TBMD), bone volume/total volume fraction (BV/TV), trabecular number (Tb.N), trabecular thickness (Tb.Th), trabecular separation (Tb.Sp), and structural model index (SMI) as imaging biomarkers. Histologic analyses were performed using hematoxylin and eosin (HE) and Goldner's trichrome stain. Exposure to Cd resulted in a marked decrease of ABMD, BV/TV, and Tb.N and an increase of Tb.Sp and SMI compared with control, especially for those treated with 50 mg Cd/L (p < 0.05). Decreased Tb.N and increased Tb.Sp compared to that of control were also observed in histologic findings. The micro-CT imaging is a promising tool for assessing the bone damage induced by Cd, and Tb.N, Tb.Sp, and SMI may be the potential sensitive imaging biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lirong Tang
- Department of Radiology, Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Hangzhou, 310022, China
| | - Xiao Chen
- Department of Radiology, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210029, China
| | - Yizhong Bao
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Geriatrics, Zhejiang Hospital, Hangzhou, 310013, China
| | - Weihong Xu
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Geriatrics, Zhejiang Hospital, Hangzhou, 310013, China
| | - Yuandong Lv
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Geriatrics, Zhejiang Hospital, Hangzhou, 310013, China
| | - Zhongqiu Wang
- Department of Radiology, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210029, China
| | - Xiaolin Wen
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Geriatrics, Zhejiang Hospital, Hangzhou, 310013, China.
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Dzierzęcka M, Charuta A. The analysis of densitometric and geometric parameters of bilateral proximal phalanges in horses with the use of peripheral quantitative computed tompgraphy. Acta Vet Scand 2012; 54:41. [PMID: 22794083 PMCID: PMC3408367 DOI: 10.1186/1751-0147-54-41] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2012] [Accepted: 07/13/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Proximal phalanges in horses are among bones that are most prone to injuries. So far, the detailed analysis of densitometric and geometric parameters of both front legs proximal phalanges in horses has not been investigated. The aim of this study was to compare the densitometric and geometric parameters between proximal phalanges in equine both front legs with the use of peripheral quantitative computed tomography (pQCT). METHODS The study material comprised isolated both front legs proximal phalanges derived from 22 horses. The structure analysis of the proximal phalanges was conducted with the pQCT. The following bone parameters were determined: bone mineral content, volumetric bone mineral density, total bone area, trabecular area, cortical area, cortical thickness, periosteal circumference, endocortical circumference, Strength Strain Index. Tomographic analysis of proximal phalanges was conducted at three levels: at 15%, 50% and 85% of the bone length. RESULTS The statistical analysis showed that both the densitometric and geometric parameters of the bone at 50% and 85% of its length, did not present any statistically significant differences for the left or right proximal phalanges of the forelimb. At the same time, all examined parameters measured at 15% of the bone length, in the vicinity of the proximal metaphysis revealed significant statistical differences between both front legs proximal phalanges. CONCLUSIONS The proximal phalanx parameters in the forelimbs are significantly different for the left and right proximal phalanx at 15% of the length and they indicate higher Strength Strain Index of the left bone in this location. The densitometric and geometric parameters of the bone at 50% and 85% of its length, did not present any statistically significant differences for the left or right proximal phalanges of the left and right forelimbs. The most serious changes caused by asymmetrical load of the thoracic limbs in horses occur near the proximal metaphysis, where the spongious substance is most abundant. This may happen because the metabolism of the spongious bone tissue is eight times faster compared to the compact bone tissue. Thus, any changes, including those caused by asymmetrical strain exerted on the right and left thoracic limbs, are the earliest to be observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Małgorzata Dzierzęcka
- Department of Morphological Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Nowoursynowska 166, Warsaw, 02-776, Poland
| | - Anna Charuta
- Vertebrates Morphology Department, University of Natural Sciences and Humanities, Siedlce, 08-110, Poland
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Widmer A, Fürst A, Bettschart R, Makara M, Geyer H, Kummer M. Bilateral iatrogenic [corrected] maxillary fractures after dental treatment in two aged horses. J Vet Dent 2010; 27:160-2. [PMID: 21038833 DOI: 10.1177/089875641002700303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
This clinical report describes two horses with bilateral maxillary fractures following dental treatment. The fractures occurred during dental treatment by a veterinarian, and both had rostral, transverse, and complete bilateral maxillary fractures with instability and minimal displacement. The fractures were repaired using bilateral intraoral wiring with the patients under general anesthesia. The postoperative period was without complications and the fractures healed as expected. Maxillary fractures during or after routine dental treatment are rare, but can occur, especially in older horses. Appropriate sedation and, if necessary, regional nerve blocks might reduce the risk of iatrogenic fractures of the maxilla. General anesthesia must be considered for tooth extraction in horses that are difficult to restrain.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Widmer
- Department Vetsuisse, Faculty Zurich, Section Surgery, University of Zurich, Switzerland.
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Naylor RJ, Perkins JD, Allen S, Aldred J, Draper E, Patterson-Kane J, Piercy RJ. Histopathology and computed tomography of age-associated degeneration of the equine temporohyoid joint. Equine Vet J 2010; 42:425-30. [PMID: 20636779 DOI: 10.1111/j.2042-3306.2010.00036.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY The aetiology of temporohyoid osteoarthropathy (THO) is unknown; both primary infectious and degenerative causes have been suggested. HYPOTHESIS There is a significant association between increasing age and severity of temporohyoid joint degeneration. To examine the histopathology of the temporohyoid articulation in aged horses and to compare the appearance of the joint with computed tomography (CT) and peripheral quantitative CT (pQCT). METHODS pQCT scans of the temporohyoid articulations were obtained bilaterally from 31 horses (range age 1-44 years) post mortem and images were graded by 2 blinded observers on 2 occasions for the presence of osteophytes, irregularity of the joint surface and mineralisation. Eight heads had been examined previously by CT, with the images similarly graded for the shape and density of the proximal stylohyoid bones, bone proliferation surrounding the joint, mineralisation of the tympanohyoid cartilage and the relationship of the petrous temporal bone to the stylohyoid bone. Sixteen temporohyoid joints were then evaluated histologically. RESULTS There was significant association between the mean pQCT degeneration score and age (rho = 0.75; P<0.0001), between the pQCT and CT score (rho = 0.63; P = 0.01) and between the degenerative changes identified within each temporohyoid joint within each horse (rho = 0.81; P<0.0001). Age-associated changes included the development of a club shape by the proximal stylohyoid bone, rounding of the synostosis with the petrous temporal bone and extension of osteophytes from the petrous temporal bone to envelope the stylohyoid head and bridge the joint. In no horse was there any evidence of osteomyelitis within the petrous temporal bone, stylohyoid bone or tympanohyoid cartilage. CONCLUSIONS This study provides evidence that age is associated with increasing severity of degenerative changes in the equine temporohyoid joint and that similar changes are commonly found bilaterally. POTENTIAL RELEVANCE The changes identified appear similar, albeit milder to the changes reported in horses with THO, suggesting that degenerative, rather than infectious causes may underlie the aetiology of THO. Future work should be directed at examining the histopathology of clinical THO cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- R J Naylor
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, The Royal Veterinary College, Hertfordshire; and Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Glasgow, UK
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Fan W, Bouwense SAW, Crawford R, Xiao Y. Structural and cellular features in metaphyseal and diaphyseal periosteum of osteoporotic rats. J Mol Histol 2010; 41:51-60. [PMID: 20232237 PMCID: PMC2852588 DOI: 10.1007/s10735-010-9261-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2009] [Accepted: 03/02/2010] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Despite the important physiological role of periosteum in the pathogenesis and treatment of osteoporosis, little is known about the structural and cellular characteristics of periosteum in osteoporosis. To study the structural and cellular differences in both diaphyseal and metaphyseal periosteum of osteoporotic rats, samples from the right femur of osteoporotic and normal female Lewis rats were collected and tissue sections were stained with hematoxylin and eosin, antibodies or staining kit against tartrate resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), von Willebrand (vWF), tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) and calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP). The results showed that the osteoporotic rats had much thicker and more cellular cambial layer of metaphyseal periosteum compared with other periosteal areas and normal rats (P < 0.001). The number of TRAP+ osteoclasts in bone resorption pits, VEGF+ cells and the degree of vascularization were found to be greater in the cambial layer of metaphyseal periosteum of osteoporotic rats (P < 0.05), while no significant difference was detected in the number of ALP+ cells between the two groups. Sympathetic nerve fibers identified by TH staining were predominantly located in the cambial layer of metaphyseal periosteum of osteoporotic rats. No obvious difference in the expression of CGRP between the two groups was found. In conclusion, periosteum may play an important role in the cortical bone resorption in osteoporotic rats and this pathological process may be regulated by the sympathetic nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Fan
- Bone Tissue Engineering, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Kelvin Grove Campus, Brisbane, Qld 4059, Australia
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15
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McGee-Lawrence ME, Wojda SJ, Barlow LN, Drummer TD, Castillo AB, Kennedy O, Condon KW, Auger J, Black HL, Nelson OL, Robbins CT, Donahue SW. Grizzly bears (Ursus arctos horribilis) and black bears (Ursus americanus) prevent trabecular bone loss during disuse (hibernation). Bone 2009; 45:1186-91. [PMID: 19703606 PMCID: PMC2783552 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2009.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2009] [Revised: 08/05/2009] [Accepted: 08/17/2009] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Disuse typically causes an imbalance in bone formation and bone resorption, leading to losses of cortical and trabecular bone. In contrast, bears maintain balanced intracortical remodeling and prevent cortical bone loss during disuse (hibernation). Trabecular bone, however, is more detrimentally affected than cortical bone in other animal models of disuse. Here we investigated the effects of hibernation on bone remodeling, architectural properties, and mineral density of grizzly bear (Ursus arctos horribilis) and black bear (Ursus americanus) trabecular bone in several skeletal locations. There were no differences in bone volume fraction or tissue mineral density between hibernating and active bears or between pre- and post-hibernation bears in the ilium, distal femur, or calcaneus. Though indices of cellular activity level (mineral apposition rate, osteoid thickness) decreased, trabecular bone resorption and formation indices remained balanced in hibernating grizzly bears. These data suggest that bears prevent bone loss during disuse by maintaining a balance between bone formation and bone resorption, which consequently preserves bone structure and strength. Further investigation of bone metabolism in hibernating bears may lead to the translation of mechanisms preventing disuse-induced bone loss in bears into novel treatments for osteoporosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meghan E. McGee-Lawrence
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Michigan Technological University, 309 Minerals and Materials Engineering Building, 1400 Townsend Drive, Houghton, MI 49931, USA
| | - Samantha J. Wojda
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Michigan Technological University, 309 Minerals and Materials Engineering Building, 1400 Townsend Drive, Houghton, MI 49931, USA
| | - Lindsay N. Barlow
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Michigan Technological University, 309 Minerals and Materials Engineering Building, 1400 Townsend Drive, Houghton, MI 49931, USA
| | - Thomas D. Drummer
- Department of Mathematical Sciences, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI 49931
| | - Alesha B. Castillo
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Oran Kennedy
- Department of Anatomy, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Keith W. Condon
- Department of Anatomy & Cell Biology, University of Indiana School of Medicine
| | - Janene Auger
- Department of Plant & Wildlife Sciences, Brigham Young University
| | - Hal L. Black
- Department of Plant & Wildlife Sciences, Brigham Young University
| | - O. Lynne Nelson
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Washington State University
| | | | - Seth W. Donahue
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Michigan Technological University, 309 Minerals and Materials Engineering Building, 1400 Townsend Drive, Houghton, MI 49931, USA
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16
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Hirvinen LJM, Litsky AS, Samii VF, Weisbrode SE, Bertone AL. Influence of bone cements on bone-screw interfaces in the third metacarpal and third metatarsal bones of horses. Am J Vet Res 2009; 70:964-72. [DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.70.8.964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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