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Zhang LS, Zhang ZS, Wu YZ, Guo B, Li J, Huang XQ, Zhang FM, Li MY, Yang PC, Zheng XB. Activation of free fatty acid receptors, FFAR1 and FFAR4, ameliorates ulcerative colitis by promote fatty acid metabolism and mediate macrophage polarization. Int Immunopharmacol 2024; 130:111778. [PMID: 38432147 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2024.111778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2024] [Revised: 02/27/2024] [Accepted: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the mechanism of action of fatty acid receptors, FFAR1 and FFAR4, on ulcerative colitis (UC) through fatty acid metabolism and macrophage polarization. METHODS Dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced mouse model of UC mice was used to evaluate the efficacy of FFAR1 (GW9508) and FFAR4 (GSK137647) agonists by analyzing body weight, colon length, disease activity index (DAI), and histological scores. Real-time PCR and immunofluorescence analysis were performed to quantify the levels of fatty acid metabolizing enzymes and macrophage makers. FFA-induced lipid accumulation in RAW264.7 cells was visualized by Oil Red O staining analysis, and cells were collected to detect macrophage polarization by flow cytometry. RESULTS The combination of GW9508 and GSK137647 significantly improved DSS-induced UC symptoms, caused recovery in colon length, and decreased histological injury. GW9508 + GSK137647 treatment upregulated the expressions of CD206, lipid oxidation enzyme (CPT-1α) and anti-inflammatory cytokines (IL-4, IL-10, IL-13) but downregulated those of CD86, lipogenic enzymes (ACC1, FASN, SCD1), and pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α). Combining the two agonists decreased FFA-induced lipid accumulation and increased CD206 expression in cell-based experiments. CONCLUSION Activated FFAR1 and FFAR4 ameliorates DSS-induced UC by promoting fatty acid metabolism to reduce lipid accumulation and mediate M2 macrophage polarization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin-Sheng Zhang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhi-Shou Zhang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yu-Zhu Wu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Botang Guo
- Department of Respirology & Allergy, Third Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Jing Li
- Department of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiao-Qi Huang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Feng-Min Zhang
- Dongguan Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Dongguan, China
| | - Min-Yao Li
- Department of Respirology & Allergy, Third Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China; Institute of Allergy & Immunology, Shenzhen University School of Medicine, Shenzhen, China.
| | - Ping-Chang Yang
- Department of Respirology & Allergy, Third Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China; Institute of Allergy & Immunology, Shenzhen University School of Medicine, Shenzhen, China.
| | - Xue-Bao Zheng
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China.
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Gebeyew K, Yang C, Mi H, Cheng Y, Zhang T, Hu F, Yan Q, He Z, Tang S, Tan Z. Lipid metabolism and m 6A RNA methylation are altered in lambs supplemented rumen-protected methionine and lysine in a low-protein diet. J Anim Sci Biotechnol 2022; 13:85. [PMID: 35821163 PMCID: PMC9277831 DOI: 10.1186/s40104-022-00733-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 05/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Methionine or lysine has been reported to influence DNA methylation and fat metabolism, but their combined effects in N6-methyl-adenosine (m6A) RNA methylation remain unclarified. The combined effects of rumen-protected methionine and lysine (RML) in a low-protein (LP) diet on lipid metabolism, m6A RNA methylation, and fatty acid (FA) profiles in the liver and muscle of lambs were investigated. Sixty-three male lambs were divided into three treatment groups, three pens per group and seven lambs per pen. The lambs were fed a 14.5% crude protein (CP) diet (adequate protein [NP]), 12.5% CP diet (LP), and a LP diet plus RML (LP + RML) for 60 d. Results The results showed that the addition of RML in a LP diet tended to lower the concentrations of plasma leptin (P = 0.07), triglyceride (P = 0.05), and non-esterified FA (P = 0.08). Feeding a LP diet increased the enzyme activity or mRNA expression of lipogenic enzymes and decreased lipolytic enzymes compared with the NP diet. This effect was reversed by supplementation of RML with a LP diet. The inclusion of RML in a LP diet affected the polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), n-3 PUFA, and n-6 PUFA in the liver but not in the muscle, which might be linked with altered expression of FA desaturase-1 (FADS1) and acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC). A LP diet supplemented with RML increased (P < 0.05) total m6A levels in the liver and muscle and were accompanied by decreased expression of fat mass and obesity-associated protein (FTO) and alkB homologue 5 (ALKBH5). The mRNA expressions of methyltransferase-like 3 (METTL3) and methyltransferase-like 14 (METTL14) in the LP + RML diet group were lower than those in the other two groups. Supplementation of RML with a LP diet affected only liver YTH domain family (YTHDF2) proteins (P < 0.05) and muscle YTHDF3 (P = 0.09), which can be explained by limited m6A-binding proteins that were mediated in mRNA fate. Conclusions Our findings showed that the inclusion of RML in a LP diet could alter fat deposition through modulations of lipogenesis and lipolysis in the liver and muscle. These changes in fat metabolism may be associated with the modification of m6A RNA methylation. Graphical abstract A systematic graph illustrates the mechanism of dietary methionine and lysine influence on lipid metabolism and M6A. The green arrow with triangular heads indicates as activation and brown-wine arrows with flat heads indicates as suppression.
![]() Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s40104-022-00733-z.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kefyalew Gebeyew
- CAS Key Laboratory for Agro-Ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Physiology and Metabolic Process, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, 410125, Hunan, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Chao Yang
- CAS Key Laboratory for Agro-Ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Physiology and Metabolic Process, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, 410125, Hunan, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Hui Mi
- CAS Key Laboratory for Agro-Ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Physiology and Metabolic Process, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, 410125, Hunan, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Yan Cheng
- CAS Key Laboratory for Agro-Ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Physiology and Metabolic Process, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, 410125, Hunan, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Tianxi Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory for Agro-Ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Physiology and Metabolic Process, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, 410125, Hunan, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Fan Hu
- CAS Key Laboratory for Agro-Ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Physiology and Metabolic Process, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, 410125, Hunan, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Qiongxian Yan
- CAS Key Laboratory for Agro-Ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Physiology and Metabolic Process, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, 410125, Hunan, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Zhixiong He
- CAS Key Laboratory for Agro-Ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Physiology and Metabolic Process, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, 410125, Hunan, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing, 100049, China.,Hunan Co-Innovation Center of Animal Production Safety, CICAPS, Changsha, 410128, Hunan, China
| | - Shaoxun Tang
- CAS Key Laboratory for Agro-Ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Physiology and Metabolic Process, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, 410125, Hunan, China. .,University of Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing, 100049, China.
| | - Zhiliang Tan
- CAS Key Laboratory for Agro-Ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Physiology and Metabolic Process, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, 410125, Hunan, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing, 100049, China.,Hunan Co-Innovation Center of Animal Production Safety, CICAPS, Changsha, 410128, Hunan, China
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Towards Sustainable Sources of Omega-3 Long-Chain Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids in Northern Australian Tropical Crossbred Beef Steers through Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms in Lipogenic Genes for Meat Eating Quality. SUSTAINABILITY 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/su14148409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to identify single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) in lipogenic genes of northern Australian tropically adapted crossbred beef cattle and to evaluate associations with healthy lipid traits of the Longissimus dorsi (loin eye) muscle. The hypothesis tested was that there are significant associations between SNP loci encoding for the fatty acid binding protein 4 (FABP4), stearoyl-CoA desaturase (SCD) and fatty acid synthase (FASN) genes and human health beneficial omega-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (ω3 LC-PUFA) within the loin eye muscle of northern Australian crossbred beef cattle. Brahman, Charbray, and Droughtmaster crossbred steers were fed on Rhodes grass hay augmented with desmanthus, lucerne, or both, for 140 days and the loin eye muscle sampled for intramuscular fat (IMF), fat melting point (FMP), and fatty acid composition. Polymorphisms in FABP4, SCD, and FASN genes with significant effects on lipid traits were identified with next-generation sequencing. The GG genotype at the FABP4 g.44677239C>G locus was associated with higher proportion of linoleic acid than the CC and CG genotypes (p < 0.05). Multiple comparisons of genotypes at the SCD g.21266629G>T locus indicated that the TT genotype had significantly higher eicosapentaenoic, docosapentaenoic, and docosahexaenoic acids than GG genotype (p < 0.05). Significant correlations (p < 0.05) between FASN SNP and IMF, saturated and monounsaturated fatty acids were observed. These results provide insights into the contribution of lipogenic genes to intramuscular fat deposition and SNP marker-assisted selection for improvement of meat-eating quality, with emphasis on alternate and sustainable sources of ω3 LC-PUFA, in northern Australian tropical crossbred beef cattle, hence an acceptance of the tested hypothesis.
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Wang B, Zhao X, Li Z, Luo H, Zhang H, Guo Y, Zhang C, Ma Q. Changes of Metabolites and Gene Expression under Different Feeding Systems Associated with Lipid Metabolism in Lamb Meat. Foods 2021; 10:foods10112612. [PMID: 34828897 PMCID: PMC8619812 DOI: 10.3390/foods10112612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Revised: 10/23/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The effects of the different feeding systems, graze feeding (GSF), time-limited graze feeding (GF), and stall-feeding (SF)) on the fatty acid content, metabolites, and genes expression of the longissimus dorsi (LD) in Tan lambs were investigated in the present study. Thirty-nine 4-month-old male Tan lambs with similar body weight (24.91 ± 1.74 kg) were selected and divided into the three feeding systems (n = 13) randomly. Lambs were slaughtered after 83 days of the feeding trails, and LD muscle samples were collected for further analysis. The results indicated that different feeding systems have no significant effect on short-chain fatty acids in Tan lambs (p > 0.05). However, the total saturated fatty acids (∑SFA) and monounsaturated fatty acids (∑MUFA) in the GSF and GF groups were lower than those in the SF group (p < 0.001). The total polyunsaturated fatty acids (∑PUFA) in the GSF group were higher than those in the GF and SF groups (p < 0.001). Moreover, in the comparison of both GF vs GSF groups and SF vs GSF groups, metabolomic analysis showed that metabolites such as cis-(6,9,12)-linolenic acid, arachidic acid, acetylcarnitine, and L-carnitine with lower concentration were significantly enriched in the biosynthesis of unsaturated fatty acid pathway (p < 0.05), but metabolites such as phosphorylcholine, glycerophosphocholine, cytidine 5'-diphosphocholine, and glycerol-3-phosphate with higher concentrations were enriched in the glycerophospholipid metabolism pathway. KEGG (Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes) analysis of the results indicated that in the comparison of the GSF group with the SF group, differentially expressed genes (DEGs) such as LIPC, ERFE, FABP3, PLA2R1, LDLR, and SLC10A6, were enriched in the steroid biosynthesis and cholesterol metabolism pathways. In addition, differential metabolites and genes showed a significant correlation with the content of ∑SFA, ∑MUFA, and ∑PUFA in lamb meat (p < 0.05). These findings demonstrated that the feeding system was an important factor in regulating fatty acid content by affecting lipid-metabolism-related metabolites and gene expression in muscle, and graze-feeding system provided lamb meat with higher ∑PUFA content than time-limited-grazing and stall-feeding systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (B.W.); (X.Z.); (Z.L.); (Y.G.); (C.Z.)
| | - Xingang Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (B.W.); (X.Z.); (Z.L.); (Y.G.); (C.Z.)
| | - Zhen Li
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (B.W.); (X.Z.); (Z.L.); (Y.G.); (C.Z.)
| | - Hailing Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (B.W.); (X.Z.); (Z.L.); (Y.G.); (C.Z.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel./Fax: +86-010-62734597
| | - Hao Zhang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China;
| | - Yanping Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (B.W.); (X.Z.); (Z.L.); (Y.G.); (C.Z.)
| | - Can Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (B.W.); (X.Z.); (Z.L.); (Y.G.); (C.Z.)
| | - Qing Ma
- Research Center of Grass and Livestock, Ningxia Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Science, Yinchuan 750002, China;
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Pewan SB, Otto JR, Huerlimann R, Budd AM, Mwangi FW, Edmunds RC, Holman BWB, Henry MLE, Kinobe RT, Adegboye OA, Malau-Aduli AEO. Genetics of Omega-3 Long-Chain Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid Metabolism and Meat Eating Quality in Tattykeel Australian White Lambs. Genes (Basel) 2020; 11:E587. [PMID: 32466330 PMCID: PMC7288343 DOI: 10.3390/genes11050587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2020] [Revised: 05/14/2020] [Accepted: 05/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Meat eating quality with a healthy composition hinges on intramuscular fat (IMF), fat melting point (FMP), tenderness, juiciness, flavour and omega-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 LC-PUFA) content. These health-beneficial n-3 LC-PUFA play significant roles in optimal cardiovascular, retinal, maternal and childhood brain functions, and include alpha linolenic (ALA), eicosapentaenoic (EPA), docosahexaenoic (DHA) and docosapentaenoic (DPA) acids. The primary objective of this review was to access, retrieve, synthesise and critically appraise the published literature on the synthesis, metabolism and genetics of n-3 LC-PUFA and meat eating quality. Studies on IMF content, FMP and fatty acid composition were reviewed to identify knowledge gaps that can inform future research with Tattykeel Australian White (TAW) lambs. The TAW is a new sheep breed exclusive to MARGRA brand of lamb with an outstanding low fat melting point (28-39°C), high n-3 LC-PUFA EPA+DHA content (33-69mg/100g), marbling (3.4-8.2%), tenderness (20.0-38.5N) and overall consumer liking (7.9-8.5). However, correlations between n-3 LC-PUFA profile, stearoyl-CoA desaturase (SCD), fatty acid binding protein 4 (FABP4), fatty acid synthase (FASN), other lipogenic genes and meat quality traits present major knowledge gaps. The review also identified research opportunities in nutrition-genetics interactions aimed at a greater understanding of the genetics of n-3 LC-PUFA, feedlot finishing performance, carcass traits and eating quality in the TAW sheep. It was concluded that studies on IMF, FMP and n-3 LC-PUFA profiles in parental and progeny generations of TAW sheep will be foundational for the genetic selection of healthy lamb eating qualities and provide useful insights into their correlations with SCD, FASN and FABP4 genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shedrach Benjamin Pewan
- Animal Genetics and Nutrition, Veterinary Sciences Discipline, College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences, Division of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland 4811, Australia; (S.B.P.); (J.R.O.); (F.W.M.); (R.C.E.); (R.T.K.)
- National Veterinary Research Institute, Private Mail Bag 01, Vom, Plateau State, Nigeria
| | - John Roger Otto
- Animal Genetics and Nutrition, Veterinary Sciences Discipline, College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences, Division of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland 4811, Australia; (S.B.P.); (J.R.O.); (F.W.M.); (R.C.E.); (R.T.K.)
| | - Roger Huerlimann
- Centre for Sustainable Tropical Fisheries and Aquaculture and Centre for Tropical Bioinformatics and Molecular Biology, College of Science and Engineering, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland 4811, Australia; (R.H.); (A.M.B.)
| | - Alyssa Maree Budd
- Centre for Sustainable Tropical Fisheries and Aquaculture and Centre for Tropical Bioinformatics and Molecular Biology, College of Science and Engineering, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland 4811, Australia; (R.H.); (A.M.B.)
| | - Felista Waithira Mwangi
- Animal Genetics and Nutrition, Veterinary Sciences Discipline, College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences, Division of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland 4811, Australia; (S.B.P.); (J.R.O.); (F.W.M.); (R.C.E.); (R.T.K.)
| | - Richard Crawford Edmunds
- Animal Genetics and Nutrition, Veterinary Sciences Discipline, College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences, Division of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland 4811, Australia; (S.B.P.); (J.R.O.); (F.W.M.); (R.C.E.); (R.T.K.)
| | | | - Michelle Lauren Elizabeth Henry
- Gundagai Meat Processors, 2916 Gocup Road, South Gundagai, New South Wales 2722, Australia;
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Robert Tumwesigye Kinobe
- Animal Genetics and Nutrition, Veterinary Sciences Discipline, College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences, Division of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland 4811, Australia; (S.B.P.); (J.R.O.); (F.W.M.); (R.C.E.); (R.T.K.)
| | - Oyelola Abdulwasiu Adegboye
- Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences, Division of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland 4811, Australia;
| | - Aduli Enoch Othniel Malau-Aduli
- Animal Genetics and Nutrition, Veterinary Sciences Discipline, College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences, Division of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland 4811, Australia; (S.B.P.); (J.R.O.); (F.W.M.); (R.C.E.); (R.T.K.)
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Budimir K, Mozzon M, Toderi M, D’Ottavio P, Trombetta MF. Effect of Breed on Fatty Acid Composition of Meat and Subcutaneous Adipose Tissue of Light Lambs. Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:ani10030535. [PMID: 32210212 PMCID: PMC7143277 DOI: 10.3390/ani10030535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2020] [Revised: 03/21/2020] [Accepted: 03/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The recognition of the role of food in the improvement and preservation of health is receiving more and more attention among consumers, especially in developed countries. Fats from red meats are considered quite unhealthy because of their high levels of cholesterol and saturated fatty acids. Healthier lipid profiles of red meats can be achieved by a proper feed composition of animals, but other factors, such as breed, sex, and live weight, are able to affect the nutritional properties of meats. This investigation aimed to evaluate the effect of breed (Bergamasca, Italian Merino, and Sopravissana) on the fatty acid composition of invisible (intramuscular) and visible (subcutaneous) fats of light lambs reared in Central Italy transhumant farms. They recently gained a Protected Geographical Indication label (European Union, Commission Implementing Regulation No. 475/2013), as ”Agnello del Centro Italia”. It is an income opportunity for local farms that passes through the nutritional valorization of lamb meat. The indices of nutritional quality of fats have showed that the meat of Italian Merino and Sopravissana lambs had better nutritional quality than the Bergamasca breed. Abstract Lamb meat is the main product of Central Italy transhumant farms, where lambs are traditionally reared with their mothers on pastures and are supplemented with concentrates and/or hay from day 20–30 until slaughter. However, few data are available on the fatty acid (FA) composition of unweaned lambs reared by extensive systems in Central Italy. The study aimed to evaluate the effect of breed (Bergamasca, Italian Merino, and Sopravissana) on the FA composition of intramuscular (longissimus lumborum, LL) and subcutaneous (SC) fats of light lambs. Statistical analysis showed that breed had effect only on some FAs in LL muscle fat (C18:0, C20:0, C14:1, C16:1, C17:1, C18:3 n-3, trans and conjugated linoleic acid isomers) and in SC adipose tissue (C21:0, C16:1, C18:1, C20:4 n-6, C20:5 n-3, C18:1 trans isomers). Gas chromatography data in combination with a chemometric approach could have some potential to discriminate among breeds. Indices of nutritional quality of the lipids suggested that the meat of Italian Merino and Sopravissana lambs might have better nutritional quality than Bergamasca; further studies, involving a greater number of animals, are needed to confirm these early results.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Massimo Mozzon
- Correspondence: (M.M.); (M.F.T.); Tel.: +39-071-2204926 (M.M.); +39-071-2204927 (M.F.T.)
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Dervishi E, González-Calvo L, Blanco M, Joy M, Sarto P, Martin-Hernandez R, Ordovás JM, Serrano M, Calvo JH. Gene Expression and Fatty Acid Profiling in Longissimus thoracis Muscle, Subcutaneous Fat, and Liver of Light Lambs in Response to Concentrate or Alfalfa Grazing. Front Genet 2019; 10:1070. [PMID: 31737049 PMCID: PMC6834778 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2019.01070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2019] [Accepted: 10/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
A better understanding of gene expression and metabolic pathways in response to a feeding system is critical for identifying key physiological processes and genes associated with polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) content in lamb meat. The main objective of this study was to investigate transcriptional changes in L. thoracis (LT) muscle, liver, and subcutaneous fat (SF) of lambs that grazed alfalfa (ALF) and concentrate-fed (CON) slaughtered at 23 kg and using the Affymetrix Ovine Gene 1.1 ST whole-genome array. The study also evaluated the relationship between meat traits in LT muscle, including color, pigments and lipid oxidation during 7 days of display, α-tocopherol content, intramuscular fat (IMF) content and the fatty acid (FA) profile. Lambs that grazed on alfalfa had a greater α-tocopherol concentration in plasma than CON lambs (P < 0.05). The treatment did not affect the IMF content, meat color or pigments (P > 0.05). Grazing increased the α-tocopherol content (P < 0.001) and decreased lipid oxidation on day 7 of display (P < 0.05) in LT muscle. The ALF group contained a greater amount of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA), C18:3 n−3, C20:5 n−3, C22:5 n−3, and C22:6 n−3 than did the CON group (P < 0.05). We identified 41, 96 and four genes differentially expressed in LT muscle, liver, and subcutaneous fat, respectively. The most enriched biological processes in LT muscle were skeletal muscle tissue development, being the genes related to catabolic and lipid processes downregulated, except for CPT1B, which was upregulated in the ALF lambs. Animals grazing alfalfa had lower expression of desaturase enzymes in the liver (FADS1 and FADS2), which regulate unsaturation of fatty acids and are directly involved in the metabolism of n−3 PUFA series. The results found in the current study showed that ingesting diets richer in n−3 PUFA might have negative effects on the de novo synthesis of n−3 PUFA by downregulating the FADS1 and FADS2 expression. However, feeding diets poorer in n−3 PUFA can promote fatty acid desaturation, which makes these two genes attractive candidates for altering the content of PUFAs in meat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elda Dervishi
- Livestock Gentec, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Laura González-Calvo
- Unidad de Producción y Sanidad Animal, Centro de Investigación y Tecnología Agroalimentaria de Aragón (CITA)-Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón (IA2) (CITA-Universidad de Zaragoza), Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Mireia Blanco
- Unidad de Producción y Sanidad Animal, Centro de Investigación y Tecnología Agroalimentaria de Aragón (CITA)-Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón (IA2) (CITA-Universidad de Zaragoza), Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Margalida Joy
- Unidad de Producción y Sanidad Animal, Centro de Investigación y Tecnología Agroalimentaria de Aragón (CITA)-Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón (IA2) (CITA-Universidad de Zaragoza), Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Pilar Sarto
- Unidad de Producción y Sanidad Animal, Centro de Investigación y Tecnología Agroalimentaria de Aragón (CITA)-Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón (IA2) (CITA-Universidad de Zaragoza), Zaragoza, Spain
| | | | - Jose M Ordovás
- Jean Mayer-USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging, Tufts University, Boston, MA, United States
| | | | - Jorge H Calvo
- Unidad de Producción y Sanidad Animal, Centro de Investigación y Tecnología Agroalimentaria de Aragón (CITA)-Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón (IA2) (CITA-Universidad de Zaragoza), Zaragoza, Spain.,ARAID, Zaragoza, Spain
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Fan Y, Ren C, Meng F, Deng K, Zhang G, Wang F. Effects of algae supplementation in high-energy dietary on fatty acid composition and the expression of genes involved in lipid metabolism in Hu sheep managed under intensive finishing system. Meat Sci 2019; 157:107872. [PMID: 31276903 DOI: 10.1016/j.meatsci.2019.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2018] [Revised: 06/14/2019] [Accepted: 06/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
This study aims to investigate the effect of algae supplementation in high-energy diet (HE diet) on lipid metabolism of intensive feeding sheep. The lambs were assigned to two groups and received a standard diet (ST diet, 8.40 MJ/kg) or a HE diet (9.70 MJ/kg) based on corn, wheat bran, soybean meal. Each group was divided into two subgroups: control and algae supplement (3%, DM basis). The body fat, serum cholesterol, and oleic acid in the liver and muscle increased in lambs receiving the HE diet. However, after supplementing the microalgae (Schizochytrium sp.) in the HE diet, these parameters were all reduced. In addition, EPA, DHA and CLA cis-9, trans-11 in muscle and liver increased. Algae supplementation also altered the expression of lipid metabolism-related genes, including up-regulated FADS2, ELOVL2, SCD, CPT1α and SREBF-1, and down-regulated PPARα and PPARγ. In conclusion, algae supplementation in ST and HE diets increased n-3PUFA and improved metabolic disorder caused by the HE diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yixuan Fan
- Institute of Goats and Sheep Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, No. 1 Weigang, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, PR China
| | - Caifang Ren
- Institute of Goats and Sheep Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, No. 1 Weigang, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, PR China
| | - Fanxing Meng
- Institute of Goats and Sheep Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, No. 1 Weigang, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, PR China
| | - Kaiping Deng
- Institute of Goats and Sheep Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, No. 1 Weigang, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, PR China
| | - Guomin Zhang
- Institute of Goats and Sheep Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, No. 1 Weigang, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, PR China
| | - Feng Wang
- Institute of Goats and Sheep Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, No. 1 Weigang, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, PR China.
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Effect of Breed on Transcriptional and Protein Expression of Lipogenic Enzymes in Tail and Subcutaneous Adipose Tissue from Two Grazing Breeds of Lambs. Animals (Basel) 2019; 9:ani9020064. [PMID: 30781423 PMCID: PMC6406757 DOI: 10.3390/ani9020064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2019] [Revised: 02/05/2019] [Accepted: 02/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary An experiment to determine the effect of sheep breed on subcutaneous fatty acid composition was carried out at the Butalcura Research Station, Chiloé, Chile. To this end, two breeds of lambs were challenged to graze a typical, naturalized pasture of the Chiloé Archipelago, Chile, from 60 d to 120 d after birth. The animals were sacrificed to collect samples from subcutaneous fat (SCF) from the back, and tail fat (TF) to determine the effect of breed on transcriptional expression of lipogenic enzymes and fatty acid profile in these two fat depots. The results showed that although mRNA expression of enzymes was similar in both breeds, there were differences in certain protein levels in the SCF, partially related with the fatty acid profiles, thus affecting the selection of lamb breed either for human consumption or experimental purposes. Abstract This experiment was carried out to determine the effect of breed on mRNA and protein expression levels of lipogenic enzymes acetyl-CoA carboxylase α (ACC), fatty acid synthase (FAS), stearoyl-CoA desaturase 1 (SCD1) plus sterol regulatory element binding transcription factor 1c (SREBP1c) in the subcutaneous fat (SCF) from the back of the animal, and tail fat (TF) of both Chilota and Suffolk Down lambs grazing Calafatal. Eight Chilota and six Suffolk Down 2-month-old male lambs were allocated to graze a “Calafatal”, a typical secondary succession of Chiloé Archipelago, Chile. After 62 d, lambs were slaughtered according to Chile’s meat industry standards. Fatty acid profile, RT-qPCR, and Western blot analyses from SCF and TF samples were performed. Although the mRNA expression levels of ACC, FAS, SCD1 and SREBP1c in SCF did not differ significantly between breeds (p > 0.05), a trend to higher mRNA expression of FAS and SREBP1c in TF from Chilota lambs was observed (p = 0.06). On the other hand, FAS levels in SCF were higher in Chilota than in Suffolk Down lambs (p < 0.02), although Suffolk Down showed higher fat contents and saturated fatty acid (SFA) proportions than Chilota lambs (p < 0.01). The FAS protein expression in TF was similar in both breeds (p > 0.05). Although the fat content was higher in Suffolk Down than in Chilota lambs (p < 0.01), the SFA proportions were similar in both breeds. Finally, it can be concluded that although mRNA expression of enzymes was similar in both breeds, there were differences in some protein levels in the SCF, partially related with the fatty acid profiles, thus affecting the selection of lamb breed either for human consumption or experimental purposes.
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Calvo J, González-Calvo L, Dervishi E, Blanco M, Iguácel L, Sarto P, Pérez-Campo F, Serrano M, Bolado-Carrancio A, Rodríguez-Rey J, Joy M. A functional variant in the stearoyl-CoA desaturase (SCD) gene promoter affects gene expression in ovine muscle. Livest Sci 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.livsci.2018.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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11
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Osorio JS, Vailati-Riboni M, Palladino A, Luo J, Loor JJ. Application of nutrigenomics in small ruminants: Lactation, growth, and beyond. Small Rumin Res 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.smallrumres.2017.06.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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12
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Dalrymple BP, Guo B. TRIENNIAL GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT SYMPOSIUM: Intramuscular fat deposition in ruminants and pigs: A transcriptomics perspective. J Anim Sci 2017; 95:2272-2283. [PMID: 28727003 DOI: 10.2527/jas.2016.1112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The genomics era has led to an explosion in the study of gene expression in production animals. Intramuscular fat (IMF) content (both high and low) and composition are major quality attributes of meat, and more than 90 transcriptomic studies of IMF deposition have been undertaken in the ruminants and pigs since 2001, with the majority since 2008. The studies have implicated many genes involved in the control of adipogenesis, lipogenesis, and deposition of IMF, but there is relatively little consistency between the different studies. However, the genes encoding the synthesis enzymes acetyl-CoA carboxylase α, fatty acid synthase, and stearoyl-CoA desaturase; the fatty acid binding protein 4; the potential signaling protein thyroid hormone responsive; and the regulators C/EBPα, PPARγ, and sterol regulatory element binding transcription factor 1 are supported by 5 or more of the 90 studies. By combining the results of all the studies, complete pathways for long-chain fatty acid (LCFA) and triacylglyceride (TAG) synthesis are identified, as are a number of genes encoding proteins probably associated with the storage of TAG and genes encoding a number of known and potential adipokines. In contrast, support for the association of lipolytic pathways with IMF percentage is less strong. Differences in experimental design-in particular, the age of the animals, the rate of IMF deposition at sampling, the past nutritional history of the animals used, and the complexities of using a tissue with mixed cell types-have contributed to the differences in results and interpretation. Biomarkers predictive of future IMF percentage, facilitating reaching optimal IMF content at slaughter, may have industry utility, but to be useful in animal biopsy and postslaughter samples, where multiple cell types are present, genes must be carefully chosen to ensure that they are informative about the expected processes. Despite these problems, candidate biomarkers for estimation of de novo intramuscular adipocyte LCFA synthesis, LCFA uptake rate by intramuscular adipocytes, and IMF deposition rate have been identified and examples of their utility have been published. However, further work is required to demonstrate how best to apply the assays for the benefit of the relevant livestock production industries.
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Knapik J, Ropka-Molik K, Pieszka M. Genetic and Nutritional Factors Determining the Production and Quality of Sheep Meat – A Review. ANNALS OF ANIMAL SCIENCE 2017. [DOI: 10.1515/aoas-2016-0036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
In the last 20 years, the importance of sheep and especially lamb meat as the main product of the sheep industry in European conditions increased noticeably. In the same period, people’s interest in food quality grew. This contributed to a significant intensification of research to improve the meat production and quality traits in sheep. The aim of the research performed mainly focuses on the effects of nutrition, the environmental and genetic factors on the value of fattening, slaughter and meat quality characteristics. Much of the research concentrates on determining the fatty acid profile of intramuscular fat, which is important for sensory traits and dietetic value of lamb. Modulation of healthy qualities of lamb is aimed, inter alia, to modify the fatty acid profile, in particular to maintain the proper ratio of polyunsaturated (PUFA ) to saturated fatty acids (SFA). It is also desirable to increase the content of omega-3 fatty acids and conjugated linoleic acid (CLA). Furthermore, it has been proven that changes in the expression of genes involved in lipid metabolism are associated with the change in lipid profile in skeletal muscle. The aim of this review was to summarize the information currently available about the influence of genetic and nutritional factors on meat production and quality traits in different sheep breeds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Knapik
- Department of Animal Genetics and Breeding, National Research Institute of Animal Production, 32-083 Balice n. Kraków , Poland
| | - Katarzyna Ropka-Molik
- Department of Genomics and Animal Molecular Biology, National Research Institute of Animal Production, 32-083 Balice n. Kraków , Poland
| | - Marek Pieszka
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, National Research Institute of Animal Production, 32-083 Balice n. Kraków , Poland
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The application of transcriptomic data in the authentication of beef derived from contrasting production systems. BMC Genomics 2016; 17:746. [PMID: 27654331 PMCID: PMC5031250 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-016-2851-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2016] [Accepted: 06/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Differences between cattle production systems can influence the nutritional and sensory characteristics of beef, in particular its fatty acid (FA) composition. As beef products derived from pasture-based systems can demand a higher premium from consumers, there is a need to understand the biological characteristics of pasture produced meat and subsequently to develop methods of authentication for these products. Here, we describe an approach to authentication that focuses on differences in the transcriptomic profile of muscle from animals finished in different systems of production of practical relevance to the Irish beef industry. The objectives of this study were to identify a panel of differentially expressed (DE) genes/networks in the muscle of cattle raised outdoors on pasture compared to animals raised indoors on a concentrate based diet and to subsequently identify an optimum panel which can classify the meat based on a production system. RESULTS A comparison of the muscle transcriptome of outdoor/pasture-fed and Indoor/concentrate-fed cattle resulted in the identification of 26 DE genes. Functional analysis of these genes identified two significant networks (1: Energy Production, Lipid Metabolism, Small Molecule Biochemistry; and 2: Lipid Metabolism, Molecular Transport, Small Molecule Biochemistry), both of which are involved in FA metabolism. The expression of selected up-regulated genes in the outdoor/pasture-fed animals correlated positively with the total n-3 FA content of the muscle. The pathway and network analysis of the DE genes indicate that peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) and FYN/AMPK could be implicit in the regulation of these alterations to the lipid profile. In terms of authentication, the expression profile of three DE genes (ALAD, EIF4EBP1 and NPNT) could almost completely separate the samples based on production system (95 % authentication for animals on pasture-based and 100 % for animals on concentrate- based diet) in this context. CONCLUSIONS The majority of DE genes between muscle of the outdoor/pasture-fed and concentrate-fed cattle were related to lipid metabolism and in particular β-oxidation. In this experiment the combined expression profiles of ALAD, EIF4EBP1 and NPNT were optimal in classifying the muscle transcriptome based on production system. Given the overall lack of comparable studies and variable concordance with those that do exist, the use of transcriptomic data in authenticating production systems requires more exploration across a range of contexts and breeds.
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Ladeira MM, Schoonmaker JP, Gionbelli MP, Dias JCO, Gionbelli TRS, Carvalho JRR, Teixeira PD. Nutrigenomics and Beef Quality: A Review about Lipogenesis. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:ijms17060918. [PMID: 27294923 PMCID: PMC4926451 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17060918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2016] [Revised: 05/06/2016] [Accepted: 05/17/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The objective of the present review is to discuss the results of published studies that show how nutrition affects the expression of genes involved in lipid metabolism and how diet manipulation might change marbling and composition of fat in beef. Several key points in the synthesis of fat in cattle take place at the molecular level, and the association of nutritional factors with the modulation of this metabolism is one of the recent targets of nutrigenomic research. Within this context, special attention has been paid to the study of nuclear receptors associated with fatty acid metabolism. Among the transcription factors involved in lipid metabolism, the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) and sterol regulatory element-binding proteins (SREBPs) stand out. The mRNA synthesis of these transcription factors is regulated by nutrients, and their metabolic action might be potentiated by diet components and change lipogenesis in muscle. Among the options for dietary manipulation with the objective to modulate lipogenesis, the use of different sources of polyunsaturated fatty acids, starch concentrations, forage ratios and vitamins stand out. Therefore, special care must be exercised in feedlot feed management, mainly when the goal is to produce high marbling beef.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcio M Ladeira
- Department of Animal Science, Universidade Federal de Lavras, Lavras 37200-000, Brazil.
| | - Jon P Schoonmaker
- Department of Animal Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47906, USA.
| | - Mateus P Gionbelli
- Department of Animal Science, Universidade Federal de Lavras, Lavras 37200-000, Brazil.
| | - Júlio C O Dias
- Department of Animal Science, Universidade Federal de Lavras, Lavras 37200-000, Brazil.
| | | | | | - Priscilla D Teixeira
- Department of Animal Science, Universidade Federal de Lavras, Lavras 37200-000, Brazil.
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Urrutia O, Mendizabal JA, Insausti K, Soret B, Purroy A, Arana A. Effects of Addition of Linseed and Marine Algae to the Diet on Adipose Tissue Development, Fatty Acid Profile, Lipogenic Gene Expression, and Meat Quality in Lambs. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0156765. [PMID: 27253325 PMCID: PMC4890764 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0156765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2016] [Accepted: 05/19/2016] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
This study examined the effect of linseed and algae on growth and carcass parameters, adipocyte cellularity, fatty acid profile and meat quality and gene expression in subcutaneous and intramuscular adipose tissues (AT) in lambs. After weaning, 33 lambs were fed three diets up to 26.7 ± 0.3 kg: Control diet (barley and soybean); L diet (barley, soybean and 10% linseed) and L-A diet (barley, soybean, 5% linseed and 3.89% algae). Lambs fed L-A diet showed lower average daily gain and greater slaughter age compared to Control and L (P < 0.001). Carcass traits were not affected by L and L-A diets, but a trend towards greater adipocyte diameter was observed in L and L-A in the subcutaneous AT (P = 0.057). Adding either linseed or linseed and algae increased α-linolenic acid and eicosapentaenoic acid contents in both AT (P < 0.001); however, docosahexaenoic acid was increased by L-A (P < 0.001). The n-6/n-3 ratio decreased in L and L-A (P < 0.001). Algae had adverse effects on meat quality, with greater lipid oxidation and reduced ratings for odor and flavor. The expression of lipogenic genes was downregulated in the subcutaneous AT (P < 0.05): acetyl-CoA carboxylase 1 (ACACA) in L and L-A and lipoprotein lipase (LPL) and stearoyl-CoA desaturase (SCD) in L-A. Fatty acid desaturase 1 (FADS1), fatty acid desaturase 2 (FADS2) and fatty acid elongase 5 (ELOVL5) were unaffected. In the subcutaneous AT, supplementing either L or L-A increased peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARG) and CAAT-enhancer binding protein alpha (CEBPA) (P < 0.05), although it had no effect on sterol regulatory element-binding factor 1 (SREBF1). In the intramuscular AT, expression of ACACA, SCD, FADS1 and FADS2 decreased in L and L-A (P < 0.001) and LPL in L (P < 0.01), but PPARG, CEBPA and SREBF1 were unaffected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olaia Urrutia
- Escuela Superior de Ingenieros Agrónomos, Departamento de Producción Agraria, Universidad Pública de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - José Antonio Mendizabal
- Escuela Superior de Ingenieros Agrónomos, Departamento de Producción Agraria, Universidad Pública de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Kizkitza Insausti
- Escuela Superior de Ingenieros Agrónomos, Departamento de Producción Agraria, Universidad Pública de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Beatriz Soret
- Escuela Superior de Ingenieros Agrónomos, Departamento de Producción Agraria, Universidad Pública de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Antonio Purroy
- Escuela Superior de Ingenieros Agrónomos, Departamento de Producción Agraria, Universidad Pública de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Ana Arana
- Escuela Superior de Ingenieros Agrónomos, Departamento de Producción Agraria, Universidad Pública de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
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Horcada A, Polvillo O, Juárez M, Avilés C, Martínez A, Peña F. Influence of feeding system (concentrate and total mixed ration) on fatty acid profiles of beef from three lean cattle breeds. J Food Compost Anal 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfca.2016.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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The expression of genes encoding enzymes regulating fat metabolism is affected by maternal nutrition when lambs are fed algae high in omega-3. Livest Sci 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.livsci.2016.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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González-Calvo L, Joy M, Blanco M, Dervishi E, Molino F, Sarto P, Ripoll G, Serrano M, Calvo JH. Effect of vitamin E supplementation or alfalfa grazing on fatty acid composition and expression of genes related to lipid metabolism in lambs. J Anim Sci 2016; 93:3044-54. [PMID: 26115290 DOI: 10.2527/jas.2014-8758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of vitamin E (VE) supplementation and alfalfa grazing during fattening on fatty acid composition and mRNA expression of genes related to lipid metabolism in the LM of Rasa Aragonesa light lambs. After weaning, 48 lambs were kept indoors and fed a commercial concentrate and a VE supplemented concentrate (480 mg DL-α-tocopheryl acetate/kg DM) for 0 (control [CON]), 10 (VE10d), 20 (VE20d), and 30 d (VE30d) before slaughtering at 22 to 24 kg. Simultaneously, 8 unweaned lambs grazed in alfalfa (154 mg α-tocopherol/kg DM) paddocks with their dams and supplemented with the commercial concentrate (ALF). Immediately after slaughter, LM was sampled to determine gene expression. After 24 h of cooling at 4°C, LM was extracted to determine intramuscular fat (IMF) content and fatty acid composition. The IMF content did not differ with the dietary treatment ( = 0.212). Unweaned grazing alfalfa lambs had greater concentration of rumenic acid (C18:2 c9,t11; P < 0.001) and lower oleic acid (C18:1 c9; = 0.001) content and PUFA n-6:n-3 ratio (P < 0.001) but similar expression of genes implicated in lipid metabolism compared to the concentrate-fed lambs. Vitamin E supplementation did not modify muscle fatty acid composition; however, it increased the expression of FADS2 and ELOVL6, which are involved in desaturation of long-chain fatty acid and the elongation of SFA and MUFA. The results showed that a short period of VE supplementation, especially 10 (VE10d) and 20 d (VE20d), modified gene expression. Overall, the results showed that VE may be acting as a regulatory factor for transcriptional control of genes related to lipid metabolism in the muscle of Rasa Aragonesa light lambs (22-24 kg live weight and younger than 90 d old).
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Conte G, Jeronimo E, Serra A, Bessa RJ, Mele M. Effect of dietary polyunsaturated fatty acids on Stearoyl CoA-Desaturase gene expression in intramuscular lipids of lamb. ITALIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE 2016. [DOI: 10.4081/ijas.2012.e79] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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Kaić A, Mioč B, Kasap A, Potočnik K. Meta-analysis of intramuscular fatty acid composition of Mediterranean lambs. Arch Anim Breed 2016. [DOI: 10.5194/aab-59-1-2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract. The aim of this work was to study the intramuscular fatty acid profile of Mediterranean lambs using a meta-analysis. The database was created from five journal articles and one doctoral dissertation, and included lambs of the Talaverana, Comisana, Churra Tensina, Merino Branco and Pramenka breeds. All analyses were performed using Comprehensive Meta-Analysis and R statistical software. According to the overall pooled result, lambs of Mediterranean breeds included in our meta-analysis had 22.85 % of palmitic (C16:0), 14.78 % of stearic (C18:0) and 5.32 % of myristic acid (C14:0). The overall pooled result for oleic acid (C18:1) was 32.53 %, and it was 5.60 % for linoleic acid (C18:2 n-6) and 1.95 % for α-linolenic acid (C18:3 n-3). Regardless of the proportions of the main fatty acids, Mediterranean lambs had 47.85 % of SFA (saturated fatty acid), 37.87 % of MUFA (monounsaturated fatty acid) and 11.50 % of PUFA (polyunsaturated fatty acid). The overall pooled result for the PUFA / SFA ratio was 0.23, and it was 2.22 for the n-6 /n-3 ratio. The results of our meta-analysis enabled us to gain an important scientific insight into the lipid profile of intramuscular fat in Mediterranean lambs. A systematic combination of quantitative data from several carefully selected studies provided estimates of greater statistical power and enabled a more truthful comparison of results originating from different independent studies than any previously published research on this issue.
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Wang Z, Chen Y, Luo H, Liu X, Liu K. Influence of Restricted Grazing Time Systems on Productive Performance and Fatty Acid Composition of Longissimus dorsi in Growing Lambs. ASIAN-AUSTRALASIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCES 2015; 28:1105-15. [PMID: 26104518 PMCID: PMC4478478 DOI: 10.5713/ajas.14.0937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2014] [Revised: 02/05/2015] [Accepted: 02/13/2015] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Fifty 3-month-old male Tan lambs (similar in body weight) were divided into 5 groups to investigate the effects of different restricted pasture grazing times and indoor supplementation on the productive performances and fatty acid composition of the intramuscular fat in growing lambs. The lambs grazed for different periods of time (12 h/d, 8 h/d, 4 h/d, 2 h/d, and 0 h) and received various amounts of supplementary feedings during the 120-day trial. Pasture dry matter intake (DMI), total DMI, average daily gains and the live body weights of the lambs were measured during the experiment. The animals were slaughtered at the end of the study, their carcass traits were measured, and their longissimus dorsi muscles were sampled to analyze the intramuscular fat (IMF) content and fatty acid profiles. The results indicated that the different durations of grazing and supplementary feedings affected the animal performances and the composition of fatty acids. Grazing for 8 h/d or 2 h/d with the corresponding supplementary concentrate resulted in lambs with higher body weights, carcass weights and IMF contents. Lambs with longer grazing times and less concentrate accumulated more healthy fatty acids such as conjugated linoleic acid and n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid and had higher n-3/n-6 ratios. Overall, a grazing allowance of 8 h/d and the corresponding concentrate was recommended to maintain a high quantity and quality of lamb meat.
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Alvarenga TIRC, Chen Y, Furusho-Garcia IF, Perez JRO, Hopkins DL. Manipulation of Omega-3 PUFAs in Lamb: Phenotypic and Genotypic Views. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2015; 14:189-204. [DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.12131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2014] [Accepted: 01/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tharcilla Isabella Rodrigues Costa Alvarenga
- Dept. of Animal Science, Federal Univ. of Lavras; Campus Universitário; Caixa Postal 3037 37200-000 Lavras Minas Gerais Brazil
- NSW Dept. of Primary Industries; Centre for Red Meat and Sheep Development; Cowra NSW 2794 Australia
| | - Yizhou Chen
- NSW Dept. of Primary Industries; Elizabeth Macarthur Agricultural Inst; Menangle NSW 2568 Australia
| | - Iraides Ferreira Furusho-Garcia
- Dept. of Animal Science, Federal Univ. of Lavras; Campus Universitário; Caixa Postal 3037 37200-000 Lavras Minas Gerais Brazil
| | - Juan Ramon Olalquiaga Perez
- Dept. of Animal Science, Federal Univ. of Lavras; Campus Universitário; Caixa Postal 3037 37200-000 Lavras Minas Gerais Brazil
| | - David L. Hopkins
- Dept. of Animal Science, Federal Univ. of Lavras; Campus Universitário; Caixa Postal 3037 37200-000 Lavras Minas Gerais Brazil
- NSW Dept. of Primary Industries; Centre for Red Meat and Sheep Development; Cowra NSW 2794 Australia
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Sanz A, Serrano C, Ranera B, Dervishi E, Zaragoza P, Calvo J, Rodellar C. Novel polymorphisms in the 5′UTR of FASN, GPAM, MC4R and PLIN1 ovine candidate genes: Relationship with gene expression and diet. Small Rumin Res 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.smallrumres.2014.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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Gallardo MA, Cárcamo JG, Hiller B, Nuernberg G, Nuernberg K, Dannenberger D. Expression of lipid metabolism related genes in subcutaneous adipose tissue from Chilota lambs grazing on two different pasture types. EUR J LIPID SCI TECH 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/ejlt.201400033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Asuncion Gallardo
- Escuela de Graduados; Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias and Instituto de Bioquímica y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Austral de Chile; Valdivia Chile
| | - Juan Guillermo Cárcamo
- Escuela de Graduados; Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias and Instituto de Bioquímica y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Austral de Chile; Valdivia Chile
| | - Beate Hiller
- Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology; Institute of Muscle Biology and Growth and Institute of Genetics and Biometry; Dummerstorf Germany
| | - Gerd Nuernberg
- Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology; Institute of Muscle Biology and Growth and Institute of Genetics and Biometry; Dummerstorf Germany
| | - Karin Nuernberg
- Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology; Institute of Muscle Biology and Growth and Institute of Genetics and Biometry; Dummerstorf Germany
| | - Dirk Dannenberger
- Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology; Institute of Muscle Biology and Growth and Institute of Genetics and Biometry; Dummerstorf Germany
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Paim TDP, Viana P, Brandão E, Amador S, Barbosa T, Cardoso C, Dantas ÂMM, de Souza JR, McManus C, Abdalla AL, Louvandini H. Carcass traits and fatty acid profile of meat from lambs fed different cottonseed by-products. Small Rumin Res 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.smallrumres.2013.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Effects of concentrate supplementation on forage intake, metabolic profile and milk fatty acid composition of unselected ewes raising lambs. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2013.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Corazzin M, Bovolenta S, Saccà E, Bianchi G, Piasentier E. Effect of linseed addition on the expression of some lipid metabolism genes in the adipose tissue of young Italian Simmental and Holstein bulls1. J Anim Sci 2013; 91:405-12. [DOI: 10.2527/jas.2011-5057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- M. Corazzin
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Science, University of Udine, 33100 Udine, Italy
| | - S. Bovolenta
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Science, University of Udine, 33100 Udine, Italy
| | - E. Saccà
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Science, University of Udine, 33100 Udine, Italy
| | - G. Bianchi
- ERSA, Agency for Rural Development, Autonomous Region of Friuli Venezia Giulia, 33100 Udine, Italy
| | - E. Piasentier
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Science, University of Udine, 33100 Udine, Italy
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Roche A, Ripoll G, Joy M, Folch J, Panea B, Calvo J, Alabart J. Effects of the FecXR allele of BMP15 gene on the birth weight, growth rate and carcass quality of Rasa Aragonesa light lambs. Small Rumin Res 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.smallrumres.2012.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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30
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Lyahyai J, Mediano DR, Ranera B, Sanz A, Remacha AR, Bolea R, Zaragoza P, Rodellar C, Martín-Burriel I. Isolation and characterization of ovine mesenchymal stem cells derived from peripheral blood. BMC Vet Res 2012; 8:169. [PMID: 22999337 PMCID: PMC3514285 DOI: 10.1186/1746-6148-8-169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2012] [Accepted: 09/17/2012] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are multipotent stem cells with capacity to differentiate into several mesenchymal lineages. This quality makes MSCs good candidates for use in cell therapy. MSCs can be isolated from a variety of tissues including bone marrow and adipose tissue, which are the most common sources of these cells. However, MSCs can also be isolated from peripheral blood. Sheep has been proposed as an ideal model for biomedical studies including those of orthopaedics and transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs). The aim of this work was to advance these studies by investigating the possibility of MSC isolation from ovine peripheral blood (oPB-MSCs) and by subsequently characterizing there in vitro properties. RESULTS Plastic-adherent fibroblast-like cells were obtained from the mononuclear fraction of blood samples. These cells were analysed for their proliferative and differentiation potential into adipocytes, osteoblasts and chondrocytes, as well as for the gene expression of cell surface markers. The isolated cells expressed transcripts for markers CD29, CD73 and CD90, but failed to express the haematopoietic marker CD45 and expressed only low levels of CD105. The expression of CD34 was variable. The differentiation potential of this cell population was evaluated using specific differentiation media. Although the ability of the cultures derived from different animals to differentiate into adipocytes, osteoblasts and chondrocytes was heterogeneous, we confirmed this feature using specific staining and analysing the gene expression of differentiation markers. Finally, we tested the ability of oPB-MSCs to transdifferentiate into neuronal-like cells. Morphological changes were observed after 24-hour culture in neurogenic media, and the transcript levels of the neurogenic markers increased during the prolonged induction period. Moreover, oPB-MSCs expressed the cellular prion protein gene (PRNP), which was up-regulated during neurogenesis. CONCLUSIONS This study describes for the first time the isolation and characterization of oPB-MSCs. Albeit some variability was observed between animals, these cells retained their capacity to differentiate into mesenchymal lineages and to transdifferentiate into neuron-like cells in vitro. Therefore, oPB-MSCs could serve as a valuable tool for biomedical research in fields including orthopaedics or prion diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaber Lyahyai
- Laboratorio de Genética Bioquímica (LAGENBIO), Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Zaragoza, Miguel Servet 177, Zaragoza, 50013, Spain
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Ectopic overexpression of swine PPARγ2 upregulated adipocyte genes expression and triacylglycerol in skeletal muscle of mice. Transgenic Res 2012; 21:1311-8. [DOI: 10.1007/s11248-012-9615-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2012] [Accepted: 03/28/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Dervishi E, Joy M, Alvarez-Rodriguez J, Serrano M, Calvo JH. The forage type (grazing versus hay pasture) fed to ewes and the lamb sex affect fatty acid profile and lipogenic gene expression in the longissimus muscle of suckling lambs1. J Anim Sci 2012; 90:54-66. [DOI: 10.2527/jas.2011-4057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- E. Dervishi
- Unidad de Tecnología en Producción Animal, Centro de Investigación y Tecnología Agroalimentaria (CITA), Avda Montañana 930, 50059 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - M. Joy
- Unidad de Tecnología en Producción Animal, Centro de Investigación y Tecnología Agroalimentaria (CITA), Avda Montañana 930, 50059 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - J. Alvarez-Rodriguez
- Unidad de Tecnología en Producción Animal, Centro de Investigación y Tecnología Agroalimentaria (CITA), Avda Montañana 930, 50059 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - M. Serrano
- Departamento de Mejora Genética Animal, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Ctra. La Coruña 7.5, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - J. H. Calvo
- Unidad de Tecnología en Producción Animal, Centro de Investigación y Tecnología Agroalimentaria (CITA), Avda Montañana 930, 50059 Zaragoza, Spain
- ARAID Fundacion Agencia Aragonesa para la Investigacion y Desarrollo, 50004 Zaragoza, Spain
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Álvarez-Rodríguez J, Estopañan G, Sanz A, Dervishi E, Govoni N, Tamanini C, Joy M. Carry-over effects of body condition in the early pregnant ewe on peri-partum adipose tissue metabolism. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2011; 96:985-92. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0396.2011.01210.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Dietary n-3 Fatty Acids Significantly Suppress Lipogenesis in Bovine Muscle and Adipose Tissue: A Functional Genomics Approach. Lipids 2011; 46:557-67. [DOI: 10.1007/s11745-011-3571-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2011] [Accepted: 05/12/2011] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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35
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Dervishi E, Serrano C, Joy M, Serrano M, Rodellar C, Calvo JH. The effect of feeding system in the expression of genes related with fat metabolism in semitendinous muscle in sheep. Meat Sci 2011; 89:91-7. [PMID: 21543161 DOI: 10.1016/j.meatsci.2011.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2011] [Revised: 04/05/2011] [Accepted: 04/06/2011] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The effect of feeding system on the expression of LPL, ACACA, FASN, FABP4, DGAT1, SCD, CPT1B, PRKAA2, LEP, SREBP1, PPARG, PPARA and CEBPB genes in semitendinous muscle was studied. Forty-four single born male lambs of the Rasa Aragonesa breed, allocated to four different dietary treatments, were used: grazing alfalfa, grazing alfalfa with supplement for lambs, indoor lambs with grazing ewes and drylot. Significant differences were found in the expression of genes LPL, ACACA, FASN, FABP4, CPT1B and SCD. Genes related to adipogenesis (LPL, ACACA, FASN, FABP4, and SCD) are up-regulated in the intensive groups. In grazing groups CPT1B gene expression, related to β-oxidation process, is up-regulated. The relative expression of CPT1B was 1.54 fold higher in ALF+S, and 0.43 and 0.37 fold lower in IND- GRE and IND, respectively. The results support the hypothesis that changes in fatty acid profile due to feeding system implicate changes in the mRNA expression level of genes related with fat metabolism. Feeding strategy is an important tool to manipulate intramuscular fatty acid profile in meat through altering gene expression of enzymes related with fat metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Dervishi
- Unidad de Tecnología en Producción Animal, CITA, Zaragoza, Spain.
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