Sea buckthorn pomace supplementation in the finishing diets of pigs – are there effects on meat quality and muscle fatty acids?

Abstract. In the present study, the effect of sea buckthorn pomace (SBP) supplementation (concentrations of 0, 4, 8 and 12%; intervention duration of 4 or 8 weeks) on finishing performance, meat quality parameters, and fatty acid and vitamin C contents in muscle of German Landrace pigs was assessed. Supplementation with SBP did not negatively affect growth performance and slaughter quality traits of pigs. The overall meat quality including nutrient composition (protein, fat, water), meat colour and pH value was not changed. Surprisingly, the fatty acid profile of longissimus muscle was only slightly affected by different SBP concentrations and intervention durations. Highest amounts of n-3 fatty acids (28 mg/100 g muscle) were measured in pig muscle which had received a 12% SBP-supplemented ratio with over an intervention period of 8 weeks. The contents for vitamin C of longissimus muscle of pigs of the control group and SBP supplementation groups varied between 24.0 and 28.7 μg g−1 fresh muscle, and were not diet affected. Other diet compositions and possibly changes in SBP during the manufacturing process of diet pellets should be included in investigations to develop an application-oriented concept of SBP as a supplement for pig feeding.

Impact of dietary protein level and source of polyunsaturated fatty acids on lipid metabolism-related protein expression and fatty acid concentrations in porcine tissues

The study assessed the effects of reduced protein (RPD) vs high protein diet (HPD) in combination with n-3/n-6 PUFA-containing plant oils [linseed oil (LO)/sunflower seed oil (SO)] supplementation on lipid metabolism-related protein expression and fatty acid concentrations in porcine tissues. Forty male Landrace pigs (castrates) were allocated into four groups fed diets different in dietary protein and PUFA level and one control group. SCD-1 protein expression in pig muscle, back fat, and liver was not affected by diet. The protein expression of precursor (pSREBP-1c) and active nuclear form of SREBP-1c (mSREBP-1c) in muscle and back fat was affected by diet, however not in liver of pigs. In contrast, the expression of ACC and FAS expression was significantly affected by diet only in the liver. The fatty acid concentrations in muscle, liver, and back fat resulted in higher n-3 PUFA concentrations of LO groups compared to the SO groups.

Fatty acid profile of plasma, muscle and adipose tissues in Chilota lambs grazing on two different low quality pasture types in Chiloé Archipelago (Chile)

There is no information about the effect of different pasture types on tissue fatty acid profiles of a native rustic lamb breed of the Chiloe Archipelago, the Chilota. Eight Chilota lambs were grazed on a 'Calafatal' pasture (CP), a typical secondary succession of Chiloé Archipelago (Chile) and eight Chilota lambs were located to graze on naturalized pasture (NP) of Chiloé. Botanical, chemical and lipid composition of the two types of pastures and of different lamb tissues (muscle, subcutaneous - and tail adipose tissues) and plasma were performed. Both pasture types induced high n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) and CLAcis-9,trans-11 proportions in Chilota meat. Thus, in muscle, Chilota lambs grazing CP showed higher sum PUFA, sum n-6 PUFA proportion and n-6/n-3 PUFA ratio compared with Chilota lambs grazing NP. In tail fats of Chilota lambs grazing CP significantly higher proportions of 18:3n-3, sum saturated fatty acids, sum PUFA, n-3 and n-6 PUFA were detected compared with Chilota lambs grazing NP. Feeding of different pasture types (CP vs. NP) caused significant differences in fatty acid composition of muscle and the two fat depots in Chilota lambs, but also point to tissue-specific responses of de novo synthesized fatty acid deposition in the tissues.

The effects of gender, age and region on macro- and micronutrient contents and fatty acid profiles in the muscles of roe deer and wild boar in Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania (Germany)

Samples of M. longissimus were collected from a total of 203 feral roe deer (n=118) and wild boar (n=85) in two regions of Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania (Germany). The muscle lipid saturated fatty acid proportions of roe deer and wild boar ranged between 33 and 49g/100g total fatty acids and 31 and 35g/100g total fatty acids, respectively. The total n-3 PUFA proportions in roe deer muscle varied between 8.0 and 14g/100g fatty acids, and in wild boar muscle between 2.6 and 6.0g/100g fatty acids. The major vitamin E homologue, α-tocopherol, was determined to be between 5.8 and 13.1mg/kg in roe deer muscles. Lower levels between 1.2 and 4.7mg/kg were measured in wild boar muscles. The iron and zinc concentrations in roe deer and wild boar muscle ranged from 26.3 to 33.9mg/kg and from 17.0 to 21.7mg/kg, and from 13.6 to 39.3mg/kg and 18.1 to 31.9mg/kg, respectively.

Dietary fatty acid intervention of lactating cows simultaneously affects lipid profiles of meat and milk

BACKGROUND

The present study investigated tissue-specific responses of muscle and mammary gland to a 10 week intervention of German Holstein cows (n = 18) with three different dietary fat supplements (saturated fat; linseed oil or sunflower oil plus docosahexaenoic acid-rich algae) by analysing fatty acid profiles and quality parameters of meat and milk.

RESULTS

Plant oil/algae intervention affected neither fat content nor quality parameters of meat but decreased fat content and saturated fatty acid amounts of milk. Linseed oil/algae intervention caused significantly higher concentrations of C18:3n-3 (meat, 1.0 g per 100 g; milk, 1.2 g per 100 g) and C22:6n-3 (meat, 0.3 g per 100 g; milk, 0.14 g per 100 g). Sunflower oil/algae intervention increased n-6 fatty acid contents in milk (4.0 g per 100 g) but not in meat. Elevated amounts of C18:1trans isomers and C18:1trans-11 were found in meat and especially in milk of plant oil/algae-fed cows. C18:1cis-9 amounts were found to be increased in milk but decreased in meat after plant oil/algae intervention.

CONCLUSION

The present study demonstrated that dietary fatty acid manipulation substantially shifted the fatty acid profiles of milk and to a lesser extent of meat, whereas meat quality traits were not affected. Indications of tissue-specific responses of mammary gland and muscle were identified.

Comparison of fattening performance and slaughter value of local Hungarian cattle breeds to international breeds

Abstract. The objective of the trial is to compare fattening performance, slaughter results and meat quality of bulls from international cattle breeds with local Hungarian breeds fattened under the same conditions. Altogether 62 growing bulls – Angus, Charolais, Holstein, Hungarian Grey, Hungarian Simmental, Charolais × Hungarian Grey – were fattened in small groups. The daily gain varied from 897 (Hungarian Grey) to 1 240 g/day (Angus). In general, the lower gain value is caused by the semi-intensive fattening system with low concentrate supplementation. The slaughter weight showed a similar tendency as final weight, there was a significant difference between Angus and Hungarian Grey. The killing out of Charolais (59.50 %), Angus (56.80 %) and Hungarian Simmental (57.84 %) was significantly higher than Hungarian Grey (55.13 %) and Holstein (55.03 %). Due to Charolais crossing the dressing percentage of Hungarian Grey was developed by about 1.5 %. The EU conformation scores of Charolais (9.50) and Hungarian Simmental (9.33) and the fatness scores of Angus (8.33) and Charolais × Hungarian Grey (7.33) were significantly higher than that of the other genotypes. The tissue composition of dissected carcass as well as ribs joint composition determined by X-ray computerised tomography method showed the lean meat of Hungarian Simmental and bone proportions of Holstein to be the highest, whilst Angus had the highest fat content. Charolais und Hungarian Simmental had significant higher longissimus muscle area in ribs joint compared to Angus, Holstein and Charolais × Hungarian Grey. Angus and Hungarian Grey had the highest intramuscular fat level of the three examined muscles.

Association of an ACSL1 gene variant with polyunsaturated fatty acids in bovine skeletal muscle

Background

The intramuscular fat deposition and the fatty acid profiles of beef affect meat quality. High proportions of unsaturated fatty acids are related to beef flavor and are beneficial for the nutritional value of meat. Moreover, a variety of clinical and epidemiologic studies showed that particularly long-chain omega-3 fatty acids from animal sources have a positive impact on human health and disease.

Results

To screen for genetic factors affecting fatty acid profiles in beef, we initially performed a microsatellite-based genome scan in a F₂ Charolais × German Holstein resource population and identified a quantitative trait locus (QTL) for fatty acid composition in a region on bovine chromosome 27 where previously QTL affecting marbling score had been detected in beef cattle populations. The long-chain acyl-CoA synthetase 1 (ACSL1) gene was identified as the most plausible functional and positional candidate gene in the QTL interval due to its direct impact on fatty acid metabolism and its position in the QTL interval. ACSL1 is necessary for synthesis of long-chain acyl-CoA esters, fatty acid degradation and phospholipid remodeling. We validated the genomic annotation of the bovine ACSL1 gene by in silico comparative sequence analysis and experimental verification. Re-sequencing of the complete coding, exon-flanking intronic sequences, 3' untranslated region (3'UTR) and partial promoter region of the ACSL1 gene revealed three synonymous mutations in exons 6, 7, and 20, six noncoding intronic gene variants, six polymorphisms in the promoter region, and four variants in the 3' UTR region. The association analysis identified the gene variant in intron 5 of the ACSL1 gene (c.481-233A>G) to be significantly associated with the relative content of distinct fractions and ratios of fatty acids (e.g., n-3 fatty acids, polyunsaturated, n-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids, trans vaccenic acid) in skeletal muscle. A tentative association of the ACSL1 gene variant with intramuscular fat content indicated that an indirect effect on fatty acid composition via modulation of total fat content of skeletal muscle cannot be excluded.

Conclusions

The initial QTL analysis suggested the ACSL1 gene as a positional and functional candidate gene for fatty acid composition in bovine skeletal muscle. The findings of subsequent association analyses indicate that ACSL1 or a separate gene in close proximity might play a functional role in mediating the lipid composition of beef.

Metabolic responses to high-fat diets rich in n-3 or n-6 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids in mice selected for either high body weight or leanness explain different health outcomes

Background

Increasing evidence suggests that diets high in polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) confer health benefits by improving insulin sensitivity and lipid metabolism in liver, muscle and adipose tissue.

Methods

The present study investigates metabolic responses in two different lines of mice either selected for high body weight (DU6) leading to rapid obesity development, or selected for high treadmill performance (DUhTP) leading to a lean phenotype. At 29 days of age the mice were fed standard chow (7.2% fat, 25.7% protein), or a high-fat diet rich in n-3 PUFA (n-3 HFD, 27.7% fat, 19% protein) or a high-fat diet rich in n-6 PUFA (n-6 HFD, 27.7% fat, 18.6% protein) for 8 weeks. The aim of the study was to determine the effect of these PUFA-rich high-fat diets on the fatty acid profile and on the protein expression of key components of insulin signalling pathways.

Results

Plasma concentrations of leptin and insulin were higher in DU6 in comparison with DUhTP mice. The high-fat diets stimulated a strong increase in leptin levels and body fat only in DU6 mice. Muscle and liver fatty acid composition were clearly changed by dietary lipid composition. In both lines of mice n-3 HFD feeding significantly reduced the hepatic insulin receptor β protein concentration which may explain decreased insulin action in liver. In contrast, protein kinase C ζ expression increased strongly in abdominal fat of n-3 HFD fed DUhTP mice, indicating enhanced insulin sensitivity in adipose tissue.

Conclusions

A diet high in n-3 PUFA may facilitate a shift from fuel deposition in liver to fuel storage as fat in adipose tissue in mice. Tissue specific changes in insulin sensitivity may describe, at least in part, the health improving properties of dietary n-3 PUFA. However, important genotype-diet interactions may explain why such diets have little effect in some population groups.

Effect of dietary n-3 and n-6 PUFA on lipid composition of different tissues of German Holstein bulls and the fate of bioactive fatty acids during processing

The present study investigated the effects of dietary linolenic acid (ALA) versus linoleic acid (LA) on meat quality, fatty acid composition, and stearoyl-CoA desaturase (SCD) activity in longissimus muscle (MLD) and subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT) of German Holstein bulls and the transfer of beneficial n-3 fatty acids into German corned beef sausages (GCB). Feeding LA- and ALA-enriched diets increased essential fatty acids in MLD and SAT. The ALA-supplemented diet decreased significantly the SCD activity in MLD and SAT, resulting in a reduced relative concentration of oleic acid in muscle. The relative proportion of CLAcis-9,trans-11 analyzed by HPLC was not different between groups in either tissue. GCB were produced by using the lean meat of bulls. Beef products of bulls fed the ALA-supplemented diet were rich in ALA and n-3 LC PUFA. Most importantly, there was no loss of n-3 fatty acids during processing under production conditions. Conclusively, the n-6/n-3 fatty acid ratio was beneficially low.

Relationship between lipid peroxidation and antioxidant status in the muscle of German Holstein bulls Fed n-3 and n-6 PUFA-enriched diets

This study evaluated the influence of different n-3 and n-6 PUFA-enriched diets on the relationship between lipid peroxidation and antioxidant status by analyzing fatty acids (FA), lipid peroxidation, antioxidant capacity (AOC), antioxidant enzymes, trace elements, and fat-soluble vitamins in the longissimus muscle. Diet caused significant changes in muscle FA composition, leading to accumulation of beneficial n-3 FA. beta-Carotene and catalase activity were significantly elevated in muscle of the n-3 PUFA-enriched diet group compared to the n-6 PUFA-enriched diet group. Lipid peroxidation was higher in muscle of the n-3 PUFA-enriched diet group after 15 min of reaction time. There was no significant effect of diet on AOC, but it increased with reaction time. The present results suggest that the antioxidant defense in muscle of the n-3 PUFA-enriched diet group could balance reactive substances under low oxidative conditions. However, the antioxidant capacity was not sufficient under abundant accumulation of reactive substances.

Carcass characteristics and meat quality of Hungarian Simmental young bulls fed different forage to concentrate ratios with or without linseed supplementation

Abstract. In total, 30 Hungarian Simmental bulls were reared to 300.07 ± 43.78 kg initial live weight and 274.57 ± 19.73 d of age. Animals were distributed into three feeding groups with different maize silage to concentrate ratios (670 : 330 = F/ HC; 750 : 250 = F/ LC 1; 800 : 200 = F/ LC 2) based on dry matter. The low concentrate groups (F/ LC 1 and F/ LC 2) received linseed supplemented concentrate during the fattening period. Feeding high concentrate (F/ HC) caused the significantly highest daily gain. The slaughter weights, dressing (%), lean (%) and fat (%) did not show any significant differences between feeding groups. Carcass conformation of all groups was assessed mainly as U. Bulls of group F/ LC 2 had the lowest amount of kidney fat. Bone proportion of the carcasses was affected by the diet (F/ HC: 18.65 %; F/ LC 1: 18.41 %; F/ LC 2: 17.91 %). The tendon proportions were lower in groups F/ LC 1 and F/ LC 2 but not significantly (F/ HC: 1.15 %; F/ LC 1: 1.1 %; F/ LC 2: 1.08 %). The intramuscular fat content varied between the three muscles investigated. Psoas major muscle contained the highest fat concentration in all three feeding groups. The mineral content of muscles (iron [Fe], copper [Cu], zinc [Zn]) was only affected by muscle type, but not by diet. In linseed supplemented groups (F/ LC 1 and F/ LC 2) the palmitic acid and palmitoleic acid proportion was decreased (P<0.05) in all muscles and the linolenic, eicosapentaenoic and the sum of n-3 fatty acid (P<0.05) was increased compared to the F/ HC group. The beef from groups F/ LC 1 and F/ LC 2 bulls showed a lower n-6 to n-3 fatty acids ratio (P<0.05). The relative and absolute concentration of CLAcis-9,trans-11 was unaffected by diet but muscle type caused changes.

ANKOM – a new instrument for the determination of fat in muscle and meat cuts – a comparison

Abstract. The objective of this study was to compare the new fat extraction equipment ANKOMXT15 Extractor with different chemical and physical methods which are widely used to determinate the fat content of different animal tissues. In total 23 pigs and 19 cattle were included in the investigations. Different cuts of the carcasses like longissimus muscle (MLD), head, belly and breast, feet, ham, neck, loin, tenderloin and subcutaneous fats were used for this comparison. The investigation compared following three chemical methods: classic Soxhlet method, automatic fat extraction (ANKOMXT15 Extractor), automatic fat extraction following hydrolysing (ANKOMHCL Hydrolysis System, ANKOMXT15 Extractor) and two physical methods: Infratec1255 Food and Feed Analyzer and FoodScan™ Lab (FOSS). For accurate statistical analysis the different cuts were ordered into three fat groups. The repeatability (θ) of the chemical methods was calculated, which ranged between 0.88–1.00. No significant differences were measured between the new tested device ANKOMXT15 Extractor and the Soxhlet method. The use of the ANKOMXT15 Extractor is recommended because of the high precision, low purchase and using costs, and shorter analyses time.

Effect of feeding on the composition of longissmus muscle of Hungarian Grey and Holstein Friesian bulls. – III. Amino acid composition and mineral content

Abstract. In this experiment the effect of the extensive diet (grass/grass silage and concentrate linseed supplemented) versus intensive diet (maize silage and concentrate) on the amino acid composition and mineral content of Hungarian Grey and Hungarian Holstein Friesian young bulls was analysed. In addition the relationships between fatty acid profile and amino acid composition as well as mineral content of longissimus muscle were investigated. The extensive diet caused some changes in the proportion of some amino acids including isoleucine, leucine, phenylalanine, threonine, valine, cysteine, glycine, proline, serine and ammonia. The breed influenced only the histidine concentration of longissimus muscle. In extensive groups arginine to glycine and arginine to leucine ratios were higher compared to intensive fed bulls. The mineral composition of longissimus muscle was mainly influenced by diet and there was a breed x diet interaction, whereas breed differences were detected for calcium (Ca) and sodium (Na). The phosphorus (P) and the iron (Fe) content in longissimus muscle of extensively fed animals were significantly higher, whereas Na and copper (Cu) content were lower. The beef of Hungarian Grey bulls contained less Ca and Na compared to Holstein counterparts. Cysteine and leucine concentration were positively correlated to intramuscular fat content and negatively with n-3 and n-6 fatty acids (FA). Among minerals the P and Fe content correlated negatively to intramuscular fat content. The closest correlations were determined between P and linolenic acid (C18:3n-3) as well as n

Der Einfluss der Fütterung auf die Zusammensetzung verschiedener Fettdepots von Jungbullen der Rassen Ungarisches Grauvieh und Holstein Friesian – 2. Mitteilung: ¹H- Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) Untersuchungen

Abstract. Title of the paper: Effect of feeding on the fatty acid composition of different fatty tissues of Hungarian Grey and Holstein Friesian bulls. II. 1H-Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) investigations In this attempt the relaxation times using 1H-NMR spectroscopy from three different (subcutaneous, perinephric and internal fat) fat depots of Hungarian Grey and Holstein Friesian extensive or intensive fattened young bulls were measured. The relaxation properties were compared with the analysis of fatty acid compostion. The different diets and the sample location have a higher influence on the relaxation times than the breed. In fat samples from extensive groups the T1-relaxation time was longer, while the T2-relaxation time was significantly shorter in intensive fed groups. The T2-relaxation time, as well as the relaxation time of T21- und T22-components were the shortest in extensive fed animals, while the proportion of T21-component was the highest in kidney fat, furthermore the difference was statistics proved. The T2-relaxation time showed a close negative relationship with the ratio of saturated fatty acids (SFA). The ratio of v21 and v22 depends on chemical composition of fat samples. In fat tissues with a high SFA percentage caused a higher proportion of v21. It is suggested that differences in fatty acid compositon of fat samples caused also alteration in the relaxation time.

Vaccenic acid and cis-9,trans-11 CLA in the rumen and different tissues of pasture- and concentrate-fed beef cattle

The objective of present study was the comparison of trans-11 18:1 (VA) and cis-9,trans-11 CLA concentrations in the rumen and different tissues in beef cattle, and to examine the diet and breed effects on the compound concentration and deposition. Sixty-four German Holstein and German Simmental bulls were randomly assigned to two dietary treatments, based on concentrate or pasture. The concentration of cis-9,trans-11 CLA and VA in rumen, duodenal digesta and different tissues was determined by gas chromatography. The results showed that pasture relative to concentrate feeding significantly increased the concentration of VA in duodenal digesta, plasma and erythrocyte phospholipids. Pasture-based feeding resulted in a significant enrichment of cis-9,trans-11 CLA in plasma lipids and erythrocyte phospholipids, but not in rumen and duodenal digesta, compared to concentrate-fed diet. Diet did not affect the cis-9,trans-11 CLA concentrations (mg/100 g fresh tissue) in semitendinosus muscle and subcutaneous fat. There was a breed effect on the deposition of cis-9,trans-11 CLA in longissimus muscle with lower concentration in pasture-fed German Simmental bulls compared to concentrate-fed bulls. However, pasture feeding significantly increased both, the VA and cis-9,trans-11 CLA concentrations in liver and heart tissues. Both diet and breed effects on Delta(9)-desaturase index was observed in muscle and subcutaneous fat tissues. There was a linear relationship between the concentration of VA and cis-9,trans-11 CLA and the coefficients of determination (R (2)) varied between 0.29 and 0.87 from rumen to the different tissues.

Comparison of different methylation methods for the analysis of conjugated linoleic acid isomers by silver ion HPLC in beef lipids

Four different methods for the methylation of conjugated linoleic acid isomers (CLA) in ruminant lipids were compared by silver ion (Ag+) HPLC. The combination of base-catalyzed methods followed by an acid-catalyzed method with BF3/MeOH was tested under different temperatures (room temperature and at 60 degrees C), along with based-catalyzed methylation with NaOCH3 and methylation with BF3/MeOH after saponification with NaOH. The comparison among these four methods was done on muscle and adipose tissue samples from bulls. The repeatability theta of the combined base- and acid-catalyzed methylation (NaOCH3/BF3) at ambient temperature for 20 min and at 60 degrees C for 10 min was most suitable for the quantitative Ag+-HPLC analysis of CLA isomers. At 60 degrees C the combined methods supplied the highest concentrations of most CLA isomers. The base-catalyzed methylation and the saponification followed by BF3/MeOH methylation for 5 min generated significantly lower concentrations for most CLA isomers compared to the combined methods.

Diet alters the fatty acid composition of individual phospholipid classes in beef muscle

The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of diet on the distribution of phospholipid classes and fatty acid profiles of individual phospholipid classes in longissimus muscle of beef. An experiment was established to examine the effect of pasture-based versus concentrate diet offered to two different breeds (German Holstein and German Simmental bulls) to enhance the content of beneficial fatty acids in beef and improve the meat quality for the consumer. High-performance thin-layer chromatography was utilized to separate the phospholipid classes. The fatty acid composition of the individual phospholipid classes was determined by gas chromatography. The main phospholipid classes in the muscle were phosphatidylethanolamine and phosphatidylcholine, representing approximately 60% of the total phospholipids, followed by phosphatidylinositol ranging between 11.8 and 14.8%. The results have shown that the fatty acid profiles in the detected seven phospholipid classes can be affected by different feeding systems. Pasture-based feeding resulted in an enrichment of total and individual n-3 fatty acids in all phospholipid classes of muscle lipids of bulls compared with those fed on concentrate. In contrast, pasture-based diet significantly decreased the proportion of total and individual n-6 fatty acids in phospholipid classes, except in the sphingomyelin fraction. The total saturated fatty acid proportions in the phospholipid classes were different and ranged between 4.5% in the cardiolipin fraction and 50.5% in the sphingomyelin fraction of muscle lipids of bulls. Furthermore, the diet effects on the saturated fatty acid proportion in the different phospholipid classes differ widely. The results have shown that the C18:1 trans and CLA profiles in the detected seven phospholipid classes can be affected by different feeding systems.

Carcass- and meat quality of pasture <i>vs</i> concentrate fed German Simmental and German Holstein bulls

Abstract. Many factors affect ruminant carcass and meat quality, and among the genetic and environmental factors, feeding plays an important role in the determination of quality. In a large study, sixty-four German Holstein and German Simmental bulls were randomly allocated to either an indoor concentrate feeding system or periods of pasture feeding following by a finishing period. During this period the animals got a concentrate containing linseed to improve the meat quality for the consumer and enhance the contents of beneficial fatty acids in beef. German Simmental bulls grew faster in both feeding groups (concentrate and grass-based) compared to German Holstein bulls. Because of that significantly more days of fattening were necessary to reach the slaughter weight of 620 kg. The feeding system did not affect the carcass weights of both breeds. The results of cutting according to the regulations of the Deutsche Landwirtschaftsgesellschaft (DLG-Schnittführung für die Zerlegung der Schlachtkörper von Rind, Kalb, Schwein und Schaf) showed diet effects for different cuts. Pasture feeding significantly decreased the weights of flank, flat ribs and brisket of both breeds. The intramuscular fat content of longissimus muscle was affected by the diet in the case of German Simmental bulls, only. The intramuscular fat content of longissimus muscle of pasture-fed German Simmental bulls was decreased to 1.5 % compared with concentrate-fed bulls (2.6 %). No diet effect was found in the intramuscular fat content of longissimus muscle of German Holstein bulls. The colour investigations of both muscles (longissimus and semitendinosus) showed that the beef produced by pasture feeding is darker. The Warner- Bratzler shear force values (WBSF) of pasture fed bulls were significantly higher compared to the concentrate fed bulls. Pasture feeding resulted in a significant increase in the concentration of n-3 fatty acids up to a factor of 2.8 in longissimus muscle of bulls compared with the concentrate feeding system.

Analysis of fatty aldehyde composition, including 12-methyltridecanal, in plasmalogens from longissimus muscle of concentrate- and pasture-fed bulls

In a large study, 64 German Holstein and German Simmental bulls were randomly allocated to either an indoor concentrate system or periods of pasture feeding followed by a finishing period on a concentrate containing linseed to enhance the contents of beneficial fatty acids in beef. This paper reports the diet effects on the concentration of 12-methyltridecanal (12-MT) and further fatty aldehydes released from plasmalogens in the phospholipids of longissimus muscle of the bulls. Because of the trace level of the important odorant 12-MT in beef, the determination of fatty aldehydes in phospholipids was done by acidic hydrolysis and the reaction of the aldehydes with 2,4-DNPH followed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis. The diet affected the 12-MT concentrations in the muscle phospholipids of both breeds. Pasture feeding significantly increased the 12-MT concentrations up to 350 microg/100 g fresh muscle in the muscle phospholipids of German Holstein and German Simmental bulls as compared with the concentrate-fed bulls. Furthermore, pasture feeding resulted in a significant increase of n-octadecanal in the muscle phospholipids of both breeds up to 39.5 mg/100 g fresh muscle. The concentration of n-hexadecanal was not affected by the diet. Pasture feeding as compared to concentrate feeding significantly decreased the concentration of n-octadec-9-enal in the muscle phospholipids. Summarizing, pasture feeding increased the 12-MT concentration, which can be associated with meat of more intensive aroma and better taste.

Der Einfluss der Fütterung auf die Zusammensetzung des intra-muskulären Fettes des <i>Musculus longissimus</i> und verschiedener Fettdepots von Jungbullen der Rassen Ungarisches Grauvieh und Holstein Friesian – 1. Mitteilung: Fettsäurezusammensetzung

Abstract. Title of the paper: Effect of feeding on the composition of the intramuscular fat in longissimus muscle and different fatty tissues of Hungarian Grey and Holstein Friesian bulls. 1. Fatty acid profile The aim of this study was to analyse the effect of nutrition, genotype and nutrition x genotype interaction on the fatty acid composition of intramuscular fat from longissimus dorsi muscle and different fat deposits using Hungarian Grey cattle bulls (HG) in comparison to Holstein Friesian bulls (HF) kept under extensive and intensive conditions. The extensive group was kept on pasture and was fed a concentrate supplemented with linseed meal in the last month of the trial. The extensive diet influenced the linoleic and linolenic acid ratio and the CLA content of longissimus muscle more advantageous concerning human nutrition. The meat from HG contained more CLA and less n-6 fatty acids also in case of the intensive diet than that of HF bulls. In the fat deposits from HF the PUFA mainly the linoleic acid was in a significant higher proportion available, however in the fat deposits of HG was the percentage of linol- and linolenic acid favourable. The extensive nutrition resulted in a lower linoleic acid and a higher linolenic acid content in both breeds and all three fat deposits. The PUFA content in the fat samples was altered contrary in both analysed breeds because of the different diet. In case of the extensive UG was the PUFA higher in all three fat deposits. In conclusion, the fatty acid composition of beef can be modified favourably by extensive feeding and concentrate which is rich in unsaturated fatty acids, however the beef of Hungarian Grey has a more wholesome influence on human health, than that of Holstein-Friesian bulls.

Effect of pasture vs. concentrate diet on CLA isomer distribution in different tissue lipids of beef cattle

This study examined the effects of feeding pasture vs. concentrate on the distribution of CLA isomers in the lipids of longissimus and semitendinosus muscle, liver and heart muscle, and subcutaneous fat in beef bulls. Sixty-four German Holstein and German Simmental bulls were randomly allocated to either an indoor concentrate system or periods of pasture feeding followed by a finishing period on a concentrate containing linseed to enhance their beef content of n-3 PUFA and CLA. The concentrations of CLA isomers in the different tissues were determined by GC and silver ion HPLC. The diet affected the distribution of individual CLA isomers in the lipids of the different tissues. The concentration (mg/100 g fresh tissue) of the most prominent isomer, cis-9,trans-11 18:2, was increased up to 1.5 times in liver and heart tissue of bulls fed on pasture as compared with concentrate. However, no diet effect was observed for cis-9,trans-11 18:2 in the lipids of longissimus muscle and subcutaneous fat. In all tissues, the second-most abundant CLA isomer in concentrate-fed bulls was trans-7,cis-9 18:2. In contrast, trans-11,cis-13 18:2 was the second-most abundant CLA isomer in all investigated tissue lipids of pasture-fed bulls. The concentration of the trans-11,cis-13 18:2 isomer was up to 15 times higher in tissues of pasture-fed bulls as compared with concentrate-fed animals. Furthermore, diet affected the concentrations of the CLA trans,trans 18:2 isomers. Pasture feeding significantly increased the concentrations of some trans,trans 18:2 isomers as compared with concentrate, predominantly trans-12,trans-14 18:2 and trans-11,trans-13 18:2. Overall, pasture feeding resulted in significantly increased concentrations of the sum of CLA isomers in the lipids of longissimus muscle, subcutaneous fat, heart and liver muscle of German Holstein and German Simmental bulls, but not in semitendinosus muscle.

Effect of diet on the deposition of n-3 fatty acids, conjugated linoleic and C18:1trans fatty acid isomers in muscle lipids of German Holstein bulls

This study examined the effects of feeding diets rich in either n-3 or n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) on the fatty acid composition of longissimus muscle in beef bulls. Thirty-three German Holstein bulls were randomly allocated to either an indoor concentrate system or periods of pasture feeding (160 days) followed by a finishing period on a concentrate containing linseed to enhance the contents of n-3 PUFA and conjugated linoleic acids (CLA) in beef muscle. The relative proportion and concentration (mg/100 g fresh muscle) of n-3 fatty acids in the phospholipid and triglyceride fractions were significantly increased (p < or = 0.05) in muscle lipids of pasture-fed bulls. The pasture feeding affected the distribution of individual CLA isomers in the muscle lipids. The proportion of the most prominent isomer, CLA cis-9,trans-11, was decreased from 73.5 to 65.0% of total CLA in bulls fed on concentrate as compared to pasture. The second most abundant CLA isomers were CLA trans-7,cis-9 and CLA trans-11,cis-13 in bulls fed on concentrate and pasture, respectively. Diet had no effect on the concentration of C18:1 trans-11. In contrast, the concentration of the C18:1 trans-13/14, trans-15, and trans-16 isomers in the muscle lipids was up to two times higher in pasture-fed as compared to concentrate-fed bulls. Pasture feeding enhanced the concentration of n-3 fatty acids, but the diet had no effect on the concentration of CLA cis-9,trans-11.