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Chen L, Deng LS, Xu T, Lai SY, Ai YR, Zhu L, Xu ZW. Rescue and characterization of PCV4 infectious clones: pathogenesis and immune response in piglets. Front Microbiol 2024; 15:1443119. [PMID: 39135875 PMCID: PMC11317377 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2024.1443119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2024] [Accepted: 07/11/2024] [Indexed: 08/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Porcine circovirus 4 (PCV4) was first identified in 2019, categorized within the genus Circovirus in the family Circoviridae. To date, the virus has not been isolated from clinical samples. Meanwhile, many aspects of the biology and pathogenic mechanisms of PCV4 infection remain unknown. In this study, PCV4 was successfully rescued from an infectious clone. We utilized a PCV4 virus stock derived from this infectious clone to intranasally inoculate 4-week-old specific-pathogen-free piglets to evaluate PCV4 pathogenesis. The rescued PCV4 was capable of replicating in both PK-15 cells and piglets, with the virus detectable in nearly all collected samples from the challenge groups. Pathological lesions and PCV4-specific antigens were observed in various tissues and organs, including the lungs, kidneys, lymph nodes, spleen, and liver, in the inoculated piglets. Additionally, the levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines in the serum of the PCV4-inoculated group were significantly elevated compared to the control group, indicating that the induced inflammatory response may contribute to tissue damage associated with PCV4 infection. These findings offer new insights into the pathogenesis and inflammatory responses associated with PCV4-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lan Chen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Li-Shuang Deng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Tong Xu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Si-Yuan Lai
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yan-Ru Ai
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Ling Zhu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Sichuan Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemic Disease and Human Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Zhi-Wen Xu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Sichuan Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemic Disease and Human Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
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Kaneko F, Kato M, Ito Y. Porcine circoviruses in wild boars in Nagano Prefecture, Japan. J Vet Med Sci 2023; 85:367-370. [PMID: 36682802 PMCID: PMC10076187 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.22-0034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
We investigated the prevalence of porcine circovirus 2 (PCV2) and 3 (PCV3) in wild boars captured or found dead in Nagano Prefecture in 2020. Based on PCR testing, 21 of 254 (8.3%) wild boars were PCV2-positive and 43 of 256 (16.8%) wild boars were PCV3-positive, 5 of 253 (2.0%) wild boars were both PCV2-positive and PCV3-positive. The frequency of detecting PCV3 in wild boars was significantly higher in adults than in juveniles (P=0.014). The PCV2-positive wild boars were found in all districts except for the North Alps and Hokushin, while PCV3-positive wild boars were found in all districts except for Suwa. This is the first report of PCV2 and PCV3 detected in wild boars in Japan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fumihiro Kaneko
- Matsumoto Livestock Hygiene Service Center, Nagano, Japan
- Present address: Animal Disease Control and Prevention Office, Nagano, Japan
| | - Masaki Kato
- Matsumoto Livestock Hygiene Service Center, Nagano, Japan
- Present address: Saku Livestock Hygiene Service Center, Nagano, Japan
| | - Yui Ito
- Matsumoto Livestock Hygiene Service Center, Nagano, Japan
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3
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Chen D, Huang Y, Guo Y, Wang L, Zhang Y, Zhou L, Ge X, Han J, Guo X, Yang H. Prevalence and Evolution Analysis of Porcine Circovirus 3 in China from 2018 to 2022. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12121588. [PMID: 35739924 PMCID: PMC9219504 DOI: 10.3390/ani12121588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2022] [Revised: 05/30/2022] [Accepted: 06/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary An increasing number of studies have shown that the PCV3 virus causes signs and symptoms similar to PDNS in pigs, and since first being identified in the United States, it has caused reproductive failure in pigs. Studies have shown that it has spread worldwide, especially in China. However, to date, there are only a few reports of PCV3 detection and sequence variation, and limited information is known about its distribution in China’s major swine-producing regions. This study examined the prevalence of PCV3 in China and its evolutionary relationship. A high level of PCV3 infection has been found in serum samples, and it has been found that PCV3 infection has a widespread distribution among Chinese pig herds. The ORF2 genes of the strains were analyzed and compared with other PCV3 strains, which were downloaded from the NCBI. Our phylogenetic analysis indicated a close relationship with the strains previously described in pigs, and additional analysis revealed that all isolates obtained in this study could be divided into two sub-clades: 3a and 3b. Overall, this study showed that PCV3 prevalence in China is high and there is a lot of genetic divergence among the strains, which may pose a threat to the porcine industry. Abstract Porcine circovirus 3 (PCV3) is an emerging virus, causing substantial economic losses in pig populations, that was first detected in 2016. Furthermore, the virus has already been reported in Europe, the Americas, and Asia, including China, indicating that the virus has spread worldwide. However, the molecular epidemiology of PCV3 still needs further study. To investigate PCV3 epidemiological characteristics in China, 2707 serum samples of pigs were randomly collected from 17 provinces in China between September 2018 and March 2022 and analyzed via PCR assays. The study showed that PCV3 infection was prevalent in the overall population with 31.07% (841/2707) and 100.0% (17/17) at sample and province levels, respectively, though the positivity rate of PCV3 varied from 7.41 to 70.0% in different provinces, suggesting that PCV3 infection has a widespread distribution in China. We selected 22 serum samples from different regions that had high levels of viral DNA for amplification and sequenced their ORF2 (Cap) gene. According to the phylogenetic analysis, all isolates in the current study could be grouped into two separate subclades, with 15 strains belonging to clade 3a and 7 strains belonging to clade 3b, indicating that PCV3a and PCV3b were the predominant subtypes in the regions of China studied. Meanwhile, additional analysis revealed that the capsid gene sequences identified in this study displayed 97.46~99.8% nucleotide (nt) and 97.06~100% amino acid (aa) sequence similarity with other PCV3 available reference strains, respectively. In general, our studies provide important insights for understanding the prevalence and evolution of PCV3 in China and will guide future efforts to develop measures for preventing and controlling the disease.
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Udenze D, Trus I, Munyanduki H, Berube N, Karniychuk U. The Isolated in Utero Environment Is Conducive to the Emergence of RNA and DNA Virus Variants. Viruses 2021; 13:v13091827. [PMID: 34578408 PMCID: PMC8473323 DOI: 10.3390/v13091827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Revised: 09/06/2021] [Accepted: 09/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The host’s immune status may affect virus evolution. Little is known about how developing fetal and placental immune milieus affect virus heterogeneity. This knowledge will help us better understand intra-host virus evolution and how new virus variants emerge. The goal of our study was to find out whether the isolated in utero environment—an environment with specialized placental immunity and developing fetal immunity—supports the emergence of RNA and DNA virus variants. We used well-established porcine models for isolated Zika virus (RNA virus) and porcine circovirus 2 (DNA virus) fetal infections. We found that the isolated in utero environment was conducive to the emergence of RNA and DNA virus variants. Next-generation sequencing of nearly whole virus genomes and validated bioinformatics pipelines identified both unique and convergent single nucleotide variations in virus genomes isolated from different fetuses. Zika virus and PCV2 in utero evolution also resulted in single nucleotide variations previously reported in the human and porcine field samples. These findings should encourage further studies on virus evolution in placenta and fetuses, to better understand how virus variants emerge and how in utero viral evolution affects congenital virus transmission and pathogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Udenze
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization (VIDO), University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E3, Canada; (D.U.); (I.T.); (H.M.); (N.B.)
- School of Public Health, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 2Z4, Canada
| | - Ivan Trus
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization (VIDO), University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E3, Canada; (D.U.); (I.T.); (H.M.); (N.B.)
| | - Henry Munyanduki
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization (VIDO), University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E3, Canada; (D.U.); (I.T.); (H.M.); (N.B.)
| | - Nathalie Berube
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization (VIDO), University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E3, Canada; (D.U.); (I.T.); (H.M.); (N.B.)
| | - Uladzimir Karniychuk
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization (VIDO), University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E3, Canada; (D.U.); (I.T.); (H.M.); (N.B.)
- School of Public Health, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 2Z4, Canada
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5B4, Canada
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-306-966-5510
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5
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Retrospective surveillance of porcine circovirus 4 in pigs in Inner Mongolia, China, from 2016 to 2018. Arch Virol 2021; 166:1951-1959. [PMID: 33987752 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-021-05088-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2020] [Accepted: 03/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
A novel circovirus designated "porcine circovirus type 4" (PCV4) was recently reported in pigs with severe clinical disease in Hunan Province, China. Relatively little is known about the molecular epidemiology of this recently discovered virus. In order to assess the prevalence of PCV4 infection in pigs and to analyze its genomic characteristics, 1683 clinical samples were collected in Inner Mongolia, China, from 2016 to 2018. The overall infection rate of PCV4 was 1.6% (27/1683) at the sample level and 21.6% (11/51) at the farm level, with rates ranging from 3.2% (1/31) to 20.0% (6/30) on different PCV4-positive pig farms. In addition, the PCV4 infection rates at both the sample and farm level increased from 2016 to 2018. This also showed that PCV4 was present in pigs in 2016 in China and therefore did not arrive later than this date. Additionally, our findings showed that PCV4 infections had no association with PCV2 or PCV3 infections. We sequenced the complete genomes of three PCV4 strains and found that the PCV4 strains had a high degree of genetic stability but shared less than 80% sequence identity with other circoviruses. We identified six amino acid mutations in the Rep protein and seven in the Cap protein. Phylogenetic analysis based on Cap and Rep sequences confirmed that the PCV4 strains grouped in an independent branch. Our findings provide important information about the prevalence and genetic characteristics of PCV4 strains.
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6
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Chen N, Xiao Y, Li X, Li S, Xie N, Yan X, Li X, Zhu J. Development and application of a quadruplex real-time PCR assay for differential detection of porcine circoviruses (PCV1 to PCV4) in Jiangsu province of China from 2016 to 2020. Transbound Emerg Dis 2020; 68:1615-1624. [PMID: 32931644 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.13833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Revised: 08/17/2020] [Accepted: 09/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
To date, four species of porcine circoviruses (PCVs), including PCV1-4, have been reported to exist in the clinical cases. Fast and effective differential detection is critical to monitor the infection and co-infection status of PCVs for adopting reliable control strategies. However, currently available methods cannot simultaneously differentiate the four species of PCV strains. In this study, a quadruplex real-time PCR assay based on TaqMan probes was developed for differential detection of PCV1-4. The new quadruplex real-time PCR assay exhibited satisfied specificity, sensitivity, repeatability and reproducibility. In addition, the new assay was applied to the detection of 120 clinical samples collected from 2016 to 2020 in Jiangsu province of China and compared with previously reported PCV1-4 singleplex conventional PCR assays. Based on the clinical performance, the results from the quadruplex real-time PCR and conventional PCR assays showed 100% agreement. A total of 47 samples were detected as PCV positive by the quadruplex real-time PCR assay, including 1, 2, 1 samples were co-infected with PCV1 and PCV4, PCV2 and PCV3, PCV2 and PCV4, respectively. Full-length ORF2 sequencing and phylogenetic analysis supported the real-time PCR results that 5, 34, 8 and 4 of the 51 PCV sequences were PCV1, PCV2, PCV3 and PCV4, respectively. This study provides a promising alternative tool for rapid differential detection of PCVs and confirms the coexistence of all species of PCV1-4 strains in Jiangsu province in recent years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nanhua Chen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, P.R. China.,Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, Yangzhou, P.R. China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China.,Comparative Medicine Research Institute, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Yanzhao Xiao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Xinshuai Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Shubin Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Ningjun Xie
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Xilin Yan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Xiangdong Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, P.R. China.,Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, Yangzhou, P.R. China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China.,Comparative Medicine Research Institute, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Jianzhong Zhu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, P.R. China.,Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, Yangzhou, P.R. China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China.,Comparative Medicine Research Institute, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, P.R. China
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7
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Ha Z, Li J, Xie C, Yu C, Hao P, Zhang Y, Xu W, Nan F, Xie Y, Li Y, Rong F, Wang G, Guo Y, Lu H, Jin N. Prevalence, pathogenesis, and evolution of porcine circovirus type 3 in China from 2016 to 2019. Vet Microbiol 2020; 247:108756. [PMID: 32768209 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2020.108756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2020] [Revised: 06/11/2020] [Accepted: 06/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Porcine circovirus type 3 (PCV3) infection causes substantial economic losses in pig populations since its discovery in 2016. However, PCV3 molecular epidemiology remains need further study. In order to assess the prevalence of PCV3 infection in China, 4094 clinical samples from 271 pig farms in 10 provinces of China were evaluated by PCR. It was shown that the overall prevalence of PCV3 infection was 29.3 % (1200/4094) and 74.2 % (201/271) at sample and farm levels respectively, suggesting that PCV3 infection is prevalent in China. Furthermore, a statistical analysis showed PCV3 might exacerbate PCV2 and PRRSV infection rate and have a potential association with pig clinical disease. In addition, we sequenced the entire genome of 57 PCV3 strains; homology analysis showed that PCV3 strains have more than 96 % similarities at the nucleotide level, and PCV3 shares less than 60 % similarities with other circoviruses. By comparing the total 673 PCV3 strains from the NCBI GenBank, we found the major of amino acid mutations are located in predicted epitope regions and the mutations ratio changed during PCV3 evolution. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that all isolates belonged to PCV3a and PCV3b, and increasing PCV3a and decreasing PCV3b trends were observed during PCV3 evolution. Overall, this study provides important insights for understanding PCV3 prevalence, pathogenesis, and evolution and will guide future efforts to develop effective preventive and control measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuo Ha
- Institute of Military Veterinary Medicine, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Changchun, 130122, China; College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China
| | - Jinfeng Li
- Institute of Military Veterinary Medicine, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Changchun, 130122, China; College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, China
| | - Changzhan Xie
- Institute of Military Veterinary Medicine, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Changchun, 130122, China
| | - Chengdong Yu
- Institute of Military Veterinary Medicine, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Changchun, 130122, China
| | - Pengfei Hao
- Institute of Military Veterinary Medicine, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Changchun, 130122, China
| | - Ying Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, China
| | - Wang Xu
- Institute of Military Veterinary Medicine, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Changchun, 130122, China
| | - Fulong Nan
- Institute of Military Veterinary Medicine, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Changchun, 130122, China; College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, China
| | - Yubiao Xie
- Institute of Military Veterinary Medicine, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Changchun, 130122, China
| | - Yanwei Li
- National Engineering Research Center of Veterinary Biologics, Harbin, 150001, China
| | - Fulong Rong
- Harbin Pharmaceutical Group Bio-vaccine Co., Ltd, Harbin, 150030, China
| | - Guanyu Wang
- Hulunbuir Animal Disease Control Center, Hulunbuir, 021000, China
| | - Yingcheng Guo
- Jilin Fengman Area Animal Prevention and Control Center, Jilin, 132013, China
| | - Huijun Lu
- Institute of Military Veterinary Medicine, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Changchun, 130122, China; Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China.
| | - Ningyi Jin
- Institute of Military Veterinary Medicine, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Changchun, 130122, China; College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China; Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China.
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8
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Da Silva MS, Budaszewski RF, Weber MN, Cibulski SP, Paim WP, Mósena ACS, Canova R, Varela APM, Mayer FQ, Pereira CW, Canal CW. Liver virome of healthy pigs reveals diverse small ssDNA viral genomes. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2020; 81:104203. [PMID: 32035977 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2020.104203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2019] [Revised: 01/08/2020] [Accepted: 01/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Brazil is a major exporter of pork meat worldwide. Swine liver is a common ingredient in food consumed by humans, thus emphasizing the importance of evaluating the presence of associated pathogens in swine liver. To obtain knowledge, this study aimed to provide insights into the viral communities of livers collected from slaughtered pigs from southern Brazil. The 46 livers were processed and submitted for high-throughput sequencing (HTS). The sequences were most closely related to Anelloviridae, Circoviridae and Parvoviridae families. The present work also describes the first Brazilian PCV1 and the first PPV6 and PPV7 from South America. Virus frequencies revelead 63% of samples positive for TTSuV1, 71% for TTSuVk2, 10.8% for PCV, 13% for PPV and 6% for PBov. This report addresses the diversity of the liver virome of healthy pigs and expands the number of viruses detected, further characterizing their genomes to assist future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- M S Da Silva
- Laboratório de Virologia Veterinária, Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - R F Budaszewski
- Laboratório de Virologia Veterinária, Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - M N Weber
- Laboratório de Virologia Veterinária, Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - S P Cibulski
- Departamento de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal da Paraíba (UFPB), João Pessoa, Paraíba, Brazil
| | - W P Paim
- Laboratório de Virologia Veterinária, Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - A C S Mósena
- Laboratório de Virologia Veterinária, Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - R Canova
- Laboratório de Virologia Veterinária, Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - A P M Varela
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular, Instituto de Pesquisas Veterinárias Desidério Finamor (IPVDF), Fundação Estadual de Pesquisa Agropecuária, Eldorado do Sul, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - F Q Mayer
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular, Instituto de Pesquisas Veterinárias Desidério Finamor (IPVDF), Fundação Estadual de Pesquisa Agropecuária, Eldorado do Sul, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - C W Pereira
- Secretaria de Agricultura, Pecuária e Desenvolvimento Rural do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - C W Canal
- Laboratório de Virologia Veterinária, Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.
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9
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Yang K, Jiao Z, Zhou D, Guo R, Duan Z, Tian Y. Development of a multiplex PCR to detect and discriminate porcine circoviruses in clinical specimens. BMC Infect Dis 2019; 19:778. [PMID: 31488066 PMCID: PMC6727504 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-019-4398-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2018] [Accepted: 08/23/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A diagnostic method to simultaneously detect and discriminate porcine circovirus type 1 (PCV1), porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) and porcine circovirus type 3 (PCV3) in clinical specimens is imperative for the differential diagnosis and monitoring and control of PCVs in the field. METHODS Three primer pairs were designed and used to develop a multiplex PCR assay. And 286 samples from 8 farms in Hubei province were tested by the developed multiplex PCR assay to demonstrate the accuracy. RESULTS Each of target genes of PCV1, PCV2 and PCV3 was amplified using the designed primers, while no other porcine viruses genes were detected. The limit of detection of the assay was 10 copies/μL of PCV1, PCV2 OR PCV3. The results of the tissue samples detection showed that PCV1, PCV2 and PCV3 are co-circulating in central China. The PCV1, PCV2 and PCV3 singular infection rate was 52.4% (150/286), 61.2% (175/286) and 45.1% (129/286), respectively, while the PCV1 and PCV2 co-infection rate was 11.2% (32/286), the PCV1 and PCV3 co-infection rate was 5.9% (17/286), the PCV2 and PCV3 co-infection rate was 23.4% (67/286), and the PCV1, PCV2 and PCV3 co-infection rate was 1.7% (5/286), respectively, which were 100% consistent with the sequencing method and real-time PCR methods. CONCLUSIONS The multiplex PCR assay could be used as a differential diagnostic tool for monitoring and control of PCVs in the field. The results also indicate that the PCVs infection and their co-infection are severe in Hubei province, Central China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keli Yang
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, 430064, People's Republic of China. .,Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control Agents for Animal Bacteriosis (Ministry of Agriculture), Wuhan, 430064, People's Republic of China.
| | - Zuwu Jiao
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, 430064, People's Republic of China
| | - Danna Zhou
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, 430064, People's Republic of China
| | - Rui Guo
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, 430064, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhengying Duan
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, 430064, People's Republic of China
| | - Yongxiang Tian
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, 430064, People's Republic of China. .,Hubei Key Laboratory of Animal Embryo and Molecular Breeding, Wuhan, 430064, People's Republic of China.
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10
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Wei R, Xie J, Theuns S, Nauwynck HJ. Changes on the viral capsid surface during the evolution of porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) from 2009 till 2018 may lead to a better receptor binding. Virus Evol 2019; 5:vez026. [PMID: 31392030 PMCID: PMC6676070 DOI: 10.1093/ve/vez026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) is the primary causative agent of porcine circovirus-associated diseases (PCVAD). Three major PCV2 genotypes (PCV2a, PCV2b, and PCV2d) have been identified globally. Despite their worldwide distribution, the prevalence and genetic evolution of PCV2 in Belgium has not previously been determined. In this study, 319 samples from animals suffering from diseases likely to be associated with PCV2 were collected from 2009 to 2018 and analysed by virus titration. The overall prevalence of PCV2 in PCVAD-suspected cases was 15.7 per cent (50/319). The phylogenetic analysis demonstrated that at least three genotypes (PCV2a, PCV2b, and PCV2d) circulated in Belgium from 2009 till 2018, and that PCV2 evolved from PCV2a to PCV2b and from PCV2d-1 to PCV2d-2. Sequence comparison among the forty-three PCV2 isolates showed that they had 89.7–100 per cent nucleotide-sequence and 88.5–100 per cent amino-acid-sequence identities. Three amino acid sites were under positive selection. Three-dimensional analysis of genotype-specific amino acids revealed that most of the mutations were on the outside of the cap protein with a few conserved mutations present on the inner side. Mutations toward more basic amino acids were found on the upper and tail parts of two connecting capsid proteins which form one big contact region, most probably involved in receptor binding. The lower part was relatively conserved. This polarity change together with the formation of an extruding part drive the virus to a more efficient GAG receptor binding. Taken together, these results showed a genotype shift from PCV2a to PCV2b and later on from PCV2d-1 to PCV2d-2, and a PCV2 evolution toward a better receptor binding capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruifang Wei
- Laboratory of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Jiexiong Xie
- Laboratory of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Sebastiaan Theuns
- Laboratory of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Hans J Nauwynck
- Laboratory of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, Merelbeke, Belgium
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11
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Induction of Porcine Dermatitis and Nephropathy Syndrome in Piglets by Infection with Porcine Circovirus Type 3. J Virol 2019; 93:JVI.02045-18. [PMID: 30487279 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02045-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2018] [Accepted: 11/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Porcine circovirus type 3 (PCV3) is an emerging porcine circovirus that has been associated with porcine dermatitis and nephropathy syndrome (PDNS)-like clinical signs, reproductive failure, cardiac pathologies, and multisystemic inflammation in piglets and sows. Many aspects of PCV3 infection biology and pathogenesis, however, remain unknown. Here, we used a PCV3 virus stock from the rescue of an infectious PCV3 DNA clone to intranasally inoculate 4- and 8-week-old specific-pathogen-free piglets for evaluation of PCV3 pathogenesis. For 4-week-old piglets, typical clinical signs resembling those of PDNS-like disease were observed when piglets were inoculated with PCV3 alone or PCV3 combined with immunostimulation by keyhole limpet hemocyanin, with a mortality of 40% (2/5) for both types of inoculated piglets during a 28-day observation period postinoculation. Both types of inoculated piglets showed similar progressive increases in viral loads in the sera and had seroconverted to PCV3 capsid antibody after inoculation. Pathological lesions and PCV3-specific antigen were detected in various tissues and organs, including the lung, heart, kidney, lymph nodes, spleen, liver, and small intestine, in both types of inoculated piglets. The levels of proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines, including interleukin 1 beta (IL-1β), IL-6, IL-23α, gamma interferon (IFN-γ), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), and chemokine ligand 5 (CCL5), were significantly upregulated in both groups of inoculated piglets. Eight-week-old piglets also exhibited a similar PDNS-like disease but without death after PCV3 inoculation, as evidenced by pathological lesions and PCV3 antigen in various tissues and organs. These results show for the first time successful reproduction of PDNS-like disease by PCV3 infection and further provide significant information regarding the pathogenesis of PCV3 in piglets.IMPORTANCE Porcine circovirus type 3 (PCV3), an emerging porcine circovirus, is considered the cause of porcine dermatitis and nephropathy syndrome (PDNS)-like clinical signs and other systemic diseases in piglets and sows. To evaluate the pathogenesis of PCV3 infection in vivo, we used a PCV3 virus stock from the rescue of an infectious PCV3 DNA clone to intranasally inoculate 4- and 8-week-old specific-pathogen-free piglets and demonstrated successful reproduction of PDNS-like disease in animals that were inoculated with PCV3 alone or PCV3 combined with immunostimulation by keyhole limpet hemocyanin. Both 4- and 8-week-old PCV3-inoculated piglets showed similar increases in viral loads in the sera and had seroconverted to PCV3 capsid antibody. Pathological lesions and PCV3-specific antigen were detected in various tissues and organs, while numerous proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines in the sera were significantly upregulated after PCV3 inoculation. These results will provide significant information regarding the pathogenesis of PCV3 in piglets.
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12
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Zhang Y, Zhang Z, Wang Z, Wang Z, Wang C, Feng C, Yuan W, Lin X, Wu S. Development of a droplet digital PCR assay for sensitive detection of porcine circovirus 3. Mol Cell Probes 2018; 43:50-57. [PMID: 30468765 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcp.2018.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2018] [Revised: 11/19/2018] [Accepted: 11/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Porcine circovirus 3 (PCV3), a newly emerged circovirus, is associated with porcine dermatitis and nephropathy syndrome, reproductive failure and multi-systemic inflammation disease, and is widely distributed in pig populations worldwide. Therefore, developing specific diagnostic assays will be important for controlling this emerging pathogen. In this study, we developed a novel droplet digital PCR (ddPCR) assay targeting the PCV3 cap gene to improve the sensitivity of PCV3 detection. The established assay is highly specific to PCV3, and does not cross react with other important swine pathogens. The assay's detection limit was 1.68 ± 0.29 copies of PCV3 DNA per reaction (n = 8), an approximately 10-fold greater sensitivity than that of our previously developed quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) assay for the same virus. The ddPCR assay results were highly reproducible, with intra- and inter-assay coefficient of variation values of <9.0%. Of the 239 archived pig tissue and serum samples, 42 tested positive for PCV3 by the ddPCR assay. Among the 42 positive samples, 31 tested positive by the qPCR assay. Notably, PCV3 was detected in the serum samples collected from commercially imported healthy boars from the US, France and the UK during 2011-2017. The overall agreement between the two assays was 95.39% (228/239). Furthermore, the linear regression analysis showed that the ddPCR and the qPCR results were significantly correlated with an R2 value of 0.9945. Collectively, these results indicate that the ddPCR assay is a robust diagnostic tool for sensitive detection of PCV3, even in samples with low viral loads.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongning Zhang
- Institute of Animal Quarantine, Chinese Academy of Inspection and Quarantine, Beijing, 100176, China.
| | - Zhou Zhang
- Institute of Animal Quarantine, Chinese Academy of Inspection and Quarantine, Beijing, 100176, China
| | - Zhanying Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Zili Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Caixia Wang
- Institute of Animal Quarantine, Chinese Academy of Inspection and Quarantine, Beijing, 100176, China
| | - Chunyan Feng
- Institute of Animal Quarantine, Chinese Academy of Inspection and Quarantine, Beijing, 100176, China
| | - Wanzhe Yuan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Agricultural University of Hebei, Baoding, 071001, China
| | - Xiangmei Lin
- Institute of Animal Quarantine, Chinese Academy of Inspection and Quarantine, Beijing, 100176, China
| | - Shaoqiang Wu
- Institute of Animal Quarantine, Chinese Academy of Inspection and Quarantine, Beijing, 100176, China.
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13
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Ha Z, Xie CZ, Li JF, Wen SB, Zhang KL, Nan FL, Zhang H, Guo YC, Wang W, Lu HJ, Jin NY. Molecular detection and genomic characterization of porcine circovirus 3 in pigs from Northeast China. BMC Vet Res 2018; 14:321. [PMID: 30367641 PMCID: PMC6203981 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-018-1634-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2018] [Accepted: 09/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background First identified in the United States in 2016, porcine circovirus type 3 (PCV3) is a newly emerging porcine circovirus exhibiting a wide range of clinical syndromes, which may be associated with the pathogenicity observed in pigs. Results The aim of this study was to identify and characterize the full genome sequence of PCV3 strains circulating in Northeast China. Herein, 105 lung samples isolated from sick pigs in Northeast China during 2018 were analyzed for PCV3. Using PCR, the total PCV3-positive rate was 33.3% (35/105), with rates of 17.8% (8/45), 66.7% (10/15), and 37.8% (17/45) in Heilongjiang, Jilin, and Liaoning province, respectively. Additionally, our findings showed that PCV3-positive samples had a high rate of co-infection with PCV2, PPV6, and PPV7. To study the evolution of the PCV3 in Northeast China, we sequenced the entire genome of 13 strains of PCV3. The results of phylogenetic analyses revealed that PCV3 could be divided into two clades, PCV3a and PCV3b. Interestingly, a G deletion at position 1072 was found in the 1999 nt genome of PCV3-CN2018LN-4 (MH277118). The G deletion terminated replicase protein translation and induced a truncated replicase protein. Conclusion These results contribute to the understanding of PCV3 molecular epidemiology and evolution in Northeast China. A new strain of PCV3 with truncated replicase protein was identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuo Ha
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China
| | - Chang-Zhan Xie
- Institute of Military Veterinary medicine, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Changchun, 130122, China.,College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 130118, China
| | - Jin-Feng Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, China
| | - Shu-Bo Wen
- Institute of Military Veterinary medicine, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Changchun, 130122, China
| | - Ke-Long Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, China
| | - Fu-Long Nan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, China
| | - He Zhang
- Institute of Military Veterinary medicine, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Changchun, 130122, China
| | - Ying-Cheng Guo
- Jilin Fengman area Animal Prevention and Control Center, Jilin, 132013, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Institute of Military Veterinary medicine, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Changchun, 130122, China.,Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Hui-Jun Lu
- Institute of Military Veterinary medicine, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Changchun, 130122, China. .,Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China.
| | - Ning-Yi Jin
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China. .,Institute of Military Veterinary medicine, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Changchun, 130122, China. .,Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China.
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14
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Cao L, Sun W, Lu H, Tian M, Xie C, Zhao G, Han J, Wang W, Zheng M, Du R, Jin N, Qian A. Genetic variation analysis of PCV1 strains isolated from Guangxi Province of China in 2015. BMC Vet Res 2018; 14:43. [PMID: 29415728 PMCID: PMC5803923 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-018-1345-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2017] [Accepted: 01/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Porcine circovirus type 1 (PCV1) was discovered in 1974 as a contaminant of a porcine kidney (PK-15) cell line and was generally accepted to be nonpathogenic. But recently it was shown to cause lesions in experimentally infected pig fetuses. Serological evidence and genetic studies suggested that PCV1 was widespread in domestic pigs. Thus, the molecular epidemiology and genetic variation of PCV1 are still necessary to understand. Results Here 247 tissue samples were collected from piglets in Guangxi Province, China and performed whole-genome sequencing of the PCV1 genome. Thirteen PCV1 strains were sequenced from the samples. Similarity analysis showed that there were 97.8% to 99.6% nucleotide similarity to each other and 97.1% to 99.8% nucleotide similarity to the 40 reference strains. Besides, based on sequence analysis, we found one putative recombinant virus named GXdx84 strain contained the open-reading frame 1 (ORF1) of PCV1 and the ORF2 of PCV2d-2, which was consistent with the results of phylogenetic analysis that compared PCV1 and PCV2 strains. Variation analysis of the amino acids of the capsid protein revealed that the GXyl224 strain, which encoded 235 amino acids, had two amino acids more than other strains. This is the first study to report that a cap gene mutation resulted in lengthening of in the gene sequence. Conclusions These data contribute to the understanding of PCV1 evolution and molecular epidemiology that will facilitate programs for its control and prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Cao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 130118, People's Republic of China.,Institute of Military Veterinary, Key Laboratory of Jilin Province for Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Academy of Military Sciences, Changchun, 130122, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenchao Sun
- Institute of Military Veterinary, Key Laboratory of Jilin Province for Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Academy of Military Sciences, Changchun, 130122, People's Republic of China
| | - Huijun Lu
- Institute of Military Veterinary, Key Laboratory of Jilin Province for Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Academy of Military Sciences, Changchun, 130122, People's Republic of China
| | - Mingyao Tian
- Institute of Military Veterinary, Key Laboratory of Jilin Province for Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Academy of Military Sciences, Changchun, 130122, People's Republic of China
| | - Changzhan Xie
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 130118, People's Republic of China.,Institute of Military Veterinary, Key Laboratory of Jilin Province for Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Academy of Military Sciences, Changchun, 130122, People's Republic of China
| | - Guanyu Zhao
- Institute of Military Veterinary, Key Laboratory of Jilin Province for Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Academy of Military Sciences, Changchun, 130122, People's Republic of China.,College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, People's Republic of China
| | - Jicheng Han
- Institute of Military Veterinary, Key Laboratory of Jilin Province for Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Academy of Military Sciences, Changchun, 130122, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Wang
- Institute of Military Veterinary, Key Laboratory of Jilin Province for Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Academy of Military Sciences, Changchun, 130122, People's Republic of China
| | - Min Zheng
- Guangxi Center for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Nanning, 530001, People's Republic of China
| | - Rui Du
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 130118, People's Republic of China.
| | - Ningyi Jin
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 130118, People's Republic of China. .,Institute of Military Veterinary, Key Laboratory of Jilin Province for Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Academy of Military Sciences, Changchun, 130122, People's Republic of China.
| | - Aidong Qian
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 130118, People's Republic of China.
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15
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Genetic Adaptation of Porcine Circovirus Type 1 to Cultured Porcine Kidney Cells Revealed by Single-Molecule Long-Read Sequencing Technology. GENOME ANNOUNCEMENTS 2017; 5:5/5/e01539-16. [PMID: 28153895 PMCID: PMC5289681 DOI: 10.1128/genomea.01539-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Porcine circovirus type 1 (PCV1) is a nonpathogenic circovirus, and a contaminant of the porcine kidney (PK-15) cell line. We present the complete and annotated genome sequence of strain Szeged of PCV1, determined by Pacific Biosciences RSII long-read sequencing platform.
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16
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Discovery of a novel Parvovirinae virus, porcine parvovirus 7, by metagenomic sequencing of porcine rectal swabs. Virus Genes 2016; 52:564-7. [PMID: 26995221 DOI: 10.1007/s11262-016-1322-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2016] [Accepted: 03/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Parvoviruses are a diverse group of viruses containing some of the smallest known species that are capable of infecting a wide range of animals. Metagenomic sequencing of pooled rectal swabs from adult pigs identified a 4103-bp contig consisting of two major open reading frames encoding proteins of 672 and 469 amino acids (aa) in length. BLASTP analysis of the 672-aa protein found 42.4 % identity to fruit bat (Eidolon helvum) parvovirus 2 (EhPV2) and 37.9 % to turkey parvovirus (TuPV) TP1-2012/HUN NS1 proteins. The 469-aa protein had no significant similarity to known proteins. Genetic and phylogenetic analyses suggest that PPV7, EhPV2, and TuPV represent a novel genus in the family Parvoviridae. Quantitative PCR screening of 182 porcine diagnostic samples found a total of 16 positives (8.6 %). Together, these data suggest that PPV7 is a highly divergent novel parvovirus prevalent within the US swine.
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17
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Huang L, Van Renne N, Liu C, Nauwynck HJ. A sequence of basic residues in the porcine circovirus type 2 capsid protein is crucial for its co-expression and co-localization with the replication protein. J Gen Virol 2015; 96:3566-3576. [PMID: 26415571 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.000302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) encodes two major proteins: the replication protein (Rep) and the capsid protein (Cap). Cap displays a conserved stretch of basic residues situated on the inside of the capsid, whose role is so far unknown. We used a reverse-genetics approach to investigate its function and found that mutations in these amino acids hindered Cap mRNA translation and hampered Cap/Rep co-localization, yielding unfit viruses. Intriguingly, co-transfection with a WT PCV2 of a different genotype partially rescued mutant Cap expression, showing the importance of this basic pattern for efficient translation of Cap mRNA into protein. Our results show that Cap and Rep are expressed independently of each other, and that this amino acid sequence of Cap is vital for virus propagation. This study provides a method for studying unfit PCV2 virions and offers new insights into the intracellular modus vivendi of PCV2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liping Huang
- Laboratory of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, B-9820 Merelbeke, Belgium.,Division of Swine Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, The Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Maduan Street 427, Harbin 150001, PR China
| | - Nicolaas Van Renne
- Laboratory of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, B-9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Changming Liu
- Division of Swine Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, The Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Maduan Street 427, Harbin 150001, PR China
| | - Hans J Nauwynck
- Laboratory of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, B-9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
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18
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Li J, Yu T, Wang X, Zhou J, Gao R, Zhang F, Gao X, Gao S, Liu X. Comparative efficacy of experimental inactivated and live-attenuated chimeric porcine circovirus (PCV) 1-2b vaccines derived from PCV1 and PCV2b isolates originated in China. Virol J 2015. [PMID: 26220290 PMCID: PMC4518523 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-015-0338-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Porcine circovirus type-2b (PCV2b) is recognized as the etiological agent of the various clinical manifestations of porcine circovirus-associated disease (PCVAD). Previous studies have demonstrated effectiveness of chimeric PCV1-2 vaccines against PCV2b challenge. In this study, the efficacy of inactivated and live-attenuated (2 × 103.5 or 2 × 104.0 50 % tissue culture infective dose [TCID50] dose) chimeric PCV1-2b vaccines was compared side-by-side in conventional pigs. Methods Twenty-seven non-PCV2 viremic pigs without PCV2-specific antibody were randomly divided into six groups, including four vaccinated and challenged groups, a nonvaccinated challenged group, and a mock group. All pigs except those in the mock group were challenged at 28 days post vaccination (DPV) using PCV2b. Results Both inactivated and live-attenuated chimeric PCV1-2b vaccines induced a robust antibody responses, and significantly decreased microscopic lesion and lower viral loads in serum or superficial inguinal lymph nodes (SILN) compared with that in the nonvaccinated challenged group. PCV2 antibody titers decreased after 7 days post challenge (DPC) in pigs administered the inactivated PCV1-2b vaccine and they were lower than those in pigs inoculated with live-attenuated PCV1-2b on the day of necropsy. Moreover, no viremia was present in pigs inoculated with live-attenuated PCV1-2b vaccine at 21 DPC regardless of the dose difference. Conclusions The results demonstrated that both inactivated and live-attenuated chimeric PCV1-2b vaccines were effective to induce protective immunity against PCV2b infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jizong Li
- Animal Infectious Disease Laboratory, Ministry of Agriculture, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225009, People's Republic of China. .,Jiangsu Co-Innovation Centre for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225009, People's Republic of China.
| | - Tianqi Yu
- Animal Infectious Disease Laboratory, Ministry of Agriculture, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225009, People's Republic of China. .,Jiangsu Co-Innovation Centre for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225009, People's Republic of China.
| | - Xiaobo Wang
- Animal Infectious Disease Laboratory, Ministry of Agriculture, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225009, People's Republic of China. .,Jiangsu Co-Innovation Centre for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225009, People's Republic of China.
| | - Jinzhu Zhou
- Animal Infectious Disease Laboratory, Ministry of Agriculture, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225009, People's Republic of China. .,Jiangsu Co-Innovation Centre for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225009, People's Republic of China.
| | - Ruxia Gao
- Animal Infectious Disease Laboratory, Ministry of Agriculture, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225009, People's Republic of China. .,Jiangsu Co-Innovation Centre for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225009, People's Republic of China.
| | - Feipeng Zhang
- Animal Infectious Disease Laboratory, Ministry of Agriculture, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225009, People's Republic of China. .,Jiangsu Co-Innovation Centre for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225009, People's Republic of China.
| | - Xing Gao
- Animal Infectious Disease Laboratory, Ministry of Agriculture, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225009, People's Republic of China. .,Jiangsu Co-Innovation Centre for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225009, People's Republic of China.
| | - Song Gao
- Animal Infectious Disease Laboratory, Ministry of Agriculture, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225009, People's Republic of China. .,Jiangsu Co-Innovation Centre for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225009, People's Republic of China.
| | - Xiufan Liu
- Animal Infectious Disease Laboratory, Ministry of Agriculture, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225009, People's Republic of China. .,Jiangsu Co-Innovation Centre for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225009, People's Republic of China.
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19
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Gunn L, Collins PJ, Fanning S, McKillen J, Morgan J, Staines A, O'Shea H. Detection and characterisation of novel bocavirus (genus Bocaparvovirus) and gastroenteritis viruses from asymptomatic pigs in Ireland. Infect Ecol Epidemiol 2015; 5:27270. [PMID: 26065833 PMCID: PMC4462827 DOI: 10.3402/iee.v5.27270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2015] [Revised: 05/10/2015] [Accepted: 05/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Livestock animals have been the assumed source of several human epidemics in recent years, for example, influenza H1N1, rotavirus G8/G9, and MERS-CoV. Surveillance of novel viruses in animals is essential to evaluate the risk to human and animal health and to determine any economic impact, for example, failure to thrive. There is a paucity of data regarding detection and characterisation of gastroenteritis viruses, particularly novel viruses, in porcines in Ireland. Recently, a number of small novel porcine DNA viruses have emerged globally, for example, torque teno sus virus, porcine bocavirus, and parvoviruses 2 & 4, and little is known about the biology and potential pathogenicity of these viruses. Bocaparvovirus is a genetically distinct group of viruses which has been recently detected in humans and animals. Methods In this study, the presence of gastroenteritis viruses (rotavirus A, porcine circovirus, adenovirus, and porcine bocavirus) was investigated in a selection of archived faecal samples from asymptomatic piglets from a commercial farm in Ireland. A total of 104 specimens were pooled and screened using conventional molecular techniques (PCR and RT-PCR), a subset of specimens (n=44) were then examined individually. Viral diversity was then investigated using statistical and phylogenetic techniques. Results Initial screening showed a high prevalence of PBoV in this farm, with the formation of three distinct groups in phylogenetic analysis. Other viruses were also investigated in this study with the first report of PCV, PAdV and lineage I G5 RVA in Ireland. Some specimens contained >1 virus, with statistical analysis indicating a strong correlation for mixed infections of PBoV and PAdV on this farm. Conclusion Investigating the diversity of circulating enteric viruses on Irish porcine farms is important to improve the prophylactic tools available and to facilitate the early detection of changes in circulating viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lynda Gunn
- Department of Biological Sciences, Cork Institute of Technology, Cork, Ireland
| | | | - Séamus Fanning
- School of Public Health, Physio & Pop Sc, Science Centre - South, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - John McKillen
- Veterinary Sciences Division, Agri-Food and Biosciences Institute, Belfast, United Kingdom
| | - John Morgan
- School of Microbiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Anthony Staines
- School of Nursing, Dublin City University, Dublin 9, Ireland
| | - Helen O'Shea
- Department of Biological Sciences, Cork Institute of Technology, Cork, Ireland;
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20
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Yan M, Zhu L, Yang Q. Infection of porcine circovirus 2 (PCV2) in intestinal porcine epithelial cell line (IPEC-J2) and interaction between PCV2 and IPEC-J2 microfilaments. Virol J 2014; 11:193. [PMID: 25407967 PMCID: PMC4237784 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-014-0193-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2014] [Accepted: 10/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Porcine circovirus-associated disease (PCVAD) is caused by a small pathogenic DNA virus, Porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2), and is responsible for severe economic losses. PCV2-associated enteritis appears to be a distinct clinical manifestation of PCV2. Most studies of swine enteritis have been performed in animal infection models, but none have been conducted in vitro using cell lines of porcine intestinal origin. An in vitro system would be particularly useful for investigating microfilaments, which are likely to be involved in every stage of the viral lifecycle. METHODS We confirmed that PCV2 infects the intestinal porcine epithelial cell line IPEC-J2 by means of indirect immunofluorescence, transmission electron microscopy, flow cytometry and qRT-PCR. PCV2 influence on microfilaments in IPEC-J2 cells was detected by fluorescence microscopy and flow cytometry. We used Cytochalasin D or Cucurbitacin E to reorganize microfilaments, and observed changes in PCV2 invasion, replication and release in IPEC-J2 cells by qRT-PCR. RESULTS PCV2 infection changes the ultrastructure of IPEC-J2 cells. PCV2 copy number in IPEC-J2 cells shows a rising trend as infection proceeds. Microfilaments are polymerized at 1 h p.i., but densely packed actin stress fibres are disrupted and total F-actin increases at 24, 48 and 72 h p.i. After Cytochalasin D treatment, invasion of PCV2 is suppressed, while invasion is facilitated by Cucurbitacin E. The microfilament drugs have opposite effects on viral release. CONCLUSION PCV2 infects and proliferates in IPEC-J2 cells, demonstrating that IPEC-J2 cells can serve as a cell intestinal infection model for PCV2 pathogenesis. Furthermore, PCV2 rearranges IPEC-J2 microfilaments and increases the quantity of F-actin. Actin polymerization may facilitate the invasion of PCV2 in IPEC-J2 cells and the dissolution of cortical actin may promote PCV2 egress.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Qian Yang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China.
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21
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Saha D, Karniychuk UU, Huang L, Geldhof M, Vanhee M, Lefebvre DJ, Meerts P, Ducatelle R, Doorsselaere JV, Nauwynck HJ. Unusual outcome of in utero infection and subsequent postnatal super-infection with different PCV2b strains. Virol Sin 2014; 29:176-82. [PMID: 24950783 DOI: 10.1007/s12250-014-3431-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2014] [Accepted: 06/05/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
VC2002, isolated from postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (PMWS)-affected pig, is a mixture of two porcine circovirus genotype 2b (PCV2b) viruses, K2 and K39. Preliminary experiments disclosed short-term adverse effects of K39, but not K2, on porcine foetuses. These findings led to the hypothesis that infection of immuno-incompetent foetuses with K2 confers a status of immunotolerance, and postnatal super-infection with K39 triggers PMWS. To explore this hypothesis, nine 55-day-old foetuses were inoculated in utero (three with K2-10(4.3)TCID50, three with K39-10(4.3)TCID50 and three with medium), and foeto-pathogenicity examined. At 21 days post-inoculation (dpi), K2 did not induce pathology, whereas pathological effects of K39 were evident. Twenty-four 45-day-old foetuses were subsequently inoculated to examine the long-term effect of K2, including six with K2-high dose-10(4.3)TCID50, six with K2-low dose-10(2.3)TCID50 and 12 mock-inoculated controls. Both doses resulted in five mummified foetuses and one live-born piglet each (69dpi). K2 was recovered from all mummies. K2 and K2-specific antibodies were not detected in serum of the two live-born piglets at birth, indicating full control of K2 infection. The K2-low dose-infected piglet was immunostimulated at day 2, but not the K2-high dose-infected piglet. Both non-stimulated and stimulated K2-infected piglets were super-inoculated with K39 at day 6 or 8 (taken as 0 days post super-inoculation). Low viral replication was observed in the non-stimulated K2-K39 piglet (up to 10(3.3)TCID50/g; identified as K39). In contrast, viral replication was extremely high in the stimulated K2-K39 piglet (up to 10(5.6)TCID50/g) and identified as K2, indicating that K2 infection is controlled during foetal life, but emerges after birth upon immunostimulation. However, none of the piglets showed any signs of PMWS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dipongkor Saha
- Laboratory of Virology, Department of Virology, Parasitology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
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22
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Novosel D, Tuboly T, Csagola A, Lorincz M, Cubric-Curik V, Jungic A, Curik I, Segalés J, Cortey M, Lipej Z. Origin of porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) from swine affected by PCV2-associated diseases in Croatia. Vet Rec 2014; 174:431. [DOI: 10.1136/vr.102064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- D. Novosel
- Department of Pathology; Croatian Veterinary Institute; Zagreb 10000 Croatia
| | - T. Tuboly
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases; Faculty of Veterinary Science; Szent István University; Budapest Hungary
| | - A. Csagola
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases; Faculty of Veterinary Science; Szent István University; Budapest Hungary
| | - M. Lorincz
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases; Faculty of Veterinary Science; Szent István University; Budapest Hungary
| | - V. Cubric-Curik
- Department of Animal Science; Faculty of Agriculture; University of Zagreb; Zagreb Croatia
| | - A. Jungic
- Virology Department; Croatian Veterinary Institute; Zagreb Croatia
| | - I. Curik
- Department of Animal Science; Faculty of Agriculture; University of Zagreb; Zagreb Croatia
| | - J. Segalés
- Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA); UAB-IRTA; Barcelona Spain
| | - M. Cortey
- Unité de Virologie Moléculaire; Emergence et Co-évolution Virale; Marseille France
| | - Z. Lipej
- Department of Pathology; Croatian Veterinary Institute; Zagreb 10000 Croatia
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23
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Lack of genetic diversity in newly sequenced porcine circovirus type 1 strains isolated 20 years apart. GENOME ANNOUNCEMENTS 2014; 2:2/2/e00156-14. [PMID: 24723701 PMCID: PMC3983290 DOI: 10.1128/genomea.00156-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The complete genome sequences of a porcine circovirus type 1 (PCV1) strain isolated in 1990 and one isolated in 2011 were obtained and compared to the sequences of other available PCV1 isolates. Phylogenetic analyses revealed very low genetic diversity among these viruses, indicating an advanced state in the evolution of PCV1.
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24
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Hemann M, Beach NM, Meng XJ, Wang C, Halbur PG, Opriessnig T. A live-attenuated and an inactivated chimeric porcine circovirus (PCV)1-2 vaccine are both effective at inducing a humoral immune response and reducing PCV2 viremia and intrauterine infection in female swine of breeding age. CANADIAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY RESEARCH = REVUE CANADIENNE DE RECHERCHE VETERINAIRE 2014; 78:8-16. [PMID: 24396175 PMCID: PMC3878016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2012] [Accepted: 12/19/2012] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this pilot study was to determine the efficacy of inactivated (1 or 2 dose) and live-attenuated chimeric porcine circovirus (PCV)1-2 vaccines in sows using the PCV2-spiked semen model. Thirty-five sows were randomly divided into 6 groups: negative and positive controls, 1 dose inactivated PCV1-2 vaccine challenged (1-VAC-PCV2), 2 dose inactivated PCV1-2 vaccine challenged (2-VAC-PCV2), 1 dose live-attenuated PCV1-2 vaccine unchallenged (1-LIVE-VAC), and 1 dose live-attenuated PCV1-2 vaccine challenged (1-LIVE-VAC-PCV2). The inactivated PCV1-2 vaccine induced higher levels of PCV2-specific antibodies in dams. All vaccination strategies provided good protection against PCV2 viremia in dams, whereas the majority of the unvaccinated sows were viremic. Four of the 35 dams became pregnant: a negative control, a positive control, a 2-VAC-PCV2 sow, and a 1-LIVE-VAC-PCV2 sow. The PCV2 DNA was detected in 100%, 67%, and 29% of the fetuses obtained from the positive control, inactivated vaccinated, or live-attenuated vaccinated dams, respectively. The PCV2 antigen in hearts was only detectable in the positive control litter (23% of the fetuses). The PCV1-2 DNA was detected in 29% of the fetuses in the litter from the 1-LIVE-VAC-PCV2 dam. Under the conditions of this pilot study, both vaccines protected against PCV2 viremia in breeding age animals; however, vertical transmission was not prevented.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Tanja Opriessnig
- Address all correspondence to Dr. Tanja Opriessnig; telephone: (515) 294-1137; fax: (515) 294-3564; e-mail:
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25
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Identification of three new type-specific antigen epitopes in the capsid protein of porcine circovirus type 1. Arch Virol 2012; 157:1339-44. [PMID: 22437253 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-012-1268-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2011] [Accepted: 01/20/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Porcine circovirus type 1 (PCV1) has been identified as a contaminant of porcine kidney cell line (PK-15). Serological evidence and genetic studies have suggested that PCV1 is widespread in domestic pigs. In this study, monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) and polyclonal antibodies (pAbs) were generated against a recombinant PCV1 Cap protein (PCV1-Cap), which was expressed using the baculovirus system. PEPSCAN analysis was used to identify epitopes on the PCV1-Cap with mAbs and pAbs. Three linear B-cell epitopes, including residues (85)GGTNPLP(91), (162)FTPKPELDKTIDWFHPNNK(180) and (219)YVQFREFILKDPLNK(233), specific for PCV1-Cap, were finely defined. These results will facilitate future investigations into antigenic differences and differential diagnosis between PCV1 and PCV2.
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26
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Genetic variation of porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) and its relevance to vaccination, pathogenesis and diagnosis. Virus Res 2012; 164:68-77. [DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2011.11.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2011] [Revised: 11/10/2011] [Accepted: 11/21/2011] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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