1
|
Cai Z, Iso-Touru T, Sanchez MP, Kadri N, Bouwman AC, Chitneedi PK, MacLeod IM, Vander Jagt CJ, Chamberlain AJ, Gredler-Grandl B, Spengeler M, Lund MS, Boichard D, Kühn C, Pausch H, Vilkki J, Sahana G. Meta-analysis of six dairy cattle breeds reveals biologically relevant candidate genes for mastitis resistance. Genet Sel Evol 2024; 56:54. [PMID: 39009986 PMCID: PMC11247842 DOI: 10.1186/s12711-024-00920-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2024] [Indexed: 07/17/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mastitis is a disease that incurs significant costs in the dairy industry. A promising approach to mitigate its negative effects is to genetically improve the resistance of dairy cattle to mastitis. A meta-analysis of genome-wide association studies (GWAS) across multiple breeds for clinical mastitis (CM) and its indicator trait, somatic cell score (SCS), is a powerful method to identify functional genetic variants that impact mastitis resistance. RESULTS We conducted meta-analyses of eight and fourteen GWAS on CM and SCS, respectively, using 30,689 and 119,438 animals from six dairy cattle breeds. Methods for the meta-analyses were selected to properly account for the multi-breed structure of the GWAS data. Our study revealed 58 lead markers that were associated with mastitis incidence, including 16 loci that did not overlap with previously identified quantitative trait loci (QTL), as curated at the Animal QTLdb. Post-GWAS analysis techniques such as gene-based analysis and genomic feature enrichment analysis enabled prioritization of 31 candidate genes and 14 credible candidate causal variants that affect mastitis. CONCLUSIONS Our list of candidate genes can help to elucidate the genetic architecture underlying mastitis resistance and provide better tools for the prevention or treatment of mastitis, ultimately contributing to more sustainable animal production.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zexi Cai
- Center for Quantitative Genetics and Genomics, Aarhus University, 8000, Aarhus, Denmark.
| | - Terhi Iso-Touru
- Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), 31600, Jokioinen, Finland
| | - Marie-Pierre Sanchez
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, GABI, 78350, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Naveen Kadri
- Animal Genomics, ETH Zurich, 8092, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Aniek C Bouwman
- Wageningen University and Research, Animal Breeding and Genomics, P.O. Box 338, 6700, AH, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Praveen Krishna Chitneedi
- Institute of Genome Biology, Research Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), 18196, Dummerstorf, Germany
| | - Iona M MacLeod
- Agriculture Victoria, AgriBio, Centre for AgriBiosciences, Bundoora, VIC, Australia
- School of Applied Systems Biology, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC, 3083, Australia
| | | | - Amanda J Chamberlain
- Agriculture Victoria, AgriBio, Centre for AgriBiosciences, Bundoora, VIC, Australia
| | - Birgit Gredler-Grandl
- Wageningen University and Research, Animal Breeding and Genomics, P.O. Box 338, 6700, AH, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | | | - Mogens Sandø Lund
- Center for Quantitative Genetics and Genomics, Aarhus University, 8000, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Didier Boichard
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, GABI, 78350, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Christa Kühn
- Institute of Genome Biology, Research Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), 18196, Dummerstorf, Germany
- Agricultural and Environmental Faculty, University Rostock, 18059, Rostock, Germany
| | - Hubert Pausch
- Animal Genomics, ETH Zurich, 8092, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Johanna Vilkki
- Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), 31600, Jokioinen, Finland
| | - Goutam Sahana
- Center for Quantitative Genetics and Genomics, Aarhus University, 8000, Aarhus, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Liu J, Wei X, Zhang Y, Ran Y, Qu B, Wang C, Zhao F, Zhang L. dCas9-guided demethylation of the AKT1 promoter improves milk protein synthesis in a bovine mastitis mammary gland epithelial model induced by using Staphylococcus aureus. Cell Biol Int 2024; 48:300-310. [PMID: 38100153 DOI: 10.1002/cbin.12106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2022] [Revised: 09/16/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 02/15/2024]
Abstract
Mastitis is among the main factors affecting milk quality and yield. Although DNA methylation is associated with mastitis, its role in mastitis remains unclear. In this study, a bovine mastitis mammary epithelial cells (BMMECs) model was established via Staphylococcus aureus infection of bovine mammary gland epithelial cells (BMECs). Bisulfite sequencing PCR was used to determine the methylation status of the AKT1 promoter in BMMECs. We found that the degree of the AKT1 promoter methylation in BMMECs was significantly greater than that in BMECs, and the expression levels of genes related to milk protein synthesis were significantly decreased. We used the pdCas9-C-Tet1-SgRNA 2.0 system to regulate the methylation status of the AKT1 promoter. High-efficiency sgRNAs were screened and dCas9-guided AKT1 promoter demethylation vectors were constructed. Following transfection with the vectors, the degree of methylation of the AKT1 promoter was significantly reduced in BMMECs, while AKT1 protein levels increased. When the methylation level of the AKT1 promoter decreased, the synthesis of milk proteins and the expression levels of genes related to milk protein synthesis increased significantly. The viability of the BMMECs was enhanced. Taken together, these results indicate that demethylation guided by the pdCas9-C-Tet1-SgRNA 2.0 system on the AKT1 promoter can reactivate the expression of AKT1 and AKT1/mTOR signaling pathway-related proteins by reducing the AKT1 promoter methylation level and promoting the recovery milk protein expression in BMMECs, thereby alleviating the symptoms of mastitis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jie Liu
- The Key Laboratory of Dairy Science of Education Ministry, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Xiangfei Wei
- The Key Laboratory of Dairy Science of Education Ministry, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Dairy Science of Education Ministry, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Yaoxiang Ran
- The Key Laboratory of Dairy Science of Education Ministry, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Bo Qu
- The Key Laboratory of Dairy Science of Education Ministry, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Chunmei Wang
- The Key Laboratory of Dairy Science of Education Ministry, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Feng Zhao
- The Key Laboratory of Dairy Science of Education Ministry, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Li Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Dairy Science of Education Ministry, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Brajnik Z, Ogorevc J. Candidate genes for mastitis resistance in dairy cattle: a data integration approach. J Anim Sci Biotechnol 2023; 14:10. [PMID: 36759924 PMCID: PMC9912691 DOI: 10.1186/s40104-022-00821-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2022] [Accepted: 12/09/2022] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Inflammation of the mammary tissue (mastitis) is one of the most detrimental health conditions in dairy ruminants and is considered the most economically important infectious disease of the dairy sector. Improving mastitis resistance is becoming an important goal in dairy ruminant breeding programmes. However, mastitis resistance is a complex trait and identification of mastitis-associated alleles in livestock is difficult. Currently, the only applicable approach to identify candidate loci for complex traits in large farm animals is to combine different information that supports the functionality of the identified genomic regions with respect to a complex trait. METHODS To identify the most promising candidate loci for mastitis resistance we integrated heterogeneous data from multiple sources and compiled the information into a comprehensive database of mastitis-associated candidate loci. Mastitis-associated candidate genes reported in association, expression, and mouse model studies were collected by searching the relevant literature and databases. The collected data were integrated into a single database, screened for overlaps, and used for gene set enrichment analysis. RESULTS The database contains candidate genes from association and expression studies and relevant transgenic mouse models. The 2448 collected candidate loci are evenly distributed across bovine chromosomes. Data integration and analysis revealed overlaps between different studies and/or with mastitis-associated QTL, revealing promising candidate genes for mastitis resistance. CONCLUSION Mastitis resistance is a complex trait influenced by numerous alleles. Based on the number of independent studies, we were able to prioritise candidate genes and propose a list of the 22 most promising. To our knowledge this is the most comprehensive database of mastitis associated candidate genes and could be helpful in selecting genes for functional validation studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zala Brajnik
- grid.8954.00000 0001 0721 6013Biotechnical Faculty, Department of Animal Science, University of Ljubljana, Groblje 3, Domzale, SI-1230 Slovenia
| | - Jernej Ogorevc
- Biotechnical Faculty, Department of Animal Science, University of Ljubljana, Groblje 3, Domzale, SI-1230, Slovenia.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Asselstine V, Medrano JF, Cánovas A. Identification of novel alternative splicing associated with mastitis disease in Holstein dairy cows using large gap read mapping. BMC Genomics 2022; 23:222. [PMID: 35305573 PMCID: PMC8934477 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-022-08430-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Mastitis is a very common disease in the dairy industry that producers encounter daily. Transcriptomics, using RNA-Sequencing (RNA - Seq) technology, can be used to study the functional aspect of mastitis resistance to identify animals that have a better immune response to mastitis. When the cow has mastitis, not only genes but also specific mRNA isoforms generated via alternative splicing (AS) could be differentially expressed (DE), leading to the phenotypic variation observed. Therefore, the objective of this study was to use large gap read mapping to identify mRNA isoforms DE between healthy and mastitic milk somatic cell samples (N = 12). These mRNA isoforms were then categorized based on being 1) annotated mRNA isoforms for gene name and length, 2) annotated mRNA isoforms with different transcript length and 3) novel mRNA isoforms of non - annotated genes. Results Analysis identified 333 DE transcripts (with at least 2 mRNA isoforms annotated, with at least one being DE) between healthy and mastitic samples corresponding to 303 unique genes. Of these 333 DE transcripts between healthy and mastitic samples, 68 mRNA isoforms are annotated in the bovine genome reference (ARS.UCD.1.2), 249 mRNA isoforms had novel transcript lengths of known genes and 16 were novel transcript lengths of non - annotated genes in the bovine genome reference (ARS.UCD.1.2). Functional analysis including gene ontology, gene network and metabolic pathway analysis was performed on the list of 288 annotated and unique DE mRNA isoforms. In total, 67 significant metabolic pathways were identified including positive regulation of cytokine secretion and immune response. Additionally, numerous DE novel mRNA isoforms showed potential involvement with the immune system or mastitis. Lastly, QTL annotation analysis was performed on coding regions of the DE mRNA isoforms, identifying overlapping QTLs associated with clinical mastitis and somatic cell score. Conclusion This study identified novel mRNA isoforms generated via AS that could lead to differences in the immune response of Holstein dairy cows and be potentially implemented in future breeding programs. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12864-022-08430-x.
Collapse
|
5
|
Identification of loci associated with susceptibility to Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis infection in Holstein cattle using combinations of diagnostic tests and imputed whole-genome sequence data. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0256091. [PMID: 34449805 PMCID: PMC8396740 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0256091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2020] [Accepted: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Bovine paratuberculosis (PTB) is a chronic inflammatory disease caused by Mycobacterium avium susbp. paratuberculosis (MAP). Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have identified single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) significantly associated with susceptibility to bovine PTB. The main objective of this study was to identify quantitative trait loci (QTLs) associated with MAP infection in Spanish Holstein cows (N = 983) using combinations of diagnostic tests and imputed whole-genome sequence (WGS) data. The infection status of these animals was defined by three diagnostic methods including ELISA for MAP-antibodies detection, and tissue culture and PCR for MAP detection. The 983 cows included in this study were genotyped with the Bovine MD SNP50 Bead Chip, and the corresponding genotypes were imputed to WGS using the 1,000 Bull genomes reference population. In total, 33.77 million SNP variants per animal were identified across the genome. Linear mixed models were used to calculate the heritability (h2) estimates for each diagnostic test and test combinations. Next, we performed a case-control GWAS using the imputed WGS datasets and the phenotypes and combinations of phenotypes with h2 estimates > 0.080. After performing the GWAS, the test combinations that showed SNPs with a significant association (PFDR ≤ 0.05), were the ELISA-tissue PCR-tissue culture, ELISA-tissue culture, and ELISA-tissue PCR. A total of twelve quantitative trait loci (QTLs) highly associated with MAP infection status were identified on the Bos taurus autosomes (BTA) 4, BTA5, BTA11, BTA12, BTA14, BTA23, BTA24, and BTA28, and some of these QTLs were linked to immune-modulating genes. The identified QTLs on BTA23 spanning from 18.81 to 22.95 Mb of the Bos taurus genome overlapped with several QTLs previously found to be associated with PTB susceptibility, bovine tuberculosis susceptibility, and clinical mastitis. The results from this study provide more clues regarding the molecular mechanisms underlying susceptibility to PTB infection in cattle and might be used to develop national genetic evaluations for PTB in Spain.
Collapse
|
6
|
Ex vivo tumor necrosis factor-alpha response of blood leukocytes in Danish Holstein-Friesian cows stimulated by Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria isolated from mastitic milk. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2021; 234:110204. [PMID: 33611159 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2021.110204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2020] [Revised: 01/31/2021] [Accepted: 02/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
A whole blood stimulation assay was used to investigate the effects of parity, number of weeks after calving and Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria on the ex vivo TNF-α responsiveness of Danish Holstein-Friesian cows of first to third lactation (n = 28). Blood samples were collected in weeks 2, 3, 5 and 8 after parturition and stimulated with Escherichia coli LPS (10 μg/mL), Staphylococcus aureus peptidoglycan (PGN, 10 μg/mL) and dead Escherichia coli, Streptococcus uberis, Staphylococcus aureus, and Streptococcus dysgalactiae at a concentration of 2.5 × 106/mL. The antibiotic polymyxin-B (100 μg/mL) was added to the Gram-positive bacteria to avoid the influence of environmental endotoxin by ELISA test. Overall, parity had no effect, whereas number of weeks after calving altered the TNF-α responsiveness of the majority of the stimulants. Ex vivo, Gram-positive bacteria always resulted in a higher TNF-α response than Gram-negative bacteria with large differences within the individual cows. High correlations were found within the Gram-negative stimulants panel (r = 0.83) and within the Gram-positive (r = 0.81 to 0.86) stimulants panel except PGN. The higher TNF-α responsiveness by Gram-positive bacteria is in agreement with in vitro studies in human but in contrast to the in vivo TNF-α responsiveness in bovine udder.
Collapse
|
7
|
Kamaldinov EV, Panferova OD, Efremova OV, Marenkov VG, Fedorovich Petrov A, Ryumkina IN. Assessment of the variability of reproductive abilities of a black and white cattle using genealogical data and paratypical factors. Data Brief 2021; 35:106842. [PMID: 33718540 PMCID: PMC7920795 DOI: 10.1016/j.dib.2021.106842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2020] [Revised: 01/30/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to assess the role of paratypical and genetic factors in the variation of the complex of traits associated with the reproductive quality of livestock in the conditions of the CJSC breed livestock factory farm “Irmen” in a retrospective aspect. Black-and-White Irmenskiy interbreeds type breed was officially registered in 2000 by the Ministry of Agriculture of the Russian Federation as a breeding achievement and is a unique cattle subpopulation, bred only at the Irmen breed livestock factory farm, in Western Siberia, (Russia). This type is the best in all of Western Siberia in terms of milk yield and appearance among annual competitions and official state assessments. Therefore, the authors chose this breed as a material of research. Over 19 years, the authors studied the variability of traits such as milk yield, fat and protein content in milk, productive life, insemination rate, calving interval, open days, dry period, calving ease, and body weight. These traits are closely associated with the reproductive characteristics of the Black-and-White breed of the Irmensky subpopulation. The authors assessed the variability of these traits, which is influenced by the factors by “Year”, “Lactation number” and “Sire's genotype”. The data obtained showed a close genotype-environment interaction. Also, the conditions of feeding and keeping at the breed livestock factory farm have a significant impact on these traits.
Collapse
|
8
|
Liu Y, Xu L, Yang L, Zhao G, Li J, Liu D, Li Y. Discovery of Genomic Characteristics and Selection Signatures in Southern Chinese Local Cattle. Front Genet 2020; 11:533052. [PMID: 33391332 PMCID: PMC7775540 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2020.533052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2020] [Accepted: 11/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Chinese local cattle with a high level of genetic diversity mainly originate from two subspecies; the cattle in northern China are primarily Bos Taurus, and the cattle in southern China are primarily Bos indicus. Cattle from southern China are characterized by a specific phenotype and adapted to the local environment. This study explored the genetic diversity, degree of admixture, and selection signature in eight local cattle breeds in southern China. The lowest level of heterozygosity was found in Hainan and Nandan cattle from Hainan and Guangxi province, respectively, whereas the highest level of heterozygosity was detected in Zhaotong cattle from Yunnan province. A neighbor-joining phylogenetic tree analysis clearly separated Lufeng cattle from other breeds, whereas Leiqiong and Hainan cattle have some crossover. Based on linkage disequilibrium-filtered single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), the admixture analysis revealed two clusters corresponding to the taurine and indicine cattle lineages, and the local cattle breeds from southern China showed a certain degree of admixture. When K = 4 and 9, we found a slight separation among Leiqiong, Lufeng, and Hainan cattle. Meanwhile, we performed a selection signature analysis in Hainan, Leiqiong, and Lufeng cattle distributed in the extreme south of China, using the integrated haplotype score (iHS), Rsb statistic, and BayeScan software. Using the iHS approach, we identified 251, 270, and 256 candidate regions in Lufeng, Leiqiong, and Hainan cattle, respectively. Moreover, we identified 184, 174, and 146 candidate regions in pairwise comparisons of Leiqiong vs. Lufeng, Leiqiong vs. Hainan, and Hainan vs. Lufeng cattle using the Rsb approach. In addition, we identified 76 loci with a total of 48 genes under selection, based on the FST approach. Several candidate genes under selection were found to be related to meat quality, immunity, and adaptation to the local environment in southern China. Our results provide significant information about the genetic differences among the cattle breeds from southern China and the possible cause of difference in breed-specific characteristics. Selection signature analysis identified a few candidate SNPs and genes related to certain important traits of these cattle. In general, our results provide valuable insights into the genetic basis of specific traits under selection in certain local cattle breeds.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuqiang Liu
- College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.,Innovation Team of Cattle Genetic Breeding, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China.,Lingnan Guangdong Laboratory of Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lingyang Xu
- Innovation Team of Cattle Genetic Breeding, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Liu Yang
- Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Guoyao Zhao
- Innovation Team of Cattle Genetic Breeding, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Junya Li
- Innovation Team of Cattle Genetic Breeding, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Dewu Liu
- College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.,Lingnan Guangdong Laboratory of Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yaokun Li
- College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.,Lingnan Guangdong Laboratory of Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Wisnieski L, Norby B, Gandy J, Byrem TM, Sordillo LM. Changes in bovine leukemia virus serological status and lymphocyte count between dry-off and early lactation in Michigan dairy cows. J Dairy Sci 2020; 103:9473-9480. [PMID: 32773309 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2019-17839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2019] [Accepted: 04/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
This study addresses how the serological status of bovine leukemia virus (BLV) and lymphocyte count fluctuate from dry-off to early lactation in dairy cattle. Very few studies have investigated how BLV antibody status and lymphocyte count of cows changes longitudinally during the lactation cycle. Blood samples were collected from dairy cattle (n = 149) on 5 commercial dairy herds in Michigan at dry-off, close-up, and 7 to 10 d after calving. Plasma was analyzed for anti-BLV antibodies using a BLV-ELISA and whole blood was analyzed for lymphocyte counts. We found that BLV seroprevalence increased from dry-off (38.9%) to close-up (43.6%), then slightly decreased from close-up to 7 to 10 d after calving (43.0%). However, the change in seroprevalence was only significant from dry-off to close-up. Cows of third or higher parity were more likely to seroconvert than cows of lower parity and had the highest ELISA-negative prevalence of BLV. Lymphocyte counts were significantly higher in ELISA-positive animals, but only among second and third or greater parity animals. These results indicate that the use of lymphocyte counts as a disease severity monitoring tool for BLV should differ by parity group. Future studies should investigate if changes in seroprevalence are due to new infections or natural changes in antibody concentrations as the cow prepares for colostrum production. More accurate lymphocyte guidelines to be used for monitoring the progression of BLV should be created that consider parity and lactation stage.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- L Wisnieski
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing 48824
| | - B Norby
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing 48824.
| | - J Gandy
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing 48824
| | - T M Byrem
- CentralStar Cooperative, Lansing, MI 48909
| | - L M Sordillo
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing 48824
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Martinez Cuesta L, Nieto Farias MV, Lendez PA, Barone L, Pérez SE, Dolcini GL, Ceriani MC. Stable infection of a bovine mammary epithelial cell line (MAC-T) with bovine leukemia virus (BLV). Virus Res 2018; 256:11-16. [PMID: 30055215 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2018.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2018] [Revised: 07/18/2018] [Accepted: 07/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Bovine leukemia virus (BLV) is a retrovirus that affects cattle causing a lymphoproliferative disease. BLV infection has been associated with misbalance of the immune response causing a higher incidence of other infections. Mastitis is one of the most important conditions that affect milk production in cattle. The aim of this study was to stably infect a bovine mammary epithelial cell line (MAC-T). MAC-T cell line was successfully infected with BLV and the infection was confirmed by nested PCR, qPCR, immunocytochemistry, western blot and transmission electron microscopy. This is the first report of a bovine mammary epithelial cell line stably infected with BLV. This new cell line could be used as an in vitro model to study the effect of BLV on the immune response in the mammary gland and the relationship with other agents causing mastitis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lucia Martinez Cuesta
- Laboratorio de Virología, Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil (CIVETAN, CONICET-CICPBA), Facultad de Cs. Veterinarias, UNCPBA, Pinto 399, Tandil, 7000 Pcia. Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - Maria Victoria Nieto Farias
- Laboratorio de Virología, Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil (CIVETAN, CONICET-CICPBA), Facultad de Cs. Veterinarias, UNCPBA, Pinto 399, Tandil, 7000 Pcia. Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Pamela Anahi Lendez
- Laboratorio de Virología, Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil (CIVETAN, CONICET-CICPBA), Facultad de Cs. Veterinarias, UNCPBA, Pinto 399, Tandil, 7000 Pcia. Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Lucas Barone
- Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria, Centro de Investigaciones en Ciencias Veterinarias y Agronómicas, Instituto de Virología, Nicolás Repetto y Los Reseros s/n, Hurlingham, B1686, Provincia de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Sandra Elizabeth Pérez
- Laboratorio de Virología, Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil (CIVETAN, CONICET-CICPBA), Facultad de Cs. Veterinarias, UNCPBA, Pinto 399, Tandil, 7000 Pcia. Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Guillermina Laura Dolcini
- Laboratorio de Virología, Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil (CIVETAN, CONICET-CICPBA), Facultad de Cs. Veterinarias, UNCPBA, Pinto 399, Tandil, 7000 Pcia. Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Maria Carolina Ceriani
- Laboratorio de Virología, Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil (CIVETAN, CONICET-CICPBA), Facultad de Cs. Veterinarias, UNCPBA, Pinto 399, Tandil, 7000 Pcia. Buenos Aires, Argentina
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Welderufael BG, Løvendahl P, de Koning DJ, Janss LLG, Fikse WF. Genome-Wide Association Study for Susceptibility to and Recoverability From Mastitis in Danish Holstein Cows. Front Genet 2018; 9:141. [PMID: 29755506 PMCID: PMC5932407 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2018.00141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2017] [Accepted: 04/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Because mastitis is very frequent and unavoidable, adding recovery information into the analysis for genetic evaluation of mastitis is of great interest from economical and animal welfare point of view. Here we have performed genome-wide association studies (GWAS) to identify associated single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and investigate the genetic background not only for susceptibility to – but also for recoverability from mastitis. Somatic cell count records from 993 Danish Holstein cows genotyped for a total of 39378 autosomal SNP markers were used for the association analysis. Single SNP regression analysis was performed using the statistical software package DMU. Substitution effect of each SNP was tested with a t-test and a genome-wide significance level of P-value < 10-4 was used to declare significant SNP-trait association. A number of significant SNP variants were identified for both traits. Many of the SNP variants associated either with susceptibility to – or recoverability from mastitis were located in or very near to genes that have been reported for their role in the immune system. Genes involved in lymphocyte developments (e.g., MAST3 and STAB2) and genes involved in macrophage recruitment and regulation of inflammations (PDGFD and PTX3) were suggested as possible causal genes for susceptibility to – and recoverability from mastitis, respectively. However, this is the first GWAS study for recoverability from mastitis and our results need to be validated. The findings in the current study are, therefore, a starting point for further investigations in identifying causal genetic variants or chromosomal regions for both susceptibility to – and recoverability from mastitis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- B G Welderufael
- Department of Animal Breeding and Genetics, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden.,Center for Quantitative Genetics and Genomics, Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Peter Løvendahl
- Center for Quantitative Genetics and Genomics, Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Dirk-Jan de Koning
- Department of Animal Breeding and Genetics, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Lucas L G Janss
- Center for Quantitative Genetics and Genomics, Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - W F Fikse
- Department of Animal Breeding and Genetics, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Muhaghegh-Dolatabady M, Rahimi Rezaei A. Sequence Characterization in 3′-Flanking Region of Bovine TNF-α: Association with Milk Production Traits and Somatic Cell Score in Holstein Cattle of Iran. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF BIOTECHNOLOGY 2018. [DOI: 10.21859/ijb.1195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
|
13
|
Mielczarek M, Frąszczak M, Giannico R, Minozzi G, Williams JL, Wojdak-Maksymiec K, Szyda J. Analysis of copy number variations in Holstein-Friesian cow genomes based on whole-genome sequence data. J Dairy Sci 2017; 100:5515-5525. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2016-11987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2016] [Accepted: 03/25/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
|
14
|
Cieslak J, Wodas L, Borowska A, Sadoch J, Pawlak P, Puppel K, Kuczynska B, Mackowski M. Variability of lysozyme and lactoferrin bioactive protein concentrations in equine milk in relation to LYZ and LTF gene polymorphisms and expression. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2017; 97:2174-2181. [PMID: 27611486 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.8026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2016] [Revised: 07/22/2016] [Accepted: 09/02/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Equine milk is considered to be an interesting product for human nutrition, mainly owing to its low allergenicity and significant amounts of bioactive proteins, including lysozyme (LYZ) and lactoferrin (LTF). The present study assessed the effect of genetic factors on LYZ and LTF concentration variability in mare's milk. RESULTS Significant effects of horse breed and lactation stage on milk LYZ and LTF contents were observed. The highest level of LTF and the lowest concentration of LYZ were recorded for the Polish Warmblood Horse breed. The highest amounts of both proteins were found for the earliest investigated time point of lactation (5th week). Altogether 13 (nine novel) polymorphisms were found in the 5'-flanking regions of both genes, but they showed no significant relationship with milk LYZ and LTF contents. Several associations were found between selected SNPs and the LYZ gene relative transcript level. CONCLUSION While the present study indicated the existence of intra- and interbreed variability of LYZ and LTF contents in mare's milk, this variation is rather unrelated to the 5'-flanking variants of genes encoding both proteins. This study is a good introduction for broader investigations focused on the genetic background for variability of bioactive protein contents in mare's milk. © 2016 Society of Chemical Industry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jakub Cieslak
- Department of Horse Breeding, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Wolynska 33, PL-60-637, Poznan, Poland
| | - Lukasz Wodas
- Department of Horse Breeding, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Wolynska 33, PL-60-637, Poznan, Poland
| | - Alicja Borowska
- Department of Horse Breeding, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Wolynska 33, PL-60-637, Poznan, Poland
| | - Jan Sadoch
- Department of Horse Breeding, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Wolynska 33, PL-60-637, Poznan, Poland
| | - Piotr Pawlak
- Department of Genetics and Animal Breeding, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Wolynska 33, PL-60-637, Poznan, Poland
| | - Kamila Puppel
- Department of Animal Science, Cattle Breeding Division, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Ciszewskiego 8, PL-02-786, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Beata Kuczynska
- Department of Animal Science, Cattle Breeding Division, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Ciszewskiego 8, PL-02-786, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Mariusz Mackowski
- Department of Horse Breeding, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Wolynska 33, PL-60-637, Poznan, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Zaborski D, Proskura WS, Wojdak-Maksymiec K, Grzesiak W. Identification of Cows Susceptible to Mastitis based on Selected Genotypes by Using Decision Trees and A Generalized Linear Model. ACTA VET-BEOGRAD 2016. [DOI: 10.1515/acve-2016-0028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to: 1) check whether it would be possible to detect cows susceptible to mastitis at an early stage of their utilization based on selected genotypes and basic production traits in the first three lactations using ensemble data mining methods (boosted classification tress – BT and random forest – RF), 2) find out whether the inclusion of additional production variables for subsequent lactations will improve detection performance of the models, 3) identify the most significant predictors of susceptibility to mastitis, and 4) compare the results obtained by using BT and RF with those for the more traditional generalized linear model (GLZ). A total of 801 records for Polish Holstein-Friesian Black-and-White cows were analyzed. The maximum sensitivity, specificity and accuracy of the test set were 72.13%, 39.73%, 55.90% (BT), 86.89%, 17.81%, 59.49% (RF) and 90.16%, 8.22%, 58.97% (GLZ), respectively. Inclusion of additional variables did not have a significant effect on the model performance. The most significant predictors of susceptibility to mastitis were: milk yield, days in milk, sire’s rank, percentage of Holstein-Friesian genes, whereas calving season and genotypes (lactoferrin, tumor necrosis factor alpha, lysozyme and defensins) were ranked much lower. The applied models (both data mining ones and GLZ) showed low accuracy in detecting cows susceptible to mastitis and therefore some other more discriminating predictors should be used in future research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Zaborski
- Department of Ruminants Science, West Pomeranian University of Technology, Szczecin, Poland
| | | | | | - Wilhelm Grzesiak
- Department of Ruminants Science, West Pomeranian University of Technology, Szczecin, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Sulabh S, Bhushan B, Panigrahi M, Verma A, Baba NA, Kumar P. Differential response of immune-related genes to peptidoglycan and lipoteichoic acid challenge in vitro. Vet World 2016; 9:983-988. [PMID: 27733800 PMCID: PMC5057038 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2016.983-988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2016] [Accepted: 08/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM To study the effect of Staphylococcus aureus cell wall antigens, peptidoglycan (PGN) and lipoteichoic acid (LTA) challenge on immune cells present in bovine peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). MATERIALS AND METHODS In this study, efforts have been made to investigate the effects of three combinations (10+10, 20+20 and 30+30 μg/ml) of PGN and LTA obtained from S. aureus. These antigens were used to challenge the bovine PBMCs. After 6 h of incubation quantitative, real time-polymerase chain reaction was used to study toll-like receptor 2 (TLR-2) and major cytokine mRNA expression in bovine PBMC challenged with three different antigen blends. RESULTS The results indicated that mRNA level of interferon gamma is influenced by the expression of TLR-2 gene. Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interleukin 10 (IL-10), and IL-8 genes showed a maximum response at a dose of 10 μg of PGN and 10 μg of LTA challenge per ml of culture medium. The outcome also suggests that both IL-10 and IL-8 followed the expression pattern of TNF-α. CONCLUSION A dose of 10 μg of PGN and 10 μg of LTA per ml of culture medium was found to be most suitable for challenging PBMC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sourabh Sulabh
- Division of Animal Genetics, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly - 243 122, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Bharat Bhushan
- Division of Animal Genetics, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly - 243 122, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Manjit Panigrahi
- Division of Animal Genetics, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly - 243 122, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Ankita Verma
- Division of Animal Genetics, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly - 243 122, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Naseer Ahmad Baba
- Division of Animal Genetics, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly - 243 122, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Pushpendra Kumar
- Division of Animal Genetics, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly - 243 122, Uttar Pradesh, India
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Wang XG, Ju ZH, Hou MH, Jiang Q, Yang CH, Zhang Y, Sun Y, Li RL, Wang CF, Zhong JF, Huang JM. Deciphering Transcriptome and Complex Alternative Splicing Transcripts in Mammary Gland Tissues from Cows Naturally Infected with Staphylococcus aureus Mastitis. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0159719. [PMID: 27459697 PMCID: PMC4961362 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0159719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2016] [Accepted: 07/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Alternative splicing (AS) contributes to the complexity of the mammalian proteome and plays an important role in diseases, including infectious diseases. The differential AS patterns of these transcript sequences between the healthy (HS3A) and mastitic (HS8A) cows naturally infected by Staphylococcus aureus were compared to understand the molecular mechanisms underlying mastitis resistance and susceptibility. In this study, using the Illumina paired-end RNA sequencing method, 1352 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) with higher than twofold changes were found in the HS3A and HS8A mammary gland tissues. Gene ontology and KEGG pathway analyses revealed that the cytokine–cytokine receptor interaction pathway is the most significantly enriched pathway. Approximately 16k annotated unigenes were respectively identified in two libraries, based on the bovine Bos taurus UMD3.1 sequence assembly and search. A total of 52.62% and 51.24% annotated unigenes were alternatively spliced in term of exon skipping, intron retention, alternative 5′ splicing and alternative 3ʹ splicing. Additionally, 1,317 AS unigenes were HS3A-specific, whereas 1,093 AS unigenes were HS8A-specific. Some immune-related genes, such as ITGB6, MYD88, ADA, ACKR1, and TNFRSF1B, and their potential relationships with mastitis were highlighted. From Chromosome 2, 4, 6, 7, 10, 13, 14, 17, and 20, 3.66% (HS3A) and 5.4% (HS8A) novel transcripts, which harbor known quantitative trait locus associated with clinical mastitis, were identified. Many DEGs in the healthy and mastitic mammary glands are involved in immune, defense, and inflammation responses. These DEGs, which exhibit diverse and specific splicing patterns and events, can endow dairy cattle with the potential complex genetic resistance against mastitis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiu Ge Wang
- Dairy Cattle Research Center, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, P.R. China
| | - Zhi Hua Ju
- Dairy Cattle Research Center, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, P.R. China
| | - Ming Hai Hou
- Dairy Cattle Research Center, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, P.R. China
| | - Qiang Jiang
- Dairy Cattle Research Center, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, P.R. China
| | - Chun Hong Yang
- Dairy Cattle Research Center, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, P.R. China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Dairy Cattle Research Center, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, P.R. China
| | - Yan Sun
- Dairy Cattle Research Center, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, P.R. China
| | - Rong Ling Li
- Dairy Cattle Research Center, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, P.R. China
| | - Chang Fa Wang
- Dairy Cattle Research Center, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, P.R. China
| | - Ji Feng Zhong
- Dairy Cattle Research Center, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, P.R. China
| | - Jin Ming Huang
- Dairy Cattle Research Center, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, P.R. China
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Cheng Y, Huang C, Tsai HJ. Relationship of bovine TNF-α gene polymorphisms with the risk of bovine tuberculosis in Holstein cattle. J Vet Med Sci 2016; 78:727-32. [PMID: 26876219 PMCID: PMC4905823 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.15-0506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Many studies suggest significant genetic variation in the resistance of cattle and humans
to infection with Mycobacterium bovis (M. bovis), the
causative agent of zoonotic tuberculosis. TNF-α promotes inflammation and induces
apoptosis in response to mycobacterial infection. The aim of the present study was to
investigate the influence of single nucleotide polymorphisms of the TNF-α
gene on bovine tuberculosis (bTB) susceptibility. We genotyped the TNF-α
gene in 74 bTB-infected Holstein cows and 90 healthy control animals. The influence in the
exon 3 region of TNF-α polymorphisms on bTB susceptibility was
subsequently investigated by association analysis. Our finding demonstrated that the
g.27534932A>C polymorphism of the TNF-α is associated with bTB in
Holstein cattle. The susceptibility of cattle with the g.27534932A>C genotype compared
with the CC genotype was 4.11-fold (95% CI, 1.27–13.36; P=0.02) higher.
The g.27534932A>C polymorphism located in exon 3 of the TNF-α gene,
and the functional consequence was missense. The deduced amino acid sequence for the
protein product revealed an arginine to serine conversion at position 159, which may
affect initiation of protein synthesis and disrupt normal TNF-α function
that protects animals against mycobacterial infection. A significant association was
observed with the A allele as a risk factor for bTB susceptibility (OR, 3.84; 95% CI,
1.21–12.17; P=0.02). In conclusion, this is the first report showing that
the g.27534932A>C polymorphism may contribute to TNF-α-mediated bTB
susceptibility.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yafen Cheng
- School of Veterinary Medicine, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Rd., Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Association of polymorphism within LTF gene promoter with lactoferrin concentration in milk of Holstein cows. Pol J Vet Sci 2015; 17:633-41. [PMID: 25638977 DOI: 10.2478/pjvs-2014-0094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
This study analyzed the association between single nucleotide polymorphism (A/C) in position -28 located in the TATA box of LTF gene and the lactoferrin concentration in bovine milk secreted by healthy and infected udders. Out of 241, 69 cows were selected into the experimental group and were divided into 3 groups according to mean value of somatic cell count (SCC): I < 180,000 cells/mL, II: 180,000-350,000 cells/mL and III > 350,000 cells/mL. In each SCC group, three LTF genotypes: AA, AC and CC were identified by PCR-SSCP method. A total of 604 milk samples were collected monthly and lactoferrin concentration was measured by ELISA. The 1-way ANOVA within SCC groups was performed to estimate association of -28 A/C genotypes with mean lactoferrin concentration per lactation. In the group of healthy cows (< 180,000 cells/mL) LTF concentration in milk cows with the AA genotype (107.58 ± 17.92 μg/mL) was significantly higher than in homozygotes CC (52.09 ± 19.01 μg/mL). Unexpectedly, in cows with elevated SCC (> 350,000 cells/mL) we observed a significant opposite relationship (207.21 ± 28.50 in CC vs 115.0 ± 28.6 μg/mL in AA). We hypothesized that a promoter with allele C, which cannot be recognized as a TATA sequence is becoming more accessible for other transcription factors, which may induce alternative LTF gene expression. We assume that our results demonstrate a very interesting effect of differential gene expression depending on polymorphism in a key regulatory motif (TATA box) and also on the health status of mammary tissues.
Collapse
|