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Establishment of a Suspension MDBK Cell Line in Serum-Free Medium for Production of Bovine Alphaherpesvirus-1. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:vaccines9091006. [PMID: 34579242 PMCID: PMC8473029 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9091006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2021] [Revised: 09/04/2021] [Accepted: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The Madin–Darby bovine kidney (MDBK) cell line is currently used for the production of bovine alphaherpesvirus-1 (BoHV-1) vaccine. For the purpose of vaccine manufacturing, suspension cells are preferred over adherent ones due to simplified sub-cultivation and an easier scale-up process, both of which could significantly reduce production cost. This study aimed to establish a procedure for the culture of BoHV-1 in the suspended MDBK cell line in serum-free medium. We screened several commercially available serum-free media and chose ST503 for subsequent experiments. We successfully adapted the adherent MDBK cells to suspended growth in ST503 in the absence of serum. The maximum density of suspension-adapted MDBK cells could reach 2.5 × 107 cells/mL in ST503 medium with optimal conditions. The average size of suspension-adapted cells increased to 18 ± 1 µm from 16 ± 1 µm. Moreover, we examined tumorigenicity of the suspended cells and found no sign of tumorigenicity post adaptation. Next, we developed a protocol for the culture of BoHV-1 in the cell line described above and found that ultrasonic treatment could facilitate virus release and enhance virus yield by 11-fold, with the virus titer reaching 8.0 ± 0.2 log10TCID50/mL. Most importantly, the prototype inactivated BoHV-1 vaccine we generated using the suspension cultures of MDBK cells induced neutralizing antibodies to a titer comparable to that of the commercial inactivated BoHV-1 vaccine. Overall, we established and optimized a protocol for the production of inactivated BoHV-1 vaccine in MDBK cells adapted for suspension culture, which provides insights for future large-scale manufacturing of BoHV-1 vaccine.
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Riitho V, Strong R, Larska M, Graham SP, Steinbach F. Bovine Pestivirus Heterogeneity and Its Potential Impact on Vaccination and Diagnosis. Viruses 2020; 12:v12101134. [PMID: 33036281 PMCID: PMC7601184 DOI: 10.3390/v12101134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2020] [Revised: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 10/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Bovine Pestiviruses A and B, formerly known as bovine viral diarrhoea viruses (BVDV)-1 and 2, respectively, are important pathogens of cattle worldwide, responsible for significant economic losses. Bovine viral diarrhoea control programmes are in effect in several high-income countries but less so in low- and middle-income countries where bovine pestiviruses are not considered in disease control programmes. However, bovine pestiviruses are genetically and antigenically diverse, which affects the efficiency of the control programmes. The emergence of atypical ruminant pestiviruses (Pestivirus H or BVDV-3) from various parts of the world and the detection of Pestivirus D (border disease virus) in cattle highlights the challenge that pestiviruses continue to pose to control measures including the development of vaccines with improved cross-protective potential and enhanced diagnostics. This review examines the effect of bovine pestivirus diversity and emergence of atypical pestiviruses in disease control by vaccination and diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor Riitho
- Virology Department, Animal and Plant Health Agency, APHA-Weybridge, Woodham Lane, New Haw, Addlestone KT15 3NB, UK; (V.R.); (R.S.)
| | - Rebecca Strong
- Virology Department, Animal and Plant Health Agency, APHA-Weybridge, Woodham Lane, New Haw, Addlestone KT15 3NB, UK; (V.R.); (R.S.)
| | - Magdalena Larska
- Department of Virology, National Veterinary Research Institute, Al. Partyzantów 57, 24-100 Puławy, Poland;
| | - Simon P. Graham
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright GU24 0NF, UK;
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Surrey, Guilford GU2 7XH, UK
| | - Falko Steinbach
- Virology Department, Animal and Plant Health Agency, APHA-Weybridge, Woodham Lane, New Haw, Addlestone KT15 3NB, UK; (V.R.); (R.S.)
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Surrey, Guilford GU2 7XH, UK
- Correspondence:
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Sauter-Louis CM, Staubach C, Reichmann F, Stoll A, Rademacher G, Cussler K, Bastian M, Pfitzner-Friedrich A. Spatial distribution and incidence of bovine neonatal pancytopenia in Bavaria, Germany. BMC Vet Res 2020; 16:155. [PMID: 32448386 PMCID: PMC7245873 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-020-02371-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2019] [Accepted: 05/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bovine neonatal pancytopenia (BNP) is a haemorrhagic disease of neonatal calves. BNP was first described in Germany in 2009, later on also in other European countries, and in New Zealand in 2011. The disease is characterised by spontaneous bleeding, pancytopaenia in the bone marrow, and a high case fatality ratio. The causal role of a specific bovine viral diarrhoea virus (BVDV) vaccine (PregSure®BVD, then Pfizer Animal Health, now Zoetis, Berlin, Germany) has been established over the last years, causing the production of alloantibodies in some vaccinated cattle, which in the case of pregnant cattle, are transferred to the newborn calf via the colostrum. However, striking regional differences in the incidence of the disease were observed within Germany and other countries, but as the disease was not notifiable, no representative data on the spatial distribution are available. In this study, we address the spatial distribution and incidence of BNP using the results of two representative surveys amongst cattle practitioners in Bavaria, Germany. The surveys, asking about the occurrence of BNP, were conducted in 2009 and 2010. Answers were analysed spatially by testing for clusters using space-time models. Practitioners were also asked how many cows they serve in their practice and this number was used to estimate the incidence of BNP. Furthermore, in the survey of 2010, practitioners were also asked about usage of vaccine against BVDV. RESULTS From the results of the surveys, three clusters were identified in Bavaria. These clusters also coincided with the usage of the specific BVDV vaccine as indicated by the veterinary practices. Furthermore, the representative surveys allow the estimation of the incidence of BNP to be in the order of 4 cases per 10,000 calves at risk. CONCLUSIONS The study is the only representative survey conducted on BNP. Despite the fact that BNP is a non-infectious disease, regional clusters were identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carola M. Sauter-Louis
- Institute of Epidemiology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Suedufer 10, 17493 Greifswald, Isle of Riems Germany
- Clinic for Ruminants with Ambulatory and Herd Health Services at the Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, LMU Munich, Sonnenstrasse 16, 85764 Oberschleissheim, Germany
| | - Christoph Staubach
- Institute of Epidemiology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Suedufer 10, 17493 Greifswald, Isle of Riems Germany
| | - Frederike Reichmann
- Clinic for Ruminants with Ambulatory and Herd Health Services at the Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, LMU Munich, Sonnenstrasse 16, 85764 Oberschleissheim, Germany
| | - Alexander Stoll
- Clinic for Ruminants with Ambulatory and Herd Health Services at the Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, LMU Munich, Sonnenstrasse 16, 85764 Oberschleissheim, Germany
| | - Günter Rademacher
- Clinic for Ruminants with Ambulatory and Herd Health Services at the Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, LMU Munich, Sonnenstrasse 16, 85764 Oberschleissheim, Germany
| | - Klaus Cussler
- Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, Paul-Ehrlich-Straße 51-59, 63225 Langen, Germany
| | - Max Bastian
- Stikovet, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Suedufer 10, 17493 Greifswald, Isle of Riems Germany
| | - Annette Pfitzner-Friedrich
- Clinic for Ruminants with Ambulatory and Herd Health Services at the Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, LMU Munich, Sonnenstrasse 16, 85764 Oberschleissheim, Germany
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4
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Peng M, Tabashsum Z, Patel P, Bernhardt C, Biswas C, Meng J, Biswas D. Prevention of enteric bacterial infections and modulation of gut microbiota with conjugated linoleic acids producing Lactobacillus in mice. Gut Microbes 2020; 11:433-452. [PMID: 31411526 PMCID: PMC7524329 DOI: 10.1080/19490976.2019.1638724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Probiotics are recognized for outcompeting pathogenic bacteria by competitive receptor-mediated colonization and secretion of functional metabolites which are antimicrobial against certain microbes as well as improving host's gut health and immunity. Recently, we have constructed a bioactive Lactobacillus casei (LC) strain, LC+mcra , by inserting mcra (myosin cross-reactive antigen) gene, which stimulates the conversion of conjugated linoleic acids. In this study, we evaluated the modulation of gut microbiome and protective roles of LC+mcra against pathogenic Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium (ST) and enterohemorrhagic E. coli (EHEC) infections in BALB/cJ mice. We observed that LC+mcra colonized efficiently in mice gut intestine and competitively reduced the infection with ST and EHEC in various locations of small and large intestine, specifically cecum, jejunum, and ileum (p < 0.05). Positive modulation of the cecal microbiota, for example, higher relative abundances of Firmicutes, lower relative abundances of Proteobacteria, and increased bacterial species diversity/richness, was detected in ST-challenged mice pretreated with LC+mcra based on 16S metagenomic sequencing. Cytokine gene expression analysis indicated that mice pretreated with LC+mcra associated with attenuated bacterial pathogen-induced gut inflammation. Furthermore, mice fed daily with LC+mcra for one week could protect themselves from the impairments caused by enteric infections with ST or EHEC. These impairments include weight loss, negative hematological changes, intestinal histological alterations, and potential death. This in vivo study suggests that daily consumption of novel conjugated linoleic acids over-producing probiotic effectively improves intestinal microbiota composition and prevents/combats foodborne enteric bacterial infections with pathogenic Salmonella and diarrheagenic E. coli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengfei Peng
- Department of Animal and Avian Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA,Biological Sciences Program, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Zajeba Tabashsum
- Department of Animal and Avian Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Puja Patel
- Biological Sciences Program, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Cassandra Bernhardt
- Department of Animal and Avian Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Chitrine Biswas
- Biological Sciences Program, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Jianghong Meng
- Center for Food Safety and Security Systems, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA,Department of Nutrition and Food Science, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Debabrata Biswas
- Department of Animal and Avian Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA,Biological Sciences Program, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA,Center for Food Safety and Security Systems, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA,CONTACT Debabrata Biswas Department of Animal and Avian Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
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Aka E, Eren U. Distribution of TLR4 and MHC class II molecules of the spleen in broiler chicks treated with and without LPS in the first 2 weeks of the post-hatch period. Br Poult Sci 2019; 60:130-138. [PMID: 30646748 DOI: 10.1080/00071668.2018.1564238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
1. The purpose of this study was to investigate the distribution of Toll-like receptor-4 (TLR4) and major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II molecules of the spleen in chicks treated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) during the first 2 weeks of their life. 2. A total of 225 Ross-308 commercial broiler chicks were used. Within the 2-week experimental period, chicks were divided into 5 main groups according to the days of decapitation which were 1, 4, 7, 10 and 14 d after hatch. Each main group had 45 chicks. The main groups were further divided into three subgroups (15 chicks each), which included control chicks (no injection), and phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) and LPS-injected chicks. Spleen samples were collected 1-, 3-, 6-, 12- and 24-h after the PBS or LPS administrations. Tissue sections were stained using streptavidin-biotin-peroxidase complex staining method. 3. From 1 d of age, TLR4 positivity was found in the spleen in diffuse granular form. The cells showing intense TLR4 positivity were observed in periellipsoidal lymphoid tissue in 4-d-old chicks. The same cells were determined in the germinal centre of the spleen in 7-d-old chicks. LPS stimulation led to an increase in the intensity of TLR4 positivity in 14-d-old chicks. 4. From 1 d of age, MHC class II positivity was found in both white pulp and red pulp. This was higher in 14-d-old chicks injected with LPS than in the controls and the chicks injected with PBS. 5. The findings indicate that, from 1 d of age in chicks, the spleen has both non-specific defence elements and the molecules having the information to induce adaptive immunity. In addition, at the end of the 2-week experimental period, it was determined that the spleen had the capacity to recognise antigens.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Aka
- a Department of Histology and Embryology, Institute of Health Sciences , University of Adnan Menderes , Aydin , Turkey
| | - U Eren
- b Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine , University of Adnan Menderes , Aydin , Turkey
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Lutterberg K, Kleinwort KJH, Hobmaier BF, Hauck SM, Nüske S, Scholz AM, Deeg CA. A Functionally Different Immune Phenotype in Cattle Is Associated With Higher Mastitis Incidence. Front Immunol 2018; 9:2884. [PMID: 30574152 PMCID: PMC6291514 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2018] [Accepted: 11/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
A novel vaccine against bovine viral diarrhea (BVD) induced pathogenic antibody production in 5-10% of BVD-vaccinated cows. Transfer of these antibodies via colostrum caused Bovine neonatal pancytopenia (BNP) in calves, with a lethality rate of 90%. The exact immunological mechanisms behind the onset of BNP are not fully understood to date. To gain further insight into these mechanisms, we analyzed the immune proteome from alloreactive antibody producers (BNP cows) and non-responders. After in vitro stimulation of peripheral blood derived lymphocytes (PBL), we detected distinctly deviant expression levels of several master regulators of immune responses in BNP cells, pointing to a changed immune phenotype with severe dysregulation of immune response in BNP cows. Interestingly, we also found this response pattern in 22% of non-BVD-vaccinated cows, indicating a genetic predisposition of this immune deviant (ID) phenotype in cattle. We additionally analyzed the functional correlation of the ID phenotype with 10 health parameters and 6 diseases in a retrospective study over 38 months. The significantly increased prevalence of mastitis among ID cows emphasizes the clinical relevance of this deviant immune response and its potential impact on the ability to fight infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karina Lutterberg
- Chair of Animal Physiology, Department of Veterinary Sciences, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | | | - Bernhard F. Hobmaier
- Chair of Animal Physiology, Department of Veterinary Sciences, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Stefanie M. Hauck
- Research Unit for Protein Science, Helmholtz Zentrum Munich, German Research Center for Environmental Health GmbH, Munich, Germany
| | - Stefan Nüske
- Livestock Center of the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, LMU Munich, Oberschleißheim, Germany
| | - Armin M. Scholz
- Livestock Center of the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, LMU Munich, Oberschleißheim, Germany
| | - Cornelia A. Deeg
- Chair of Animal Physiology, Department of Veterinary Sciences, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
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7
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Donofrio G, Tebaldi G, Lanzardo S, Ruiu R, Bolli E, Ballatore A, Rolih V, Macchi F, Conti L, Cavallo F. Bovine herpesvirus 4-based vector delivering the full length xCT DNA efficiently protects mice from mammary cancer metastases by targeting cancer stem cells. Oncoimmunology 2018; 7:e1494108. [PMID: 30524888 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2018.1494108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2018] [Revised: 06/22/2018] [Accepted: 06/24/2018] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite marked advancements in its treatment, breast cancer is still the second leading cause of cancer death in women, due to relapses and distal metastases. Breast cancer stem cells (CSCs), are a cellular reservoir for recurrence, metastatic evolution and disease progression, making the development of novel therapeutics that target CSCs, and thereby inhibit metastases, an urgent need. We have previously demonstrated that the cystine-glutamate antiporter xCT (SLC7A11), a protein that was shown to be overexpressed in mammary CSCs and that plays a key role in the maintenance of their redox balance, self-renewal and resistance to chemotherapy, is a potential target for mammary cancer immunotherapy. This paper reports on the development of an anti-xCT viral vaccine that is based on the bovine herpesvirus 4 (BoHV-4) vector, which we have previously showed to be a safe vaccine that can transduce cells in vivo and confer immunogenicity to tumor antigens. We show that the vaccination of BALB/c mice with BoHV-4 expressing xCT (BoHV-4-mxCT), impaired lung metastases induced by syngeneic mammary CSCs both in preventive and therapeutic settings. Vaccination induced T lymphocyte activation and the production of anti-xCT antibodies that can mediate antibody-dependent cell cytotoxicity (ADCC), and directly impair CSC phenotype, self-renewal and redox balance. Our findings pave the way for the potential future use of BoHV-4-based vector targeting xCT in metastatic breast cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaetano Donofrio
- Department of Medical Veterinary Science, Università degli Studi di Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Giulia Tebaldi
- Department of Medical Veterinary Science, Università degli Studi di Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Stefania Lanzardo
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Molecular Biotechnology Center, Università degli Studi di Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Roberto Ruiu
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Molecular Biotechnology Center, Università degli Studi di Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Bolli
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Molecular Biotechnology Center, Università degli Studi di Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Andrea Ballatore
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Molecular Biotechnology Center, Università degli Studi di Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Valeria Rolih
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Molecular Biotechnology Center, Università degli Studi di Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Francesca Macchi
- Department of Medical Veterinary Science, Università degli Studi di Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Laura Conti
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Molecular Biotechnology Center, Università degli Studi di Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Federica Cavallo
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Molecular Biotechnology Center, Università degli Studi di Torino, Torino, Italy
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8
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Kasonta R, Mauritz J, Spohr C, Sauter-Louis C, Duchow K, Cussler K, Holsteg M, Bastian M. Bovine Neonatal Pancytopenia-Associated Alloantibodies Recognize Individual Bovine Leukocyte Antigen 1 Alleles. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1902. [PMID: 30154800 PMCID: PMC6102493 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2018] [Accepted: 08/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Bovine neonatal pancytopenia (BNP) was a vaccine-induced alloimmune disease observed in young calves and characterized by hemorrhages, pancytopenia, and severe destruction of the hematopoietic tissues. BNP was induced by alloreactive maternal antibodies present in the colostrum of certain cows vaccinated with a highly adjuvanted vaccine against bovine viral diarrhea. Bioprocess impurities, originating from the production cell line of the vaccine, are likely to have induced these alloreactive antibodies. One prominent alloantigen recognized by vaccine-induced alloantibodies is highly polymorphic bovine major histocompatibility complex class I antigen (bovine leukocyte antigen 1-BoLA I). Aim of this study was to define the fine specificity of BNP-associated anti-BoLA I alloantibodies. In total, eight different BoLA I alleles from the production cell line were identified. All genes were cloned and recombinantly expressed in murine cell lines. Using these cells in a flow cytometric assay, the presence of BoLA I specific alloantibodies in BNP dam sera was proven. Three BoLA I variants were identified that accounted for the majority of vaccine-induced BoLA I reactivity. By comparing the sequence of immunogenic to non-immunogenic BoLA I variants probable minimal epitopes on BoLA I were identified. In general, dams of BNP calves displayed high levels of BoLA I reactive alloantibodies, while vaccinated cows delivering healthy calves had significantly lower alloantibody titers. We identified a subgroup of vaccinated cows with healthy calves displaying very high alloantibody titers. Between these cows and BNP dams no principle difference in the BoLA I reactivity pattern was observed. However, with a limited set of dam-calf pairs it could be demonstrated that serum from these cows did not bind to BoLA I expressing leukocytes of their offspring. By contrast, when testing cells from surviving BNP calves with the corresponding dam's serum there was significant binding. We therefore conclude that predominantly highly alloreactive cows are at risk to induce BNP and it depends on the paternally inherited BoLA I whether or not the calf develops BNP.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Mark Holsteg
- Landwirtschaftskammer Nordrhein-Westfalen, Bonn, Germany
| | - Max Bastian
- Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, Langen, Germany.,Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
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9
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Sauter-Louis C, Jones BA, Henning J, Stoll A, Nielen M, Van Schaik G, Smolenaars A, Schouten M, den Uijl I, Fourichon C, Guatteo R, Madouasse A, Nusinovici S, Deprez P, De Vliegher S, Laureyns J, Booth R, Cardwell JM, Pfeiffer DU. Herd-level animal management factors associated with the occurrence of bovine neonatal pancytopenia in calves in a multi-country study. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0179878. [PMID: 28678850 PMCID: PMC5497972 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0179878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2016] [Accepted: 06/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Since 2007, mortality associated with a previously unreported haemorrhagic disease has been observed in young calves in several European countries. The syndrome, which has been named ‘bovine neonatal pancytopenia’ (BNP), is characterised by thrombocytopenia, leukocytopenia and a panmyelophthisis. A herd-level case-control study was conducted in four BNP affected countries (Belgium, France, Germany and the Netherlands) to identify herd management risk factors for BNP occurrence. Data were collected using structured face-to-face and telephone interviews of farm managers and their local veterinarians. In total, 363 case farms and 887 control farms were included in a matched multivariable conditional logistic regression analysis. Case-control status was strongly associated with the odds of herd level use of the vaccine PregSure® BVD (PregSure, Pfizer Animal Health) (matched adjusted odds ratio (OR) 107.2; 95% CI: 41.0–280.1). This was also the case for the practices of feeding calves colostrum from the calf’s own dam (OR 2.0; 95% CI: 1.1–3.4) or feeding pooled colostrum (OR 4.1; 95% CI: 1.9–8.8). Given that the study had relatively high statistical power and represented a variety of cattle production and husbandry systems, it can be concluded with some confidence that no other herd level management factors are competent causes for a sufficient cause of BNP occurrence on herd level. It is suggested that genetic characteristics of the dams and BNP calves should be the focus of further investigations aimed at identifying the currently missing component causes that together with PregSure vaccination and colostrum feeding represent a sufficient cause for occurrence of BNP in calves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carola Sauter-Louis
- Clinic for Ruminants with Ambulatory and Herd Health Services at the Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Oberschleissheim, Germany
- Veterinary Epidemiology, Economics & Public Health Group, Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Lane, North Mymms, Herts, United Kingodm
- Institute of Epidemiology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institute, Suedufer 10, Greifswald–Isle of Riems, Germany
- * E-mail:
| | - Bryony A. Jones
- Veterinary Epidemiology, Economics & Public Health Group, Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Lane, North Mymms, Herts, United Kingodm
| | - Jörg Henning
- School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland, Gatton, Australia
| | - Alexander Stoll
- Clinic for Ruminants with Ambulatory and Herd Health Services at the Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Oberschleissheim, Germany
| | - Mirjam Nielen
- Department of Farm Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Utrecht, Yalelaan 7, CL Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | | | - Anja Smolenaars
- GD Animal Health, Arnsbergstraat 7, AA Deventer, The Netherlands
| | - Matthijs Schouten
- Department of Farm Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Utrecht, Yalelaan 7, CL Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Ingrid den Uijl
- GD Animal Health, Arnsbergstraat 7, AA Deventer, The Netherlands
| | - Christine Fourichon
- INRA, UMRI300 Biology, Epidemiology and Risk Analysis in Animal Health, INRA, LUNAM Université Oniris, Ecole nationale vétérinarie, agroalimentaire et de l’alimentation Nantes Atlantique, Atlanpole La Chantrerie, BP Nantes, France
| | - Raphael Guatteo
- INRA, UMRI300 Biology, Epidemiology and Risk Analysis in Animal Health, INRA, LUNAM Université Oniris, Ecole nationale vétérinarie, agroalimentaire et de l’alimentation Nantes Atlantique, Atlanpole La Chantrerie, BP Nantes, France
| | - Aurélien Madouasse
- INRA, UMRI300 Biology, Epidemiology and Risk Analysis in Animal Health, INRA, LUNAM Université Oniris, Ecole nationale vétérinarie, agroalimentaire et de l’alimentation Nantes Atlantique, Atlanpole La Chantrerie, BP Nantes, France
| | - Simon Nusinovici
- INRA, UMRI300 Biology, Epidemiology and Risk Analysis in Animal Health, INRA, LUNAM Université Oniris, Ecole nationale vétérinarie, agroalimentaire et de l’alimentation Nantes Atlantique, Atlanpole La Chantrerie, BP Nantes, France
| | - Piet Deprez
- Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Biology of Large Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Sarne De Vliegher
- Department of Reproduction, Obstetrics and Herd Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Jozef Laureyns
- Department of Reproduction, Obstetrics and Herd Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Richard Booth
- Department of Pathology and Infectious Diseases, Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Lane, North Mymms, Herts, United Kingdom
| | - Jacqueline M. Cardwell
- Veterinary Epidemiology, Economics & Public Health Group, Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Lane, North Mymms, Herts, United Kingodm
| | - Dirk U. Pfeiffer
- Veterinary Epidemiology, Economics & Public Health Group, Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Lane, North Mymms, Herts, United Kingodm
- School of Veterinary Medicine, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR
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10
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Benedictus L, Bell CR. The risks of using allogeneic cell lines for vaccine production: the example of Bovine Neonatal Pancytopenia. Expert Rev Vaccines 2016; 16:65-71. [PMID: 27744721 DOI: 10.1080/14760584.2017.1249859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Bovine neonatal pancytopenia (BNP) is a hemorrhagic disease that emerged in calves across Europe in 2007. Its occurrence is attributed to immunization of the calf's mother with a vaccine produced using an allogeneic cell line. Vaccine-induced alloantibodies specific for major-histocompatibility class I antigens are transferred from the mother to the calf via colostrum, leading to profound depletion of peripheral blood and bone marrow cells that is often fatal. Areas covered: Pubmed and Web of Science were used to search for literature relevant to BNP and the use of allogeneic vaccine cell lines. Following a review of the pathology and pathogenesis of this novel condition, we discuss potential risks associated with the use of allogeneic vaccine cell lines. Expert commentary: Although BNP is associated with a specific vaccine, it highlights safety concerns common to all vaccines produced using allogeneic cell lines. Measures to prevent similar vaccine-induced alloimmune-mediated adverse events in the future are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindert Benedictus
- a Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine , Utrecht University , Utrecht , The Netherlands.,b Department of Medical Microbiology , University Medical Center Utrecht , Utrecht , The Netherlands
| | - Charlotte R Bell
- c The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies , University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush , Midlothian , Scotland , UK
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11
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Heinzelmann K, Noskovičová N, Merl-Pham J, Preissler G, Winter H, Lindner M, Hatz R, Hauck SM, Behr J, Eickelberg O. Surface proteome analysis identifies platelet derived growth factor receptor-alpha as a critical mediator of transforming growth factor-beta-induced collagen secretion. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2016; 74:44-59. [PMID: 26905437 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2016.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2015] [Revised: 01/19/2016] [Accepted: 02/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Fibroblasts are extracellular matrix-producing cells in the lung. Fibroblast activation by transforming growth factor-beta leads to myofibroblast-differentiation and increased extracellular matrix deposition, a hallmark of pulmonary fibrosis. While fibroblast function with respect to migration, invasion, and extracellular matrix deposition has been well-explored, little is known about the surface proteome of lung fibroblasts in general and its specific response to fibrogenic growth factors, in particular transforming growth factor-beta. We thus performed a cell-surface proteome analysis of primary human lung fibroblasts in presence/absence of transforming growth factor-beta, followed by characterization of our findings using FACS analysis, Western blot, and siRNA-mediated knockdown experiments. We identified 213 surface proteins significantly regulated by transforming growth factor-beta, platelet derived growth factor receptor-alpha being one of the top down-regulated proteins. Transforming growth factor beta-induced downregulation of platelet derived growth factor receptor-alpha induced upregulation of platelet derived growth factor receptor-beta expression and phosphorylation of Akt, a downstream target of platelet derived growth factor signaling. Importantly, collagen type V expression and secretion was strongly increased after forced knockdown of platelet derived growth factor receptor-alpha, an effect that was potentiated by transforming growth factor-beta. We therefore show previously underappreciated cross-talk of transforming growth factor-beta and platelet derived growth factor signaling in human lung fibroblasts, resulting in increased extracellular matrix deposition in a platelet derived growth factor receptor-alpha dependent manner. These findings are of particular importance for the treatment of lung fibrosis patients with high pulmonary transforming growth factor-beta activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Heinzelmann
- Comprehensive Pneumology Center, University Hospital of the Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich and Helmholtz Zentrum München, Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Munich, Germany
| | - Nina Noskovičová
- Comprehensive Pneumology Center, University Hospital of the Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich and Helmholtz Zentrum München, Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Munich, Germany
| | - Juliane Merl-Pham
- Research Unit Protein Science/Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Gerhard Preissler
- Thoraxchirurgisches Zentrum, Klinik für Allgemeine-, Viszeral-, Transplantations-, Gefäß- und Thoraxchirurgie, Klinikum Großhadern, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany
| | - Hauke Winter
- Thoraxchirurgisches Zentrum, Klinik für Allgemeine-, Viszeral-, Transplantations-, Gefäß- und Thoraxchirurgie, Klinikum Großhadern, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany
| | | | - Rudolf Hatz
- Thoraxchirurgisches Zentrum, Klinik für Allgemeine-, Viszeral-, Transplantations-, Gefäß- und Thoraxchirurgie, Klinikum Großhadern, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany; Asklepios Fachkliniken München-Gauting, Munich, Germany
| | - Stefanie M Hauck
- Research Unit Protein Science/Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Jürgen Behr
- Asklepios Fachkliniken München-Gauting, Munich, Germany; Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik V, Klinikum der Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany
| | - Oliver Eickelberg
- Comprehensive Pneumology Center, University Hospital of the Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich and Helmholtz Zentrum München, Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Munich, Germany.
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12
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Pathogenicity of Bovine Neonatal Pancytopenia-associated vaccine-induced alloantibodies correlates with Major Histocompatibility Complex class I expression. Sci Rep 2015; 5:12748. [PMID: 26235972 PMCID: PMC4522679 DOI: 10.1038/srep12748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2015] [Accepted: 07/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Bovine Neonatal Pancytopenia (BNP), a fatal bleeding syndrome of neonatal calves, is caused by maternal alloantibodies absorbed from colostrum and is characterized by lymphocytopenia, thrombocytopenia and bone marrow hypoplasia. An inactivated viral vaccine is the likely source of alloantigens inducing BNP-associated alloantibodies in the dam. In this study the specificity of BNP alloantibodies was assessed and was linked to the pathology of BNP. We demonstrated that Major Histocompatibility Complex class I (MHC I) and Very Late Antigen-3, an integrin α3/β1 heterodimer, were the major targets of BNP alloantibodies. However, alloantibody binding to various bovine cell types correlated with MHC I expression, rather than integrin β1 or α3 expression. Likewise, alloantibody-dependent complement-mediated cell lysis correlated strongly with MHC I expression. Examination of several tissues of third trimester bovine foetuses revealed that cells, shown to be affected in calves with BNP, were characterized by high MHC class I expression and high levels of alloantibody binding. We conclude that in spite of the heterogeneous specificity of BNP associated maternal alloantibodies, MHC I-specific antibodies mediate the pathogenicity of BNP in the calf and that cells with high MHC I expression were preferentially affected in BNP.
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13
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Sayers RG, Sayers GP, Graham DA, Arkins S. Impact of three inactivated bovine viral diarrhoea virus vaccines on bulk milk p80 (NS3) ELISA test results in dairy herds. Vet J 2015; 205:56-61. [PMID: 25986132 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2015.03.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2013] [Revised: 03/21/2015] [Accepted: 03/23/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Bovine viral diarrhoea virus (BVDV) is endemic in many countries and vaccines are used as a component of control and eradication strategies. Surveillance programmes to detect exposure to BVDV often incorporate the use of bulk milk (BM) testing for antibodies against BVDV p80 (NS3), but vaccination can interfere with these results. The aim of this study was to evaluate whether BVDV vaccines would confound BM testing for specific antibodies in a nationally representative group of commercial dairy farms in the Republic of Ireland. A total of 256 commercial dairy herds were included in the statistical analysis. Quarterly BM or serum samples from selected weanling heifers (unvaccinated homeborn youngstock) were assessed by ELISA for antibodies against the BVDV p80 subunit and whole virus. Wilcoxon rank-sum and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analyses were used to examine differences among groups vaccinated with one of three commercially available inactivated BVDV vaccines. Two of the three vaccines showed evidence of interference with ELISA testing of BM samples. ROC analysis highlighted that one vaccine did not reduce the discriminatory power of the BVDV p80 ELISA for identification of herds with evidence of recent BVDV circulation, when compared with unvaccinated herds; thus, administration of this vaccine would allow uncomplicated interpretation of BM ELISA test results in vaccinated seropositive herds. Seasonal differences in BM antibody results were identified, suggesting that the latter half of lactation is the most suitable time for sampling dairy herds containing predominantly spring calving cows. The results of the present study are likely to prove useful in countries allowing vaccination during or following BVDV eradication, where BM testing is required as part of the surveillance strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ríona G Sayers
- Animal and Bioscience Research Department, Animal and Grassland Research and Innovation Centre, Teagasc, Moorepark, Fermoy, County Cork, Ireland.
| | - Gearóid P Sayers
- Epsilion Ltd., 'Dun Baoi', Derryquay, Tralee, County Kerry, Ireland
| | - David A Graham
- Animal Health Ireland, Main Street, Carrick-on-Shannon, County Leitrim, Ireland
| | - Sean Arkins
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
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14
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Demasius W, Weikard R, Kromik A, Wolf C, Müller K, Kühn C. Bovine neonatal pancytopenia (BNP): novel insights into the incidence, vaccination-associated epidemiological factors and a potential genetic predisposition for clinical and subclinical cases. Res Vet Sci 2014; 96:537-42. [PMID: 24746449 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2014.03.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2013] [Revised: 01/27/2014] [Accepted: 03/28/2014] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Bovine neonatal pancytopenia (BNP) is a haemorrhagic disease of newborn calves elicited by colostrum from specific cows. Two studies have indicated that BNP-inducing colostrum might be associated with alloantibodies directed against MHC class I in response to vaccination with a distinct inactivated viral vaccine. However, the proportion of alloantibody-producing individuals by far exceeds the proportion of clinical BNP cases in the vaccinated population. This raises the question about the incidence of subclinical, unrecognised cases and also suggests further factors involved in BNP pathogenesis, e.g., genetic predisposition. Our results on neonatal calves from a closely monitored resource population confirmed the hypothesis of a genetic predisposition for clinical BNP and suggest that the predisposition is also involved in subclinical BNP-cases. No indication was obtained for a higher frequency of subclinical BNP-cases compared with clinical cases. Neither time point nor frequency of vaccination was a relevant factor for BNP in our resource population.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Demasius
- Research Unit Molecular Biology, Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), Wilhelm-Stahl-Allee 2, 18196 Dummerstorf, Germany
| | - R Weikard
- Research Unit Molecular Biology, Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), Wilhelm-Stahl-Allee 2, 18196 Dummerstorf, Germany
| | - A Kromik
- Research Unit Molecular Biology, Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), Wilhelm-Stahl-Allee 2, 18196 Dummerstorf, Germany
| | - C Wolf
- State Office for Agriculture, Food Safety and Fishery Mecklenburg-Western Pommerania (LALLF M-V), Thierfelderstraße 18, 18059 Rostock, Germany
| | - K Müller
- Clinic for Ruminants and Swine, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Königsweg 65, 14163 Berlin, Germany
| | - C Kühn
- Research Unit Molecular Biology, Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), Wilhelm-Stahl-Allee 2, 18196 Dummerstorf, Germany.
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15
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Jones BA, Sauter-Louis C, Henning J, Stoll A, Nielen M, Van Schaik G, Smolenaars A, Schouten M, den Uijl I, Fourichon C, Guatteo R, Madouasse A, Nusinovici S, Deprez P, De Vliegher S, Laureyns J, Booth R, Cardwell JM, Pfeiffer DU. Calf-level factors associated with bovine neonatal pancytopenia--a multi-country case-control study. PLoS One 2013; 8:e80619. [PMID: 24312485 PMCID: PMC3846664 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0080619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2013] [Accepted: 10/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Bovine neonatal pancytopenia (BNP), a high fatality condition causing haemorrhages in calves aged less than 4 weeks, was first reported in 2007 in Germany and subsequently observed at low incidence in other European countries and New Zealand. A multi-country matched case-control study was conducted in 2011 to identify calf-level risk factors for BNP. 405 BNP cases were recruited from 330 farms in Belgium, France, Germany and the Netherlands by laboratory confirmation of farmer-reported cases. Up to four calves of similar age from the same farm were selected as controls (1154 calves). Risk factor data were collected by questionnaire. Multivariable modelling using conditional logistic regression indicated that PregSure®BVD (PregSure, Pfizer Animal Health) vaccination of the dam was strongly associated with BNP cases (adjusted matched Odds Ratio - amOR 17.8 first lactation dams; 95% confidence interval – ci 2.4, 134.4; p = 0.005), and second or more lactation PregSure-vaccinated dams were more likely to have a case than first lactation vaccinated dams (amOR 2.2 second lactation; ci 1.1, 4.3; p = 0.024; amOR 5.3 third or more lactation; ci 2.9, 9.8; p = <0.001). Feeding colostrum from other cows was strongly associated with BNP if the dam was not PregSure-vaccinated (amOR 30.5; ci 2.1, 440.5; p = 0.012), but the effect was less if the dam was PregSure-vaccinated (amOR 2.1; ci 1.1, 4.0; p = 0.024). Feeding exclusively dam’s milk was a higher risk than other types of milk (amOR 3.4; ci 1.6, 7.5; p = 0.002). The population attributable fractions were 0.84 (ci 0.68, 0.92) for PregSure vaccination, 0.13 (ci 0.06, 0.19) for feeding other cows’ colostrum, and 0.15 (ci 0.08, 0.22) for feeding dam’s milk. No other calf-level factors were identified, suggesting that there are other important factors that are outside the scope of this study, such as genetics, which explain why BNP develops in some PregSure-colostrum-exposed calves but not in others.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryony A. Jones
- Department of Population & Production Health, Royal Veterinary College, North Mymms, Herts, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
| | - Carola Sauter-Louis
- Clinic for Ruminants, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Munich, Oberschleissheim, Germany
| | - Joerg Henning
- School of Veterinary Science, University of Queensland, Gatton, Queensland, Australia
| | - Alexander Stoll
- Clinic for Ruminants, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Munich, Oberschleissheim, Germany
| | - Mirjam Nielen
- Farm Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | | | | | - Matthijs Schouten
- Farm Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | | | - Christine Fourichon
- UMR1300 Biology, Epidemiology and Risk Analysis in Animal Health, INRA, LUNAM Université, Oniris, Ecole nationale vétérinaire, agroalimentaire et de l’alimentation Nantes Atlantique Nantes, France
| | - Raphael Guatteo
- UMR1300 Biology, Epidemiology and Risk Analysis in Animal Health, INRA, LUNAM Université, Oniris, Ecole nationale vétérinaire, agroalimentaire et de l’alimentation Nantes Atlantique Nantes, France
| | - Aurélien Madouasse
- UMR1300 Biology, Epidemiology and Risk Analysis in Animal Health, INRA, LUNAM Université, Oniris, Ecole nationale vétérinaire, agroalimentaire et de l’alimentation Nantes Atlantique Nantes, France
| | - Simon Nusinovici
- UMR1300 Biology, Epidemiology and Risk Analysis in Animal Health, INRA, LUNAM Université, Oniris, Ecole nationale vétérinaire, agroalimentaire et de l’alimentation Nantes Atlantique Nantes, France
| | - Piet Deprez
- Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Biology of Large Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Sarne De Vliegher
- Department of Reproduction, Obstetrics and Herd Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Jozef Laureyns
- Department of Reproduction, Obstetrics and Herd Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Richard Booth
- Department of Pathology and Infectious Diseases, Royal Veterinary College, North Mymms, Herts, United Kingdom
| | - Jackie M. Cardwell
- Department of Population & Production Health, Royal Veterinary College, North Mymms, Herts, United Kingdom
| | - Dirk U. Pfeiffer
- Department of Population & Production Health, Royal Veterinary College, North Mymms, Herts, United Kingdom
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Demasius W, Weikard R, Hadlich F, Müller KE, Kühn C. Monitoring the immune response to vaccination with an inactivated vaccine associated to bovine neonatal pancytopenia by deep sequencing transcriptome analysis in cattle. Vet Res 2013; 44:93. [PMID: 24099437 PMCID: PMC3851820 DOI: 10.1186/1297-9716-44-93] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2013] [Accepted: 09/24/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Bovine neonatal pancytopenia (BNP) is a new fatal, alloimmune/alloantibody mediated disease of new-born calves induced by ingestion of colostrum from cows, which had been vaccinated with a specific vaccine against the Bovine Virus Diarrhoea Virus (BVDV). The hypothesis of pathogenic MHC class I molecules in the vaccine had been put up, but no formal proof of specific causal MHC class I alleles has been provided yet. However, the unique features of the vaccine obviously result in extremely high specific antibody titres in the vaccinated animals, but apparently also in further molecules inducing BNP. Thus, a comprehensive picture of the immune response to the vaccine is essential. Applying the novel approach of next generation RNA sequencing (RNAseq), our study provides a new holistic, comprehensive analysis of the blood transcriptome regulation after vaccination with the specific BVDV vaccine. Our RNAseq approach identified a novel cytokine-like gene in the bovine genome that is highly upregulated after vaccination. This gene has never been described before in any other species and might be specific to ruminant immune response. Furthermore, our data revealed a very coordinated immune response to double-stranded (ds) RNA or a dsRNA analogue after vaccination with the inactivated single-stranded (ss) RNA vaccine. This would suggest either a substantial contamination of the vaccine with dsRNA from host cells after virus culture or a dsRNA analogue applied to the vaccine. The first option would highlight the potential risks associated with virus culture on homologous cells during vaccine production; the latter option would emphasise the potential risks associated with immune stimulating adjuvants used in vaccine production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wiebke Demasius
- Institute for Genome Biology, Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), Wilhelm-Stahl-Allee 2, 18196 Dummerstorf, Germany.
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