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Kumar A, Bajaj P, Singh B, Paul K, Sharma P, Mehra S, Robin, Kaur P, Jasrotia S, Kumar P, Rajat, Singh V, Tuli HS. Sesamol as a potent anticancer compound: from chemistry to cellular interactions. NAUNYN-SCHMIEDEBERG'S ARCHIVES OF PHARMACOLOGY 2024; 397:4961-4979. [PMID: 38180556 DOI: 10.1007/s00210-023-02919-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2024]
Abstract
Sesamol (SM), a well-known component isolated from sesame seeds (Sesamum indicum), used in traditional medicines in treating numerous ailments. However, numerous molecular investigations revealed the various mechanisms behind its activity, emphasizing its antiproliferative, anti-inflammatory, and apoptosis-inducing properties, preventing cancer cell spread to distant organs. In several cells derived from various malignant tissues, SM-regulated signal transduction pathways and cellular targets have been identified. This review paper comprehensively describes the anticancer properties of SM and SM-viable anticancer drugs. Additionally, the interactions of this natural substance with standard anticancer drugs are examined, and the benefits of using nanotechnology in SM applications are explored. This makes SM a prime example of how ethnopharmacological knowledge can be applied to the development of contemporary drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ajay Kumar
- University Center for Research & Development (UCRD), Biotechnology Engineering & Food Technology, Chandigarh University, Gharuan, Mohali, 140413, Punjab, India.
| | - Payal Bajaj
- Advanced Eye Center, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research (PGIMER), Chandigarh, 160012, India
| | - Brahmjot Singh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, 143005, Punjab, India
| | - Kapil Paul
- Kanya Maha Vidyalaya, Jalandhar, 144004, Punjab, India
| | - Pooja Sharma
- Department of Chemistry, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, 143005, Punjab, India
| | - Sukanya Mehra
- P.G. Department of Science, Khalsa College For Women, Amritsar, 143001, Punjab, India
| | - Robin
- Regional Water Testing Laboratory, Department of Water Supply and Sanitation, Agilent Technologies India Pvt. Ltd., Amritsar, Punjab, India
| | - Pardeep Kaur
- Post Graduate Department of Botany, Khalsa College, Amritsar, Punjab, India
| | - Shivam Jasrotia
- Department of Biosciences, University Institute of Biotechnology, Chandigarh University, Mohali, Punjab, 140413, India
| | - Parveen Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, Chandigarh University, Gharuan, Mohali, 140413, Punjab, India
| | - Rajat
- Punjab Biotechnology Incubator (PBTI), Phase VIII, Mohali, 160071, India
| | - Vipourpreet Singh
- Coast Mountain College, Prince Rupert, British Columbia, V8J3S8, Canada
| | - Hardeep Singh Tuli
- Department of Bio-Sciences and Technology, Maharishi Markandeshwar Engineering College, Maharishi Markandeshwar (Deemed to Be University), Mullana, Ambala, 133207, India
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2
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Giridhara Prema S, Chandrasekaran J, Kanekar S, George M, Prasad TSK, Raju R, Dagamajalu S, Balaya RDA. Cisplatin and Procaterol Combination in Gastric Cancer? Targeting Checkpoint Kinase 1 for Cancer Drug Discovery and Repurposing by an Integrated Computational and Experimental Approach. OMICS : A JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE BIOLOGY 2024; 28:8-23. [PMID: 38190280 DOI: 10.1089/omi.2023.0163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2024]
Abstract
Checkpoint kinase 1 (CHK1), a serine/threonine kinase, plays a crucial role in cell cycle arrest and is a promising therapeutic target for drug development against cancers. CHK1 coordinates cell cycle checkpoints in response to DNA damage, facilitating repair of single-strand breaks, and maintains the genome integrity in response to replication stress. In this study, we employed an integrated computational and experimental approach to drug discovery and repurposing, aiming to identify a potent CHK1 inhibitor among existing drugs. An e-pharmacophore model was developed based on the three-dimensional crystal structure of the CHK1 protein in complex with CCT245737. This model, characterized by seven key molecular features, guided the screening of a library of drugs through molecular docking. The top 10% of scored ligands were further examined, with procaterol emerging as the leading candidate. Procaterol demonstrated interaction patterns with the CHK1 active site similar to CHK1 inhibitor (CCT245737), as shown by molecular dynamics analysis. Subsequent in vitro assays, including cell proliferation, colony formation, and cell cycle analysis, were conducted on gastric adenocarcinoma cells treated with procaterol, both as a monotherapy and in combination with cisplatin. Procaterol, in synergy with cisplatin, significantly inhibited cell growth, suggesting a potentiated therapeutic effect. Thus, we propose the combined application of cisplatin and procaterol as a novel potential therapeutic strategy against human gastric cancer. The findings also highlight the relevance of CHK1 kinase as a drug target for enhancing the sensitivity of cytotoxic agents in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suchitha Giridhara Prema
- Center for Systems Biology and Molecular Medicine, Yenepoya Research Centre, Yenepoya (Deemed to be University), Mangalore, India
| | - Jaikanth Chandrasekaran
- Sri Ramachandra Faculty of Pharmacy, Sri Ramachandra Institute of Higher Education and Research (Deemed to be University), Chennai, India
| | - Saptami Kanekar
- Centre for Integrative Omics Data Science, Yenepoya (Deemed to be University), Mangalore, India
| | - Mejo George
- Centre for Integrative Omics Data Science, Yenepoya (Deemed to be University), Mangalore, India
| | | | - Rajesh Raju
- Centre for Integrative Omics Data Science, Yenepoya (Deemed to be University), Mangalore, India
| | - Shobha Dagamajalu
- Center for Systems Biology and Molecular Medicine, Yenepoya Research Centre, Yenepoya (Deemed to be University), Mangalore, India
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3
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Zhou F, Lu J, Jin W, Li Z, Xu D, Gu L. The role of USP51 in attenuating chemosensitivity of lung cancer cells to cisplatin by regulating DNA damage response. Biotechnol Appl Biochem 2022; 70:634-644. [PMID: 35856403 DOI: 10.1002/bab.2386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2022] [Accepted: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Lung cancer is the most frequent type of cancer affecting both men and women globally, and it is associated with a high mortality rate. It is clinically treated with cisplatin, a platinum-based drug that works by generating DNA lesions, which activates DNA damage response and induces cell death. However, chemoresistance by cancer cells limits the clinical usefulness of cisplatin as an anticancer drug. Here, we uncovered a role of ubiquitin-specific protease USP51 in the chemosensitivity of lung cancer cells to cisplatin by regulating DNA damage response. USP51 was more upregulated in lung cancer tissues of chemotherapy-resistant patients than those of chemotherapy-sensitive patients with adjacent, non-tumor tissues. USP51 overexpression in lung cancer cells in vitro reduced γ-H2AX formation and promoted CHK1 phosphorylation, whereas USP51 knockdown showed opposite effects, indicating that USP51 played an important role in promoting DNA damage repair. Finally, USP51 knockdown weakened cisplatin resistance in A549/DDP cells and significantly suppressed tumor growth in vivo, suggesting that a USP51 inhibitor combined with cisplatin may be considered as an effective treatment strategy to eliminate drug-resistant lung cancer cells. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Zhou
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Qingpu Branch of Zhongshan Hospital affiliated to Fudan University, Shanghai, 201700, China
| | - Jinchang Lu
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Qingpu Branch of Zhongshan Hospital affiliated to Fudan University, Shanghai, 201700, China
| | - Wei Jin
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Qingpu Branch of Zhongshan Hospital affiliated to Fudan University, Shanghai, 201700, China
| | - Zhanbo Li
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Qingpu Branch of Zhongshan Hospital affiliated to Fudan University, Shanghai, 201700, China
| | - Donghui Xu
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Qingpu Branch of Zhongshan Hospital affiliated to Fudan University, Shanghai, 201700, China
| | - Liang Gu
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Qingpu Branch of Zhongshan Hospital affiliated to Fudan University, Shanghai, 201700, China
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4
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Massey AJ. Chk1 inhibitor-induced DNA damage increases BFL1 and decreases BIM but does not protect human cancer cell lines from Chk1 inhibitor-induced apoptosis. Am J Cancer Res 2022; 12:2293-2309. [PMID: 35693081 PMCID: PMC9185625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2022] [Accepted: 04/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
V158411 is a potent, selective Chk1 inhibitor currently in pre-clinical development. We utilised RNA-sequencing to evaluate the gene responses to V158411 treatment. BCL2A1 was highly upregulated in U2OS cells in response to V158411 treatment with BCL2A1 mRNA increased > 400-fold in U2OS but not HT29 cells. Inhibitors of Chk1, Wee1 and topoisomerases but not other DNA damaging agents or inhibitors of ATR, ATM or DNA-PKcs increased BFL1 and decreased BIM protein. Increased BFL1 appeared limited to a subset of approximately 35% of U2OS cells. Out of 24 cell lines studied, U2OS cells were unique in being the only cell line with low basal BFL1 levels to be increased in response to DNA damage. Induction of BFL1 in U2OS cells appeared dependent on PI3K/AKT/mTOR/MEK pathway signalling but independent of NF-κB transcription factors. Inhibitors of MEK, mTOR and PI3K effectively blocked the increase in BFL1 following V15841 treatment. Increased BFL1 expression did not block apoptosis in U2OS cells in response to V158411 treatment and cells with high basal expression of BFL1 readily underwent caspase-dependent apoptosis following Chk1 inhibitor therapy. BFL1 induction in response to Chk1 inhibition appeared to be a rare event that was dependent on MEK/PI3K/AKT/mTOR signalling.
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5
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Danesh Pouya F, Rasmi Y, Nemati M. Signaling Pathways Involved in 5-FU Drug Resistance in Cancer. Cancer Invest 2022; 40:516-543. [PMID: 35320055 DOI: 10.1080/07357907.2022.2055050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Anti-metabolite drugs prevent the synthesis of essential cell growth compounds. 5-fluorouracil is used as an anti-metabolic drug in various cancers in the first stage of treatment. Unfortunately, in some cancers, 5-fluorouracil has low effectiveness because of its drug resistance. Studies have shown that drug resistance to 5-fluorouracil is due to the activation of specific signaling pathways and increased expressions of enzymes involved in drug metabolites. However, when 5-fluorouracil is used in combination with other drugs, the sensitivity of cancer cells to 5-fluorouracil increases, and the effect of drug resistance is reversed. This study discusses how the function of 5-fluorouracil in JAK/STAT, Wnt, Notch, NF-κB, and hedgehogs in some cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fahima Danesh Pouya
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
| | - Yousef Rasmi
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran.,Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
| | - Mohadeseh Nemati
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
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Kоbylinska L, Khylyuk D, Subtelna I, Kitsera M, Lesyk R. In silico identification and biochemical validation of plausible molecular targets of 4-thiazolidinone derivative Les-3833 as a potential anticancer agent. UKRAINIAN BIOCHEMICAL JOURNAL 2021. [DOI: 10.15407/ubj93.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
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7
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Brooks T, Wayne J, Massey AJ. Chk1 inhibition induces a DNA damage bystander effect in cocultured tumour cells. DNA Repair (Amst) 2021; 101:103099. [PMID: 33740539 DOI: 10.1016/j.dnarep.2021.103099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2020] [Revised: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Inhibitors of Chk1 kinase, a key effector of the DNA damage response pathway, are currently undergoing Phase 1 and 2 clinical trials as single agents and in combination with cytotoxic chemotherapy. Understanding the biological effects of Chk1 inhibitors on cancer cells is critical for their continued clinical development. Treatment of adherent HT29 or HCC1937 cancer cells or suspension Jurkat or THP1 cells with a Chk1 inhibitor increased γH2AX in these cells. Chk1i pre-treated HCC1937 or HT29 cells resulted in γH2AX induction in cocultured Jurkat or THP1 cells despite these cells never being treated with a Chk1i. Pre-treatment of HT29 cells with camptothecin or gemcitabine followed by a Chk1i increased the DNA damage bystander effect in naïve cocultured THP1 cells compared to camptothecin or gemcitabine alone. This bystander effect appeared to occur through soluble factors via ATR, ATM, and DNA-PKcs activation in the bystander cells. Chk1 silencing by siRNA in HCC1937 or HT29 cells induced a DNA damage bystander effect in cocultured THP1 cells. However, this bystander effect induced by siRNA appeared mechanistically different to that induced by the Chk1 inhibitor. This work suggests that a Chk1 inhibitor-induced bystander effect may increase the clinical effectiveness of Chk1 inhibitors by inducing additional DNA damage or replication stress in cancer cells not directly exposed to the inhibitor. Conversely, it may also contribute to Chk1 inhibitor toxicity by increasing DNA damage in non-tumour cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa Brooks
- Vernalis (R&D) Ltd, Granta Park, Abington, Cambridge, CB21 6GB, UK
| | - Joanne Wayne
- Vernalis (R&D) Ltd, Granta Park, Abington, Cambridge, CB21 6GB, UK
| | - Andrew J Massey
- Vernalis (R&D) Ltd, Granta Park, Abington, Cambridge, CB21 6GB, UK.
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CHK1 kinase inhibition: identification of allosteric hits using MD simulations, pharmacophore modeling, docking and MM-PBSA calculations. Mol Divers 2021; 26:903-921. [PMID: 33686514 DOI: 10.1007/s11030-021-10202-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
Abstract
The CHK1 kinase plays a pivotal role in the DNA damage response pathway. Hence, inhibition of CHK1 appeared as a promising strategy to overcome the resistance problem of chemotherapeutic agents resulting from the overexpression of CHK1 that enables cancerous cells to repair their chemotherapy-induced DNA damage. In this study, different computational drug design techniques were employed to identify new CHK1 inhibitors targeting its allosteric pocket. A 1 μs MD simulation of the apo form of the enzyme was run to study its native dynamics. The resulting trajectory was analyzed to select a frame where the ATP binding pocket is most occluded while its allosteric counterpart is most exposed to be used in the design of potential allosteric inhibitors that could trap the enzyme in such nearly inactive state. Besides the selected frame, another three crystal structures of CHK1 complexed with allosteric inhibitors were utilized to generate structure-based pharmacophore models. Seven pharmacophores were generated and utilized in virtual screening of different databases. The retrieved hits were filtered and then docked into the allosteric pocket. Finally, the binding energies of the top-ranked docked hits were calculated. Twenty compounds were selected as candidates for biological evaluation against CHK1 enzyme. The biological screening results showed moderate activities where the percentage of CHK1 inhibition ranged from zero to 28.26%. Four of the tested compounds showed percentage of CHK1 inhibition greater than 20%, of which, two compounds were identified as allosteric hits that upon further optimization could be converted into lead-like compounds.
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9
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Zhou Y, Cheng L, Liao B, Shi Y, Niu Y, Zhu C, Ye X, Zhou X, Ren B. Candida albicans CHK1 gene from two-component system is essential for its pathogenicity in oral candidiasis. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2021; 105:2485-2496. [PMID: 33635358 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-021-11187-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2021] [Revised: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The roles of Candida albicans CHK1, a key gene from two-component system, in oral mucosal infection are not clear. This study evaluated the key roles of CHK1 gene in vitro and in vivo. The expression of CHK1 and its regulated virulence factors were tested during the oral epithelial cell infection. The production of lactate dehydrogenase, ROS, and IL-1α combined with the confocal and scanning electron microscope observation was employed to identify the capability of CHK1 in damaging the epithelial cells. Both immunocompetent and immunodeficient mice oropharyngeal infection models were involved to confirm the roles of CHK1 gene in vivo. The expression of CHK1 gene was significantly increased during the oral epithelial cell infection. The chk1Δ/Δ mutant failed to damage the epithelial cells or induce IL-α and ROS production. Interestingly, chk1Δ/Δ can also form the similar hyphae with WT and complementary strains. Accordingly, chk1Δ/Δ did not affect the adhesion and invasion rates of C. albicans to oral epithelial cells. However, chk1Δ/Δ significantly decreased the expression levels of the virulence factors, including ALS2, SAP6, and YWP1. The chk1Δ/Δ also failed to cause oral candidiasis in both immunocompetent and immunodeficient mice indicating that CHK1 gene from the two-component system is essential for the pathogenicity of C. albicans. KEY POINTS: • CHK1gene is essential for C. albicans in oral candidiasis • C. albicans without CHK1 gene can form "non-pathogenic" hyphae. • CHK1 gene regulates the virulence of C. albicans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujie Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China
- Department of Operative Dentistry and Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Lei Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China
- Department of Operative Dentistry and Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Binyou Liao
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Yangyang Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China
- Department of Operative Dentistry and Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Yulong Niu
- Key Laboratory of Bio-resources and Eco-environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Chengguang Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China
- Department of Operative Dentistry and Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Xingchen Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China
- Department of Operative Dentistry and Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Xuedong Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China.
- Department of Operative Dentistry and Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China.
| | - Biao Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China.
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Nickoloff JA, Taylor L, Sharma N, Kato TA. Exploiting DNA repair pathways for tumor sensitization, mitigation of resistance, and normal tissue protection in radiotherapy. CANCER DRUG RESISTANCE (ALHAMBRA, CALIF.) 2021; 4:244-263. [PMID: 34337349 PMCID: PMC8323830 DOI: 10.20517/cdr.2020.89] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/12/2023]
Abstract
More than half of cancer patients are treated with radiotherapy, which kills tumor cells by directly and indirectly inducing DNA damage, including cytotoxic DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs). Tumor cells respond to these threats by activating a complex signaling network termed the DNA damage response (DDR). The DDR arrests the cell cycle, upregulates DNA repair, and triggers apoptosis when damage is excessive. The DDR signaling and DNA repair pathways are fertile terrain for therapeutic intervention. This review highlights strategies to improve therapeutic gain by targeting DDR and DNA repair pathways to radiosensitize tumor cells, overcome intrinsic and acquired tumor radioresistance, and protect normal tissue. Many biological and environmental factors determine tumor and normal cell responses to ionizing radiation and genotoxic chemotherapeutics. These include cell type and cell cycle phase distribution; tissue/tumor microenvironment and oxygen levels; DNA damage load and quality; DNA repair capacity; and susceptibility to apoptosis or other active or passive cell death pathways. We provide an overview of radiobiological parameters associated with X-ray, proton, and carbon ion radiotherapy; DNA repair and DNA damage signaling pathways; and other factors that regulate tumor and normal cell responses to radiation. We then focus on recent studies exploiting DSB repair pathways to enhance radiotherapy therapeutic gain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jac A. Nickoloff
- Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, Colorado State University, Ft. Collins, CO 80523, USA
- Correspondence Address: Dr. Jac A. Nickoloff, Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, Colorado State University, 1681 Campus Delivery, Ft. Collins, CO 80523-1681, USA. E-mail:
| | - Lynn Taylor
- Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, Colorado State University, Ft. Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - Neelam Sharma
- Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, Colorado State University, Ft. Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - Takamitsu A. Kato
- Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, Colorado State University, Ft. Collins, CO 80523, USA
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Li XH, Li WJ, Ju JQ, Pan MH, Xu Y, Sun MH, Li M, Sun SC. CHK2 is essential for spindle assembly and DNA repair during the first cleavage of mouse embryos. Aging (Albany NY) 2020; 12:10415-10426. [PMID: 32484784 PMCID: PMC7346029 DOI: 10.18632/aging.103267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2020] [Accepted: 04/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The quality of the early embryo is critical for embryonic development and implantation. Errors during cleavage lead to aneuploidy in embryos. As a cell cycle checkpoint protein, CHK2 participates in DNA replication, cell cycle arrest and spindle assembly. However, the functions of CHK2 in early development of the mouse embryo remain largely unknown. In this study, we show that CHK2 is localized on the spindle in metaphase and mainly accumulates at spindle poles in anaphase/telophase during the first cleavage of the mouse embryo. CHK2 inhibition led to cleavage failure in early embryonic development, accompanied by abnormal spindle assembly and misaligned chromosomes. Moreover, the loss of CHK2 activity increased the level of cellular DNA damage, which resulted in oxidative stress. Then, apoptosis and autophagy were found to be active in these embryos. In summary, our results suggest that CHK2 is an essential regulator of spindle assembly and DNA repair during early embryonic development in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Han Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Wen-Jing Li
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Jia-Qian Ju
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Meng-Hao Pan
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Yao Xu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Ming-Hong Sun
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Mo Li
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Shao-Chen Sun
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
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12
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Fadaka AO, Bakare OO, Sibuyi NRS, Klein A. Gene Expression Alterations and Molecular Analysis of CHEK1 in Solid Tumors. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12030662. [PMID: 32178478 PMCID: PMC7139733 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12030662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2020] [Revised: 02/25/2020] [Accepted: 02/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Alterations in the Checkpoint kinase (CHEK1) gene, its regulation, and the possible clinical outcomes in human solid tumors have not been previously examined. Therefore, the present study was carried out to evaluate the expression of CHEK1 in solid tumors as well as the mechanism by which it can be regulated through non-coding RNAs. The expression of CHEK1 was investigated using Oncomine analysis. cBioPortal, Kaplan-Meier Plotter, and PrognoScan were performed to identify the prognostic roles of this gene in solid tumors. The copy number alteration, mutation, interactive analysis, and visualization of the altered networks were performed by cBioPortal. The molecular binding analysis was carried out by Schrodinger suite, PATCHDOCK, and discovery studio visualizer. The study demonstrated that the CHEK1 gene was differentially expressed in four different cancers, and that reduced CHEK1 mRNA expression is an unfavorable prognostic factor for patients with gastric and colorectal cancer. The molecular docking results showed that the CHEK1 gene can be regulated by microRNAs (miR-195-5p) due to the number of stable hydrogen atoms observed within the distance of 2.0 Å and the favorable amino acids (Ala221, Ile353, Ile365, Ile756, Val797, Val70, Val154, Ile159, Val347, Tyr804, Phe811, Tyr815, and Phe156) identified in the binding pocket of the argonaute protein. Due to the possibility of CHEK1's involvement in solid tumors, it may potentially be a target for therapeutic intervention in cancer. Further studies into the interaction between CHEK1 and other co-expressed genes may give further insight into other modes of regulation of this gene in cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adewale Oluwaseun Fadaka
- Bioinformatics research group, Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of the Western Cape, Private Bag X17, Bellville, Cape Town 7535, South Africa
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +27-630511928 or +234-8039242052
| | - Olalekan Olanrewaju Bakare
- Bioinformatics research group, Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of the Western Cape, Private Bag X17, Bellville, Cape Town 7535, South Africa
| | - Nicole Remaliah Samantha Sibuyi
- Department of Science and Technology/Mintek Nanotechnology Innovation Centre, Biolabels Node, Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of the Western Cape, Private Bag X17, Bellville 7535, South Africa
| | - Ashwil Klein
- Plant Omics group, Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of the Western Cape, Private Bag X17, Bellville, Cape Town 7535, South Africa
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13
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Chu YY, Yam C, Chen MK, Chan LC, Xiao M, Wei YK, Yamaguchi H, Lee PC, Han Y, Nie L, Sun X, Moulder SL, Hess KR, Wang B, Hsu JL, Hortobagyi GN, Litton J, Chang JT, Hung MC. Blocking c-Met and EGFR reverses acquired resistance of PARP inhibitors in triple-negative breast cancer. Am J Cancer Res 2020; 10:648-661. [PMID: 32195033 PMCID: PMC7061756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2020] [Accepted: 01/27/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The limited treatment options and therapeutic failure due to acquired resistance for patients with triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) represent a significant challenge. Inhibitors against poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP), olaparib and talazoparib, were recently approved for the treatment of metastatic breast cancer (including TNBC) in patients with germline BRCA1/2 mutations. Despite impressive response rates of ~60%, the prolongation in median progression-free survival with a PARPi is modest, suggesting the emergence of resistance. Several studies have reported that receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs), such as c-MET (also known as hepatocyte growth factor receptor), are involved in resistance to various anti-neoplastic agents, including PARPi. However, the mechanism by which c-MET contributes to acquired resistance to PARPi in TNBC is not fully understood. In this study, we show that hyperactivated c-Met is detected in TNBC cells with acquired resistance to PARPi, and the combination of talazoparib and crizotinib (a multi-kinase inhibitor that inhibits c-MET) synergistically inhibits proliferation in these cells. Unexpectedly, depleting c-MET had limited effect on talazoparib sensitivity in PARPi-resistant cells. Interestingly, we found evidence of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) hyperactivation and interaction of EGFR/c-Met in these cells. Notably, combining EGFR and PARP inhibitors resulted in greater inhibition of proliferation in c-MET-depleted TNBC cells, and combined c-MET and EGFR inhibition increased sensitivity to talazoparib in TNBC cells with acquired resistance to PARPi. Our findings suggest that combined inhibition of c-MET and EGFR could potentially re-sensitize TNBC to the cytotoxic effects of PARPi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Yi Chu
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer CenterHouston, TX, USA
| | - Clinton Yam
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer CenterHouston, TX, USA
- Department of Breast Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer CenterHouston, TX, USA
- The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center UT Health Graduate School of Biomedical SciencesHouston, TX 77030, USA
- This Research was Performed in Partial Fulfillment of The Requirements for The MS Degree From The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center UTHealth Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences; The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer CenterHouston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Mei-Kuang Chen
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer CenterHouston, TX, USA
- The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center UT Health Graduate School of Biomedical SciencesHouston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Li-Chuan Chan
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer CenterHouston, TX, USA
| | - Min Xiao
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer CenterHouston, TX, USA
- Department of Breast Surgery, Harbin Medical University Cancer HospitalHarbin 150081, Heilongjiang, P. R. China
| | - Yong-Kun Wei
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer CenterHouston, TX, USA
| | - Hirohito Yamaguchi
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer CenterHouston, TX, USA
- Cancer Research Center, Qatar Biomedical Research Institute, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Qatar FoundationPO Box 34110, Doha, Qatar
| | - Pei-Chih Lee
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer CenterHouston, TX, USA
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Research Center for Cancer Biology, Center for Molecular Medicine, China Medical UniversityTaichung 404, Taiwan
| | - Ye Han
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer CenterHouston, TX, USA
- Department of Second Breast Surgery, China Medical University Affiliated Shengjing HospitalShenyang, P. R. China
| | - Lei Nie
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer CenterHouston, TX, USA
| | - Xian Sun
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer CenterHouston, TX, USA
- Department of Thoracic Medical Oncology, Harbin Medical University Cancer HospitalHarbin 150086, Heilongjiang, P. R. China
| | - Stacy L Moulder
- Department of Breast Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer CenterHouston, TX, USA
| | - Kenneth R Hess
- Department of Biostatistics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer CenterHouston, TX, USA
| | - Bin Wang
- Department of Genetics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer CenterHouston, TX, USA
| | - Jennifer L Hsu
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer CenterHouston, TX, USA
| | - Gabriel N Hortobagyi
- Department of Breast Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer CenterHouston, TX, USA
| | - Jennifer Litton
- Department of Breast Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer CenterHouston, TX, USA
| | - Jeffrey T Chang
- Department of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer CenterHouston, TX, USA
| | - Mien-Chie Hung
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer CenterHouston, TX, USA
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Research Center for Cancer Biology, Center for Molecular Medicine, China Medical UniversityTaichung 404, Taiwan
- Department of Biotechnology, Asia UniversityTaichung 413, Taiwan
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14
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de Oliveira Galvão MF, Sadiktsis I, Batistuzzo de Medeiros SR, Dreij K. Genotoxicity and DNA damage signaling in response to complex mixtures of PAHs in biomass burning particulate matter from cashew nut roasting. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2020; 256:113381. [PMID: 31662259 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2019.113381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2019] [Revised: 09/20/2019] [Accepted: 10/10/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Approximately 3 billion people world-wide are exposed to air pollution from biomass burning. Herein, particulate matter (PM) emitted from artisanal cashew nut roasting, an important economic activity worldwide, was investigated. This study focused on: i) chemical characterization of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and oxygenated (oxy-) PAHs; ii) intracellular levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS); iii) genotoxic effects and time- and dose-dependent activation of DNA damage signaling, and iv) differential expression of genes involved in xenobiotic metabolism, inflammation, cell cycle arrest and DNA repair, using A549 lung cells. Among the PAHs, chrysene, benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P), benzo[b]fluoranthene, and benz[a]anthracene showed the highest concentrations (7.8-10 ng/m3), while benzanthrone and 9,10-anthraquinone were the most abundant oxy-PAHs. Testing of PM extracts was based on B[a]P equivalent doses (B[a]Peq). IC50 values for viability were 5.7 and 3.0 nM B[a]Peq at 24 h and 48 h, respectively. At these low doses, we observed a time- and dose-dependent increase in intracellular levels of ROS, genotoxicity (DNA strand breaks) and DNA damage signaling (phosphorylation of the protein checkpoint kinase 1 - Chk1). In comparison, effects of B[a]P alone was observed at micromolar range. To our knowledge, no previous study has demonstrated an activation of pChk1, a biomarker used to estimate the carcinogenic potency of PAHs in vitro, in lung cells exposed to cashew nut roasting extracts. Sustained induction of expression of several important stress response mediators of xenobiotic metabolism (CYP1A1, CYP1B1), ROS and pro-inflammatory response (IL-8, TNF-α, IL-2, COX2), and DNA damage response (CDKN1A and DDB2) was also identified. In conclusion, our data show high potency of cashew nut roasting PM to induce cellular stress including genotoxicity, and more potently when compared to B[a]P alone. Our study provides new data that will help elucidate the toxic effects of low-levels of PAH mixtures from air PM generated by cashew nut roasting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcos Felipe de Oliveira Galvão
- Unit of Biochemical Toxicology, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Box 210, SE-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Ioannis Sadiktsis
- Department of Environmental Science and Analytical Chemistry, Arrhenius Laboratory, Stockholm University, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Kristian Dreij
- Unit of Biochemical Toxicology, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Box 210, SE-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden.
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15
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Li C, Wong JTY. DNA Damage Response Pathways in Dinoflagellates. Microorganisms 2019; 7:E191. [PMID: 31284474 PMCID: PMC6680887 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms7070191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2019] [Revised: 06/29/2019] [Accepted: 07/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Dinoflagellates are a general group of phytoplankton, ubiquitous in aquatic environments. Most dinoflagellates are non-obligate autotrophs, subjected to potential physical and chemical DNA-damaging agents, including UV irradiation, in the euphotic zone. Delay of cell cycles by irradiation, as part of DNA damage responses (DDRs), could potentially lead to growth inhibition, contributing to major errors in the estimation of primary productivity and interpretations of photo-inhibition. Their liquid crystalline chromosomes (LCCs) have large amount of abnormal bases, restricted placement of coding sequences at the chromosomes periphery, and tandem repeat-encoded genes. These chromosome characteristics, their large genome sizes, as well as the lack of architectural nucleosomes, likely contribute to possible differential responses to DNA damage agents. In this study, we sought potential dinoflagellate orthologues of eukaryotic DNA damage repair pathways, and the linking pathway with cell-cycle control in three dinoflagellate species. It appeared that major orthologues in photoreactivation, base excision repair, nucleotide excision repair, mismatch repair, double-strand break repair and homologous recombination repair are well represented in dinoflagellate genomes. Future studies should address possible differential DNA damage responses of dinoflagellates over other planktonic groups, especially in relation to possible shift of life-cycle transitions in responses to UV irradiation. This may have a potential role in the persistence of dinoflagellate red tides with the advent of climatic change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chongping Li
- Department of Ocean Science, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clearwater Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China.
- Division of Life Science, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clearwater Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Joseph Tin Yum Wong
- Division of Life Science, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clearwater Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China.
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16
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Böhm T, Meng Z, Haas P, Henne-Bruns D, Rachidi N, Knippschild U, Bischof J. The kinase domain of CK1δ can be phosphorylated by Chk1. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2019; 83:1663-1675. [PMID: 31094292 DOI: 10.1080/09168451.2019.1617105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Members of the casein kinase 1 (CK1) family are key regulators in numerous cellular signal transduction pathways and in order to prevent the development of certain diseases, CK1 kinase activity needs to be tightly regulated. Modulation of kinase activity by site-specific phosphorylation within the C-terminal regulatory domain of CK1δ has already been shown for several cellular kinases. By using biochemical methods, we now identified residues T161, T174, T176, and S181 within the kinase domain of CK1δ as target sites for checkpoint kinase 1 (Chk1). At least residues T176 and S181 show full conservation among CK1δ orthologues from different eukaryotic species. Enzyme kinetic analysis furthermore led to the hypothesis that site-specific phosphorylation within the kinase domain finally contributes to fine-tuning of CK1δ kinase activity. These data provide a basis for the extension of our knowledge about the role of site-specific phosphorylation for regulation of CK1δ and associated signal transduction pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Böhm
- a Department of General and Visceral Surgery, Surgery Centre, Ulm University Hospital , Ulm , Germany
| | - Zhigang Meng
- a Department of General and Visceral Surgery, Surgery Centre, Ulm University Hospital , Ulm , Germany
| | - Philipp Haas
- a Department of General and Visceral Surgery, Surgery Centre, Ulm University Hospital , Ulm , Germany
| | - Doris Henne-Bruns
- a Department of General and Visceral Surgery, Surgery Centre, Ulm University Hospital , Ulm , Germany
| | - Najma Rachidi
- b Unité de Parasitologie moléculaire et Signalisation, Department of Parasites and Insect Vectors, Institut Pasteur and INSERM U1201 , Paris , France
| | - Uwe Knippschild
- a Department of General and Visceral Surgery, Surgery Centre, Ulm University Hospital , Ulm , Germany
| | - Joachim Bischof
- a Department of General and Visceral Surgery, Surgery Centre, Ulm University Hospital , Ulm , Germany
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17
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Recent advancements of 4-aminoquinazoline derivatives as kinase inhibitors and their applications in medicinal chemistry. Eur J Med Chem 2019; 170:55-72. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2019.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2019] [Revised: 02/21/2019] [Accepted: 03/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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18
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Koppenhafer SL, Goss KL, Terry WW, Gordon DJ. mTORC1/2 and Protein Translation Regulate Levels of CHK1 and the Sensitivity to CHK1 Inhibitors in Ewing Sarcoma Cells. Mol Cancer Ther 2018; 17:2676-2688. [PMID: 30282812 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-18-0260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2018] [Revised: 06/04/2018] [Accepted: 09/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The treatment of Ewing sarcoma has changed very little in the past two decades and novel treatment approaches are needed. We recently identified that Ewing sarcoma cells are uniquely vulnerable to inhibitors of ribonucleotide reductase (RNR), the rate-limiting enzyme in the synthesis of deoxyribonucleotides. We subsequently found that the inhibition of checkpoint kinase 1 (CHK1) increases the sensitivity of Ewing sarcoma cells to inhibitors of RNR, such as gemcitabine. However, Ewing sarcoma cells exhibit high levels of the CHK1 protein, which may represent an adaptive response to elevated levels of endogenous DNA replication stress. Consequently, we began this work with the aim of determining the impact of CHK1 levels on drug sensitivity, as well as identifying the mechanisms and pathways that regulate CHK1 levels in Ewing sarcoma cells. In this report, we show that the high levels of the CHK1 protein in Ewing sarcoma cells limit the efficacy of CHK1 inhibitors. However, inhibition of mTORC1/2 activates the translational repressor 4E-BP1, reduces protein synthesis, and decreases levels of the CHK1 protein in Ewing sarcoma cells. Similarly, we identified that the CHK1 inhibitor prexasertib also activates 4E-BP1, inhibits protein synthesis, and reduces CHK1 protein levels in Ewing sarcoma cells. Moreover, the combination of prexasertib and gemcitabine was synergistic in vitro, caused tumor regression in vivo, and significantly prolonged mouse survival in a Ewing sarcoma xenograft experiment. Overall, our results provide insight into Ewing sarcoma biology and support further investigation of the CHK1 pathway as a therapeutic target in Ewing sarcoma tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stacia L Koppenhafer
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Kelli L Goss
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - William W Terry
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - David J Gordon
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa.
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19
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He L, Zhu H, Zhou S, Wu T, Wu H, Yang H, Mao H, SekharKathera C, Janardhan A, Edick AM, Zhang A, Hu Z, Pan F, Guo Z. Wnt pathway is involved in 5-FU drug resistance of colorectal cancer cells. Exp Mol Med 2018; 50:1-12. [PMID: 30111797 PMCID: PMC6093888 DOI: 10.1038/s12276-018-0128-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2017] [Revised: 04/28/2018] [Accepted: 05/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the leading causes of cancer-related death worldwide. 5-Fluorouracil (5-FU) is widely used in the treatment of cancers, but its antineoplastic activity is limited in drug-resistant cancer cells. To investigate the detailed mechanism of 5-FU resistance, we developed a model of 5-FU-resistant cells from HCT-8 cells, a well-established colorectal cancer cell line. We found that the drug-resistant cells demonstrated high expression of TCF4 and β-catenin, indicating an upregulated Wnt pathway. A microarray analysis revealed that the suppression of the checkpoint kinase 1 (CHK1) pathway explained the resistance to 5-FU, especially in p53 wild-type cancer cells such as HCT-8. Our data also demonstrated that the CHK1 pathway is suppressed by the Wnt pathway in 5-FU-resistant cells. In summary, we have discovered a novel mechanism for 5-FU resistance mediated by histone deacetylation, which also revealed the crosstalk between the Wnt pathway and CHK1 pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingfeng He
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Molecular and Medical Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, 1 WenYuan Road, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Hong Zhu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Molecular and Medical Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, 1 WenYuan Road, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Shiying Zhou
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Molecular and Medical Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, 1 WenYuan Road, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Ting Wu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Molecular and Medical Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, 1 WenYuan Road, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Huan Wu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Molecular and Medical Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, 1 WenYuan Road, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Huan Yang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Molecular and Medical Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, 1 WenYuan Road, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Huiwen Mao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Molecular and Medical Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, 1 WenYuan Road, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Chandra SekharKathera
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Molecular and Medical Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, 1 WenYuan Road, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Avilala Janardhan
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Molecular and Medical Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, 1 WenYuan Road, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Ashlin M Edick
- Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Anna Zhang
- Department of Psychology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Zhigang Hu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Molecular and Medical Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, 1 WenYuan Road, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Feiyan Pan
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Molecular and Medical Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, 1 WenYuan Road, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Zhigang Guo
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Molecular and Medical Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, 1 WenYuan Road, Nanjing, 210023, China.
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20
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Wayne J, Brooks T, Massey AJ. Inhibition of Chk1 with the small molecule inhibitor V158411 induces DNA damage and cell death in an unperturbed S-phase. Oncotarget 2018; 7:85033-85048. [PMID: 27829224 PMCID: PMC5356717 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.13119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2016] [Accepted: 10/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Chk1 kinase is a critical component of the DNA damage response checkpoint and Chk1 inhibitors are currently under clinical investigation. Chk1 suppresses oncogene-induced replication stress with Chk1 inhibitors demonstrating activity as a monotherapy in numerous cancer types. Understanding the mechanism by which Chk1 inhibitors induce DNA damage and cancer cell death is essential for their future clinical development. Here we characterize the mechanism by which the novel Chk1 inhibitor (V158411) increased DNA damage and cell death in models of human cancer. V158411 induced a time- and concentration-dependent increase in γH2AX-positive nuclei that was restricted to cells actively undergoing DNA synthesis. γH2AX induction was an early event and correlated with activation of the ATR/ATM/DNA-PKcs DNA damage response pathways. The appearance of γH2AX positive nuclei preceded ssDNA appearance and RPA exhaustion. Complete and sustained inhibition of Chk1 kinase was necessary to activate a robust γH2AX induction and growth inhibition. Chk1 inhibitor cytotoxicity correlated with induction of DNA damage with cells undergoing apoptosis, mitotic slippage and DNA damage-induced permanent cell cycle arrest. We identified two distinct classes of Chk1 inhibitors: those that induced a strong increase in γH2AX, pChk1 (S317) and pRPA32 (S4/S8) (including V158411, LY2603618 and ARRY-1A) and those that did not (including MK-8776 and GNE-900). Tumor cell death, induced through increased DNA damage, coupled with abrogation of cell cycle checkpoints makes selective inhibitors of Chk1 a potentially useful therapeutic treatment for multiple human cancers.
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21
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Geneste CC, Massey AJ. Cell Density Affects the Detection of Chk1 Target Engagement by the Selective Inhibitor V158411. SLAS DISCOVERY 2017; 23:144-153. [PMID: 29048945 DOI: 10.1177/2472555217738534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Understanding drug target engagement and the relationship to downstream pharmacology is critical for drug discovery. Here we have evaluated target engagement of Chk1 by the small-molecule inhibitor V158411 using two different target engagement methods (autophosphorylation and cellular thermal shift assay [CETSA]). Target engagement measured by these methods was subsequently related to Chk1 inhibitor-dependent pharmacology. Inhibition of autophosphorylation was a robust method for measuring V158411 Chk1 target engagement. In comparison, while target engagement determined using CETSA appeared robust, the V158411 CETSA target engagement EC50 values were 43- and 19-fold greater than the autophosphorylation IC50 values. This difference was attributed to the higher cell density in the CETSA assay configuration. pChk1 (S296) IC50 values determined using the CETSA assay conditions were 54- and 33-fold greater than those determined under standard conditions and were equivalent to the CETSA EC50 values. Cellular conditions, especially cell density, influenced the target engagement of V158411 for Chk1. The effects of high cell density on apparent compound target engagement potency should be evaluated when using target engagement assays that necessitate high cell densities (such as the CETSA conditions used in this study). In such cases, the subsequent relation of these data to downstream pharmacological changes should therefore be interpreted with care.
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22
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Emptage RP, Schoenberger MJ, Ferguson KM, Marmorstein R. Intramolecular autoinhibition of checkpoint kinase 1 is mediated by conserved basic motifs of the C-terminal kinase-associated 1 domain. J Biol Chem 2017; 292:19024-19033. [PMID: 28972186 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m117.811265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2017] [Revised: 09/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Precise control of the cell cycle allows for timely repair of genetic material prior to replication. One factor intimately involved in this process is checkpoint kinase 1 (Chk1), a DNA damage repair inducing Ser/Thr protein kinase that contains an N-terminal kinase domain and a C-terminal regulatory region consisting of a ∼100-residue linker followed by a putative kinase-associated 1 (KA1) domain. We report the crystal structure of the human Chk1 KA1 domain, demonstrating striking structural homology with other sequentially diverse KA1 domains. Separately purified Chk1 kinase and KA1 domains are intimately associated in solution, which results in inhibition of Chk1 kinase activity. Using truncation mutants and site-directed mutagenesis, we define the inhibitory face of the KA1 domain as a series of basic residues residing on two conserved regions of the primary structure. These findings point to KA1-mediated intramolecular autoinhibition as a key regulatory mechanism of human Chk1, and provide new therapeutic possibilities with which to attack this validated oncology target with small molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan P Emptage
- From the Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics and the Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104,
| | - Megan J Schoenberger
- the Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, and
| | - Kathryn M Ferguson
- the Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology Institute, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520
| | - Ronen Marmorstein
- From the Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics and the Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, .,the Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, and
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23
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Herůdková J, Paruch K, Khirsariya P, Souček K, Krkoška M, Vondálová Blanářová O, Sova P, Kozubík A, Hyršlová Vaculová A. Chk1 Inhibitor SCH900776 Effectively Potentiates the Cytotoxic Effects of Platinum-Based Chemotherapeutic Drugs in Human Colon Cancer Cells. Neoplasia 2017; 19:830-841. [PMID: 28888100 PMCID: PMC5591453 DOI: 10.1016/j.neo.2017.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2017] [Revised: 08/04/2017] [Accepted: 08/04/2017] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Although Chk1 kinase inhibitors are currently under clinical investigation as effective cancer cell sensitizers to the cytotoxic effects of numerous chemotherapeutics, there is still a considerable uncertainty regarding their role in modulation of anticancer potential of platinum-based drugs. Here we newly demonstrate the ability of one of the most specific Chk1 inhibitors, SCH900776 (MK-8776), to enhance human colon cancer cell sensitivity to the cytotoxic effects of platinum(II) cisplatin and platinum(IV)- LA-12 complexes. The combined treatment with SCH900776 and cisplatin or LA-12 results in apparent increase in G1/S phase-related apoptosis, stimulation of mitotic slippage, and senescence of HCT116 cells. We further show that the cancer cell response to the drug combinations is significantly affected by the p21, p53, and PTEN status. In contrast to their wt counterparts, the p53- or p21-deficient cells treated with SCH900776 and cisplatin or LA-12 enter mitosis and become polyploid, and the senescence phenotype is strongly suppressed. While the cell death induced by SCH900776 and cisplatin or LA-12 is significantly delayed in the absence of p53, the anticancer action of the drug combinations is significantly accelerated in p21-deficient cells, which is associated with stimulation of apoptosis beyond G2/M cell cycle phase. We also show that cooperative killing action of the drug combinations in HCT116 cells is facilitated in the absence of PTEN. Our results indicate that SCH900776 may act as an important modulator of cytotoxic response triggered by platinum-based drugs in colon cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jarmila Herůdková
- Department of Cytokinetics, Institute of Biophysics, Czech Academy of Sciences, v.v.i., Brno, Czech Republic; Department of Animal Physiology and Immunology, Institute of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Kamil Paruch
- Department of Chemistry, CZ Openscreen, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic; Center of Biomolecular and Cellular Engineering, International Clinical Research Center, St. Anne's University Hospital Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Prashant Khirsariya
- Department of Chemistry, CZ Openscreen, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic; Center of Biomolecular and Cellular Engineering, International Clinical Research Center, St. Anne's University Hospital Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Karel Souček
- Department of Cytokinetics, Institute of Biophysics, Czech Academy of Sciences, v.v.i., Brno, Czech Republic; Department of Animal Physiology and Immunology, Institute of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic; Center of Biomolecular and Cellular Engineering, International Clinical Research Center, St. Anne's University Hospital Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Krkoška
- Department of Cytokinetics, Institute of Biophysics, Czech Academy of Sciences, v.v.i., Brno, Czech Republic; Department of Animal Physiology and Immunology, Institute of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Olga Vondálová Blanářová
- Department of Cytokinetics, Institute of Biophysics, Czech Academy of Sciences, v.v.i., Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Sova
- Platinum Pharmaceuticals, a.s., Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Alois Kozubík
- Department of Cytokinetics, Institute of Biophysics, Czech Academy of Sciences, v.v.i., Brno, Czech Republic; Department of Animal Physiology and Immunology, Institute of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Alena Hyršlová Vaculová
- Department of Cytokinetics, Institute of Biophysics, Czech Academy of Sciences, v.v.i., Brno, Czech Republic.
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24
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Narayan S, Jaiswal AS, Sharma R, Nawab A, Duckworth LV, Law BK, Zajac-Kaye M, George TJ, Sharma J, Sharma AK, Hromas RA. NSC30049 inhibits Chk1 pathway in 5-FU-resistant CRC bulk and stem cell populations. Oncotarget 2017; 8:57246-57264. [PMID: 28915668 PMCID: PMC5593639 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.19778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2017] [Accepted: 07/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) treatment induces DNA damage and stalling of DNA replication forks. These stalled replication forks then collapse to form one sided double-strand breaks, leading to apoptosis. However, colorectal cancer (CRC) stem cells rapidly repair the stalled/collapsed replication forks and overcome treatment effects. Recent evidence suggests a critical role of checkpoint kinase 1 (Chk1) in preventing the replicative stress. Therefore, Chk1 kinase has been a target for developing mono or combination therapeutic agents. In the present study, we have identified a novel orphan molecule NSC30049 (NSC49L) that is effective alone, and in combination potentiates 5-FU-mediated growth inhibition of CRC heterogeneous bulk and FOLFOX-resistant cell lines in culture with minimal effect on normal colonic epithelial cells. It also inhibits the sphere forming activity of CRC stem cells, and decreases the expression levels of mRNAs of CRC stem cell marker genes. Results showed that NSC49L induces 5-FU-mediated S-phase cell cycle arrest due to increased load of DNA damage and increased γ-H2AX staining as a mechanism of cytotoxicity. The pharmacokinetic analysis showed a higher bioavailability of this compound, however, with a short plasma half-life. The drug is highly tolerated by animals with no pathological aberrations. Furthermore, NSC49L showed very potent activity in a HDTX model of CRC stem cell tumors either alone or in combination with 5-FU. Thus, NSC49L as a single agent or combined with 5-FU can be developed as a therapeutic agent by targeting the Chk1 pathway in 5-FU-resistant CRC heterogeneous bulk and CRC stem cell populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satya Narayan
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Aruna S. Jaiswal
- Department of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Ritika Sharma
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Akbar Nawab
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Lizette Vila Duckworth
- Department of Pathology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Brian K. Law
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Maria Zajac-Kaye
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Thomas J. George
- Department of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Jay Sharma
- Celprogen, Inc., Torrance, CA 90503, USA
| | - Arun K. Sharma
- Department of Pharmacology, Penn State Cancer Institute, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
| | - Robert A. Hromas
- Department of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
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25
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Paths from DNA damage and signaling to genome rearrangements via homologous recombination. Mutat Res 2017; 806:64-74. [PMID: 28779875 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrfmmm.2017.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2016] [Accepted: 07/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
DNA damage is a constant threat to genome integrity. DNA repair and damage signaling networks play a central role maintaining genome stability, suppressing tumorigenesis, and determining tumor response to common cancer chemotherapeutic agents and radiotherapy. DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) are critical lesions induced by ionizing radiation and when replication forks encounter damage. DSBs can result in mutations and large-scale genome rearrangements reflecting mis-repair by non-homologous end joining or homologous recombination. Ionizing radiation induces genetic change immediately, and it also triggers delayed events weeks or even years after exposure, long after the initial damage has been repaired or diluted through cell division. This review covers DNA damage signaling and repair pathways and cell fate following genotoxic insult, including immediate and delayed genome instability and cell survival/cell death pathways.
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26
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Nickoloff JA, Boss MK, Allen CP, LaRue SM. Translational research in radiation-induced DNA damage signaling and repair. Transl Cancer Res 2017; 6:S875-S891. [PMID: 30574452 PMCID: PMC6298755 DOI: 10.21037/tcr.2017.06.02] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Radiotherapy is an effective tool in the fight against cancer. It is non-invasive and painless, and with advanced tumor imaging and beam control systems, radiation can be delivered to patients safely, generally with minor or no adverse side effects, accounting for its increasing use against a broad range of tumors. Tumors and normal cells respond to radiation-induced DNA damage by activating a complex network of DNA damage signaling and repair pathways that determine cell fate including survival, death, and genome stability. DNA damage response (DDR) proteins represent excellent targets to augment radiotherapy, and many agents that inhibit key response proteins are being combined with radiation and genotoxic chemotherapy in clinical trials. This review focuses on how insights into molecular mechanisms of DDR pathways are translated to small animal preclinical studies, to clinical studies of naturally occurring tumors in companion animals, and finally to human clinical trials. Companion animal studies, under the umbrella of comparative oncology, have played key roles in the development of clinical radiotherapy throughout its >100-year history. There is growing appreciation that rapid translation of basic knowledge of DNA damage and repair systems to improved radiotherapy practice requires a comprehensive approach that embraces the full spectrum of cancer research, with companion animal clinical trials representing a critical bridge between small animal preclinical studies, and human clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jac A Nickoloff
- Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, Flint Animal Cancer Center, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Mary-Keara Boss
- Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, Flint Animal Cancer Center, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Christopher P Allen
- Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, Flint Animal Cancer Center, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Susan M LaRue
- Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, Flint Animal Cancer Center, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
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27
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Goss KL, Koppenhafer SL, Harmoney KM, Terry WW, Gordon DJ. Inhibition of CHK1 sensitizes Ewing sarcoma cells to the ribonucleotide reductase inhibitor gemcitabine. Oncotarget 2017; 8:87016-87032. [PMID: 29152060 PMCID: PMC5675612 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.18776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2017] [Accepted: 05/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Ewing sarcoma is a bone and soft tissue sarcoma that occurs in children and young adults. The EWS-FLI1 gene fusion is the driver mutation in most Ewing sarcoma tumors and functions, in part, as an aberrant transcription factor. We recently identified that Ewing sarcoma cells are sensitive to inhibition of ribonucleotide reductase (RNR), which catalyzes the formation of deoxyribonucleotides from ribonucleotides. In this report, we show that Ewing sarcoma cells are sensitive to treatment with clofarabine, which is a nucleoside analogue and allosteric inhibitor of RNR. However, clofarabine is a reversible inhibitor of RNR and we found that the effect of clofarabine is limited when using a short (6-hour) drug treatment. Gemcitabine, on the other hand, is an irreversible inhibitor of the RRM1 subunit of RNR and this drug induces apoptosis in Ewing sarcoma cells when used in both 6-hour and longer drug treatments. Treatment of Ewing sarcoma cells with gemcitabine also results in activation of checkpoint kinase 1 (CHK1), which is a critical mediator of cell survival in the setting of impaired DNA replication. Notably, inhibition of CHK1 function in Ewing sarcoma cells using a small-molecule CHK1 inhibitor, or siRNA knockdown, in combination with gemcitabine results in increased toxicity both in vitro and in vivo in a mouse xenograft experiment. Overall, our results provide insight into Ewing sarcoma biology and identify a candidate therapeutic target, and drug combination, in Ewing sarcoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelli L Goss
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, USA
| | - Stacia L Koppenhafer
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, USA
| | - Kathryn M Harmoney
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, USA
| | - William W Terry
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, USA
| | - David J Gordon
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, USA
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28
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Control of Hsp90 chaperone and its clients by N-terminal acetylation and the N-end rule pathway. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017; 114:E4370-E4379. [PMID: 28515311 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1705898114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
We found that the heat shock protein 90 (Hsp90) chaperone system of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae is greatly impaired in naa10Δ cells, which lack the NatA Nα-terminal acetylase (Nt-acetylase) and therefore cannot N-terminally acetylate a majority of normally N-terminally acetylated proteins, including Hsp90 and most of its cochaperones. Chk1, a mitotic checkpoint kinase and a client of Hsp90, was degraded relatively slowly in wild-type cells but was rapidly destroyed in naa10Δ cells by the Arg/N-end rule pathway, which recognized a C terminus-proximal degron of Chk1. Diverse proteins (in addition to Chk1) that are shown here to be targeted for degradation by the Arg/N-end rule pathway in naa10Δ cells include Kar4, Tup1, Gpd1, Ste11, and also, remarkably, the main Hsp90 chaperone (Hsc82) itself. Protection of Chk1 by Hsp90 could be overridden not only by ablation of the NatA Nt-acetylase but also by overexpression of the Arg/N-end rule pathway in wild-type cells. Split ubiquitin-binding assays detected interactions between Hsp90 and Chk1 in wild-type cells but not in naa10Δ cells. These and related results revealed a major role of Nt-acetylation in the Hsp90-mediated protein homeostasis, a strong up-regulation of the Arg/N-end rule pathway in the absence of NatA, and showed that a number of Hsp90 clients are previously unknown substrates of the Arg/N-end rule pathway.
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29
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Rabbani N, Xue M, Weickert MO, Thornalley PJ. Multiple roles of glyoxalase 1-mediated suppression of methylglyoxal glycation in cancer biology-Involvement in tumour suppression, tumour growth, multidrug resistance and target for chemotherapy. Semin Cancer Biol 2017; 49:83-93. [PMID: 28506645 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2017.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2017] [Revised: 04/19/2017] [Accepted: 05/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Glyoxalase 1 (Glo1) is part of the glyoxalase system in the cytoplasm of all human cells. It catalyses the glutathione-dependent removal of the endogenous reactive dicarbonyl metabolite, methylglyoxal (MG). MG is formed mainly as a side product of anaerobic glycolysis. It modifies protein and DNA to form mainly hydroimidazolone MG-H1 and imidazopurinone MGdG adducts, respectively. Abnormal accumulation of MG, dicarbonyl stress, increases adduct levels which may induce apoptosis and replication catastrophe. In the non-malignant state, Glo1 is a tumour suppressor protein and small molecule inducers of Glo1 expression may find use in cancer prevention. Increased Glo1 expression is permissive for growth of tumours with high glycolytic activity and is thereby a biomarker of tumour growth. High Glo1 expression is a cause of multi-drug resistance. It is produced by over-activation of the Nrf2 pathway and GLO1 amplification. Glo1 inhibitors are antitumour agents, inducing apoptosis and necrosis, and anoikis. Tumour stem cells and tumours with high flux of MG formation and Glo1 expression are sensitive to Glo1 inhibitor therapy. It is likely that MG-induced cell death contributes to the mechanism of action of current antitumour agents. Common refractory tumours have high prevalence of Glo1 overexpression for which Glo1 inhibitors may improve therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naila Rabbani
- Clinical Sciences Research Laboratories, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, University Hospitals, Coventry CV2 2DX, UK; Warwick Systems Biology Centre, Senate House, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Mingzhan Xue
- Clinical Sciences Research Laboratories, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, University Hospitals, Coventry CV2 2DX, UK
| | - Martin O Weickert
- Clinical Sciences Research Laboratories, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, University Hospitals, Coventry CV2 2DX, UK; The ARDEN NET Centre, ENETS Centre of Excellence, University Hospitals Coventry & Warwickshire NHS Trust CV2 2DX, UK
| | - Paul J Thornalley
- Clinical Sciences Research Laboratories, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, University Hospitals, Coventry CV2 2DX, UK; Warwick Systems Biology Centre, Senate House, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK.
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30
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Massey AJ. Modification of tumour cell metabolism modulates sensitivity to Chk1 inhibitor-induced DNA damage. Sci Rep 2017; 7:40778. [PMID: 28106079 PMCID: PMC5247758 DOI: 10.1038/srep40778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2016] [Accepted: 12/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Chk1 kinase inhibitors are currently under clinical investigation as potentiators of cytotoxic chemotherapy and demonstrate potent activity in combination with anti-metabolite drugs that increase replication stress through the inhibition of nucleotide or deoxyribonucleotide biosynthesis. Inhibiting other metabolic pathways critical for the supply of building blocks necessary to support DNA replication may lead to increased DNA damage and synergy with an inhibitor of Chk1. A screen of small molecule metabolism modulators identified combinatorial activity between a Chk1 inhibitor and chloroquine or the LDHA/LDHB inhibitor GSK 2837808A. Compounds, such as 2-deoxyglucose or 6-aminonicotinamide, that reduced the fraction of cells undergoing active replication rendered tumour cells more resistant to Chk1 inhibitor-induced DNA damage. Withdrawal of glucose or glutamine induced G1 and G2/M arrest without increasing DNA damage and reduced Chk1 expression and activation through autophosphorylation. This suggests the expression and activation of Chk1 kinase is associated with cells undergoing active DNA replication. Glutamine starvation rendered tumour cells more resistant to Chk1 inhibitor-induced DNA damage and reversal of the glutamine starvation restored the sensitivity of tumour cells to Chk1 inhibitor-induced DNA damage. Chk1 inhibitors may be a potentially useful therapeutic treatment for patients whose tumours contain a high fraction of replicating cells.
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31
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Kim KS, Choi KJ, Bae S. A novel Chk1-binding peptide that enhances genotoxic sensitivity through the cellular redistribution of nuclear Chk1. Int J Mol Med 2016; 38:1490-1498. [PMID: 28025997 PMCID: PMC5065296 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2016.2762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2016] [Accepted: 09/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Since checkpoint kinase 1 (Chk1) is an essential factor for cell viability following DNA damage, the inhibition of Chk1 has been a major focus of pharmaceutical development to enhance the sensitivity of tumor cells to chemo- and radiotherapy that damage DNA. However, due to the off-target effects of conventional Chk1-targeting strategies and the toxicity of Chk1 inhibitors, alternative strategies are required to target Chk1. To facilitate such efforts, in this study, we identified a specific Chk1-binding 12-mer peptide from the screening of a phage display library and characterized the peptide in terms of cellular cytotoxicity, and in terms of its effect on Chk1 activity and sensitivity to genotoxic agents. This peptide, named N-terminal Chk1-binding peptide (Chk1‑NP), bound the kinase domain of Chk1. Simulation of the binding revealed that the very N-terminus of the Chk1 kinase domain is the potential peptide binding site. Of note, the polyarginine-mediated internalization of Chk1‑NP redistributed nuclear Chk1 with a prominent decrease in the nucleus in the absence of DNA damage. Treatment with Chk1‑NP peptide alone decreased the viability of p53-defective HeLa cells, but not that of p53-functional NCI-H460 cells under normal conditions. The treatment of HeLa or NCI-H460 cells with the peptide significantly enhanced radiation sensitivity following ionizing radiation (IR) with a greater enhancement observed in HeLa cells. Moreover, the IR-induced destabilization of Chk1 was aggravated by treatment with Chk1‑NP. Therefore, the decreased nuclear localization and protein levels of Chk1 seem to be responsible for the enhanced cancer cell killing following combined treatment with IR and Chk1‑NP. The approach using the specific Chk1-binding peptide may facilitate the mechanistic understanding and potential modulation of Chk1 activities and may provide a novel rationale for the development of specific Chk1-targeting agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kwang Seok Kim
- Division of Radiation Effects, Korea Institute of Radiological and Medical Sciences, Seoul 139-706, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyu Jin Choi
- Division of Radiation Effects, Korea Institute of Radiological and Medical Sciences, Seoul 139-706, Republic of Korea
| | - Sangwoo Bae
- Division of Radiation Effects, Korea Institute of Radiological and Medical Sciences, Seoul 139-706, Republic of Korea
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32
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Massey AJ. Tumour growth environment modulates Chk1 signalling pathways and Chk1 inhibitor sensitivity. Sci Rep 2016; 6:35874. [PMID: 27775084 PMCID: PMC5075878 DOI: 10.1038/srep35874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2016] [Accepted: 10/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Clinical development of Chk1 inhibitors is currently focussed on evaluating activity as monotherapy and as potentiators of chemotherapy. To aid translation of pre-clinical studies, we sought to understand the effects of the tumour growth environment on Chk1 signalling and sensitivity to small molecule Chk1 inhibition. Spheroid culture altered Chk1 signalling to a more xenograft like state but decreased sensitivity to Chk1 inhibition. Growth in low serum did not alter DDR signalling but increased the sensitivity of A2058 and U2OS tumour cells to Chk1 inhibition. An analysis of the expression levels of replication associated proteins identified a correlation between Cdc6 and pChk1 (S296) as well as total Chk1 in xenograft derived samples and between Cdc6 and total Chk1 in anchorage-dependent growth derived protein samples. No apparent correlation between Chk1 or Cdc6 expression and sensitivity to Chk1 inhibition in vitro was observed. A database analysis revealed upregulation of CDC6 mRNA expression in tumour compared to normal tissue and a correlation between CDC6 and CHEK1 mRNA expression in human cancers. We suggest that Cdc6 overexpression in human tumours requires a concomitant increase in Chk1 to counterbalance the deleterious effects of origin hyperactivation-induced DNA damage.
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33
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Inhibition of ATR-dependent feedback activation of Chk1 sensitises cancer cells to Chk1 inhibitor monotherapy. Cancer Lett 2016; 383:41-52. [PMID: 27693461 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2016.09.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2016] [Revised: 09/07/2016] [Accepted: 09/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The Chk1 and ATR kinases are critical mediators of the DNA damage response pathway and help protect cancer cells from endogenous and oncogene induced replication stress. Inhibitors of both kinases are currently being evaluated in clinical trials. Chk1 inhibition with V158411 increases DNA damage and activates the ATR, ATM and DNA-PKcs dependent DNA damage response pathways. Inhibiting ATR, ATM and/or DNA-PKcs has the potential to increase the therapeutic activity of Chk1 inhibitors. ATR inhibition but not ATM or DNA-PKcs inhibition potentiated the cytotoxicity of V158411 in p53 mutant and wild type human cancer cell lines. This increased cytotoxicity correlated with increased nuclear DNA damage and replication stress in a dose and time dependent manner. γH2AX induction following Chk1 inhibition protected cells from caspase-dependent apoptosis. Inhibition of ATR increased Chk1 inhibitor induced cell death independently of caspase activation. The effect of ATR, ATM and/or DNA-PK inhibition on Chk1 inhibitor induced replication stress was dependent on the concentration of Chk1 inhibitor. ATR inhibition potentiated Chk1 inhibitor induced replication stress and cytotoxicity via the abrogation of ATR-dependent feedback activation of Chk1 induced by Chk1 inhibitor generated replication stress. This study suggests that combining an ATR inhibitor to lower the threshold by which a Chk1 inhibitor induces replication stress, DNA damage and tumour cell death in a wide range of cancer types may be a useful clinical approach.
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34
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CHK1 expression in Gastric Cancer is modulated by p53 and RB1/E2F1: implications in chemo/radiotherapy response. Sci Rep 2016; 6:21519. [PMID: 26867682 PMCID: PMC4751465 DOI: 10.1038/srep21519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2015] [Accepted: 01/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Radiation has a limited but relevant role in the adjuvant therapy of gastric cancer (GC) patients. Since Chk1 plays a critical function in cellular response to genotoxic agents, we aimed to analyze the role of Chk1 in GC as a biomarker for radiotherapy resistance. We analyzed Chk1 expression in AGS and MKN45 human GC cell lines by RT-QPCR and WB and in a small cohort of human patient’s samples. We demonstrated that Chk1 overexpression specifically increases resistance to radiation in GC cells. Accordingly, abrogation of Chk1 activity with UCN-01 and its expression with shChk1 increased sensitivity to bleomycin and radiation. Furthermore, when we assessed Chk1 expression in human samples, we found a correlation between nuclear Chk1 accumulation and a decrease in progression free survival. Moreover, using a luciferase assay we found that Chk1’s expression is controlled by p53 and RB/E2F1 at the transcriptional level. Additionally, we present preliminary data suggesting a posttranscriptional regulation mechanism, involving miR-195 and miR-503, which are inversely correlated with expression of Chk1 in radioresistant cells. In conclusion, Chk1/microRNA axis is involved in resistance to radiation in GC, and suggests Chk1 as a potential tool for optimal stratification of patients susceptible to receive adjuvant radiotherapy after surgery.
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35
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Phase I study of LY2603618, a CHK1 inhibitor, in combination with gemcitabine in Japanese patients with solid tumors. Anticancer Drugs 2015; 26:1043-53. [PMID: 26288133 DOI: 10.1097/cad.0000000000000278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
This phase I trial evaluated LY2603618, a selective inhibitor of the DNA damage checkpoint kinase 1, in combination with gemcitabine. Japanese patients with advanced solid tumors were enrolled. All patients received gemcitabine (1000 mg/m on days 1, 8, and 15 every 28 days) and either 170 mg (cohort 1) or 230 mg (cohort 2) of LY2603618. The primary objective was assessment of safety/tolerability. Pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic marker profiles were secondary objectives. Of the 17 patients enrolled, dose-limiting toxicities were observed in one patient in cohort 1 (n=7) and in two patients in cohort 2 (n=10). The most common grade 3 or more drug-related treatment-emergent adverse events were hematological. Three patients discontinued because of adverse events. Dose-dependent decreases in LY2603618 exposure were observed, but the LY2603618 pharmacokinetics at each dose were consistent within and between cycles and did not influence gemcitabine pharmacokinetics. Circulating plasma DNA decreased from baseline in all four patients who achieved a partial response. Administration of 170 or 230 mg of LY2603618 following a standard dose of gemcitabine showed acceptable safety and tolerability in Japanese patients with solid tumors.
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36
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Massey AJ, Stokes S, Browne H, Foloppe N, Fiumana A, Scrace S, Fallowfield M, Bedford S, Webb P, Baker L, Christie M, Drysdale MJ, Wood M. Identification of novel, in vivo active Chk1 inhibitors utilizing structure guided drug design. Oncotarget 2015; 6:35797-812. [PMID: 26437226 PMCID: PMC4742142 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.5929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2015] [Accepted: 09/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Chk1 kinase is a critical component of the DNA damage response checkpoint especially in cancer cells and targeting Chk1 is a potential therapeutic opportunity for potentiating the anti-tumor activity of DNA damaging chemotherapy drugs. Fragment elaboration by structure guided design was utilized to identify and develop a novel series of Chk1 inhibitors culminating in the identification of V158411, a potent ATP-competitive inhibitor of the Chk1 and Chk2 kinases. V158411 abrogated gemcitabine and camptothecin induced cell cycle checkpoints, resulting in the expected modulation of cell cycle proteins and increased cell death in cancer cells. V158411 potentiated the cytotoxicity of gemcitabine, cisplatin, SN38 and camptothecin in a variety of p53 deficient human tumor cell lines in vitro, p53 proficient cells were unaffected. In nude mice, V158411 showed minimal toxicity as a single agent and in combination with irinotecan. In tumor bearing animals, V158411 was detected at high levels in the tumor with a long elimination half-life; no pharmacologically significant in vivo drug-drug interactions with irinotecan were identified through analysis of the pharmacokinetic profiles. V158411 potentiated the anti-tumor activity of irinotecan in a variety of human colon tumor xenograft models without additional systemic toxicity. These results demonstrate the opportunity for combining V158411 with standard of care chemotherapeutic agents to potentiate the therapeutic efficacy of these agents without increasing their toxicity to normal cells. Thus, V158411 would warrant further clinical evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Simon Scrace
- Vernalis Research, Granta Park, Cambridge, UK
- Horizon Discovery, Cambridge Research Park, Waterbeach, Cambridge, UK
| | | | | | - Paul Webb
- Vernalis Research, Granta Park, Cambridge, UK
| | - Lisa Baker
- Vernalis Research, Granta Park, Cambridge, UK
| | | | - Martin J. Drysdale
- Vernalis Research, Granta Park, Cambridge, UK
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Garscube Estate, Bearsden, Glasgow, UK
| | - Mike Wood
- Vernalis Research, Granta Park, Cambridge, UK
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37
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Ricardo-Lax I, Ramanan V, Michailidis E, Shamia T, Reuven N, Rice CM, Shlomai A, Shaul Y. Hepatitis B virus induces RNR-R2 expression via DNA damage response activation. J Hepatol 2015; 63:789-96. [PMID: 26026873 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2015.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2014] [Revised: 04/21/2015] [Accepted: 05/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infects and replicates in quiescent hepatocytes, which are deficient in dNTPs, the critical precursors of HBV replication. Most tumor viruses promote dNTP production in host cells by inducing cell proliferation. Although HBV is known as a major cause of hepatocellular carcinoma, it does not lead to cellular proliferation. Instead, HBV acquires dNTPs by activating the expression of the R2 subunit of the Ribonucleotide Reductase (RNR) holoenzyme, the cell cycle gene that is rate-limiting for generation of dNTPs, without inducing the cell cycle. We wished to elucidate the molecular basis of HBV-dependent R2 expression in quiescent cells. METHODS Quiescent HepG2 cells were transduced with an HBV-containing lentiviral vector, and primary human hepatocytes were infected with HBV. DNA damage response and RNR-R2 gene expression were monitored under this condition. RESULTS We report here that HBV-induced R2 expression is mediated by the E2F1 transcription factor, and that HBV induces E2F1 accumulation, modification and binding to the R2 promoter. We found that Chk1, a known E2F1 kinase that functions in response to DNA damage, was activated by HBV. In cells where Chk1 was pharmacologically inhibited, or depleted by shRNA-mediated knockdown, HBV-mediated R2 expression was severely attenuated. Furthermore, we found that HBV attenuates DNA repair, thus reducing cellular dNTP consumption. CONCLUSIONS Our findings demonstrate that HBV exploits the Chk1-E2F1 axis of the DNA damage response pathway to induce R2 expression in a cell cycle-independent manner. This suggests that inhibition of this pathway may have a therapeutic value for HBV carriers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inna Ricardo-Lax
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Vyas Ramanan
- Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, United States
| | - Eleftherios Michailidis
- Laboratory of Virology and Infectious Disease, Center for the Study of Hepatitis C, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, United States
| | - Tal Shamia
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Nina Reuven
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Charles M Rice
- Laboratory of Virology and Infectious Disease, Center for the Study of Hepatitis C, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, United States
| | - Amir Shlomai
- Laboratory of Virology and Infectious Disease, Center for the Study of Hepatitis C, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, United States.
| | - Yosef Shaul
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel.
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Han SH, Hahm SH, Tran AHV, Chung JH, Hong MK, Paik HD, Kim KS, Han YS. A physical association between the human mutY homolog (hMYH) and DNA topoisomerase II-binding protein 1 (hTopBP1) regulates Chk1-induced cell cycle arrest in HEK293 cells. Cell Biosci 2015; 5:50. [PMID: 26312135 PMCID: PMC4550056 DOI: 10.1186/s13578-015-0042-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2014] [Accepted: 08/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Human DNA topoisomerase II-binding protein 1 (hTopBP1) plays an important role in DNA replication and the DNA damage checkpoint pathway. The human mutY homolog (hMYH) is a base excision repair DNA glycosylase that excises adenines or 2-hydroxyadenines that are mispaired with guanine or 7,8-dihydro-8-oxoguanine (8-oxoG). hTopBP1 and hMYH were involved in ATR-mediated Chk1 activation, moreover, both of them were associated with ATR and hRad9 which known as checkpoint-involved proteins. Therefore, we investigated whether hTopBP1 interacted with hMYH, and what the function of their interaction is. Results We documented the interaction between hTopBP1 and hMYH and showed that this interaction increased in a hydroxyurea-dependent manner. We also mapped the hMYH-interacting region of hTopBP1 (residues 444–991). In addition, we investigated several cell cycle-related proteins and found that co-knockdown of hTopBP1 and hMYH significantly diminished cell cycle arrest due to compromised checkpoint kinase 1 (Chk1) activation. Moreover, we observed that hMYH was essential for the accumulation of hTopBP1 on damaged DNA, where hTopBP1 interacts with hRad9, a component of the Rad9-Hus1-Rad1 complex. The accumulation of hTopBP1 on chromatin and its subsequent interaction with hRad9 lead to cell cycle arrest, a process mediated by Chk1 phosphorylation and ataxia telangiectasia and Rad3-related protein (ATR) activation. Conclusions Our results suggested that hMYH is necessary for the accumulation of hTopBP1 to DNA damage lesion to induce the association of hTopBP1 with 9-1-1 and that the interaction between hMYH and hTopBP1 is essential for Chk1 activation. Therefore, we suggest that the interaction between hMYH and hTopBP1 is crucial for activation of the ATR-mediated cell cycle checkpoint. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13578-015-0042-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Se Hee Han
- Department of Advanced Technology Fusion, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul, 143-701 Republic of Korea
| | - Soo-Hyun Hahm
- Department of Advanced Technology Fusion, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul, 143-701 Republic of Korea
| | - An Hue Vy Tran
- Department of Advanced Technology Fusion, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul, 143-701 Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Hyung Chung
- Department of Applied Bioscience, College of Life Science, CHA University, 120 Haeryong-ro, Pocheon, Gyeonggi-do 463-836 Republic of Korea
| | - Myoung-Ki Hong
- Department of Biological Sciences, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul, 143-701 Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun-Dong Paik
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology of Animal Resources, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul, 143-701 Republic of Korea
| | - Key-Sun Kim
- Center for Neuroscience, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, 5 Hwarang-ro 14-gil, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ye Sun Han
- Department of Advanced Technology Fusion, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul, 143-701 Republic of Korea ; College of Global Integrated Studies, Division of Interdisciplinary Studies, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul, 143-701 Republic of Korea
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Massey AJ, Stephens P, Rawlinson R, McGurk L, Plummer R, Curtin NJ. mTORC1 and DNA-PKcs as novel molecular determinants of sensitivity to Chk1 inhibition. Mol Oncol 2015; 10:101-12. [PMID: 26471831 DOI: 10.1016/j.molonc.2015.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2015] [Revised: 08/14/2015] [Accepted: 08/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chk1 inhibitors are currently under clinical evaluation as single agents and in combination with cytotoxic chemotherapy. Understanding determinants of sensitivity and novel combinations is critical for further clinical development. METHODS Potentiation of mTOR inhibitor cytotoxicity by the Chk1 inhibitor V158411 was determined in p53 mutant colon cancer cells. DNA damage response, expression levels of repair proteins, cell cycle effects and the contribution of alternative DSB repair pathways were further evaluated by western blotting and high content analysis. RESULTS mTOR inhibitors AZD8055, RAD-001, rapamycin and BEZ235 induced synergistic cytotoxicity with the Chk1 inhibitor V158411 in p53 mutant colon cancer cells. Reduced FANCD2, RAD51 and RPA70, core proteins in homologous recombination repair (HRR) and interstrand crosslink repair (ICLR), following inhibition of mTOR was associated with increased V158411 induced DSBs and caspase 3-independent cell death. Dual mTOR and Chk1 inhibition activated DNA-PKcs. Cells defective in DNA-PKcs exhibited increased resistance to V158411 with Chk1 expression closely correlated to DNA-PKcs expression in various types of cancer. CONCLUSIONS Down regulation of proteins involved in HRR or ICLR by mTOR inhibitors is associated with increased sensitivity of human tumours to Chk1 inhibitors such as V158411. High levels of DNA-PKcs may be a potential biomarker to stratify patients to Chk1 inhibitor therapy alone or in combination with mTOR inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Peter Stephens
- Newcastle University, Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE2 4HH, UK
| | | | - Lauren McGurk
- Newcastle University, Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE2 4HH, UK
| | - Ruth Plummer
- Newcastle University, Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE2 4HH, UK
| | - Nicola J Curtin
- Newcastle University, Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE2 4HH, UK.
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Song P, Chen M, Ma X, Xu L, Liu T, Zhou Y, Hu Y. Identification of novel inhibitors of Aurora A with a 3-(pyrrolopyridin-2-yl)indazole scaffold. Bioorg Med Chem 2015; 23:1858-68. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2015.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2014] [Revised: 02/03/2015] [Accepted: 02/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Checkpoint kinase1 (CHK1) is an important biomarker in breast cancer having a role in chemotherapy response. Br J Cancer 2015; 112:901-11. [PMID: 25688741 PMCID: PMC4453942 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.2014.576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2014] [Revised: 09/18/2014] [Accepted: 09/23/2014] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Checkpoint kinase1 (CHK1), which is a key component of DNA-damage-activated checkpoint signalling response, may have a role in breast cancer (BC) pathogenesis and influence response to chemotherapy. This study investigated the clinicopathological significance of phosphorylated CHK1 (pCHK1) protein in BC. Method: pCHK1 protein expression was assessed using immunohistochemistry in a large, well-characterized annotated series of early-stage primary operable invasive BC prepared as tissue microarray (n=1200). Result: pCHK1 showed nuclear and/or cytoplasmic expression. Tumours with nuclear expression showed positive associations with favourable prognostic features such as lower grade, lower mitotic activity, expression of hormone receptor and lack of expression of KI67 and PI3K (P<0.001). On the other hand, cytoplasmic expression was associated with features of poor prognosis such as higher grade, triple-negative phenotype and expression of KI67, p53, AKT and PI3K. pCHK1 expression showed an association with DNA damage response (ATM, RAD51, BRCA1, KU70/KU80, DNA-PKCα and BARD1) and sumoylation (UBC9 and PIASγ) biomarkers. Subcellular localisation of pCHK1 was associated with the expression of the nuclear transport protein KPNA2. Positive nuclear expression predicted better survival outcome in patients who did not receive chemotherapy in the whole series and in ER-positive tumours. In ER-negative and triple-negative subgroups, nuclear pCHK1 predicted shorter survival in patients who received cyclophosphamide, methotrexate and 5-florouracil chemotherapy. Conclusions: Our data suggest that pCHK1 may have prognostic and predictive significance in BC. Subcellular localisation of pCHK1 protein is related to its function.
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Abstract
Cell cycle checkpoints are surveillance mechanisms that monitor the order, integrity, and fidelity of the major events of the cell cycle. These include growth to the appropriate cell size, the replication and integrity of the chromosomes, and their accurate segregation at mitosis. Many of these mechanisms are ancient in origin and highly conserved, and hence have been heavily informed by studies in simple organisms such as the yeasts. Others have evolved in higher organisms, and control alternative cell fates with significant impact on tumor suppression. Here, we consider these different checkpoint pathways and the consequences of their dysfunction on cell fate.
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Min W, Bruhn C, Grigaravicius P, Zhou ZW, Li F, Krüger A, Siddeek B, Greulich KO, Popp O, Meisezahl C, Calkhoven CF, Bürkle A, Xu X, Wang ZQ. Poly(ADP-ribose) binding to Chk1 at stalled replication forks is required for S-phase checkpoint activation. Nat Commun 2014; 4:2993. [PMID: 24356582 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms3993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2013] [Accepted: 11/22/2013] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Damaged replication forks activate poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase 1 (PARP1), which catalyses poly(ADP-ribose) (PAR) formation; however, how PARP1 or poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation is involved in the S-phase checkpoint is unknown. Here we show that PAR, supplied by PARP1, interacts with Chk1 via a novel PAR-binding regulatory (PbR) motif in Chk1, independent of ATR and its activity. iPOND studies reveal that Chk1 associates readily with the unperturbed replication fork and that PAR is required for efficient retention of Chk1 and phosphorylated Chk1 at the fork. A PbR mutation, which disrupts PAR binding, but not the interaction with its partners Claspin or BRCA1, impairs Chk1 and the S-phase checkpoint activation, and mirrors Chk1 knockdown-induced hypersensitivity to fork poisoning. We find that long chains, but not short chains, of PAR stimulate Chk1 kinase activity. Collectively, we disclose a previously unrecognized mechanism of the S-phase checkpoint by PAR metabolism that modulates Chk1 activity at the replication fork.
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Affiliation(s)
- WooKee Min
- Leibniz Institute For Age Research-Fritz Lipmann Institute (FLI), Beutenberger strasse 11, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Christopher Bruhn
- Leibniz Institute For Age Research-Fritz Lipmann Institute (FLI), Beutenberger strasse 11, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Paulius Grigaravicius
- 1] Leibniz Institute For Age Research-Fritz Lipmann Institute (FLI), Beutenberger strasse 11, 07745 Jena, Germany [2]
| | - Zhong-Wei Zhou
- Leibniz Institute For Age Research-Fritz Lipmann Institute (FLI), Beutenberger strasse 11, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Fu Li
- Leibniz Institute For Age Research-Fritz Lipmann Institute (FLI), Beutenberger strasse 11, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Anja Krüger
- Leibniz Institute For Age Research-Fritz Lipmann Institute (FLI), Beutenberger strasse 11, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Bénazir Siddeek
- Leibniz Institute For Age Research-Fritz Lipmann Institute (FLI), Beutenberger strasse 11, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Karl-Otto Greulich
- 1] Leibniz Institute For Age Research-Fritz Lipmann Institute (FLI), Beutenberger strasse 11, 07745 Jena, Germany [2] Faculty of Biology and Pharmacy, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Beutenberger strasse 11, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Oliver Popp
- Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, 78457 Konstanz, Germany
| | - Chris Meisezahl
- Leibniz Institute For Age Research-Fritz Lipmann Institute (FLI), Beutenberger strasse 11, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Cornelis F Calkhoven
- Leibniz Institute For Age Research-Fritz Lipmann Institute (FLI), Beutenberger strasse 11, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Alexander Bürkle
- Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, 78457 Konstanz, Germany
| | - Xingzhi Xu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of DNA Damage Response, Capital Normal University, 105 Xi San Huan Road (N), Beijing 100048, China
| | - Zhao-Qi Wang
- 1] Leibniz Institute For Age Research-Fritz Lipmann Institute (FLI), Beutenberger strasse 11, 07745 Jena, Germany [2] Faculty of Biology and Pharmacy, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Beutenberger strasse 11, 07745 Jena, Germany
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γH2AX and Chk1 phosphorylation as predictive pharmacodynamic biomarkers of Chk1 inhibitor-chemotherapy combination treatments. BMC Cancer 2014; 14:483. [PMID: 24996846 PMCID: PMC4094550 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-14-483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2014] [Accepted: 06/30/2014] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Chk1 inhibitors are currently in clinical trials in combination with a range of cytotoxic agents and have the potential to potentiate the clinical activity of a large number of standard of care chemotherapeutic agents. Utilizing pharmacodynamic biomarkers to optimize drug dose and scheduling in these trials could greatly enhance the likelihood of clinical success. Methods In this study, we evaluated the in vitro potentiation of the cytotoxicity of a range of cytotoxic chemotherapeutic drugs by the novel Chk1 inhibitor V158411 in p53 mutant colon cancer cells. Pharmacodynamic biomarkers were evaluated in vitro. Results V158411 potentiated the cytotoxicity of a range of chemotherapeutic agents with distinct mechanisms of action in p53 mutant colon cancer cell lines grown in anchorage dependent or independent culture conditions. Analysis of pharmacodynamic biomarker changes identified dependencies on the chemotherapeutic agent, the concentration of the chemotherapeutic and the duration of time between combination treatment and biomarker analysis. A reduction in total Chk1 and S296/S317/S345 phosphorylation occurred consistently with all cytotoxics in combination with V158411 but did not predict cell line potentiation. Induction of γH2AX levels was chemotherapeutic dependent and correlated closely with potentiation of gemcitabine and camptothecin in p53 mutant colon cancer cells. Conclusions Our results suggest that Chk1 phosphorylation could be a useful biomarker for monitoring inhibition of Chk1 activity in clinical trials involving a range of V158411-chemotherapy combinations and γH2AX induction as a predictor of potentiation in combinations containing gemcitabine or camptothecin.
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Lin CY, Wang YL. Novel design strategy for checkpoint kinase 2 inhibitors using pharmacophore modeling, combinatorial fusion, and virtual screening. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:359494. [PMID: 24864236 PMCID: PMC4017722 DOI: 10.1155/2014/359494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2013] [Accepted: 02/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Checkpoint kinase 2 (Chk2) has a great effect on DNA-damage and plays an important role in response to DNA double-strand breaks and related lesions. In this study, we will concentrate on Chk2 and the purpose is to find the potential inhibitors by the pharmacophore hypotheses (PhModels), combinatorial fusion, and virtual screening techniques. Applying combinatorial fusion into PhModels and virtual screening techniques is a novel design strategy for drug design. We used combinatorial fusion to analyze the prediction results and then obtained the best correlation coefficient of the testing set (r test) with the value 0.816 by combining the Best(train)Best(test) and Fast(train)Fast(test) prediction results. The potential inhibitors were selected from NCI database by screening according to Best(train)Best(test) + Fast(train)Fast(test) prediction results and molecular docking with CDOCKER docking program. Finally, the selected compounds have high interaction energy between a ligand and a receptor. Through these approaches, 23 potential inhibitors for Chk2 are retrieved for further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Yuan Lin
- Department of Computer Science and Information Engineering, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan
- Research Center for Emerging Viral Infections, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan
| | - Yen-Ling Wang
- Department of Computer Science and Information Engineering, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan
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Wierstra I. The transcription factor FOXM1 (Forkhead box M1): proliferation-specific expression, transcription factor function, target genes, mouse models, and normal biological roles. Adv Cancer Res 2013; 118:97-398. [PMID: 23768511 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-407173-5.00004-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
FOXM1 (Forkhead box M1) is a typical proliferation-associated transcription factor, which stimulates cell proliferation and exhibits a proliferation-specific expression pattern. Accordingly, both the expression and the transcriptional activity of FOXM1 are increased by proliferation signals, but decreased by antiproliferation signals, including the positive and negative regulation by protooncoproteins or tumor suppressors, respectively. FOXM1 stimulates cell cycle progression by promoting the entry into S-phase and M-phase. Moreover, FOXM1 is required for proper execution of mitosis. Accordingly, FOXM1 regulates the expression of genes, whose products control G1/S-transition, S-phase progression, G2/M-transition, and M-phase progression. Additionally, FOXM1 target genes encode proteins with functions in the execution of DNA replication and mitosis. FOXM1 is a transcriptional activator with a forkhead domain as DNA binding domain and with a very strong acidic transactivation domain. However, wild-type FOXM1 is (almost) inactive because the transactivation domain is repressed by three inhibitory domains. Inactive FOXM1 can be converted into a very potent transactivator by activating signals, which release the transactivation domain from its inhibition by the inhibitory domains. FOXM1 is essential for embryonic development and the foxm1 knockout is embryonically lethal. In adults, FOXM1 is important for tissue repair after injury. FOXM1 prevents premature senescence and interferes with contact inhibition. FOXM1 plays a role for maintenance of stem cell pluripotency and for self-renewal capacity of stem cells. The functions of FOXM1 in prevention of polyploidy and aneuploidy and in homologous recombination repair of DNA-double-strand breaks suggest an importance of FOXM1 for the maintenance of genomic stability and chromosomal integrity.
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Wang YL, Lin CY, Shih KC, Huang JW, Tang CY. Design checkpoint kinase 2 inhibitors by pharmacophore modeling and virtual screening techniques. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2013; 23:6286-91. [PMID: 24144850 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2013.09.080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2013] [Revised: 08/26/2013] [Accepted: 09/25/2013] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Damage to DNA is caused by ionizing radiation, genotoxic chemicals or collapsed replication forks. When DNA is damaged or cells fail to respond, a mutation that is associated with breast or ovarian cancer may occur. Mammalian cells control and stabilize the genome using a cell cycle checkpoint to prevent damage to DNA or to repair damaged DNA. Checkpoint kinase 2 (Chk2) is one of the important kinases, which strongly affects DNA-damage and plays an important role in the response to the breakage of DNA double-strands and related lesions. Therefore, this study concerns Chk2. Its purpose is to find potential inhibitors using the pharmacophore hypotheses (PhModels) and virtual screening techniques. PhModels can identify inhibitors with high biological activities and virtual screening techniques are used to screen the database of the National Cancer Institute (NCI) to retrieve compounds that exhibit all of the pharmacophoric features of potential inhibitors with high interaction energy. Ten PhModels were generated using the HypoGen best algorithm. The established PhModel, Hypo01, was evaluated by performing a cost function analysis of its correlation coefficient (r), root mean square deviation (RMSD), cost difference, and configuration cost, with the values 0.955, 1.28, 192.51, and 16.07, respectively. The result of Fischer's cross-validation test for the Hypo01 model yielded a 95% confidence level, and the correlation coefficient of the testing set (rtest) had a best value of 0.81. The potential inhibitors were then chosen from the NCI database by Hypo01 model screening and molecular docking using the cdocker docking program. Finally, the selected compounds exhibited the identified pharmacophoric features and had a high interaction energy between the ligand and the receptor. Eighty-three potential inhibitors for Chk2 are retrieved for further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yen-Ling Wang
- Department of Computer Science and Information Engineering, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan
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CK1δ kinase activity is modulated by Chk1-mediated phosphorylation. PLoS One 2013; 8:e68803. [PMID: 23861943 PMCID: PMC3701638 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0068803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2013] [Accepted: 06/01/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
CK1δ, a member of the casein kinase 1 family, is involved in the regulation of various cellular processes and has been associated with the pathophysiology of neurodegenerative diseases and cancer. Therefore recently, interest in generating highly specific inhibitors for personalized therapy has increased enormously. However, the efficacy of newly developed inhibitors is affected by the phosphorylation state of CK1δ. Cellular kinases phosphorylating CK1δ within its C-terminal domain have been identified but still more information regarding the role of site-specific phosphorylation in modulating the activity of CK1δ is required. Here we show that Chk1 phosphorylates rat CK1δ at serine residues 328, 331, 370, and threonine residue 397 as well as the human CK1δ transcription variants 1 and 2. CK1δ mutant proteins bearing one, two or three mutations at these identified phosphorylation sites exhibited significant differences in their kinetic properties compared to wild-type CK1δ. Additionally, CK1δ co-precipitates with Chk1 from HT1080 cell extracts and activation of cellular Chk1 resulted in a significant decrease in cellular CK1δ kinase activity. Taken together, these data point towards a possible regulatory relationship between Chk1 and CK1δ.
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Abreu CM, Kumar R, Hamilton D, Dawdy AW, Creavin K, Eivers S, Finn K, Balsbaugh JL, O'Connor R, Kiely PA, Shabanowitz J, Hunt DF, Grenon M, Lowndes NF. Site-specific phosphorylation of the DNA damage response mediator rad9 by cyclin-dependent kinases regulates activation of checkpoint kinase 1. PLoS Genet 2013; 9:e1003310. [PMID: 23593009 PMCID: PMC3616908 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1003310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2012] [Accepted: 12/24/2012] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The mediators of the DNA damage response (DDR) are highly phosphorylated by kinases that control cell proliferation, but little is known about the role of this regulation. Here we show that cell cycle phosphorylation of the prototypical DDR mediator Saccharomyces cerevisiae Rad9 depends on cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) complexes. We find that a specific G2/M form of Cdc28 can phosphorylate in vitro the N-terminal region of Rad9 on nine consensus CDK phosphorylation sites. We show that the integrity of CDK consensus sites and the activity of Cdc28 are required for both the activation of the Chk1 checkpoint kinase and its interaction with Rad9. We have identified T125 and T143 as important residues in Rad9 for this Rad9/Chk1 interaction. Phosphorylation of T143 is the most important feature promoting Rad9/Chk1 interaction, while the much more abundant phosphorylation of the neighbouring T125 residue impedes the Rad9/Chk1 interaction. We suggest a novel model for Chk1 activation where Cdc28 regulates the constitutive interaction of Rad9 and Chk1. The Rad9/Chk1 complex is then recruited at sites of DNA damage where activation of Chk1 requires additional DDR–specific protein kinases. Human cells activate the DNA damage response (DDR) to repair DNA damage and to prevent cells with DNA damage from proliferating. Alterations to the DDR are strongly implicated in the development of cancer. Using the budding yeast model system, we have studied how the regulation of the key DDR component Rad9 is integrated into cell cycle control. The cyclin-dependent kinase Cdc28 that regulates the yeast cell cycle also extensively phosphorylates Rad9 during cell cycle progression. We show here that Cdc28 controls Rad9 function in the activation of the important downstream DNA damage effector kinase Chk1. Two sites of phosphorylation in the N-terminus of Rad9 are crucial for the physical interaction between Rad9 and Chk1 regulated by Cdc28. We propose a novel model for Chk1 activation whereby a subset of Rad9 and Chk1 interacts constitutively in the absence of DNA damage. The Rad9/Chk1 complex is recruited to sites of DNA damage where activation of Chk1 involves additional DDR–specific protein kinases. Human cells contain multiple Rad9-like proteins that are also known to be cell cycle phosphorylated in the absence of exogenous DNA damage, suggesting that our observations may have important implications for DDR regulation in human cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla Manuela Abreu
- Centre for Chromosome Biology, School of Natural Science, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - Ramesh Kumar
- Centre for Chromosome Biology, School of Natural Science, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - Danielle Hamilton
- Centre for Chromosome Biology, School of Natural Science, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - Andrew William Dawdy
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Kevin Creavin
- Centre for Chromosome Biology, School of Natural Science, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - Sarah Eivers
- Centre for Chromosome Biology, School of Natural Science, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - Karen Finn
- Centre for Chromosome Biology, School of Natural Science, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - Jeremy Lynn Balsbaugh
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Rosemary O'Connor
- Cell Biology Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, BioSciences Institute, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Patrick A. Kiely
- Department of Life Sciences, and Materials and Surface Science Institute, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
| | - Jeffrey Shabanowitz
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Donald F. Hunt
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Muriel Grenon
- Centre for Chromosome Biology, School of Natural Science, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland
- * E-mail: (MG); (NFL)
| | - Noel Francis Lowndes
- Centre for Chromosome Biology, School of Natural Science, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland
- * E-mail: (MG); (NFL)
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Patil M, Pabla N, Dong Z. Checkpoint kinase 1 in DNA damage response and cell cycle regulation. Cell Mol Life Sci 2013; 70:4009-21. [PMID: 23508805 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-013-1307-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 190] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2012] [Revised: 01/28/2013] [Accepted: 02/18/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Originally identified as a mediator of DNA damage response (DDR), checkpoint kinase 1 (Chk1) has a broader role in checkpoint activation in DDR and normal cell cycle regulation. Chk1 activation involves phosphorylation at conserved sites. However, recent work has identified a splice variant of Chk1, which may regulate Chk1 in both DDR and normal cell cycle via molecular interaction. Upon activation, Chk1 phosphorylates a variety of substrate proteins, resulting in the activation of DNA damage checkpoints, cell cycle arrest, DNA repair, and/or cell death. Chk1 and its related signaling may be an effective therapeutic target in diseases such as cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mallikarjun Patil
- Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Georgia Regents University and Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center, 1459 Laney Walker Blvd., Augusta, GA, 30912, USA
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