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Fan HJ, Tan ZB, Wu YT, Feng XR, Bi YM, Xie LP, Zhang WT, Ming Z, Liu B, Zhou YC. The role of ginsenoside Rb1, a potential natural glutathione reductase agonist, in preventing oxidative stress-induced apoptosis of H9C2 cells. J Ginseng Res 2018; 44:258-266. [PMID: 32148407 PMCID: PMC7031740 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgr.2018.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2018] [Revised: 11/27/2018] [Accepted: 12/10/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Oxidative stress-induced cardiomyocytes apoptosis is a key pathological process in ischemic heart disease. Glutathione reductase (GR) reduces glutathione disulfide to glutathione (GSH) to alleviate oxidative stress. Ginsenoside Rb1 (GRb1) prevents the apoptosis of cardiomyocytes; however, the role of GR in this process is unclear. Therefore, the effects of GRb1 on GR were investigated in this study. Methods The antiapoptotic effects of GRb1 were evaluated in H9C2 cells by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide, annexin V/propidium iodide staining, and Western blotting. The antioxidative effects were measured by a reactive oxygen species assay, and GSH levels and GR activity were examined in the presence and absence of the GR inhibitor 1,3-bis-(2-chloroethyl)-1-nitrosourea. Molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulations were used to investigate the binding of GRb1 to GR. The direct influence of GRb1 on GR was confirmed by recombinant human GR protein. Results GRb1 pretreatment caused dose-dependent inhibition of tert-butyl hydroperoxide-induced cell apoptosis, at a level comparable to that of the positive control N-acetyl-L-cysteine. The binding energy between GRb1 and GR was positive (−6.426 kcal/mol), and the binding was stable. GRb1 significantly reduced reactive oxygen species production and increased GSH level and GR activity without altering GR protein expression in H9C2 cells. Moreover, GRb1 enhanced the recombinant human GR protein activity in vitro, with a half-maximal effective concentration of ≈2.317 μM. Conversely, 1,3-bis-(2-chloroethyl)-1-nitrosourea co-treatment significantly abolished the GRb1's apoptotic and antioxidative effects of GRb1 in H9C2 cells. Conclusion GRb1 is a potential natural GR agonist that protects against oxidative stress–induced apoptosis of H9C2 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Jie Fan
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, The first hospital of Yangjiang, Yangjiang, China
| | - Zhang-Bin Tan
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yu-Ting Wu
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiao-Reng Feng
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Queen Mary Hospital, the University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Yi-Ming Bi
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ling-Peng Xie
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wen-Tong Zhang
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhi Ming
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Bin Liu
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ying-Chun Zhou
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
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Dong Y, Guo CR, Chen D, Chen SM, Peng Y, Song H, Shi JR. Association between age‑related hearing loss and cognitive decline in C57BL/6J mice. Mol Med Rep 2018; 18:1726-1732. [PMID: 29901198 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2018.9118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2016] [Accepted: 09/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Accumulating evidence has revealed the link between age‑related hearing loss (presbycusis) and cognitive decline; however, their exact association remains unclear. The present study aimed to investigate the association between age‑related hearing loss and cognitive decline, and to explore the underlying mechanisms. Briefly, three groups of C57BL/6J mice were evaluated, based on their age, as follows: Young group, 3 months; adult group, 6 months; and middle‑aged group, 15 months. The results of an auditory brainstem response (ABR) test demonstrated that the hearing threshold levels of the mice were increased in those aged 6 and 15 months compared with those aged 3 months, thus suggesting that significant hearing loss occurred at 6 months, and worsened at 15 months. The results of a Morris water maze test demonstrated that spatial learning and memory function was significantly decreased in 15‑month‑old mice, but not in 6‑month‑old mice. Pearson analysis indicated that the escape latency was positively correlated with hearing threshold at 16 kHz and percentage of time in the target quadrant was negatively correlated with hearing threshold at 16 kHz, thus suggesting a correlation between age‑related hearing loss and cognitive decline. The auditory cortex and hippocampal CA1 region in 15‑month‑old mice exhibited significantly decreased cell numbers, abnormal arrangement and morphological alterations. Transmission electron microscopy revealed reduced synapse numbers and synaptic vesicle density in mice aged 15 months. Furthermore, the protein expression levels of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)‑9 in the auditory cortex and hippocampus in the 15‑month‑old mice were significantly higher than in the 3‑month‑old mice. In conclusion, these findings support the correlation between age‑related hearing loss and cognitive decline in C57BL/6J mice, and indicated that MMP‑9 expression in the auditory cortex and hippocampus may be associated with the underlying mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Dong
- Experimental Teaching Center, Basic Medical College, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, P.R. China
| | - Chun-Rong Guo
- Experimental Teaching Center, Basic Medical College, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, P.R. China
| | - Dan Chen
- Experimental Teaching Center, Basic Medical College, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, P.R. China
| | - Sheng-Min Chen
- Experimental Teaching Center, Basic Medical College, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, P.R. China
| | - Yinting Peng
- Experimental Teaching Center, Basic Medical College, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, P.R. China
| | - Haiyan Song
- Central Lab, Basic Medical College, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, P.R. China
| | - Jian-Rong Shi
- Experimental Teaching Center, Basic Medical College, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, P.R. China
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Frisina RD, Ding B, Zhu X, Walton JP. Age-related hearing loss: prevention of threshold declines, cell loss and apoptosis in spiral ganglion neurons. Aging (Albany NY) 2017; 8:2081-2099. [PMID: 27667674 PMCID: PMC5076453 DOI: 10.18632/aging.101045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2016] [Accepted: 09/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Age-related hearing loss (ARHL) -presbycusis - is the most prevalent neurodegenerative disease and number one communication disorder of our aged population; and affects hundreds of millions of people worldwide. Its prevalence is close to that of cardiovascular disease and arthritis, and can be a precursor to dementia. The auditory perceptual dysfunction is well understood, but knowledge of the biological bases of ARHL is still somewhat lacking. Surprisingly, there are no FDA-approved drugs for treatment. Based on our previous studies of human subjects, where we discovered relations between serum aldosterone levels and the severity of ARHL, we treated middle age mice with aldosterone, which normally declines with age in all mammals. We found that hearing thresholds and suprathreshold responses significantly improved in the aldosterone-treated mice compared to the non-treatment group. In terms of cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying this therapeutic effect, additional experiments revealed that spiral ganglion cell survival was significantly improved, mineralocorticoid receptors were upregulated via post-translational protein modifications, and age-related intrinsic and extrinsic apoptotic pathways were blocked by the aldosterone therapy. Taken together, these novel findings pave the way for translational drug development towards the first medication to prevent the progression of ARHL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert D Frisina
- Department Communication Sciences and Disorders, Global Center for Hearing and Speech Research, University of South Florida, Tampa FL, 33612, USA.,Department Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Global Center for Hearing and Speech Research, University of South Florida, Tampa FL, 33612, USA
| | - Bo Ding
- Department Communication Sciences and Disorders, Global Center for Hearing and Speech Research, University of South Florida, Tampa FL, 33612, USA
| | - Xiaoxia Zhu
- Department Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Global Center for Hearing and Speech Research, University of South Florida, Tampa FL, 33612, USA
| | - Joseph P Walton
- Department Communication Sciences and Disorders, Global Center for Hearing and Speech Research, University of South Florida, Tampa FL, 33612, USA.,Department Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Global Center for Hearing and Speech Research, University of South Florida, Tampa FL, 33612, USA
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Brosel S, Laub C, Averdam A, Bender A, Elstner M. Molecular aging of the mammalian vestibular system. Ageing Res Rev 2016; 26:72-80. [PMID: 26739358 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2015.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2015] [Revised: 12/16/2015] [Accepted: 12/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Dizziness and imbalance frequently affect the elderly and contribute to falls and frailty. In many geriatric patients, clinical testing uncovers a dysfunction of the vestibular system, but no specific etiology can be identified. Neuropathological studies have demonstrated age-related degeneration of peripheral and central vestibular neurons, but the molecular mechanisms are poorly understood. In contrast, recent studies into age-related hearing loss strongly implicate mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress and apoptotic cell death of cochlear hair cells. While some data suggest that analogous biological pathomechanisms may underlie vestibular dysfunction, actual proof is missing. In this review, we summarize the available data on the molecular causes of vestibular dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonja Brosel
- German Center for Vertigo and Balance Disorders, Department of Neurology, Klinikum Grosshadern, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Marchioninistr. 15, 81377 Munich, Germany.
| | - Christoph Laub
- Department of Neurology with Friedrich-Baur-Institute, Klinikum Grosshadern, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Marchioninistr. 15, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Anne Averdam
- Department of Neurology with Friedrich-Baur-Institute, Klinikum Grosshadern, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Marchioninistr. 15, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Andreas Bender
- Department of Neurology, Therapiezentrum Burgau, Kapuzinerstr.34, 89331 Burgau, Germany
| | - Matthias Elstner
- Department of Neurology with Friedrich-Baur-Institute, Klinikum Grosshadern, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Marchioninistr. 15, 81377 Munich, Germany; Department of Neurology and Clinical Neurophysiology, Academic Hospital Munich-Bogenhausen, Technical University of Munich, Englschalkingerstr. 77, 81925 Munich, Germany
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Kidd Iii AR, Bao J. Recent advances in the study of age-related hearing loss: a mini-review. Gerontology 2012; 58:490-6. [PMID: 22710288 PMCID: PMC3766364 DOI: 10.1159/000338588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2011] [Accepted: 04/02/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Hearing loss is a common age-associated affliction that can result from the loss of hair cells and spiral ganglion neurons (SGNs) in the cochlea. Although hair cells and SGNs are typically lost in the same cochlea, recent analysis suggests that they can occur independently, via unique mechanisms. Research has identified both environmental and genetic factors that contribute to degeneration of cochlear cells. Additionally, molecular analysis has identified multiple cell-signaling mechanisms that likely contribute to pathological changes that result in hearing deficiencies. These analyses should serve as useful primers for future work, including genomic and proteomic analysis, to elucidate the mechanisms driving cell loss in the aging cochlea. Significant progress in this field has occurred in the past decade. As our understanding of aging-induced cochlear changes continues to improve, our ability to offer medical intervention will surely benefit the growing elderly population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ambrose R Kidd Iii
- Department of Otolaryngology, Center for Aging, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Mo., USA
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Perez P, Bao J. Why do hair cells and spiral ganglion neurons in the cochlea die during aging? Aging Dis 2011; 2:231-241. [PMID: 22396875 PMCID: PMC3295057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2011] [Revised: 02/18/2011] [Accepted: 02/18/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Age-related decline of cochlear function is mainly due to the loss of hair cells and spiral ganglion neurons (SGNs). Recent findings clearly indicate that survival of these two cell types during aging depends on genetic and environmental interactions, and this relationship is seen at the systemic, tissue, cellular, and molecular levels. At cellular and molecular levels, age-related loss of hair cells and SGNs can occur independently, suggesting distinct mechanisms for the death of each during aging. This mechanistic independence is also observed in the loss of medial olivocochlear efferent innervation and outer hair cells during aging, pointing to a universal independent cellular mechanism for age-related neuronal death in the peripheral auditory system. While several molecular signaling pathways are implicated in the age-related loss of hair cells and SGNs, studies with the ability to locally modify gene expression in these cell types are needed to address whether these signaling pathways have direct effects on hair cells and SGNs during aging. Finally, the issue of whether age-related loss of these cells occurs via typical apoptotic pathways requires further examination. As new studies in the field of aging reshape the framework for exploring these underpinnings, understanding of the loss of hair cells and SGNs associated with age and the interventions that can treat and prevent these changes will result in dramatic benefits for an aging population.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jianxin Bao
- Correspondence should be addressed to: Jianxin Bao, Ph.D., Department of Otolaryngology, Center for Aging, Washington University in St. Louis, 660 South Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
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