1
|
Jansson A, Harris P, Davey SL, Luthersson N, Ragnarsson S, Ringmark S. Straw as an Alternative to Grass Forage in Horses-Effects on Post-Prandial Metabolic Profile, Energy Intake, Behaviour and Gastric Ulceration. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11082197. [PMID: 34438656 PMCID: PMC8388405 DOI: 10.3390/ani11082197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2021] [Revised: 07/09/2021] [Accepted: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Many leisure horses have low energy requirements and obesity is common. Straw has a low energy content and could be a forage option for these horses. However, a previous study suggested that providing straw as the only forage was associated with an increased risk for gastric ulcers. This study evaluated replacing 50% of the daily forage allowance with a good hygienic quality wheat straw. Six horses were fed both the control diet (grass forage only, CON) and the straw diet (50:50 grass forage and straw, S). Each diet was fed for three weeks and all horses were evaluated on both diets. Diet did not affect the prevalence of gastric ulcers. Feed intake time was longer and daily energy intake lower on diet S, compared to CON. Plasma insulin levels were lower on diet S compared to CON, which could be beneficial for horses with overweight or insulin dysregulation. The results suggest that good hygienic wheat straw provided at 50% of the forage ration does not cause gastric ulcers, but may prolong feeding time and promote a metabolic profile more suitable for overweight horses. Including straw as part of the ration therefore may improve welfare for horses with low energy requirements. Abstract Straw’s low energy content means it is a roughage option for horses with low energy requirements. Previously, in a field study, straw was associated with an increased risk for gastric ulcers. This study evaluated the effect on gastric ulcers, metabolic profile and behaviour of replacing, in a forage-only ration, 50% of the daily allowance with wheat straw. Six equines were studied in a 2 × 21-day cross-over design. The control diet (CON: 100% grass forage) and the straw diet (S: 50% grass forage and 50% straw [DM basis]) were iso-energetic. Gastroscopy was performed prior to the study and on day 21 and blood samples were collected and behavioural observations were performed. Diet did not affect squamous or glandular gastric ulcer scores (p > 0.05). Feed intake time was longer (p < 0.05) plus energy intake and plasma insulin concentrations were lower on diet S compared to CON (p < 0.0001). Plasma serotonin concentrations tended to be higher on diet S compared to CON (p = 0.05). The results suggest that good hygienic quality wheat straw can be included for up to 50% of the diet without causing gastric ulcers and that it can extend feeding time and promote a metabolic profile more suitable for overweight horses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Jansson
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Biochemistry, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 75007 Uppsala, Sweden;
| | - Patricia Harris
- WALTHAM Petcare Science Institute Waltham-on-the Wolds, Melton Mowbray, Leics LE14 4RT, UK;
| | - Sara Larsdotter Davey
- University Animal Hospital, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 75007 Uppsala, Sweden;
| | | | - Sveinn Ragnarsson
- Department of Equine Science, Hólar University, IS-551 Sauðárkrókur, Iceland;
| | - Sara Ringmark
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Biochemistry, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 75007 Uppsala, Sweden;
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Ru-Catalyzed Oxidative Cleavage of Guaiacyl Glycerol--Guaiacyl Ether-a Representative -O-4 Lignin Model Compound. Catalysts 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/catal9100832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The introduction of efficient and selective catalytic methods for aerobic oxidation of lignin and lignin model compounds to aromatics can extend the role of lignin applications in biorefineries. The current study focussed on the catalytic oxidative transformation of guaiacyl glycerol--guaiacyl ether (GGGE)–a -O-4 lignin model compound to produce basic aromatic compounds (guaiacol, vanillin and vanillic acid) using metal-supported catalysts. Ru/Al2O3, prepared with ruthenium(IV) oxide hydrate, showed the highest yields of the desired products (60%) in acetonitrile in a batch reactor at 160 C and 5-bar of 20% oxygen in argon. Alternative catalysts containing other transition metals (Ag, Fe, Mn, Co and Cu) supported on alumina, and ruthenium catalysts based on alternative supports (silica, spinel, HY zeolite and zirconia) gave significantly lower activities compared to Ru/Al2O3 at identical reaction conditions. Moreover, the Ru/Al2O3 catalyst was successfully reused in five consecutive reaction runs with only a minor decrease in catalytic performance.
Collapse
|
3
|
Xu H, Che X, Ding Y, Kong Y, Li B, Tian W. Effect of crystallinity on pretreatment and enzymatic hydrolysis of lignocellulosic biomass based on multivariate analysis. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2019; 279:271-280. [PMID: 30738353 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2018.12.096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2018] [Revised: 12/24/2018] [Accepted: 12/26/2018] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
In this work, multivariate data analysis was employed to correlate variables of pretreatment process of lignocellulosic biomass. Principal component analysis and partial least square methods were performed to get the inner-relationship and data interpretation between the crystallinity and other parameters of mechanical refining-assisted sodium hydroxide pretreatment followed by enzymatic saccharification of corn stover. The PCA and PLS models showed that Sodium hydroxide dosage, mechanical refining treatment, lignin removal rate and crystallinity had close inner-related relationship with the efficiency of pretreatment and enzymolysis. Alkaline reaction and mechanical refining treatment had strong influence on the crystallinity. Multivariate data analysis revealed that pretreated corn stover samples with lower crystallinity were more easily hydrolyzed by enzyme and could get more final reducing sugar. This work could offer a new methodology to get further understanding of effect of crystallinity on the crop residue lignocellulosic biomass conversion process.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Huanfei Xu
- College of Chemical Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266042, PR China; CAS Key Laboratory of Bio-based Materials, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266101, PR China; PCC & Laboratory of Wood and Paper Chemistry, Ǻbo Akademi University, Turku FI-20500, Finland; state Key Laboratory Base for Eco-Chemical Engineering in College of Chemical Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266042, PR China.
| | - Xinpeng Che
- College of Chemical Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266042, PR China; CAS Key Laboratory of Bio-based Materials, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266101, PR China; state Key Laboratory Base for Eco-Chemical Engineering in College of Chemical Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266042, PR China
| | - Yu Ding
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266042, PR China
| | - Yi Kong
- College of Chemical Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266042, PR China; state Key Laboratory Base for Eco-Chemical Engineering in College of Chemical Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266042, PR China
| | - Bin Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Bio-based Materials, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266101, PR China
| | - Wende Tian
- College of Chemical Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266042, PR China; state Key Laboratory Base for Eco-Chemical Engineering in College of Chemical Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266042, PR China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Techno-economic evaluation of heat integrated second generation bioethanol and furfural coproduction. Biochem Eng J 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2019.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
|
5
|
Ohno R, Teramura H, Ogino C, Kondo A, Takumi S. Genotypic effects on sugar and by-products of liquid hydrolysates and on saccharification of acid-insoluble residues from wheat straw. Genes Genet Syst 2018; 93:1-7. [PMID: 29343667 DOI: 10.1266/ggs.17-00027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Wheat straw is one of the major attractive resources for low-cost raw materials for renewable energy, biofuels and biochemicals. However, like other sources of lignocellulosic biomass, straw is a heterogeneous material due to its mixed origin from different tissue and cell types. Here, to examine the genotypic effects on biorefinery usage of wheat straw, straw obtained from different wheat cultivars and experimental lines was pretreated with dilute acid. Significant differences between cultivars were observed in the concentrations of glucose and toxic by-products of the liquid hydrolysates. A higher content of xylose than glucose was found in liquid hydrolysates from wheat straw, and the xylose content appeared to be affected by both environmental and genetic factors. Analysis using chromosome substitution lines of the common wheat cultivar Chinese Spring showed that chromosomes 2A and 3A from other wheat cultivars, Hope and Timstein, significantly increased the xylose content. However, no significant relationship was observed between the liquid hydrolysate xylose content and the glucose content obtained from enzymatic saccharification of the acid-insoluble residue. These results highlight the potential of wheat breeding to improve biomass-related traits in wheat straw.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ryoko Ohno
- Graduate School of Science, Technology and Innovation, Kobe University
| | - Hiroshi Teramura
- Graduate School of Science, Technology and Innovation, Kobe University
| | - Chiaki Ogino
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Kobe University
| | - Akihiko Kondo
- Graduate School of Science, Technology and Innovation, Kobe University.,Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Kobe University.,RIKEN Biomass Engineering Program
| | - Shigeo Takumi
- Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Kobe University
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Escamez S, Latha Gandla M, Derba-Maceluch M, Lundqvist SO, Mellerowicz EJ, Jönsson LJ, Tuominen H. A collection of genetically engineered Populus trees reveals wood biomass traits that predict glucose yield from enzymatic hydrolysis. Sci Rep 2017; 7:15798. [PMID: 29150693 PMCID: PMC5693926 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-16013-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2017] [Accepted: 11/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Wood represents a promising source of sugars to produce bio-based renewables, including biofuels. However, breaking down lignocellulose requires costly pretreatments because lignocellulose is recalcitrant to enzymatic saccharification. Increasing saccharification potential would greatly contribute to make wood a competitive alternative to petroleum, but this requires improving wood properties. To identify wood biomass traits associated with saccharification, we analyzed a total of 65 traits related to wood chemistry, anatomy and structure, biomass production and saccharification in 40 genetically engineered Populus tree lines. These lines exhibited broad variation in quantitative traits, allowing for multivariate analyses and mathematical modeling. Modeling revealed that seven wood biomass traits associated in a predictive manner with saccharification of glucose after pretreatment. Four of these seven traits were also negatively associated with biomass production, suggesting a trade-off between saccharification potential and total biomass, which has previously been observed to offset the overall sugar yield from whole trees. We therefore estimated the "total-wood glucose yield" (TWG) from whole trees and found 22 biomass traits predictive of TWG after pretreatment. Both saccharification and TWG were associated with low abundant, often overlooked matrix polysaccharides such as arabinose and rhamnose which possibly represent new markers for improved Populus feedstocks.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sacha Escamez
- Department of Plant Physiology, Umeå University, Umeå Plant Science Centre (UPSC), SE-901 87, Umeå, Sweden.
| | | | - Marta Derba-Maceluch
- Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå Plant Science Centre (UPSC), SE-901 83, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Sven-Olof Lundqvist
- INNVENTIA AB, RISE Bioeconomy, Drottning Kristinas väg 61 B, SE-114 28, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ewa J Mellerowicz
- Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå Plant Science Centre (UPSC), SE-901 83, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Leif J Jönsson
- Department of Chemistry, Umeå University, SE-901 87, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Hannele Tuominen
- Department of Plant Physiology, Umeå University, Umeå Plant Science Centre (UPSC), SE-901 87, Umeå, Sweden.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Predicting the ethanol potential of wheat straw using near-infrared spectroscopy and chemometrics: The challenge of inherently intercorrelated response functions. Anal Chim Acta 2017; 962:15-23. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2017.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2016] [Revised: 01/31/2017] [Accepted: 02/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
|
8
|
Wood IP, Wellner N, Elliston A, Wilson DR, Bancroft I, Waldron KW. Effect of Brassica napus cultivar on cellulosic ethanol yield. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS 2015; 8:99. [PMID: 26185525 PMCID: PMC4504093 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-015-0278-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2015] [Accepted: 06/26/2015] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Intraspecific variations in biomass composition are likely to influence their suitability for biorefining. This may be particularly important in species such as Brassica napus, which contain many different crop types bred for different purposes. Here, straw derived from 17 B. napus cultivars, of varying crop types, were steam exploded, saccharified and fermented to establish differences in biomass composition relevant to cellulosic ethanol production. RESULTS Despite being grown and processed in the same manner, straw from the various cultivars produced different saccharification and fermentation yields after processing. Fermentation inhibitor abundances released by steam explosion also varied between genotypes. Cultivars with glucan-rich straw did not necessarily produce higher saccharification or ethanol yields after processing. Instead, the compositions of non-cellulosic components were more reliable indicators of substrate quality. The abundance of pectins and arabinogalactans had the greatest influence on saccharification efficiency between straw genotypes. CONCLUSIONS In dicotyledonous species, such as B. napus, variations in the abundance of pectins between crop cultivars are likely to influence processing efficiency for bioethanol production. Knowledge of these genotypic variants provides targets for plant breeding and could aid in the development of improved cellulase cocktails.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ian P. Wood
- />The Biorefinery Centre, Institute of Food Research, Norwich Research Park, Colney, Norwich NR4 7UA UK
| | - Nikolaus Wellner
- />Analytical Sciences Unit, Institute of Food Research, Norwich Research Park, Colney, Norwich NR4 7UA UK
| | - Adam Elliston
- />The Biorefinery Centre, Institute of Food Research, Norwich Research Park, Colney, Norwich NR4 7UA UK
| | - David R. Wilson
- />The Biorefinery Centre, Institute of Food Research, Norwich Research Park, Colney, Norwich NR4 7UA UK
| | - Ian Bancroft
- />Department of Biology, University of York, Heslington, York YO10 5DD UK
| | - Keith W. Waldron
- />The Biorefinery Centre, Institute of Food Research, Norwich Research Park, Colney, Norwich NR4 7UA UK
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Wood IP, Elliston A, Collins SRA, Wilson D, Bancroft I, Waldron KW. Steam explosion of oilseed rape straw: establishing key determinants of saccharification efficiency. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2014; 162:175-83. [PMID: 24747672 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2014.03.115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2014] [Revised: 03/19/2014] [Accepted: 03/21/2014] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Oilseed rape straw was steam exploded into hot water at a range of severities. The residues were fractionated into solid and liquid phases and chemically characterised. The effect of steam explosion on enzymatic hydrolysis of the water-insoluble fractions was investigated by studying initial cellulase binding and hydrolysis yields for different cellulase doses. Time-course data was modelled to establish rate-dependent differences in saccharification as a function of pretreatment severity and associated chemical composition. The study concluded: (1) the initial hydrolysis rate was limited by the amount of (pectic) uronic acid remaining in the substrate; (2) the proportion of rapidly hydrolysable carbohydrate was most closely and positively related to lignin abundance and (3) the final sugar yield most closely related to xylan removal from the substrate. Comparisons between milled and un-milled steam exploded straw highlighted the influence that physical structure has on hydrolysis rates and yields, particularly at low severities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ian P Wood
- The Biorefinery Centre, Institute of Food Research, Norwich Research Park, Colney, Norwich NR4 7UA, UK.
| | - Adam Elliston
- The Biorefinery Centre, Institute of Food Research, Norwich Research Park, Colney, Norwich NR4 7UA, UK.
| | - Sam R A Collins
- The Biorefinery Centre, Institute of Food Research, Norwich Research Park, Colney, Norwich NR4 7UA, UK.
| | - David Wilson
- The Biorefinery Centre, Institute of Food Research, Norwich Research Park, Colney, Norwich NR4 7UA, UK.
| | - Ian Bancroft
- Department of Biology, Wentworth Way, University of York, Heslington YO10 5DD, UK.
| | - Keith W Waldron
- The Biorefinery Centre, Institute of Food Research, Norwich Research Park, Colney, Norwich NR4 7UA, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Camargo D, Gomes SD, Sene L. Ethanol production from sunflower meal biomass by simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (SSF) with Kluyveromyces marxianus ATCC 36907. Bioprocess Biosyst Eng 2014; 37:2235-42. [PMID: 24794173 DOI: 10.1007/s00449-014-1201-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2014] [Accepted: 04/15/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The lignocellulosic materials are considered promising renewable resources for ethanol production, but improvements in the processes should be studied to reduce operating costs. Thus, the appropriate enzyme loading for cellulose saccharification is critical for process economics. This study aimed at evaluating the concentration of cellulase and β-glucosidase in the production of bioethanol by simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (SSF) of sunflower meal biomass. The sunflower biomass was pretreated with 6% H2SO4 (w/v), at 121 °C, for 20 min, for hemicellulose removal and delignificated with 1% NaOH. SSF was performed with Kluyveromyces marxianus ATCC 36907, at 38 °C, 150 rpm, for 72 h, with different enzyme concentrations (Cellulase Complex NS22086-10, 15 and 20 FPU/gsubstrate and β-Glucosidase NS22118, with a cellulase to β-glucosidase ratio of 1.5:1; 2:1 and 3:1). The best condition for ethanol production was cellulase 20 FPU/gsubstrate and β-glucosidase 13.3 CBU/gsubstrate, resulting in 27.88 g/L ethanol, yield of 0.47 g/g and productivity of 0.38 g/L h. Under this condition the highest enzymatic conversion of cellulose to glucose was attained (87.06%).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Danielle Camargo
- Post-Graduate Program in Agricultural Engineering, PGEAGRI, Center of Exact and Technological Sciences, Western Paraná State University, Rua Universitária, 2069, Cascavel-PR, Cascavel, Paraná, CEP 85819-110, Brazil,
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Wang YH, Acharya A, Burrell AM, Klein RR, Klein PE, Hasenstein KH. Mapping and candidate genes associated with saccharification yield in sorghum. Genome 2013; 56:659-65. [PMID: 24299105 DOI: 10.1139/gen-2013-0134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench) is a high-yielding, stress tolerant energy crop for lignocellulosic-based biofuel production. Saccharification is a process by which hydrolytic enzymes break down lignocellulosic materials to fermentable sugars for biofuel production, and mapping and identifying genes underlying saccharification yield is an important first step to genetically improve the plant for higher biofuel productivity. In this study, we used the ICRISAT sorghum mini core germplasm collection and 14 739 single nucleotide polymorphism markers to map saccharification yield. Seven marker loci were associated with saccharification yield and five of these loci were syntenic with regions in the maize genome that contain quantitative trait loci underlying saccharification yield and cell wall component traits. Candidate genes from the seven loci were identified but must be validated, with the most promising candidates being β-tubulin, which determines the orientation of cellulose microfibrils in plant secondary cell walls, and NST1, a master transcription factor controlling secondary cell wall biosynthesis in fibers. Other candidate genes underlying the different saccharification loci included genes that play a role in vascular development and suberin deposition in plants. The identified loci and candidate genes provide information into the factors controlling saccharification yield and may facilitate increasing biofuel production in sorghum.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Hong Wang
- a Department of Biology, University of Louisiana at Lafayette, Lafayette, LA 70504, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Wang YH, Poudel DD, Hasenstein KH. Identification of SSR markers associated with saccharification yield using pool-based genome-wide association mapping in sorghum. Genome 2011; 54:883-9. [PMID: 21999235 DOI: 10.1139/g11-055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Saccharification describes the conversion of plant biomass by cellulase into glucose. Because plants have never been selected for high saccharification yield, cellulosic ethanol production faces a significant bottleneck. To improve saccharification yield, it is critical to identify the genes that affect this process. In this study, we used pool-based genome-wide association mapping to identify simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers associated with saccharification yield. Screening of 703 SSR markers against the low and high saccharification pools identified two markers on the sorghum chromosomes 2 (23-1062) and 4 (74-508c) associated with saccharification yield. The association was significant at 1% using either general or mixed linear models. Localization of these markers based on the whole genome sequence indicates that 23-1062 is 223 kb from a β-glucanase (Bg) gene and 74-508c is 81 kb from a steroid-binding protein (Sbp) gene. Bg is critical for cell wall assembly and degradation, but Sbp can suppress the expression of Bg as demonstrated in Arabidopsis (Yang et al. 2005). These markers are found physically close to genes encoding plant cell wall synthesis enzymes such as xyloglucan fucosyltransferase (149 kb from 74-508c) and UDP-D-glucose 4-epimerase (46 kb from 23-1062). Genetic transformation of selected candidate genes is in progress to examine their effect on saccharification yield in plants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Hong Wang
- Department of Biology, University of Louisiana at Lafayette, Lafayette, LA 70504, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|