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Huang CW, Lee SY, Du CX, Ku HC. Soluble dipeptidyl peptidase-4 induces epithelial-mesenchymal transition through tumor growth factor-β receptor. Pharmacol Rep 2023:10.1007/s43440-023-00496-y. [PMID: 37233949 DOI: 10.1007/s43440-023-00496-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2023] [Revised: 05/09/2023] [Accepted: 05/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Kidney fibrosis is the final manifestation of chronic kidney disease, a condition mainly caused by diabetic nephropathy. Persistent tissue damage leads to chronic inflammation and excessive deposition of extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins. Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is involved in a variety of tissue fibrosis and is a process during which epithelial cells transform into mesenchymal-like cells and lose their epithelial functionality and characteristics Dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP4) is widely expressed in tissues, especially those of the kidney and small intestine. DPP4 exists in two forms: a plasma membrane-bound and a soluble form. Serum-soluble DPP4 (sDPP4) levels are altered in many pathophysiological conditions. Elevated circulating sDPP4 is correlated with metabolic syndrome. Because the role of sDPP4 in EMT remains unclear, we examined the effect of sDPP4 on renal epithelial cells. METHODS The influences of sDPP4 on renal epithelial cells were demonstrated by measuring the expression of EMT markers and ECM proteins. RESULTS sDPP4 upregulated the EMT markers ACTA2 and COL1A1 and increased total collagen content. sDPP4 activated SMAD signaling in renal epithelial cells. Using genetic and pharmacological methods to target TGFBR, we observed that sDPP4 activated SMAD signaling through TGFBR in epithelial cells, whereas genetic ablation and treatment with TGFBR antagonist prevented SMAD signaling and EMT. Linagliptin, a clinically available DPP4 inhibitor, abrogated sDPP4-induced EMT. CONCLUSIONS This study indicated that sDPP4/TGFBR/SMAD axis leads to EMT in renal epithelial cells. Elevated circulating sDPP4 levels may contribute to mediators that induce renal fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Wei Huang
- Department of Life Science, Fu Jen Catholic University, No.510, Zhongzheng Road, Xinzhuang District, New Taipei City, 242, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Yi Lee
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, MacKay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- MacKay Junior College of Medicine, Nursing and Management, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chen-Xuan Du
- Department of Life Science, Fu Jen Catholic University, No.510, Zhongzheng Road, Xinzhuang District, New Taipei City, 242, Taiwan
| | - Hui-Chun Ku
- Department of Life Science, Fu Jen Catholic University, No.510, Zhongzheng Road, Xinzhuang District, New Taipei City, 242, Taiwan.
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2
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Peidl A, Nguyen J, Chitturi P, Riser BL, Leask A. Using the Bleomycin-Induced Model of Fibrosis to Study the Contribution of CCN Proteins to Scleroderma Fibrosis. Methods Mol Biol 2023; 2582:309-321. [PMID: 36370359 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2744-0_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Approximately 45% of the deaths in the developed world result from conditions with a fibrotic component. Although no specific, focused anti-fibrotic therapies have been approved for clinical use, a long-standing concept is that targeting CCN proteins may be useful to treat fibrosis. Herein, we summarize current data supporting the concept that targeting CCN2 may be a viable anti-fibrotic approach to treat scleroderma. Testing this hypothesis has been made possible by using a mouse model of inflammation-driven skin and lung fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Peidl
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
| | - John Nguyen
- College of Dentistry, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | | | - Bruce L Riser
- BLR Bio LLC, Kenosha, WI, USA
- Center for Cancer Cell Biology, Immunology and Infection, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, and Department of Medicine Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, North Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Andrew Leask
- College of Dentistry, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada.
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3
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Amiri N, Golin AP, Jalili RB, Ghahary A. Roles of cutaneous cell-cell communication in wound healing outcome: An emphasis on keratinocyte-fibroblast crosstalk. Exp Dermatol 2021; 31:475-484. [PMID: 34932841 DOI: 10.1111/exd.14516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2021] [Revised: 11/28/2021] [Accepted: 12/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Tissue repair is a very complex event and involves a continuously orchestrated sequence of signals and responses from platelets, fibroblasts, epithelial, endothelial and immune cells. The details of interaction between these signals, which are mainly growth factors and cytokines, have been widely discussed. However, it is still not clear how activated cells at wound sites lessen their activities after epithelialization is completed. Termination of the wound healing process requires a fine balance between extracellular matrix (ECM) deposition and degradation. Maintaining this balance requires highly accurate epithelial-mesenchymal communication and correct information exchange between keratinocytes and fibroblasts. As it has been reported in the literature, a disruption in epithelialization during the process of wound healing increases the frequency of developing chronic wounds or fibrotic conditions, as seen in a variety of clinical cases. Conversely, the potential stop signal for wound healing should have a regulatory role on both ECM synthesis and degradation to reach a successful wound healing outcome. This review briefly describes the potential roles of growth factors and cytokines in controlling the early phase of wound healing and predominantly explores the role of releasable factors from epithelial-mesenchymal interaction in controlling during and the late stage of the healing process. Emphasis will be given on the crosstalk between keratinocytes and fibroblasts in ECM modulation and the healing outcome following a brief discussion of the wound healing initiation mechanism. In particular, we will review the termination of acute dermal wound healing, which frequently leads to the development of hypertrophic scarring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nafise Amiri
- Department of Surgery, International Collaboration on Repair Discoveries (ICORD), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Andrew P Golin
- Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Reza B Jalili
- Department of Surgery, International Collaboration on Repair Discoveries (ICORD), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Aziz Ghahary
- Department of Surgery, International Collaboration on Repair Discoveries (ICORD), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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4
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Keloid fibroblasts have elevated and dysfunctional mechanotransduction signaling that is independent of TGF-β. J Dermatol Sci 2021; 104:11-20. [PMID: 34538705 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdermsci.2021.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2021] [Revised: 07/09/2021] [Accepted: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fibroblasts found in keloid tissues are known to present an altered sensitivity to microenvironmental stimuli. However, the impact of changes in extracellular matrix stiffness on phenotypes of normal fibroblasts (NFs) and keloid fibroblasts (KFs) is poorly understood. OBJECTIVES Investigation the impact of matrix stiffness on NFs and KFs mainly via detecting yes-associated protein (YAP) expression. METHODS We used fibronectin-coated polyacrylamide hydrogel substrates with a range from physiological to pathological stiffness values with or without TGF-β (fibrogenic inducer). Atomic force microscopy was used to measure the stiffness of fibroblasts. Cellular mechanoresponses were screened by immunocytochemistry, Western blot and Luminex assay. RESULTS KFs are stiffer than NFs with greater expression of α-SMA. In NFs, YAP nuclear translocation was induced by increasing matrix stiffness as well as by stimulation with TGF-β. In contrast, KFs showed higher baseline levels of nuclear YAP that was not responsive to matrix stiffness or TGF-β. TGF-β1 induced p-SMAD3 in both KFs and NFs, demonstrating the pathway was functional and not hyperactivated in KFs. Moreover, blebbistatin suppressed α-SMA expression and cellular stiffness in KFs, linking the elevated YAP signaling to keloid phenotype. CONCLUSIONS These data suggest that whilst normal skin fibroblasts respond to matrix stiffness in vitro, keloid fibroblasts have elevated activation of mechanotransduction signaling insensitive to the microenvironment. This elevated signaling appears linked to the expression of α-SMA, suggesting a direct link to disease pathogenesis. These findings suggest changes to keloid fibroblast phenotype related to mechanotransduction contribute to disease and may be a useful therapeutic target.
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Hou Z, Neng L, Zhang J, Cai J, Wang X, Zhang Y, Lopez IA, Shi X. Acoustic Trauma Causes Cochlear Pericyte-to-Myofibroblast-Like Cell Transformation and Vascular Degeneration, and Transplantation of New Pericytes Prevents Vascular Atrophy. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2020; 190:1943-1959. [PMID: 32562655 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2020.05.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2020] [Revised: 05/19/2020] [Accepted: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Acoustic trauma disrupts cochlear blood flow and damages sensory hair cells. Damage and regression of capillaries after acoustic trauma have long been observed, but the underlying mechanism of pathology has not been understood. We show herein that loud sound causes change of phenotype from neural/glial antigen 2 positive/α-smooth muscle actin negative to neural/glial antigen 2 positive/α-smooth muscle actin positive in some pericytes (PCs) on strial capillaries that is strongly associated with up-regulation of transforming growth factor-β1. The acoustic trauma also reduced capillary density and increased deposition of matrix proteins, particularly in the vicinity of transformed PCs. In a newly established in vitro three-dimensional endothelial cell (EC) and PC co-culture model, transformed PCs induced thicker capillary-like branches in ECs and increased collagen IV and laminin expression. Transplantation of exogenous PCs derived from neonatal day 10 mouse cochleae to acoustic traumatized cochleae, however, significantly attenuated the decreased vascular density in the stria. Transplantation of PCs pretransfected with adeno-associated virus 1-vascular endothelial growth factor-A165 under control of a hypoxia-response element markedly promotes vascular volume and blood flow, increased proliferation of PCs and ECs, and attenuated loud sound-caused loss in endocochlear potential and hearing. Our results indicate that loud sound-triggered PC transformation contributes to capillary wall thickening and regression, and young PC transplantation effectively rehabilitates the vascular regression and improves hearing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiqiang Hou
- Department of Otolaryngology/Head & Neck Surgery, Oregon Hearing Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon
| | - Lingling Neng
- Department of Otolaryngology/Head & Neck Surgery, Oregon Hearing Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon
| | - Jinhui Zhang
- Department of Otolaryngology/Head & Neck Surgery, Oregon Hearing Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon
| | - Jing Cai
- Department of Otolaryngology/Head & Neck Surgery, Oregon Hearing Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon
| | - Xiaohan Wang
- Department of Otolaryngology/Head & Neck Surgery, Oregon Hearing Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon; Center for Life Sciences, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Yunpei Zhang
- Department of Otolaryngology/Head & Neck Surgery, Oregon Hearing Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon
| | - Ivan A Lopez
- Cellular and Molecular Biology of the Inner Ear Laboratory, Department of Head and Neck Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California
| | - Xiaorui Shi
- Department of Otolaryngology/Head & Neck Surgery, Oregon Hearing Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon.
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6
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Advances in pathogenic mechanisms and management of radiation-induced fibrosis. Biomed Pharmacother 2020; 121:109560. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2019.109560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2019] [Revised: 10/04/2019] [Accepted: 10/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
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7
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Ohta S, Matsuura M, Kawashima Y, Cai X, Taniguchi M, Okochi H, Asano Y, Sato S, Ito T. Facile fabrication of PEG-coated PLGA microspheres via SPG membrane emulsification for the treatment of scleroderma by ECM degrading enzymes. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2019; 179:453-461. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2019.04.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2018] [Revised: 03/30/2019] [Accepted: 04/12/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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8
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Ramazani Y, Knops N, Elmonem MA, Nguyen TQ, Arcolino FO, van den Heuvel L, Levtchenko E, Kuypers D, Goldschmeding R. Connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) from basics to clinics. Matrix Biol 2018; 68-69:44-66. [DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2018.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2017] [Revised: 03/05/2018] [Accepted: 03/06/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Juillerat-Jeanneret L, Aubert JD, Mikulic J, Golshayan D. Fibrogenic Disorders in Human Diseases: From Inflammation to Organ Dysfunction. J Med Chem 2018; 61:9811-9840. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.8b00294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Lucienne Juillerat-Jeanneret
- Transplantation Center and Transplantation Immunopathology Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois (CHUV) and University of Lausanne (UNIL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - John-David Aubert
- Pneumology Division and Transplantation Center, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois (CHUV), CH1011 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Josip Mikulic
- Transplantation Center and Transplantation Immunopathology Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois (CHUV) and University of Lausanne (UNIL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Dela Golshayan
- Transplantation Center and Transplantation Immunopathology Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois (CHUV) and University of Lausanne (UNIL), Lausanne, Switzerland
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Kwon EJ, Park EJ, Yu H, Huh JS, Kim J, Cho M. SIRT-1 regulates TGF-β-induced dermal fibroblast migration via modulation of Cyr61 expression. Connect Tissue Res 2018; 59:245-254. [PMID: 28750181 DOI: 10.1080/03008207.2017.1360293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
SIRT1 is a NAD-dependent protein deacetylase that participates in cellular regulation. The increased migration of fibroblasts is an important phenotype in fibroblast activation. The role of SIRT1 in cell migration remains controversial as to whether SIRT1 acts as an activator or suppressor of cell migration. Therefore, we have established the role of SIRT1 in the migration of human dermal fibroblasts and explored targets of SIRT1 during dermal fibroblast migration. SIRT1 and Cyr61 were expressed in human dermal fibroblasts and the stimulation with TGF-β further induced their expression. Treatment with resveratrol (RSV), a SIRT1 agonist, or overexpression of SIRT1 also promoted the expression Cyr61 in human dermal fibroblasts, whereas the inhibition of SIRT1 activity by nicotinamide or knockdown of SIRT1 decreased the level of Cyr61, as well as TGF-β or RSV-induced Cyr61 expression. Blocking of ERK signaling by PD98509 reduced the expression of Cyr61 induced by TGF-β or RSV. TGF-β, RSV, or SIRT1 overexpression enhanced β-catenin as well as Cyr61 expression. This stimulation was reduced by the Wnt inhibitor XAV939. RSV increased migration and nicotinamide attenuated RSV-induced migration of human dermal fibroblasts. Furthermore, SIRT1 overexpression promoted cell migration, whereas blocking Cyr61 attenuated SIRT1-stimulated migration of human dermal fibroblasts. SIRT1 increased cell migration by stimulating Cyr61 expression and the ERK and Wnt/β-catenin signaling. SIRT1-induced Cyr61 activity is very important for human dermal fibroblasts migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun-Jeong Kwon
- a Department of Medicine , Jeju National University School of Medicine , Jeju , Republic of Korea
| | - Eun-Jung Park
- b Department of Internal Medicine , Jeju National University Hospital , Jeju , Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeran Yu
- c Department of Biochemistry , Jeju National University School of Medicine , Jeju , Republic of Korea
| | - Jung-Sik Huh
- d Departmnet of Urology , Jeju National University Hospital , Jeju , Republic of Korea
| | - Jinseok Kim
- a Department of Medicine , Jeju National University School of Medicine , Jeju , Republic of Korea.,b Department of Internal Medicine , Jeju National University Hospital , Jeju , Republic of Korea
| | - Moonjae Cho
- c Department of Biochemistry , Jeju National University School of Medicine , Jeju , Republic of Korea
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Furue M, Mitoma C, Mitoma H, Tsuji G, Chiba T, Nakahara T, Uchi H, Kadono T. Pathogenesis of systemic sclerosis-current concept and emerging treatments. Immunol Res 2018; 65:790-797. [PMID: 28488090 DOI: 10.1007/s12026-017-8926-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Systemic sclerosis (SSc) is an intractable multifaceted disease with high mortality. Although its pathogenesis is not fully understood, recent studies have advanced our knowledge on SSc. The cardinal pathological features of SSc are autoimmunity, vasculopathy, and fibrosis. The B cells in SSc are constitutively activated and lead to the production of a plethora of autoantibodies, such as anti-topoisomerase I and anti-centromere antibodies. In addition to these autoantibodies, which are valuable for diagnostic criteria or biomarkers, many other autoantibodies targeting endothelial cells, including endothelin type A receptor and angiotensin II type I receptor, are known to be functional and induce activation or apoptosis of endothelial cells. The autoantibody-mediated endothelial cell perturbation facilitates inflammatory cell infiltration, cytokine production, and myofibroblastic transformation of fibroblasts and endothelial cells. Profibrotic cytokines, such as transforming growth factor β, connective tissue growth factor, interleukin 4/interleukin 13, and interleukin 6, play a pivotal role in collagen production from myofibroblasts. Specific treatments targeting these causative molecules may improve the clinical outcomes of patients with SSc. In this review, we summarize recent topics on the pathogenesis (autoantibodies, vasculopathy, and fibrosis), animal models, and emerging treatments for SSc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masutaka Furue
- Department of Dermatology, Kyushu University, Maidashi 3-1-1, Higashiku, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan. .,Research and Clinical Center for Yusho and Dioxin, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan. .,Division of Skin Surface Sensing, Department of Dermatology, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan.
| | - Chikage Mitoma
- Department of Dermatology, Kyushu University, Maidashi 3-1-1, Higashiku, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan.,Research and Clinical Center for Yusho and Dioxin, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Hiroki Mitoma
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology/Infectious Disease, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Gaku Tsuji
- Department of Dermatology, Kyushu University, Maidashi 3-1-1, Higashiku, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan.,Research and Clinical Center for Yusho and Dioxin, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Takahito Chiba
- Department of Dermatology, Kyushu University, Maidashi 3-1-1, Higashiku, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan
| | - Takeshi Nakahara
- Department of Dermatology, Kyushu University, Maidashi 3-1-1, Higashiku, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan.,Division of Skin Surface Sensing, Department of Dermatology, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Uchi
- Department of Dermatology, Kyushu University, Maidashi 3-1-1, Higashiku, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan
| | - Takafumi Kadono
- Department of Dermatology, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kawasaki, Japan
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Duan Z, Jia Y, Zhang J, Long L, Tang L. Endothelin-1-induced expression of α-smooth muscle actin in human myometrial fibroblasts. J Obstet Gynaecol Res 2017; 44:540-546. [PMID: 29271089 DOI: 10.1111/jog.13539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2017] [Accepted: 09/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
AIM We aimed to investigate the potential role of endothelin-1 (ET-1) in the regulation of the expression of α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) in human myometrial fibroblasts. METHODS Primary myometrial fibroblasts were obtained from myometrium and were identified by immunocytochemical staining. Then, 1 × 107 cells were treated with ET-1 at a concentration of 0.1, 1.0, 10.0, or 100.0 nM for 24 h. To investigate the time course effects of ET-1 on the growth of fibroblasts, 1 × 107 cells were treated with 10.0 nM ET-1 for 6, 12, 24, and 48 h. Real-time quantitative PCR (qPCR) and Western blot analysis were used to determine the expression of α-SMA mRNA and protein, respectively. RESULTS Human myometrial fibroblasts were identified by immunohistochemistry. Compared with the control group, the expression levels of α-SMA mRNA and protein were identified in cells treated with ET-1 at a concentration of 0.1, 1.0, 10.0, or 100.0 nM for 24 h (P < 0.05). ET-1 treatment affected the expression of α-SMA mRNA and protein in a dose-dependent manner (P < 0.05). The induction of α-SMA mRNA and protein expression increased from 6 to 48 h. CONCLUSION The results show that ET-1 induces the expression of α-SMA in human myometrium in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaoning Duan
- Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Ying Jia
- Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Li Long
- Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Liangdan Tang
- Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
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Ayers NB, Sun CM, Chen SY. Transforming growth factor-β signaling in systemic sclerosis. J Biomed Res 2017; 32:3-12. [PMID: 29353817 PMCID: PMC5956255 DOI: 10.7555/jbr.31.20170034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Systemic sclerosis (SSc) is a complex, multiorgan autoimmune disease of unknown etiology. Manifestation of the disease results from an interaction of three key pathologic features including irregularities of the antigen-specific immune system and the non-specific immune system, resulting in autoantibody production, vascular endothelial activation of small blood vessels, and tissue fibrosis as a result of fibroblast dysfunction. Given the heterogeneity of clinical presentation of the disease, a lack of universal models has impeded adequate testing of potential therapies for SSc. Regardless, recent research has elucidated the roles of various ubiquitous molecular mechanisms that contribute to the clinical manifestation of the disease. Transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) has been identified as a regulator of pathological fibrogenesis in SSc. Various processes, including cell growth, apoptosis, cell differentiation, and extracellular matrix synthesis are regulated by TGF-β, a type of cytokine secreted by macrophages and many other cell types. Understanding the essential role TGF-β pathways play in the pathology of systemic sclerosis could provide a potential outlet for treatment and a better understanding of this severe disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nolan B Ayers
- Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Chen-Ming Sun
- Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Shi-You Chen
- Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Here, we explore an emerging theme in the literature, which is the role of dendritic cells in the causation of fibrosis. To fully appreciate this pathway to disease, we also review the most recent literature regarding dendritic cell biology as it pertains to ocular surface tissues. On the basis of this information, we propose a unifying hypothesis for how dendritic cells may cause conjunctival fibrosis in the allergy setting. RECENT FINDINGS Work in models of airway remodeling and liver fibrosis has pointed to a potentially central role for dendritic cells in the pathobiology of fibrosis. Indeed, these cells are recognized as the most potent antigen-presenting cells, and as such activate T lymphocytes that are profibrotic under certain conditions. However, recent findings suggest a more direct role for dendritic cells, which opens up the possibility that a similar pathway may be relevant in the causation of conjunctival fibrosis, particularly in allergic eye disease. SUMMARY Conjunctival fibrosis is a serious clinical concern and is associated with chronic inflammation of the ocular surface tissue, such as in allergic eye disease. Dendritic cells are required in mediating allergic disease by activating pathologic T lymphocytes. Recent findings pointing to a central role for dendritic cell in fibrosis may, however, mean that these cells could also be contributing directly to conjunctival fibrosis. If so, furthering our understanding of dendritic cells could lead to the identification of novel and more effective therapeutic strategies to treat this disease.
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Rosenbloom J, Ren S, Macarak E. New frontiers in fibrotic disease therapies: The focus of the Joan and Joel Rosenbloom Center for Fibrotic Diseases at Thomas Jefferson University. Matrix Biol 2016; 51:14-25. [PMID: 26807756 DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2016.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Fibrotic diseases constitute a world-wide major health problem, but research support remains inadequate in comparison to the need. Although considerable understanding of the pathogenesis of fibrotic reactions has been attained, no completely effective therapies exist. Although fibrotic disorders are diverse, it is universally appreciated that a particular cell type with unique characteristics, the myofibroblast, is responsible for replacement of functioning tissue with non-functional scar tissue. Understanding the cellular and molecular mechanisms responsible for the creation of myofibroblasts and their activities is central to the development of therapies. Critical signaling cascades, initiated primarily by TGF-β, but also involving other cytokines which stimulate pro-fibrotic reactions in the myofibroblast, offer potential therapeutic targets. However, because of the multiplicity and complex interactions of these signaling pathways, it is very unlikely that any single drug will be successful in modifying a major fibrotic disease. Therefore, we have chosen to examine the effectiveness of administration of several drug combinations in a mouse pneumoconiosis model. Such treatment proved to be effective. Because fibrotic diseases that tend to be chronic, are difficult to monitor, and are patient variable, implementation of clinical trials is difficult and expensive. Therefore, we have made efforts to identify and validate non-invasive biomarkers found in urine and blood. We describe the potential utility of five such markers: (i) the EDA form of fibronectin (Fn(EDA)), (ii) lysyl oxidase (LOX), (iii) lysyl oxidase-like protein 2 (LoxL2), (iv) connective tissue growth factor (CTGF, CCNII), and (v) the N-terminal propeptide of type III procollagen (PIIINP).
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel Rosenbloom
- Joan and Joel Rosenbloom Research Center for Fibrotic Diseases, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, United States; Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Biology, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, United States.
| | - Shumei Ren
- Joan and Joel Rosenbloom Research Center for Fibrotic Diseases, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, United States; Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Biology, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, United States
| | - Edward Macarak
- Joan and Joel Rosenbloom Research Center for Fibrotic Diseases, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, United States; Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Biology, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, United States
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Tang J, Jiang X, Zhou Y, Dai Y. Effects of A2BR on the biological behavior of mouse renal fibroblasts during hypoxia. Mol Med Rep 2015; 11:4397-402. [PMID: 25672943 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2015.3320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2014] [Accepted: 01/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Fibroblasts are the effector cells of collagen secretion in renal interstitial fibrosis (RIF), and their proliferation and activation are essential for the development of RIF. Hypoxic ischemia in local tissues has been identified in chronic kidney diseases (CKDs), with adenosine (ADO) as a key signaling molecule. The current study investigated the association between ADO and the biological behavior of renal fibroblasts by establishing an in vitro hypoxia cell model. This aimed to provide experimental evidence for the prevention and treatment of RIF. NIH3T3 fibroblasts were exposed to hypoxia, and the subtypes of the ADO receptor (AR) on the cell surface were identified by a TaqMan probe‑based assay. Cells were divided into the following four groups: i) Control; ii) 5'‑N‑ethylcarboxamidoadenosine (NECA); iii) PT, NECA + 8‑phenyltheophylline (PT); and iv) MRS, NECA + N‑(4‑cyanophenyl)‑2‑[4‑(2,3,6,7‑tetrahydro‑2,6‑dioxo‑1,3‑dipropyl‑1H‑purin‑8‑yl)phenoxy]‑acetamide (MRS1754). The mRNA levels of transforming growth factor‑β1 (TGF‑β1), procollagen α1 (I) and α‑smooth muscle actin (α‑SMA) were measured following 24, 48, and 72 h of hypoxia. Cell proliferation was evaluated by a 3‑(4,5‑dimethylthiazol‑2‑yl)‑2,5‑diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay at 0, 12, 24, 48 and 72 h. The results demonstrated that A2BR was the predominant AR subtype present in hypoxia‑stimulated fibroblasts. NECA significantly induced fibroblast proliferation and upregulated the expression of TGF‑β1, procollagen α1 (I) and α‑SMA mRNA, while 8‑PT and MRS1754 inhibited fibroblast proliferation and downregulated the expression of TGF‑β1, procollagen α1 (I) and α‑SMA mRNA. The blockage of A2BR in hypoxia significantly inhibited the proliferation and activation of fibroblasts, and reduced the production of profibrotic cytokines, thus preventing the generation and development of fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Tang
- Department of Urology, The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, P.R. China
| | - Xianzhen Jiang
- Department of Urology, The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, P.R. China
| | - Yihong Zhou
- Department of Urology, The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, P.R. China
| | - Yingbo Dai
- Department of Urology, The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, P.R. China
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Cutolo M, Montagna P, Brizzolara R, Smith V, Alessandri E, Villaggio B, Sulli A, Tavilla PP, Pizzorni C, Soldano S. Effects of macitentan and its active metabolite on cultured human systemic sclerosis and control skin fibroblasts. J Rheumatol 2015; 42:456-63. [PMID: 25593238 DOI: 10.3899/jrheum.141070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the effects of the endothelin 1 (ET-1) receptor antagonists (ETRA) macitentan, its active metabolite ACT-132577, and bosentan on myofibroblast activation and extracellular matrix production induced by ET-1 in cultured systemic sclerosis (SSc) and control skin fibroblasts. METHODS Fibroblasts were obtained from skin biopsies of 6 patients with SSc and 5 healthy subjects. Some cultured cells were untreated or treated with macitentan, ACT-132577, or bosentan alone (10 μM). Other cultured cells were treated with ET-1 alone (100 nM) or with ETRA, and after 1 h, also with ET-1. After 48 h of treatment, myofibroblast activation was investigated to evaluate the α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) expression by immunofluorescence; type I collagen (COL-1) and fibronectin (FN) were investigated by immunocytochemistry, Western blotting, and quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR). Statistical analysis was performed by the nonparametric Mann-Whitney U test. RESULTS In cultured SSc skin fibroblasts, only the treatment with macitentan significantly reduced the basal level of α-SMA expression (p = 0.03 vs untreated cells). Macitentan also significantly reduced the basal level of COL-1 synthesis, similarly to bosentan (p < 0.05 vs untreated cells). Macitentan or ACT-132577 antagonized the ability of ET-1 to further induce α-SMA expression (p = 0.03), COL-1, and FN synthesis (p = 0.03, p = 0.005); bosentan showed similar effects. These results obtained by immunofluorescence and immunocytochemistry were confirmed by Western blotting and qRT-PCR. The downregulatory effects exerted by ETRA were observed also in cultured human control skin fibroblasts. CONCLUSION Macitentan and ACT-132577 seem to downregulate in vitro the profibrotic myofibroblast phenotype induced by ET-1 in cultured human SSc skin fibroblasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maurizio Cutolo
- From Research Laboratory and Academic Division of Clinical Rheumatology, Research Laboratory of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, and the Department of Health Science, Unit of Dermatology, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy; and the Department of Rheumatology, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium.M. Cutolo, MD, Full Professor, Director; P. Montagna, BS, PhD; R. Brizzolara, BS, PhD; E. Alessandri, MD; A. Sulli, MD, Assistant Professor; C. Pizzorni, MD, Assistant Professor; S. Soldano, BS, PhD, Research Laboratory and Academic Division of Clinical Rheumatology; B. Villaggio, BS, Research Laboratory of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine; P.P. Tavilla, MD, Department of Health Science, Unit of Dermatology, University of Genoa; V. Smith, MD, PhD, Department of Rheumatology, Ghent University Hospital.
| | - Paola Montagna
- From Research Laboratory and Academic Division of Clinical Rheumatology, Research Laboratory of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, and the Department of Health Science, Unit of Dermatology, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy; and the Department of Rheumatology, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium.M. Cutolo, MD, Full Professor, Director; P. Montagna, BS, PhD; R. Brizzolara, BS, PhD; E. Alessandri, MD; A. Sulli, MD, Assistant Professor; C. Pizzorni, MD, Assistant Professor; S. Soldano, BS, PhD, Research Laboratory and Academic Division of Clinical Rheumatology; B. Villaggio, BS, Research Laboratory of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine; P.P. Tavilla, MD, Department of Health Science, Unit of Dermatology, University of Genoa; V. Smith, MD, PhD, Department of Rheumatology, Ghent University Hospital
| | - Renata Brizzolara
- From Research Laboratory and Academic Division of Clinical Rheumatology, Research Laboratory of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, and the Department of Health Science, Unit of Dermatology, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy; and the Department of Rheumatology, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium.M. Cutolo, MD, Full Professor, Director; P. Montagna, BS, PhD; R. Brizzolara, BS, PhD; E. Alessandri, MD; A. Sulli, MD, Assistant Professor; C. Pizzorni, MD, Assistant Professor; S. Soldano, BS, PhD, Research Laboratory and Academic Division of Clinical Rheumatology; B. Villaggio, BS, Research Laboratory of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine; P.P. Tavilla, MD, Department of Health Science, Unit of Dermatology, University of Genoa; V. Smith, MD, PhD, Department of Rheumatology, Ghent University Hospital
| | - Vanessa Smith
- From Research Laboratory and Academic Division of Clinical Rheumatology, Research Laboratory of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, and the Department of Health Science, Unit of Dermatology, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy; and the Department of Rheumatology, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium.M. Cutolo, MD, Full Professor, Director; P. Montagna, BS, PhD; R. Brizzolara, BS, PhD; E. Alessandri, MD; A. Sulli, MD, Assistant Professor; C. Pizzorni, MD, Assistant Professor; S. Soldano, BS, PhD, Research Laboratory and Academic Division of Clinical Rheumatology; B. Villaggio, BS, Research Laboratory of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine; P.P. Tavilla, MD, Department of Health Science, Unit of Dermatology, University of Genoa; V. Smith, MD, PhD, Department of Rheumatology, Ghent University Hospital
| | - Elisa Alessandri
- From Research Laboratory and Academic Division of Clinical Rheumatology, Research Laboratory of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, and the Department of Health Science, Unit of Dermatology, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy; and the Department of Rheumatology, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium.M. Cutolo, MD, Full Professor, Director; P. Montagna, BS, PhD; R. Brizzolara, BS, PhD; E. Alessandri, MD; A. Sulli, MD, Assistant Professor; C. Pizzorni, MD, Assistant Professor; S. Soldano, BS, PhD, Research Laboratory and Academic Division of Clinical Rheumatology; B. Villaggio, BS, Research Laboratory of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine; P.P. Tavilla, MD, Department of Health Science, Unit of Dermatology, University of Genoa; V. Smith, MD, PhD, Department of Rheumatology, Ghent University Hospital
| | - Barbara Villaggio
- From Research Laboratory and Academic Division of Clinical Rheumatology, Research Laboratory of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, and the Department of Health Science, Unit of Dermatology, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy; and the Department of Rheumatology, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium.M. Cutolo, MD, Full Professor, Director; P. Montagna, BS, PhD; R. Brizzolara, BS, PhD; E. Alessandri, MD; A. Sulli, MD, Assistant Professor; C. Pizzorni, MD, Assistant Professor; S. Soldano, BS, PhD, Research Laboratory and Academic Division of Clinical Rheumatology; B. Villaggio, BS, Research Laboratory of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine; P.P. Tavilla, MD, Department of Health Science, Unit of Dermatology, University of Genoa; V. Smith, MD, PhD, Department of Rheumatology, Ghent University Hospital
| | - Alberto Sulli
- From Research Laboratory and Academic Division of Clinical Rheumatology, Research Laboratory of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, and the Department of Health Science, Unit of Dermatology, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy; and the Department of Rheumatology, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium.M. Cutolo, MD, Full Professor, Director; P. Montagna, BS, PhD; R. Brizzolara, BS, PhD; E. Alessandri, MD; A. Sulli, MD, Assistant Professor; C. Pizzorni, MD, Assistant Professor; S. Soldano, BS, PhD, Research Laboratory and Academic Division of Clinical Rheumatology; B. Villaggio, BS, Research Laboratory of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine; P.P. Tavilla, MD, Department of Health Science, Unit of Dermatology, University of Genoa; V. Smith, MD, PhD, Department of Rheumatology, Ghent University Hospital
| | - Pietro Paolo Tavilla
- From Research Laboratory and Academic Division of Clinical Rheumatology, Research Laboratory of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, and the Department of Health Science, Unit of Dermatology, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy; and the Department of Rheumatology, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium.M. Cutolo, MD, Full Professor, Director; P. Montagna, BS, PhD; R. Brizzolara, BS, PhD; E. Alessandri, MD; A. Sulli, MD, Assistant Professor; C. Pizzorni, MD, Assistant Professor; S. Soldano, BS, PhD, Research Laboratory and Academic Division of Clinical Rheumatology; B. Villaggio, BS, Research Laboratory of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine; P.P. Tavilla, MD, Department of Health Science, Unit of Dermatology, University of Genoa; V. Smith, MD, PhD, Department of Rheumatology, Ghent University Hospital
| | - Carmen Pizzorni
- From Research Laboratory and Academic Division of Clinical Rheumatology, Research Laboratory of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, and the Department of Health Science, Unit of Dermatology, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy; and the Department of Rheumatology, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium.M. Cutolo, MD, Full Professor, Director; P. Montagna, BS, PhD; R. Brizzolara, BS, PhD; E. Alessandri, MD; A. Sulli, MD, Assistant Professor; C. Pizzorni, MD, Assistant Professor; S. Soldano, BS, PhD, Research Laboratory and Academic Division of Clinical Rheumatology; B. Villaggio, BS, Research Laboratory of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine; P.P. Tavilla, MD, Department of Health Science, Unit of Dermatology, University of Genoa; V. Smith, MD, PhD, Department of Rheumatology, Ghent University Hospital
| | - Stefano Soldano
- From Research Laboratory and Academic Division of Clinical Rheumatology, Research Laboratory of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, and the Department of Health Science, Unit of Dermatology, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy; and the Department of Rheumatology, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium.M. Cutolo, MD, Full Professor, Director; P. Montagna, BS, PhD; R. Brizzolara, BS, PhD; E. Alessandri, MD; A. Sulli, MD, Assistant Professor; C. Pizzorni, MD, Assistant Professor; S. Soldano, BS, PhD, Research Laboratory and Academic Division of Clinical Rheumatology; B. Villaggio, BS, Research Laboratory of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine; P.P. Tavilla, MD, Department of Health Science, Unit of Dermatology, University of Genoa; V. Smith, MD, PhD, Department of Rheumatology, Ghent University Hospital
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Epigallocatechin-3-gallate inhibits lysophosphatidic acid-stimulated connective tissue growth factor via JNK and Smad3 suppression in human gingival fibroblasts. J Formos Med Assoc 2014; 113:50-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfma.2012.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2012] [Revised: 03/31/2012] [Accepted: 04/10/2012] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
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Role of endothelial to mesenchymal transition in the pathogenesis of the vascular alterations in systemic sclerosis. ISRN RHEUMATOLOGY 2013; 2013:835948. [PMID: 24175099 PMCID: PMC3794556 DOI: 10.1155/2013/835948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2013] [Accepted: 08/09/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The pathogenesis of Systemic Sclerosis (SSc) is extremely complex, and despite extensive studies, the exact mechanisms involved are not well understood. Numerous recent studies of early events in SSc pathogenesis have suggested that unknown etiologic factors in a genetically receptive host trigger structural and functional microvascular endothelial cell abnormalities. These alterations result in the attraction, transmigration, and accumulation of immune and inflammatory cells in the perivascular tissues, which in turn induce the phenotypic conversion of endothelial cells and quiescent fibroblasts into activated myofibroblasts, a process known as endothelial to mesenchymal transition or EndoMT. The activated myofibroblasts are the effector cells responsible for the severe and frequently progressive fibrotic process and the fibroproliferative vasculopathy that are the hallmarks of SSc. Thus, according to this hypothesis the endothelial and vascular alterations, which include the phenotypic conversion of endothelial cells into activated myofibroblasts, play a crucial role in the development of the progressive fibrotic process affecting skin and multiple internal organs. The role of endothelial cell and vascular alterations, the potential contribution of endothelial to mesenchymal cell transition in the pathogenesis of the tissue fibrosis, and fibroproliferative vasculopathy in SSc will be reviewed here.
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20
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Liu T, Zhang J, Zhang J, Mu X, Su H, Hu X, Liu W, Zhao E, Li W. RNA interference against platelet-derived growth factor receptor α mRNA inhibits fibroblast transdifferentiation in skin lesions of patients with systemic sclerosis. PLoS One 2013; 8:e60414. [PMID: 23577108 PMCID: PMC3618422 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0060414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2012] [Accepted: 02/26/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective To down-regulate expression of mRNA for the platelet-derived growth factor receptor (PDGFR)-α, block the signalling pathway of PDGF and its receptor, and study their influence on fibroblast transdifferentiation to myofibroblasts in systemic sclerosis (SSc). Methods Fibroblasts from skin lesions of SSc patients and health adult controls were cultured in vitro, and α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) expression was determined by immunocytochemistry. Both groups of fibroblasts were stimulated with PDGF-AA, transforming growth factor β1 (TGF-β1), and costimulated with PDGF-AA and TGF-β1, then PDGFR-α and α-SMA mRNA and protein expression were detected with RT-PCR and WB respectively. Three pairs of siRNAs targeting different PDGFR-α mRNA sequences were synthesized for RNAi. SSc and control fibroblasts were transfected with PDGFR-α siRNA; stimulated with PDGF-AA; and assessed for PDGFR-α and α-SMA mRNA and protein expression. Results Although the fibroblasts from both groups had similar morphology, the SSc skin lesions had significantly more myofibroblasts than control skin lesions. PDGF-AA stimulation, TGF-β1 stimulation, and costimulation significantly up-regulated PDGFR-α and α-SMA mRNA and protein expression in SSc fibroblasts compared to control (P<0.05), and costimulation had the strongest effects (P<0.05). All three pairs of siRNAs suppressed PDGFR-α mRNA and protein expression (P<0.05), but siRNA1495 had the highest gene-silencing efficiency (P<0.05). PDGFR-α siRNA attenuated the effects of PDGF-AA through up-regulating PDGFR-α and α-SMA mRNA and protein expression and inhibiting fibroblast transdifferentiation to myofibroblasts in SSc (P<0.05). Conclusions PDGFR-α over-expression in SSc fibroblasts bound PDGF-AA more efficiently and promoted fibroblast transdifferentiation, which was enhanced by TGF-β1. PDGFR-α siRNA down-regulated PDGFR-α expression, blocked binding to PDGF-AA, and inhibited fibroblast transdifferentiation to myofibroblasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tong Liu
- Department of Dermatology, First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xìan City, Shaanxi Province, China.
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21
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Peters AS, Brunner G, Blumbach K, Abraham DJ, Krieg T, Eckes B. Cyclic mechanical stress downregulates endothelin-1 and its responsive genes independently of TGFβ1 in dermal fibroblasts. Exp Dermatol 2013; 21:765-70. [PMID: 23078398 DOI: 10.1111/exd.12010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Mechanical forces are highly variable ranging from the ubiquitous gravity force to compression, fluid shear, torsion, tension and other forms. Mechanical forces act on cells and modulate their biological responses by regulating gene transcription, enzyme and growth factor activity. In soft connective tissues, formation of myofibroblasts strictly requires a mechanically loaded environment in addition to local transforming growth factor (TGF)-β activity, which itself can be modulated by the mechanical status of the environment. The aim of this study was to monitor the adaptive responses of primary dermal fibroblasts towards cyclic mechanical stress under conditions of high force to better understand the regulation of gene expression in normal skin and mechanisms of gene regulation in mechanically altered fibrotic skin. Primary murine dermal fibroblasts were exposed to equi-biaxial tensile strain. Cyclic mechanical tension was applied at a frequency of 0.1 Hz (6× /min) for 24 h with a maximal increase in surface area of 15%. This treatment resulted in downregulation of alpha smooth muscle actin (αSMA) and connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) but not of TGFβ1 expression. Cyclic strain also strongly reduced endothelin-1 (ET-1) expression and supplementing strained cultures with exogenous ET-1 rescued αSMA and CTGF levels. Of note, no biologically significant levels of TGFβ1 activity were detected in strained cultures. We provide evidence for a novel, TGFβ1-independent mechanism regulating ET-1 expression in dermal fibroblasts by biomechanical forces. Modulation of ET-1-dependent activities regulates downstream fibrotic marker genes; this pathway might therefore provide an approach to attenuate myofibroblast differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas S Peters
- Department of Dermatology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
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22
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Manetti M, Guiducci S, Ruffo M, Rosa I, Faussone-Pellegrini MS, Matucci-Cerinic M, Ibba-Manneschi L. Evidence for progressive reduction and loss of telocytes in the dermal cellular network of systemic sclerosis. J Cell Mol Med 2013; 17:482-96. [PMID: 23444845 PMCID: PMC3822649 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.12028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2012] [Accepted: 12/22/2012] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Telocytes, a peculiar type of stromal cells, have been recently identified in a variety of tissues and organs, including human skin. Systemic sclerosis (SSc, scleroderma) is a complex connective tissue disease characterized by fibrosis of the skin and internal organs. We presently investigated telocyte distribution and features in the skin of SSc patients compared with normal skin. By an integrated immunohistochemical and transmission electron microscopy approach, we confirmed that telocytes were present in human dermis, where they were mainly recognizable by their typical ultrastructural features and were immunophenotypically characterized by CD34 expression. Our findings also showed that dermal telocytes were immunophenotypically negative for CD31/PECAM-1 (endothelial cells), α-SMA (myofibroblasts, pericytes, vascular smooth muscle cells), CD11c (dendritic cells, macrophages), CD90/Thy-1 (fibroblasts) and c-kit/CD117 (mast cells). In normal skin, telocytes were organized to form three-dimensional networks distributed among collagen bundles and elastic fibres, and surrounded microvessels, nerves and skin adnexa (hair follicles, sebaceous and sweat glands). Telocytes displayed severe ultrastructural damages (swollen mitochondria, cytoplasmic vacuolization, lipofuscinic bodies) suggestive of ischaemia-induced cell degeneration and were progressively lost from the clinically affected skin of SSc patients. Telocyte damage and loss evolved differently according to SSc subsets and stages, being more rapid and severe in diffuse SSc. Briefly, in human skin telocytes are a distinct stromal cell population. In SSc skin, the progressive loss of telocytes might (i) contribute to the altered three-dimensional organization of the extracellular matrix, (ii) reduce the control of fibroblast, myofibroblast and mast cell activity, and (iii) impair skin regeneration and/or repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirko Manetti
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Forensic Medicine, University of Florence, I-50134 Florence, Italy.
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Klingberg F, Hinz B, White ES. The myofibroblast matrix: implications for tissue repair and fibrosis. J Pathol 2013; 229:298-309. [PMID: 22996908 DOI: 10.1002/path.4104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 507] [Impact Index Per Article: 46.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2012] [Revised: 09/09/2012] [Accepted: 09/11/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Myofibroblasts, and the extracellular matrix (ECM) in which they reside, are critical components of wound healing and fibrosis. The ECM, traditionally viewed as the structural elements within which cells reside, is actually a functional tissue whose components possess not only scaffolding characteristics, but also growth factor, mitogenic, and other bioactive properties. Although it has been suggested that tissue fibrosis simply reflects an 'exuberant' wound-healing response, examination of the ECM and the roles of myofibroblasts during fibrogenesis instead suggest that the organism may be attempting to recapitulate developmental programmes designed to regenerate functional tissue. Evidence of this is provided by the temporospatial re-emergence of embryonic ECM proteins by fibroblasts and myofibroblasts that induce cellular programmatic responses intended to produce a functional tissue. In the setting of wound healing (or physiological fibrosis), this occurs in a highly regulated and exquisitely choreographed fashion which results in cessation of haemorrhage, restoration of barrier integrity, and re-establishment of tissue function. However, pathological tissue fibrosis, which oftentimes causes organ dysfunction and significant morbidity or mortality, likely results from dysregulation of normal wound-healing processes or abnormalities of the process itself. This review will focus on the myofibroblast ECM and its role in both physiological and pathological fibrosis, and will discuss the potential for therapeutically targeting ECM proteins for treatment of fibrotic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franco Klingberg
- Laboratory of Tissue Repair and Regeneration, Matrix Dynamics Group, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3E2, Canada
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Bagnato G, Bitto A, Irrera N, Pizzino G, Sangari D, Cinquegrani M, Roberts WN, Atteritano M, Altavilla D, Squadrito F, Bagnato G, Saitta A. Propylthiouracil prevents cutaneous and pulmonary fibrosis in the reactive oxygen species murine model of systemic sclerosis. Arthritis Res Ther 2013; 15:R120. [PMID: 24286160 PMCID: PMC3978728 DOI: 10.1186/ar4300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2013] [Accepted: 09/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Recent advances suggest that the cellular redox state may play a significant role in the progression of fibrosis in systemic sclerosis (SSc). Another, and as yet poorly accounted for, feature of SSc is its overlap with thyroid abnormalities. Previous reports demonstrate that hypothyroidism reduces oxidant stress. The aim of this study was therefore to evaluate the effect of propylthiouracil (PTU), and of the hypothyroidism induced by it, on the development of cutaneous and pulmonary fibrosis in the oxidant stress murine model of SSc. METHODS Chronic oxidant stress SSc was induced in BALB/c mice by daily subcutaneous injections of hypochlorous acid (HOCl) for 6 weeks. Mice (n = 25) were randomized into three arms: HOCl (n = 10), HOCl plus PTU (n = 10) or vehicle alone (n = 5). PTU administration was initiated 30 minutes after HOCl subcutaneous injection and continued daily for 6 weeks. Skin and lung fibrosis were evaluated by histologic methods. Immunohistochemical staining for alpha-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) in cutaneous and pulmonary tissues was performed to evaluate myofibroblast differentiation. Lung and skin concentrations of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), extracellular signal-related kinase (ERK), rat sarcoma protein (Ras), Ras homolog gene family (Rho), and transforming growth factor (TGF) β were analyzed by Western blot. RESULTS Injections of HOCl induced cutaneous and lung fibrosis in BALB/c mice. PTU treatment prevented both dermal and pulmonary fibrosis. Myofibroblast differentiation was also inhibited by PTU in the skin and lung. The increase in cutaneous and pulmonary expression of VEGF, ERK, Ras, and Rho in mice treated with HOCl was significantly prevented in mice co-administered with PTU. CONCLUSIONS PTU, probably through its direct effect on reactive oxygen species or indirectly through thyroid function inhibition, prevents the development of cutaneous and pulmonary fibrosis by blocking the activation of the Ras-ERK pathway in the oxidant-stress animal model of SSc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gianluca Bagnato
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Division of Internal
Medicine, University of Messina, Via Consolare Valeria n°1, 98100,
Messina, Italy
| | - Alessandra Bitto
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Division of Pharmacology,
University of Messina, Via Consolare Valeria n°1, 98100, Messina,
Italy
| | - Natasha Irrera
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Division of Pharmacology,
University of Messina, Via Consolare Valeria n°1, 98100, Messina,
Italy
| | - Gabriele Pizzino
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Division of Pharmacology,
University of Messina, Via Consolare Valeria n°1, 98100, Messina,
Italy
| | - Donatella Sangari
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Division of Rheumatology,
University of Messina, Via Consolare Valeria n°1, 98100, Messina,
Italy
| | - Maurizio Cinquegrani
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Division of Internal
Medicine, University of Messina, Via Consolare Valeria n°1, 98100,
Messina, Italy
| | - William Neal Roberts
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, University of
Louisville, Louisville, KY 40292, Kentucky, USA
| | - Marco Atteritano
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Division of Rheumatology,
University of Messina, Via Consolare Valeria n°1, 98100, Messina,
Italy
| | - Domenica Altavilla
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Division of Pharmacology,
University of Messina, Via Consolare Valeria n°1, 98100, Messina,
Italy
| | - Francesco Squadrito
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Division of Pharmacology,
University of Messina, Via Consolare Valeria n°1, 98100, Messina,
Italy
| | - Gianfilippo Bagnato
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Division of Rheumatology,
University of Messina, Via Consolare Valeria n°1, 98100, Messina,
Italy
| | - Antonino Saitta
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Division of Internal
Medicine, University of Messina, Via Consolare Valeria n°1, 98100,
Messina, Italy
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Westbury C, Yarnold J. Radiation Fibrosis — Current Clinical and Therapeutic Perspectives. Clin Oncol (R Coll Radiol) 2012; 24:657-72. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clon.2012.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2011] [Revised: 02/07/2012] [Accepted: 04/12/2012] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Cutolo M, Zampogna G, Vremis L, Smith V, Pizzorni C, Sulli A. Longterm effects of endothelin receptor antagonism on microvascular damage evaluated by nailfold capillaroscopic analysis in systemic sclerosis. J Rheumatol 2012; 40:40-5. [PMID: 23118114 DOI: 10.3899/jrheum.120416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Systemic sclerosis (SSc) is characterized by microvascular injury, fibrosis, and hypoxia of involved tissues. The vasoactive peptide endothelin-1 (ET-1) seems to be implicated in these events. Using nailfold videocapillaroscopy (NVC), we evaluated longterm effects of ET-1 antagonist treatment on nailfold microvascular damage in patients with SSc, over a 3-year followup period. METHODS Thirty patients with SSc (mean age 64 ± 5 yrs, mean disease duration 8 ± 1 yrs) were recruited during their programmed standard treatment protocols. At baseline (T0), 15 patients with SSc (mean age 63 ± 15 yrs, mean disease duration 7 ± 3 yrs), already receiving cyclic intravenous infusion of iloprost (5 continuous days, average 80 μg/day, every 3 mo), continued the treatment for a further 3 years (ILO group). The remaining 15 patients with SSc (mean age 68 ± 13 yrs, mean disease duration 8 ± 4 yrs), although they continued the same cyclic intravenous iloprost treatment as the previous group, also received bosentan 125 mg twice a day for 3 years (ILO+BOS group). Qualitative analysis (scleroderma patterns) and semiquantitative scoring of the microvascular damage were performed by validated routine NVC methods. RESULTS During followup, a statistically significant increase of capillary number was observed in the ILO+BOS group (p < 0.02), with a significant and progressive increase of angiogenesis (p < 0.01). In contrast, the ILO group showed a statistically significant decrease of capillary number (p < 0.05). After 3 years the number of capillaries was significantly higher in the ILO+BOS group than in the ILO group (p < 0.05). The score for giant capillaries decreased significantly in both groups of patients with SSc (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION In this open study, longterm treatment with ET-1 receptor antagonist in combination with iloprost was found to interfere with progression of nailfold microvascular damage in patients with SSc, as assessed by NVC over a 3-year followup period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maurizio Cutolo
- Research Laboratory and Academic Unit of Clinical Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy.
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Lee CH, Hong CH, Chen YT, Chen YC, Shen MR. TGF-beta1 increases cell rigidity by enhancing expression of smooth muscle actin: Keloid-derived fibroblasts as a model for cellular mechanics. J Dermatol Sci 2012; 67:173-80. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jdermsci.2012.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2011] [Revised: 06/09/2012] [Accepted: 06/15/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Elliott CG, Wang J, Guo X, Xu SW, Eastwood M, Guan J, Leask A, Conway SJ, Hamilton DW. Periostin modulates myofibroblast differentiation during full-thickness cutaneous wound repair. J Cell Sci 2012; 125:121-32. [PMID: 22266908 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.087841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The matricellular protein periostin is expressed in the skin. Although periostin has been hypothesized to contribute to dermal homeostasis and repair, this has not been directly tested. To assess the contribution of periostin to dermal healing, 6 mm full-thickness excisional wounds were created in the skin of periostin-knockout and wild-type, sex-matched control mice. In wild-type mice, periostin was potently induced 5-7 days after wounding. In the absence of periostin, day 7 wounds showed a significant reduction in myofibroblasts, as visualized by expression of α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) within the granulation tissue. Delivery of recombinant human periostin by electrospun collagen scaffolds restored α-SMA expression. Isolated wild-type and knockout dermal fibroblasts did not differ in in vitro assays of adhesion or migration; however, in 3D culture, periostin-knockout fibroblasts showed a significantly reduced ability to contract a collagen matrix, and adopted a dendritic phenotype. Recombinant periostin restored the defects in cell morphology and matrix contraction displayed by periostin-deficient fibroblasts in a manner that was sensitive to a neutralizing anti-β1-integrin and to the FAK and Src inhibitor PP2. We propose that periostin promotes wound contraction by facilitating myofibroblast differentiation and contraction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher G Elliott
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
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Cell-type-specific differentiation and molecular profiles in skin transplantation: implication of medical approach for genetic skin diseases. J Transplant 2011; 2011:501857. [PMID: 22174987 PMCID: PMC3235896 DOI: 10.1155/2011/501857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2011] [Accepted: 09/07/2011] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Skin is highly accessible and valuable organ, which holds promise to accelerate the understanding of future medical innovation in association with skin transplantation, engineering, and wound healing. In skin transplantation biology, multistage and multifocal damages occur in both grafted donor and perilesional host skin and need to be repaired properly for the engraftment and maintenance of characteristic skin architecture. These local events are more unlikely to be regulated by the host immunity, because human skin transplantation has accomplished the donor skin engraftment onto the immunocompromised or immunosuppressive animals. Recent studies have emerged the importance of α-smooth muscle actin- (SMA-) positive myofibroblasts, via stage- and cell-specific contribution of TGFβ, PDGF, ET-1, CCN-2 signalling pathways, and mastocyte-derived mediators (e.g., histamine and tryptase), for the functional reorganisation of the grafted skin. Moreover, particular cell lineages from bone marrow (BM) cells have been shown to harbour the diferentiation capacity into multiple skin cell phenotypes, including epidermal keratinocytes and dermal endothelial cells and pericytes, undercontrolled by chemokines or cytokines. From a dermatological viewpoint, we review the recent update of cell-type- and molecular-specific action associated with reconstitution of the grafted skin and also focus on the novel application of BM transplantation medicine in genetic skin diseases.
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Manetti M, Guiducci S, Matucci-Cerinic M. The origin of the myofibroblast in fibroproliferative vasculopathy: does the endothelial cell steer the pathophysiology of systemic sclerosis? ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 63:2164-7. [PMID: 21425121 DOI: 10.1002/art.30316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Bhattacharyya S, Wei J, Varga J. Understanding fibrosis in systemic sclerosis: shifting paradigms, emerging opportunities. Nat Rev Rheumatol 2011; 8:42-54. [PMID: 22025123 PMCID: PMC3954787 DOI: 10.1038/nrrheum.2011.149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 258] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Fibrosis in multiple organs is a prominent pathological finding and distinguishing hallmark of systemic sclerosis (SSc). Findings during the past 5 years have contributed to a more complete understanding of the complex cellular and molecular underpinning of fibrosis in SSc. Fibroblasts, the principal effector cells, are activated in the profibrotic cellular milieu by cytokines and growth factors, developmental pathways, endothelin 1 and thrombin. Innate immune signaling via Toll-like receptors, matrix-generated biomechanical stress signaling via integrins, hypoxia and oxidative stress seem to be implicated in perpetuating the process. Beyond chronic fibroblast activation, fibrosis represents a failure to terminate tissue repair, coupled with an expanded population of mesenchymal cells originating from bone marrow and transdifferentiation of epithelial cells, endothelial cells and pericytes. In addition, studies have identified intrinsic alterations in SSc fibroblasts resulting from epigenetic changes, as well as altered microRNA expression that might underlie the cell-autonomous, persistent activation phenotype of these cells. Precise characterization of the deregulated extracellular and intracellular signaling pathways, mediators and cellular differentiation programs that contribute to fibrosis in SSc will facilitate the development of selective, targeted therapeutic strategies. Effective antifibrotic therapy will ultimately involve novel compounds and repurposing of drugs that are already approved for other indications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swati Bhattacharyya
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, McGaw M300, 240 East Huron Street, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
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Montiel-Eulefi E, Nery AA, Rodrigues LC, Sánchez R, Romero F, Ulrich H. Neural differentiation of rat aorta pericyte cells. Cytometry A 2011; 81:65-71. [PMID: 21990144 DOI: 10.1002/cyto.a.21152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2010] [Revised: 08/21/2011] [Accepted: 09/15/2011] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Pericyte perivascular cells, believed to originate mesenchymal stem cells (MSC), are characterized by their capability to differentiate into various phenotypes and participate in tissue reconstruction of different organs, including the brain. We show that these cells can be induced to differentiation into neural-like phenotypes. For these studies, pericytes were obtained from aorta ex-plants of Sprague-Dawley rats and differentiated into neural cells following induction with trans retinoic acid (RA) in serum-free defined media or differentiation media containing nerve growth and brain-derived neuronal factor, B27, N2, and IBMX. When induced to differentiation with RA, cells express the pluripotency marker protein stage-specific embryonic antigen-1, neural-specific proteins β3-tubulin, neurofilament-200, and glial fibrillary acidic protein, suggesting that pericytes undergo differentiation, similar to that of neuroectodermal cells. Differentiated cells respond with intracellular calcium transients to membrane depolarization by KCl indicating the presence of voltage-gated ion channels and express functional N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors, characteristic for functional neurons. The study of neural differentiation of pericytes contributes to the understanding of induction of neuroectodermal differentiation as well as providing a new possible stem-cell source for cell regeneration therapy in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrique Montiel-Eulefi
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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Anderton MJ, Mellor HR, Bell A, Sadler C, Pass M, Powell S, Steele SJ, Roberts RRA, Heier A. Induction of heart valve lesions by small-molecule ALK5 inhibitors. Toxicol Pathol 2011; 39:916-24. [PMID: 21859884 DOI: 10.1177/0192623311416259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 204] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Aberrant signaling by transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) and its type I (ALK5) receptor has been implicated in a number of human diseases and this pathway is considered a potential target for therapeutic intervention. Transforming growth factor-β signaling via ALK5 plays a critical role during heart development, but the role of ALK5 in the adult heart is poorly understood. In the current study, the preclinical toxicology of ALK5 inhibitors from two different chemistry scaffolds was explored. Ten-week-old female Han Wistar rats received test compounds by the oral route for three to seven days. Both compounds induced histopathologic heart valve lesions characterized by hemorrhage, inflammation, degeneration, and proliferation of valvular interstitial cells. The pathology was observed in all animals, at all doses tested, and occurred in all four heart valves. Immunohistochemical analysis of ALK5 in rat hearts revealed expression in the valves, but not in the myocardium. Compared to control animals, protein levels of ALK5 were unchanged in the heart valves of treated animals. We also observed a physeal dysplasia in the femoro-tibial joint of rats treated with ALK5 inhibitors, a finding consistent with a pharmacological effect described previously with ALK5 inhibitors. Overall, these findings suggest that TGF-β signaling via ALK5 plays a critical role in maintaining heart valve integrity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark J Anderton
- Department of General Toxicology Sciences, AstraZeneca R&D, Mereside, Alderley Park, Macclesfield, Cheshire, United Kingdom
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Parapuram SK, Shi-wen X, Elliott C, Welch ID, Jones H, Baron M, Denton CP, Abraham DJ, Leask A. Loss of PTEN expression by dermal fibroblasts causes skin fibrosis. J Invest Dermatol 2011; 131:1996-2003. [PMID: 21654839 DOI: 10.1038/jid.2011.156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Fibrosis represents a common pathway leading to organ failure and death in many diseases and has no effective therapy. Dysregulated repair and excessive tissue scarring provides a unifying mechanism for pathological fibrosis. The protein phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) acts to dephosphorylate proteins, which promotes tissue repair and thus could be a key fibrogenic mediator. To test this hypothesis, we first showed that PTEN expression was reduced in skin fibroblasts from patients with the fibrotic autoimmune disease diffuse systemic sclerosis (dSSc). To evaluate whether this deficiency could be sufficient for fibrogenesis in vivo, we deleted PTEN in adult mouse fibroblasts. Compared with littermate control mice, loss of PTEN resulted in a 3-fold increase in dermal thickness due to excess deposition of collagen. PTEN-deleted fibroblasts showed elevated Akt phosphorylation and increased expression of connective tissue growth factor (CTGF/CCN2). Selective inhibition of the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/Akt pathway reduced the overexpression of collagen and CCN2 by PTEN-deficient fibroblasts. Overexpression of PTEN reduced the overexpression of type I collagen and CCN2 by dSSc fibroblasts. Thus, PTEN appears to be a potential in vivo master regulator of fibrogenesis; PTEN agonists may represent anti-fibrotic treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunil K Parapuram
- Department of Dentistry, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
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Lehmann GM, Xi X, Kulkarni AA, Olsen KC, Pollock SJ, Baglole CJ, Gupta S, Casey AE, Huxlin KR, Sime PJ, Feldon SE, Phipps RP. The aryl hydrocarbon receptor ligand ITE inhibits TGFβ1-induced human myofibroblast differentiation. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2011; 178:1556-67. [PMID: 21406171 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2010.12.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2010] [Revised: 11/15/2010] [Accepted: 12/13/2010] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Fibrosis can occur in any human tissue when the normal wound healing response is amplified. Such amplification results in fibroblast proliferation, myofibroblast differentiation, and excessive extracellular matrix deposition. Occurrence of these sequelae in organs such as the eye or lung can result in severe consequences to health. Unfortunately, medical treatment of fibrosis is limited by a lack of safe and effective therapies. These therapies may be developed by identifying agents that inhibit critical steps in fibrotic progression; one such step is myofibroblast differentiation triggered by transforming growth factor-β1 (TGFβ1). In this study, we demonstrate that TGFβ1-induced myofibroblast differentiation is blocked in human fibroblasts by a candidate endogenous aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) ligand 2-(1'H-indole-3'-carbonyl)-thiazole-4-carboxylic acid methyl ester (ITE). Our data show that ITE disrupts TGFβ1 signaling by inhibiting the nuclear translocation of Smad2/3/4. Although ITE functions as an AhR agonist, and biologically persistent AhR agonists, such as 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin, cause severe toxic effects, ITE exhibits no toxicity. Interestingly, ITE effectively inhibits TGFβ1-driven myofibroblast differentiation in AhR(-/-) fibroblasts: Its ability to inhibit TGFβ1 signaling is AhR independent. As supported by the results of this study, the small molecule ITE inhibits myofibroblast differentiation and may be useful clinically as an antiscarring agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geniece M Lehmann
- Department of Environmental Medicine, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
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McCann MR, Monemdjou R, Ghassemi-Kakroodi P, Fahmi H, Perez G, Liu S, Shi-Wen X, Parapuram SK, Kojima F, Denton CP, Abraham DJ, Martel-Pelletier J, Crofford LJ, Leask A, Kapoor M. mPGES-1 null mice are resistant to bleomycin-induced skin fibrosis. Arthritis Res Ther 2011; 13:R6. [PMID: 21266028 PMCID: PMC3546456 DOI: 10.1186/ar3226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2010] [Revised: 12/21/2010] [Accepted: 01/25/2011] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Microsomal prostaglandin E2 synthase-1 (mPGES-1) is an inducible enzyme that acts downstream of cyclooxygenase (COX) to specifically catalyze the conversion of prostaglandin (PG) H2 to PGE2. mPGES-1 plays a key role in inflammation, pain and arthritis; however, the role of mPGES-1 in fibrogenesis is largely unknown. Herein, we examine the role of mPGES-1 in a mouse model of skin scleroderma using mice deficient in mPGES-1. Methods Wild type (WT) and mPGES-1 null mice were subjected to the bleomycin model of cutaneous skin scleroderma. mPGES-1 expressions in scleroderma fibroblasts and in fibroblasts derived from bleomycin-exposed mice were assessed by Western blot analysis. Degree of fibrosis, dermal thickness, inflammation, collagen content and the number of α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA)-positive cells were determined by histological analyses. The quantity of the collagen-specific amino acid hydroxyproline was also measured. Results Compared to normal skin fibroblasts, mPGES-1 protein expression was elevated in systemic sclerosis (SSc) fibroblasts and in bleomycin-exposed mice. Compared to WT mice, mPGES-1-null mice were resistant to bleomycin-induced inflammation, cutaneous thickening, collagen production and myofibroblast formation. Conclusions mPGES-1 expression is required for bleomycin-induced skin fibrogenesis. Inhibition of mPGES-1 may be a viable method to alleviate the development of cutaneous sclerosis and is a potential therapeutic target to control the onset of fibrogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew R McCann
- Osteoarthritis Research Unit, University of Montreal Hospital Research Center (CR-CHUM) and Department of Medicine, University of Montreal, 1560 Rue Sherbrooke Est, Montréal, Québec, H2L 4M1, Canada.
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Angadi PV, Kale AD, Hallikerimath S. Evaluation of myofibroblasts in oral submucous fibrosis: correlation with disease severity. J Oral Pathol Med 2010; 40:208-13. [PMID: 21198872 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0714.2010.00995.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Oral submucous fibrosis (OSMF) is a chronic debilitating disease and a premalignant condition of the oral cavity characterized by generalized submucosal fibrosis. Myofibroblasts are contractile cells expressing α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) and are considered primary producers of extracellular matrix after injury. Their accumulation has been established as a marker of progressive fibrosis in organs like lungs, liver, kidney and skin. This study aims to evaluate the presence of myofibroblasts in various histological stages of OSMF. MATERIALS AND METHOD Seventy cases of OSMF, which were further categorized histologically into early (35 cases) and advanced (35 cases), were subjected to immunohistochemistry using α-SMA antibody for detection of myofibroblasts. Fifteen normal oral mucosa specimens were also stained as controls. RESULTS The number of α-SMA-stained myofibroblasts in OSMF was significantly increased when compared to that of the normal controls (P<0.001). Additionally, a statistically significant increase in the myofibroblasts population between early and advanced stages was observed (P=0.000). CONCLUSIONS Our results corroborate the possibility that OSMF actually represents an abnormal healing process in response to chronic mechanical and chemical irritation because of areca nut chewing as demonstrated by the increased incidence of myofibroblasts in this disease. Furthermore, the progressive increase in myofibroblasts from early to advanced stages suggests their potential use as markers for evaluating the severity of OSMF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Punnya V Angadi
- Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, KLEVK Institute of Dental Sciences and Hospital, Belgaum, Karnataka, India.
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