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Clare G, Kempen JH, Pavésio C. Infectious eye disease in the 21st century-an overview. Eye (Lond) 2024; 38:2014-2027. [PMID: 38355671 PMCID: PMC11269619 DOI: 10.1038/s41433-024-02966-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2023] [Revised: 01/10/2024] [Accepted: 01/26/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Infectious diseases affecting the eye often cause unilateral or asymmetric visual loss in children and people of working age. This group of conditions includes viral, bacterial, fungal and parasitic diseases, both common and rare presentations which, in aggregate, may account for a significant portion of the global visual burden. Diagnosis is frequently challenging even in specialist centres, and many disease presentations are highly regional. In an age of globalisation, an understanding of the various modes of transmission and the geographic distribution of infections can be instructive to clinicians. The impact of eye infections on global disability is currently not sufficiently captured in global prevalence studies on visual impairment and blindness, which focus on bilateral disease in the over-50s. Moreover, in many cases it is hard to differentiate between infectious and immune-mediated diseases. Since infectious eye diseases can be preventable and frequently affect younger people, we argue that in future prevalence studies they should be considered as a separate category, including estimates of disability-adjusted life years (DALY) as a measure of overall disease burden. Numbers of ocular infections are uniquely affected by outbreaks as well as endemic transmission, and their control frequently relies on collaborative partnerships that go well beyond the remit of ophthalmology, encompassing domains as various as vaccination, antibiotic development, individual healthcare, vector control, mass drug administration, food supplementation, environmental and food hygiene, epidemiological mapping, and many more. Moreover, the anticipated impacts of global warming, conflict, food poverty, urbanisation and environmental degradation are likely to magnify their importance. While remote telemedicine can be a useful aide in the diagnosis of these conditions in resource-poor areas, enhanced global reporting networks and artificial intelligence systems may ultimately be required for disease surveillance and monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - John H Kempen
- Department of Ophthalmology and Schepens Eye Research Institute, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary; and Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Sight for Souls, Bellevue, WA, USA
- MCM Eye Unit; MyungSung Christian Medical Center (MCM) Comprehensive Specialized Hospital and MyungSung Medical College, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
- Department of Ophthalmology, Addis Ababa University School of Medicine, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
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Bakhshani A, Parande Shirvan S, Sadr S, Maleki M, Haghparast A, Borji H. Evaluating the Toxocara cati extract as a therapeutic agent for allergic airway inflammation. Immun Inflamm Dis 2024; 12:e1307. [PMID: 38860753 PMCID: PMC11165684 DOI: 10.1002/iid3.1307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2023] [Revised: 04/29/2024] [Accepted: 05/17/2024] [Indexed: 06/12/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The hygiene hypothesis suggests that early life exposure to helminth infections can reduce hypersensitivity in the immune system. OBJECTIVE The present study aims to evaluate the effects of Toxocara cati (T. cati) somatic products on allergic airway inflammation. METHODS Between 2018 and 2020, T. cati adult worms were collected from stray cats in Mashhad, Iran (31 out of 186 cats), and their somatic extract was collected. Thirty BALB/c mice were equally divided into three groups, including the OVA group (sensitized and challenged with ovalbumin), the somatic administered group (received somatic extract along with ovalbumin sensitization), and the PBS group (sensitized and challenged with phosphate buffer saline). Bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid was collected to assess the number of cells, and lung homogenates were prepared for cytokine analysis. Histopathological analysis of the lungs was performed, and inflammatory cells and mucus were detected. Cytokine levels (IL-4, IL-5, IL-10) were measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and ovalbumin-specific immunoglobulin E (IgE) levels were determined using a capture ELISA. RESULTS The somatic group significantly decreased regarding the lung pathological changes, including peribronchiolitis, perivasculitis, and eosinophil influx, compared to the group treated with ovalbumin alone. These changes were accompanied by a decrease in proinflammatory cytokines IL-4 and IL-5 and an increase in the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10, indicating a shift toward a more balanced immune response. The number of inflammatory cells in the BAL fluid was also significantly reduced in the somatic group, indicating a decrease in inflammation. CONCLUSION These preclinical findings suggest that in experimental models, T. cati somatic extract exhibits promising potential as a therapeutic agent for mitigating allergic airway inflammation. Its observed effects on immune response modulation and reduction of inflammatory cell infiltration warrant further investigation in clinical studies to assess its efficacy and safety in human patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amin Bakhshani
- Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary MedicineFerdowsi University of MashhadMashhadIran
| | - Sima Parande Shirvan
- Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary MedicineFerdowsi University of MashhadMashhadIran
| | - Soheil Sadr
- Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary MedicineFerdowsi University of MashhadMashhadIran
| | - Mohsen Maleki
- Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary MedicineFerdowsi University of MashhadMashhadIran
| | - Alireza Haghparast
- Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary MedicineFerdowsi University of MashhadMashhadIran
| | - Hassan Borji
- Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary MedicineFerdowsi University of MashhadMashhadIran
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Sallo FB, Misutkova Z, Munting A, Bessat C, Guex-Crosier Y. An Unusual Cause of Serous Retinal Detachment. Klin Monbl Augenheilkd 2024; 241:485-488. [PMID: 38653280 DOI: 10.1055/a-2268-9454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Aline Munting
- Infectious Diseases Service, University Hospital of Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Cecile Bessat
- Infectious Diseases Service, University Hospital of Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Yan Guex-Crosier
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Eye Hospital, FAA, Lausanne, Switzerland
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Shukla AK, Contadini A, Kazmir-Lysak K, Schnyder M, Gerspach C, Pot SA. Intraocular Parafilaria bovicola infection and surgical removal in a mixed breed heifer. Vet Ophthalmol 2024. [PMID: 38519851 DOI: 10.1111/vop.13211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2023] [Revised: 01/16/2024] [Accepted: 03/06/2024] [Indexed: 03/25/2024]
Abstract
An approximately 1.5-year-old mixed breed heifer was presented for evaluation and treatment due to ocular pain affecting the right eye secondary to a live nematode within the anterior chamber. Ophthalmic examination revealed marked blepharospasm, evidence of chronic keratitis, uveitis, and a single, white, approximately 2.5 cm long, 0.5 mm thick, living parasite. The heifer underwent general anesthesia, and the parasite was removed using passive aqueous humor outflow following a stab incision into the anterior chamber. Twenty-four hours after removal of the intraocular parasite, the heifer displayed a significant improvement in ocular comfort, corneal edema, and uveitis. The nematode was identified via genetic analyses as Parafilaria bovicola, a filarial parasite of cattle. The heifer was discharged 5 days following nematode removal with a marked improvement in all ocular signs and apparently normal vision. To the authors' knowledge, there are no previous reports of confirmed intraocular filariosis caused by P. bovicola in the veterinary literature, nor are there reports detailing surgical removal of intraocular parasites in bovids.
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Affiliation(s)
- A K Shukla
- Ophthalmology Section, Equine Department, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - A Contadini
- Ophthalmology Section, Equine Department, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - K Kazmir-Lysak
- Section of Anesthesiology, Department of Clinical Diagnostics and Services, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - M Schnyder
- Institute of Parasitology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - C Gerspach
- Food Animal Department, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - S A Pot
- Ophthalmology Section, Equine Department, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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Ozdemir HB, Ozdek S, Ozkan K, Akyurek N. PRIMARY SUBRETINAL HYDATID CYST PRESENTING AS LEUKOCORIA IN A CHILD. Retin Cases Brief Rep 2024; 18:221-224. [PMID: 36026707 DOI: 10.1097/icb.0000000000001347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To describe a case of subretinal hydatid cyst presenting as leukocoria and treated with limbal vitrectomy. METHODS A single case report demonstrated by multimodal imaging. RESULTS An otherwise healthy 28-month-old boy was admitted to our hospital with a complaint of leukocoria and underwent combined lensectomy and vitrectomy under albendazole therapy because of vitreous space-occupying subretinal cyst. Systemic workup showed no involvement in other organs. Cyst content was adequately aspirated with a 39-gauge needle, the cyst wall was freed from surrounding attachments to the retina, and the nasal choroid and was extracted through a limbal incision using a cryoprobe. Nasal retinotomy and retinectomy area was lasered and tamponaded with silicone oil. Histopathologic examination confirmed the diagnosis of hydatid cyst disease. Silicone oil was removed at postoperative third month. Retina stayed attached, and the patient had a fix and follow vision under contact lens and amblyopia treatment during the 21-month follow-up period. CONCLUSION This is the youngest subretinal hydatid cyst case in the literature. Large subretinal hydatid cyst may rarely cause leukocoria in children without any involvement in other organs. Vitrectomy with limbal approach and 39G needle-assisted cyst fluid aspiration and cryo-extraction seems to be a safe and successful surgical option in such cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huseyin Baran Ozdemir
- Gazi University School of Medicine, Ophthalmology Department, Besevler, Ankara, Turkey; and
| | - Sengul Ozdek
- Gazi University School of Medicine, Ophthalmology Department, Besevler, Ankara, Turkey; and
| | - Kaan Ozkan
- Gazi University School of Medicine, Ophthalmology Department, Besevler, Ankara, Turkey; and
| | - Nalan Akyurek
- Gazi University School of Medicine, Medical Pathology Department, Besevler, Ankara, Turkey
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Perles L, Dantas-Torres F, Krücken J, Morchón R, Walochnik J, Otranto D. Zoonotic dirofilariases: one, no one, or more than one parasite. Trends Parasitol 2024; 40:257-270. [PMID: 38228446 DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2023.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2023] [Revised: 12/17/2023] [Accepted: 12/17/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2024]
Abstract
Dirofilaria spp. are vector-borne filarial nematodes that affect a variety of animal species, including humans. Dirofilaria immitis and Dirofilaria repens are the two main zoonotic species, but also other wildlife-associated Dirofilaria species are occasionally reported as causative agents of human dirofilariasis, including Dirofilaria striata, Dirofilaria tenuis, Dirofilaria ursi, Dirofilaria spectans, and Dirofilaria magnilarvata. Since the etiological identity of most of the species mentioned here is arguable, we summarized and critically discussed data concerning infections in humans, focusing on the reliability of Dirofilaria species identification. We advocate the importance of combined morphological and genomic approaches to provide unequivocal evidence for their zoonotic potential and pathogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Livia Perles
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari, Valenzano, Italy
| | | | - Jürgen Krücken
- Institute for Parasitology and Tropical Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Rodrigo Morchón
- Zoonotic Diseases and One Health, Biomedical Research Institute of Salamanca (IBSAL), Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Julia Walochnik
- Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology, and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Domenico Otranto
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari, Valenzano, Italy; Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong.
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Gabrielli S, Brustenga L, Morganti G, Ciuca L, Barlozzari G, Rigamonti G, Orlandi M, Sforna M, Veronesi F. Genetic variability of Dirofilaria repens isolates from humans and dogs in Italy. Vet Parasitol 2024; 326:110096. [PMID: 38141355 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2023.110096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2023] [Revised: 12/04/2023] [Accepted: 12/09/2023] [Indexed: 12/25/2023]
Abstract
Dirofilaria repens is a paradigmatic example of an emerging vector-borne pathogen (VBP) in both human and veterinary fields. The spatial expansion and the increasing zoonotic impact of this VBP can be related to several drivers including the genetic structure of parasite populations. Italy is one of the European countries traditionally endemic with the highest incidence of canine and human cases of subcutaneous dirofilariosis. The present study aimed to assess the genetic identity and variability of D. repens isolates of human and canine origin from areas of Central Italy, compared with those isolated from different areas of Europe by sequence analysis of mtDNA genes (i.e., 12 S rDNA and cox1). A total of twenty isolates of D. repens were obtained from biopsies of subcutaneous and ocular cases of dirofilariosis occurring in 10 dogs and 10 humans. The sequence analysis of 12 S rDNA showed that all the sequences obtained clustered as a monophyletic group with a strong nodal support, indicating that all sequence types represented D. repens. The cox1 and the 12 S sequence analysis did not show host-related polymorphisms between human and dog-derived specimens. The sequence analysis of cox1 was performed including 8 additional sequences previously obtained from human and canine isolates in the same areas. Out of the 28 sequences analyzed, 20 were grouped in a haplogroup comprising 15 haplotypes (i.e., DR1, DR2, DR4, DR5, DR7, DR8, DR10-DR18), 2 sequences matched to DR9, reported for the first time in Italy, and 6 showed peculiar polymorphisms that were not previously described. The results obtained have implications for a better understanding of the epidemiology and phylogeography of this emerging vector-borne zoonotic parasite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simona Gabrielli
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Leonardo Brustenga
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Giulia Morganti
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Lavinia Ciuca
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Naples Federico II, Naple, Italy
| | - Giulia Barlozzari
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Lazio e della Toscana M. Aleandri, Rome, Italy
| | - Giulia Rigamonti
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Margherita Orlandi
- Freelance Veterinarian for MyLav - La Vallonea, Laboratorio di Analisi Veterinarie s.r.l. Passirana di Rho (MI), Italy
| | - Monica Sforna
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy.
| | - Fabrizia Veronesi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
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Portela CS, Mendes de Araújo CP, Moura Sousa P, Gomes Simão CL, Silva de Oliveira JC, Crainey JL. Filarial disease in the Brazilian Amazon and emerging opportunities for treatment and control. CURRENT RESEARCH IN PARASITOLOGY & VECTOR-BORNE DISEASES 2023; 5:100168. [PMID: 38283060 PMCID: PMC10821485 DOI: 10.1016/j.crpvbd.2023.100168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2023] [Revised: 12/06/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 01/30/2024]
Abstract
Following the successful eradication of Wuchereria bancrofti, there are now just three species of conventional microfilaremic human filarial parasites endemic to the Brazilian Amazon region: Mansonella ozzardi, Mansonella perstans and Onchocerca volvulus. The zoonotic filarial parasite Dirofilaria immitis is also found in the Amazon region as are several sylvatic filarial parasites, some of which have been recorded causing zoonoses and some of which have never been recorded outside the region. Onchocerca volvulus is only found in the Amazonia onchocerciasis focus in the Brazilian state of Roraima where it affects the people of the Yanomami tribe living around the densely forested Venezuela border region. Mansonella ozzardi is by far the most common filarial parasite in Brazil and has a broad but patchy distribution throughout the western Amazon region. Recorded in the Brazilian states of Acre, Roraima, Matto Grosso, and within almost every municipality of Amazonas state, it is believed that pollution of the urban stream and river systems prevents the development of the simuliid vectors of M. ozzardi and explains the parasite's reduced distribution within urban areas and an absence of recent reports from the state capital Manaus. Decades of WHO-led periodic ivermectin treatment of Yanomami tribe's people have resulted in the partial suppression of O. volvulus transmission in this focus and has also probably affected the transmission of M. ozzardi in the region. Mansonella perstans, O. volvulus and very probably M. ozzardi infections can all be treated and most likely cured with a 4-6-week treatment course of doxycycline. The Brazilian Ministry of Health does not, however, presently recommend any treatment for mansonellosis infections and thus parasitic infections outside the Amazonia focus are typically left untreated. While the long treatment courses required for doxycycline-based mansonellosis therapies preclude their use in control programmes, new fast-acting filarial drug treatments are likely to soon become available for the treatment of both onchocerciasis and mansonellosis in the Amazon region. Filarial disease management in the Brazilian Amazon is thus likely to become dramatically more viable at a time when the public health importance of these diseases is increasingly being recognized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cleudecir Siqueira Portela
- Instituto Leônidas e Maria Deane, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz Amazônia, Laboratório de Ecologia de Doenças Transmissíveis na Amazônia, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
- Programa de Doutorado em Biologia da Interação Patógeno Hospedeiro, Instituto Leônidas e Maria Deane, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
| | - Cláudia Patrícia Mendes de Araújo
- Instituto Leônidas e Maria Deane, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz Amazônia, Laboratório de Ecologia de Doenças Transmissíveis na Amazônia, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
- Programa de Doutorado em Biologia da Interação Patógeno Hospedeiro, Instituto Leônidas e Maria Deane, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
| | - Patrícia Moura Sousa
- Instituto Leônidas e Maria Deane, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz Amazônia, Laboratório de Ecologia de Doenças Transmissíveis na Amazônia, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
- Programa de Doutorado em Biologia da Interação Patógeno Hospedeiro, Instituto Leônidas e Maria Deane, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
| | - Carla Letícia Gomes Simão
- Instituto Leônidas e Maria Deane, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz Amazônia, Laboratório de Ecologia de Doenças Transmissíveis na Amazônia, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
- Programa de Mestrado em Condições de Vida e Situações de Saúde na Amazônia, Instituto Leônidas e Maria Deane, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
| | - João Carlos Silva de Oliveira
- Instituto Leônidas e Maria Deane, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz Amazônia, Laboratório de Ecologia de Doenças Transmissíveis na Amazônia, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
- Programa de Doutorado em Saúde Pública na Amazônia, Instituto Leônidas e Maria Deane, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz Amazônia, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
| | - James Lee Crainey
- Instituto Leônidas e Maria Deane, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz Amazônia, Laboratório de Ecologia de Doenças Transmissíveis na Amazônia, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
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Tasić-Otasevic S, Golubović M, Trichei S, Zdravkovic D, Jordan R, Gabrielli S. Microfilaremic Dirofilaria repens Infection in Patient from Serbia. Emerg Infect Dis 2023; 29:2548-2550. [PMID: 37987593 PMCID: PMC10683817 DOI: 10.3201/eid2912.230796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2023] Open
Abstract
We report a case of Dirofilaria repens infection causing microfilaremia in a patient from Serbia. Serum samples tested positive for D. repens IgG by ELISA. Our findings and those of others suggest the parasite's progressive adaptation to humans. Clinicians should be aware that microfilaremia can develop during Dirofilaria spp. infections.
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Birlutiu V, Birlutiu RM. The First Case of Human Hepatic Fasciolosis Presented as Hepatic Pseudotumor Histopathologically Diagnosed in Romania-A Case Report. Healthcare (Basel) 2023; 11:healthcare11101451. [PMID: 37239737 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare11101451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2023] [Revised: 05/15/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Human hepatic fasciolosis has been reported in 81 countries, some of which are endemic areas. In Europe, case reports from humans were published in Portugal, Spain, France, and Italy. Regarding Romania, we do not have any data on the prevalence of this parasitosis, with the exception of two cases of twins that were born in Romania and diagnosed in the last 37 years in Italy after joining their mother that lived there. We report the case of a patient diagnosed in Romania with chronic fasciolosis, presented as a hepatic pseudotumor that was diagnosed during the histopathological examination of the hepatic lesion. The patient received oral treatment with triclabendazole, two doses of 10 milligrams (mg) per kilogram (kg) of body weight, given 12 h apart, with no side effects during or after the treatment. The evolution of the patient was favorable. In conclusion, even in areas free of human fasciolosis, the presence of an anemic syndrome especially in children, abdominal pain in the upper quadrants, associated or not with other digestive manifestations, even more so associated with eosinophilia in the acute phase, should be carefully evaluated for ruling out a parasitosis such as fasciolosis even in countries where this diagnosis seems unlikely.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria Birlutiu
- County Clinical Emergency Hospital Sibiu-Infectious Diseases Clinic, Faculty of Medicine Sibiu, Lucian Blaga University of Sibiu, Strada Lucian Blaga, Nr. 2A, 550169 Sibiu, Romania
| | - Rares-Mircea Birlutiu
- Clinical Hospital of Orthopedics, Traumatology, and Osteoarticular TB "Foisor" Bucharest, B-dul Ferdinand 35-37, Sector 2, 021382 Bucharest, Romania
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Dario d'Ovidio, Domenico Santoro. Zoonotic Dermatoses of Exotic Companion Mammals. Vet Clin North Am Exot Anim Pract 2023; 26:511-523. [PMID: 36965883 DOI: 10.1016/j.cvex.2023.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/27/2023]
Abstract
Integumentary disorders caused by zoonotic agents are very common in exotic companion mammals. This article provides an understanding of the main zoonotic dermatoses including parasitic, fungal, bacterial, and viral diseases to provide the most updated information on their epidemiology, diagnosis, reported clinical signs, and therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Domenico Santoro
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, 2015 Southwest 16th Avenue, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
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Review of the metazoan parasites of the economically and ecologically important African sharptooth catfish Clarias gariepinus in Africa: Current status and novel records. ADVANCES IN PARASITOLOGY 2023; 119:65-222. [PMID: 36707175 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apar.2022.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
One of the most widely distributed African freshwater fish is the African sharptooth catfish Clarias gariepinus (Burchell) that is naturally distributed in 8 of the 10 ichthyofaunal regions of this continent. Clarias gariepinus is a highly valued and cheap staple to local communities and an ideal aquaculture species. Consequently, interest in the parasitic communities of C. gariepinus has increased as parasites may accidentally be ingested by humans when eating uncooked fish or can be introduced into culture systems through fish stocks supplied from local rivers which affect yield, growth, and marketability. This review provides an overview of the ∼107 metazoan parasite species known to parasitise C. gariepinus in Africa and their general life cycles, morphology, paratenic and post-cyclic infections, and the biogeography and validity of records are discussed. A brief overview is included on the application of some of these parasites in environmental studies and their link to human health.
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Farouk MM, Mounir A, Abozaid MA, Mostafa EM, Abdellah MM. Surgical outcomes of complicated cataract with pediatric trematode granulomatous uveitis. Int J Ophthalmol 2023; 16:354-360. [PMID: 36935794 PMCID: PMC10009598 DOI: 10.18240/ijo.2023.03.04] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2022] [Accepted: 02/01/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM To describe the clinical characteristics and surgical outcomes of complicated cataract with pediatric trematodal granulomatous uveitis (TGU). METHODS Patients of cataract with TGU in the membranous (inactive) stage underwent cataract surgery with intraocular lens (IOL) implantation. Preoperative history and ophthalmic examination were conducted for all cases, whereas Schimphlug imaging and corneal topography were done for some patients. Postoperative follow up was done on the 1st, 2nd, and 5th postoperative days after surgery. Then, it was done at least at one, three, and six months postoperatively. Intraoperative and postoperative complications and the methods of their management were reported. RESULTS Twelve eyes of 12 male children were included in this study ranging from 8 to 16y. The mean best corrected Snellen visual acuity (BCVA) was significantly improved from 0.09±0.06 preoperatively to 0.37±0.11 at the final visit 6mo postoperatively (P<0.001). Schimphlug imaging and corneal topography showed flattening of the anterior surface of the inferior cornea. Intraoperative difficulties and complications included the poor dilatability of the drown down pupil, strong posterior synechia between the anterior lens capsule and the iris at the site of the inferior retrocorneal vascularized membrane and hyphema. All cases underwent primary hydrophobic IOL implantation. CONCLUSION Surgery for this type of cataract is relatively safe and effective. It is associated with some specific difficulties and complications that should be considered during surgery and follow up.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmoud M Farouk
- Department of Ophthalmology, Sohag Faculty of Medicine, Sohag University, Sohag 82524, Egypt
| | - Amr Mounir
- Department of Ophthalmology, Sohag Faculty of Medicine, Sohag University, Sohag 82524, Egypt
| | - Mortada Ahmed Abozaid
- Department of Ophthalmology, Sohag Faculty of Medicine, Sohag University, Sohag 82524, Egypt
| | - Engy Mohamed Mostafa
- Department of Ophthalmology, Sohag Faculty of Medicine, Sohag University, Sohag 82524, Egypt
| | - Marwa Mahmoud Abdellah
- Department of Ophthalmology, Sohag Faculty of Medicine, Sohag University, Sohag 82524, Egypt
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14
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Louzada-Flores VN, Kramer L, Brianti E, Napoli E, Mendoza-Roldan JA, Bezerra-Santos MA, Latrofa MS, Otranto D. Treatment with doxycycline is associated with complete clearance of circulating Wolbachia DNA in Dirofilaria immitis-naturally infected dogs. Acta Trop 2022; 232:106513. [PMID: 35598650 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2022.106513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2022] [Revised: 05/05/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
Bacteria of the genus Wolbachia are endosymbionts of parasitic filarial nematodes, including Dirofilaria immitis, and are a target for the treatment of canine heartworm disease. In the present study, 53 naturally-infected dogs were divided in three groups, based on their positivity to D. immitis by antigen and Knott tests, to assess the efficacy of doxycycline treatment in eliminating Wolbachia from circulating blood. At T0, dogs that scored positive to both tests (G1) or to antigen only (G2) were submitted to doxycycline (10 mg/kg BID PO) treatment and to 10% Imidacloprid + 2.5% Moxidectin (Advocate®), while those negative to both tests (G3) received only 10% Imidacloprid + 2.5% Moxidectin (Advocate®). All dogs were followed-up for one year, monthly treated with Advocate® and regularly monitored by antigen and Knott tests. During the whole period, all blood samples were screened for Wolbachia-D. immitis DNA load by quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR). At T0, 88.2% of the microfilariemic dogs were positive for Wolbachia DNA, while none of the dogs from G2 or G3 were positive. Wolbachia DNA was no longer detectable in dogs from G1 following 1 month of doxycycline treatment and microfilariae (mfs) were cleared at T2. All dogs from the G1 and G2 were negative for D. immitis antigen at 12 months. Results of this study suggest that successful elimination of mfs by doxycycline is associated with complete clearance of Wolbachia DNA in D. immitis-naturally infected dogs.
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15
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Tantipat C, Wongkamchai M, Saelai K, Amesombun A, Wongkamchai S. A rare case of ocular filariasis caused by Brugia malayi. Parasitol Int 2022; 90:102606. [PMID: 35659633 DOI: 10.1016/j.parint.2022.102606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Revised: 05/26/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Extra-lymphatic manifestation of filariasis is uncommon and may usually be clinically misdiagnosed. The extra lymphatic presentation of Brugia malayi may due to the site of entry of the infective larvae, and only a few cases have been proven for the causative species. We report here a 59-year-old woman presented with swollen right conjunctiva and complaint of migratory swelling at her eyelid, which has turned out to be ocular filariasis by B. malayi in Chantaburi province, Thailand. This report highlights the increasing cases of B. malayi as a causative agent of ocular filariasis in human.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Metta Wongkamchai
- Department of Parasitology and (c)Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital Mahidol University, Bangkok 10700, Thailand
| | - Kati Saelai
- Prapokklao Hospital, Chanthaburi 22000, Thailand
| | - Ameorn Amesombun
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital Mahidol University, Bangkok 10700, Thailand
| | - Sirichit Wongkamchai
- Department of Parasitology and (c)Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital Mahidol University, Bangkok 10700, Thailand.
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16
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Laidoudi Y, Bedjaoui S, Latrofa MS, Fanelli A, Dantas-Torres F, Otranto D. Genetic and geographical delineation of zoonotic vector-borne helminths of canids. Sci Rep 2022; 12:6699. [PMID: 35462560 PMCID: PMC9035454 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-10553-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Several zoonotic vector-borne helminths (VBHs) infesting canids cause serious veterinary and medical diseases worldwide. Increasing the knowledge about their genetic structures is pivotal to identify them and therefore to settle effective surveillance and control measures. To overcome the limitation due to the heterogeneity of large DNA sequence-datasets used for their genetic characterization, available cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 (cox1) (n = 546) and the 12S rRNA (n = 280) sequences were examined using combined bioinformatic approach (i.e., distance-clustering, maximum likelihood phylogeny and phylogenetic evolutionary placement). Out of the 826 DNA available sequences from GenBank, 94.7% were characterized at the haplotype level regardless sequence size, completeness and/or their position. A total of 89 different haplotypes were delineated either by cox1 (n = 35), 12S rRNA (n = 21) or by both genes (n = 33), for 14 VBHs (e.g., Acanthocheilonema reconditum, Brugia spp., Dirofilaria immitis, Dirofilaria repens, Onchocerca lupi and Thelazia spp.). Overall, the present approach could be useful for studying global genetic diversity and phylogeography of VBHs. However, as barcoding sequences were restricted to two mitochondrial loci (cox1 and 12S rRNA), the haplotype delineation proposed herein should be confirmed by the characterization of other nuclear loci also to overcome potential limitations caused by the heteroplasmy phenomenon within the mitogenome of VBHs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Younes Laidoudi
- Parasitology Unit, Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari, Valenzano, Italy
- PADESCA Laboratory, Veterinary Science Institute, University of Constantine 1, 25100, El Khroub, Algeria
| | - Samia Bedjaoui
- Laboratory of Food Hygiene and Quality Insurance System (HASAQ), Higher National Veterinary School, Issad Abbes, Oued Smar, 16000, Algiers, Algeria
| | - Maria Stefania Latrofa
- Parasitology Unit, Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari, Valenzano, Italy
| | - Angela Fanelli
- Infectious Diseases Unit, Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari, Valenzano, Italy
| | - Filipe Dantas-Torres
- Laboratory of Immunoparasitology, Department of Immunology, Aggeu Magalhães Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (Fiocruz), Recife, Pernambuco, 50740-465, Brazil
| | - Domenico Otranto
- Parasitology Unit, Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari, Valenzano, Italy.
- Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamedan, Iran.
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17
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Dirofilaria repens infection of the eye. J Ophthalmic Inflamm Infect 2022; 12:13. [PMID: 35325331 PMCID: PMC8948306 DOI: 10.1186/s12348-022-00290-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
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18
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Roth M, Herrmann ME, Geerling G, Guthoff R. [Current and future effects of climate change on ophthalmology]. Ophthalmologe 2022; 119:552-560. [PMID: 35294593 DOI: 10.1007/s00347-022-01594-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Climate change is also an increasingly important issue in the healthcare system. Due to its anatomical and physiological nature, the eye is directly exposed to environmental influences and changes in a special way. METHODS The current literature is used to illustrate the effects of climate-induced changes and the respective influences on the eye. A PubMed search (cut-off date 3 October 2021) using the search terms "climate change" or "planetary health" or "global health" and in each case "ophthalmology" or "eye" or "ocular" was used to determine the development of the number of publications between 2011 and 2021. RESULTS Measurable effects of climate change are already evident in a wide variety of ophthalmological fields. The significance of this topic, for instance, is reflected in a relatively constant increase in the number of publications and an almost tenfold increase in the number of publications per year from 2011 to 2021. CONCLUSION The impact of climate change on eye diseases and on the field of ophthalmology is multifaceted and could be expected to intensify in the coming years. Therefore, the interrelationships need to be further investigated in future studies, preferably on a large scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Roth
- Universitätsaugenklinik Düsseldorf, Moorenstr. 5, 40225, Düsseldorf, Deutschland.
| | - M E Herrmann
- Universitätsaugenklinik Düsseldorf, Moorenstr. 5, 40225, Düsseldorf, Deutschland
| | - G Geerling
- Universitätsaugenklinik Düsseldorf, Moorenstr. 5, 40225, Düsseldorf, Deutschland
| | - R Guthoff
- Universitätsaugenklinik Düsseldorf, Moorenstr. 5, 40225, Düsseldorf, Deutschland
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19
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Wai KM, Rossin EJ, Delgado-Tirado S, Cadorette JJ, Boody RP, Rodriguez M, Kim LA. Hypopyon and White Cataract Due to an Intraocular Helminth. Ophthalmic Surg Lasers Imaging Retina 2022; 53:168-171. [PMID: 35272562 DOI: 10.3928/23258160-20220211-02] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
We describe a case of a 29-year-old man with a history of intravenous drug use and vague history of eye trauma who presented with a hypopyon and white cataract in the right eye. He underwent pars plana vitrectomy and lensectomy; his anterior chamber aspirate revealed a single helminth on calcofluor stain. We suspect that his helminth infection may be secondary to unsanitary eating and drinking practices. As overall hygiene and dietary habits have improved during the years, parasitic helminth infections are relatively rare in nonendemic areas, especially in the nonpediatric population. [Ophthalmic Surg Lasers Imaging Retina. 2022;53:168-171.].
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20
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Somsap Y, Boonroumkaew P, Somsap A, Rodpai R, Sadaow L, Sanpool O, Maleewong W, Intapan PM. Ocular Dirofilariasis Case in Thailand Confirmed by Molecular Analysis to Be Caused by Dirofilaria immitis. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2022; 106:204-207. [PMID: 34634776 PMCID: PMC8733484 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.21-0764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2021] [Accepted: 08/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
A rare ocular dirofilariasis case along with the clinical characteristics, treatment, and outcome is reported. A whitish roundworm (10.6 cm long and 0.5 mm width) emerged from the pterygium, a triangular tissue growth on the cornea of the eye, of a male patient. The worm had a rounded anterior part, mouth without lips, smooth cuticular surface, and short rounded posterior tail with spicules: these features suggested that it was a male Dirofilaria sp. Molecular identification confirmed that the worm belonged to Dirofilaria immitis. This is the first molecular confirmation that D. immitis is a causative agent of ocular dirofilariasis in Thailand: dirofilariasis is a newly emerging zoonotic disease. Physicians should be alert to zoonotic filarial worms and knowledgeable about treatment of this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuwadee Somsap
- Department of Ophthalmology, Chumphae Hospital, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Patcharaporn Boonroumkaew
- Department of Parasitology and Excellence in Medical Innovation, and Technology Research Group, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand;,Mekong Health Science Research Institute, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Attawit Somsap
- Department of Otolaryngology, Chumphae Hospital, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Rutchanee Rodpai
- Department of Parasitology and Excellence in Medical Innovation, and Technology Research Group, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand;,Mekong Health Science Research Institute, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Lakkhana Sadaow
- Department of Parasitology and Excellence in Medical Innovation, and Technology Research Group, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand;,Mekong Health Science Research Institute, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Oranuch Sanpool
- Department of Parasitology and Excellence in Medical Innovation, and Technology Research Group, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand;,Mekong Health Science Research Institute, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Wanchai Maleewong
- Department of Parasitology and Excellence in Medical Innovation, and Technology Research Group, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand;,Mekong Health Science Research Institute, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Pewpan M. Intapan
- Department of Parasitology and Excellence in Medical Innovation, and Technology Research Group, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand;,Mekong Health Science Research Institute, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand;,Address correspondence to Pewpan M. Intapan, Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand. E-mail:
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21
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Lu Y, Sun JH, Lu LL, Chen JX, Song P, Ai L, Cai YC, Li LH, Chen SH. Proteomic and Immunological Identification of Diagnostic Antigens from Spirometra erinaceieuropaei Plerocercoid. THE KOREAN JOURNAL OF PARASITOLOGY 2021; 59:615-623. [PMID: 34974668 PMCID: PMC8721309 DOI: 10.3347/kjp.2021.59.6.615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2021] [Accepted: 11/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Human sparganosis is a food-borne parasitic disease caused by the plerocercoids of Spirometra species. Clinical diagnosis of sparganosis is crucial for effective treatment, thus it is important to identify sensitive and specific antigens of plerocercoids. The aim of the current study was to identify and characterize the immunogenic proteins of Spirometra erinaceieuropaei plerocercoids that were recognized by patient sera. Crude soluble extract of the plerocercoids were separated using 2-dimensional gel electrophoresis coupled with immunoblot and mass spectrometry analysis. Based on immunoblotting patterns and mass spectrometry results, 8 antigenic proteins were identified from the plerocercoid. Among the proteins, cysteine protease protein might be developed as an antigen for diagnosis of sparganosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Lu
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research); WHO Collaborating Center for Tropical Diseases; NHC Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology (National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention); National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases; Shanghai,
P. R. China
| | - Jia-Hui Sun
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research); WHO Collaborating Center for Tropical Diseases; NHC Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology (National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention); National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases; Shanghai,
P. R. China
| | - Li-Li Lu
- The Third Hospital of Shijiazhuang City, Shijiazhuang,
P. R. China
| | - Jia-Xu Chen
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research); WHO Collaborating Center for Tropical Diseases; NHC Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology (National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention); National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases; Shanghai,
P. R. China
| | - Peng Song
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research); WHO Collaborating Center for Tropical Diseases; NHC Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology (National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention); National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases; Shanghai,
P. R. China
| | - Lin Ai
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research); WHO Collaborating Center for Tropical Diseases; NHC Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology (National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention); National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases; Shanghai,
P. R. China
| | - Yu-Chun Cai
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research); WHO Collaborating Center for Tropical Diseases; NHC Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology (National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention); National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases; Shanghai,
P. R. China
| | - Lan-Hua Li
- School of Public Health, Weifang Medical University, Weifang,
P. R. China
| | - Shao-Hong Chen
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research); WHO Collaborating Center for Tropical Diseases; NHC Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology (National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention); National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases; Shanghai,
P. R. China
- Corresponding author ()
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22
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Mathison BA, Sapp SGH. An annotated checklist of the eukaryotic parasites of humans, exclusive of fungi and algae. Zookeys 2021; 1069:1-313. [PMID: 34819766 PMCID: PMC8595220 DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1069.67403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Accepted: 08/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The classification of "parasites" in the medical field is a challenging notion, a group which historically has included all eukaryotes exclusive of fungi that invade and derive resources from the human host. Since antiquity, humans have been identifying and documenting parasitic infections, and this collective catalog of parasitic agents has expanded considerably with technology. As our understanding of species boundaries and the use of molecular tools has evolved, so has our concept of the taxonomy of human parasites. Consequently, new species have been recognized while others have been relegated to synonyms. On the other hand, the decline of expertise in classical parasitology and limited curricula have led to a loss of awareness of many rarely encountered species. Here, we provide a comprehensive checklist of all reported eukaryotic organisms (excluding fungi and allied taxa) parasitizing humans resulting in 274 genus-group taxa and 848 species-group taxa. For each species, or genus where indicated, a concise summary of geographic distribution, natural hosts, route of transmission and site within human host, and vectored pathogens are presented. Ubiquitous, human-adapted species as well as very rare, incidental zoonotic organisms are discussed in this annotated checklist. We also provide a list of 79 excluded genera and species that have been previously reported as human parasites but are not believed to be true human parasites or represent misidentifications or taxonomic changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Blaine A. Mathison
- Institute for Clinical and Experimental Pathology, ARUP Laboratories, Salt Lake City, UT, USAInstitute for Clinical and Experimental PathologySalt Lake CityUnited States of America
| | - Sarah G. H. Sapp
- Parasitic Diseases Branch, Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USACenters for Disease Control and PreventionAtlantaUnited States of America
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23
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Fata A, Hosseini SM, Woo SJ, Zibaei M, Berenji F, Farash BRH, Moghaddas E. Frequency of Toxocara Antibodies in Patients Clinically Suspected to Ocular Toxocariasis, Northeast of Iran. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF PARASITOLOGY 2021; 16:305-311. [PMID: 34557246 PMCID: PMC8418656 DOI: 10.18502/ijpa.v16i2.6312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Accepted: 09/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Background: Human toxocariasis is a neglected parasitic disease in most countries including Iran. Among different clinical forms of toxocariasis, ocular toxocariasis (OT) is an important disease resulting in severe vision loss. However, the prevalence and incidence of OT are currently unclear in Iran. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of ocular toxocariasis among patients with uveitis in the Northeast of Iran. Methods: From 2015 to 2017, 510 patients with uveitis referred to Khatam-al-Anbia, a tertiary eye hospital at Mashhad, Iran were examined for OT. Serum samples of the suspected patients were obtained and evaluated for IgG against Toxocara canis using ELISA test. Anti-Toxocara IgG positive serums were further investigated using confirmatory Western blotting (WB) analysis. Results: Twenty patients had pathologic changes and clinical presentations in the anterior and posterior segments of their eyes and they were clinically diagnosed ocular toxocariasis. Among the 20 patients, 2 (10%) patients showed IgG antibody against Toxocara canis on ELISA as well as on WB test. The calculated prevalence of ocular toxocariasis was about 0.4%. Conclusion: Ocular toxocariasis can be diagnosed both clinically and serologically in Mashhad, northeastern Iran. Although OT is a rare pathologic eye disease, it should be considered as one of the important cause of infectious posterior uveitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdolmajid Fata
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.,Cutaneous Leishmaniasis Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | | | - Se Joon Woo
- Department of Ophthalmology, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, Korea
| | - Mohammad Zibaei
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, Faculty of Medicine, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran
| | - Fariba Berenji
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Bibi Razieh Hosseini Farash
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.,Cutaneous Leishmaniasis Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Elham Moghaddas
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
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24
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Bouchard É, Schurer JM, Kolapo T, Wagner B, Massé A, Locke SA, Leighton P, Jenkins EJ. Host and geographic differences in prevalence and diversity of gastrointestinal helminths of foxes ( Vulpes vulpes), coyotes ( Canis latrans) and wolves ( Canis lupus) in Québec, Canada. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR PARASITOLOGY-PARASITES AND WILDLIFE 2021; 16:126-137. [PMID: 34552844 PMCID: PMC8441108 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijppaw.2021.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2021] [Revised: 09/02/2021] [Accepted: 09/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
Wild canids are hosts to a wide range of parasites and can play a role in transmission of zoonoses. As many parasites are transmitted through food webs, and wild canids are at high trophic levels, parasite prevalence and diversity in wild canids can serve as excellent indicators of ecosystem health. Our main objectives were to update knowledge on the composition of gastrointestinal helminths in wild canids from Québec, Canada, and to describe differences in parasite prevalence and diversity among canid species and regions. Hunters and trappers provided whole carcasses of red foxes (Vulpes vulpes) (N = 176), and intestinal tracts of coyotes (Canis latrans) (N = 77) and gray wolves (Canis lupus) (N = 23) harvested for non-research purposes over the winter of 2016-2017. A modified Stoll's centrifugation sucrose flotation on feces of 250 wild canids was used, and eggs of one family and eight genera of parasitic helminths were recovered: diphyllobothriids, Taenia/Echinococcus spp., Capillaria spp., Toxascaris sp., Toxocara sp., Trichuris sp., Uncinaria sp., and Metorchis sp. Adult Taenia spp. cestodes were recovered from 61 of 276 (22%) canids. Six different species (T. hydatigena, T. twitchelli, T. crassiceps, T. polyacantha, T. krabbei, and T. pisiformis-"like") were differentiated based on DNA sequenced from 65 individual adult cestodes using primers for the nicotinamide adenosine dinucleotide dehydrogenase subunit 1 (ND1) and cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 (CO1) mitochondrial DNA loci. Alaria sp. trematodes infected 89 of 276 canids (32%). A subset were identified as A. americana at the CO1 locus. The marine trematode Cryptocotyle lingua was reported for the first time in foxes in the province of Québec. These results help us understand more fully the predator-prey relationships within this group of canids. This baseline data in regional parasite prevalence and intensity is critical in order to detect future changes following ecological disturbances due to climate and landscape alterations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Émilie Bouchard
- University of Saskatchewan, Department of Veterinary Microbiology, 52 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5B4, Canada.,Research Group on Epidemiology of Zoonoses and Public Health (GREZOSP), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Université de Montréal, 3200 Rue Sicotte, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC, J2S 2M2, Canada
| | - Janna M Schurer
- University of Global Health Equity, Center for One Health, Kigali, Rwanda
| | - Temitope Kolapo
- University of Saskatchewan, Department of Veterinary Microbiology, 52 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5B4, Canada
| | - Brent Wagner
- University of Saskatchewan, Department of Veterinary Microbiology, 52 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5B4, Canada
| | - Ariane Massé
- Ministère des Forêts, de La Faune et des Parcs, 880 Chemin Sainte-Foy, Québec, QC, G1S 4X4, Canada.,Research Group on Epidemiology of Zoonoses and Public Health (GREZOSP), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Université de Montréal, 3200 Rue Sicotte, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC, J2S 2M2, Canada
| | - Sean A Locke
- University of Puerto Rico at Mayagüez, Department of Biology, Box 9000, Mayagüez 00681, 9000, Puerto Rico
| | - Patrick Leighton
- Research Group on Epidemiology of Zoonoses and Public Health (GREZOSP), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Université de Montréal, 3200 Rue Sicotte, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC, J2S 2M2, Canada
| | - Emily J Jenkins
- University of Saskatchewan, Department of Veterinary Microbiology, 52 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5B4, Canada
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25
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Aykur M, Yağcı A, Simşek S, Palamar M, Yaman B, Korkmaz M, Dagci H. First time identification of subconjunctival Dirofilaria immitis in Turkey: giant episcleral granuloma mimicking scleritis. Parasitol Res 2021; 120:3909-3914. [PMID: 34546440 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-021-07317-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Dirofilariasis is a vector-borne disease that is present worldwide. This report describes a giant subconjunctival granuloma which mimics scleritis, caused by D. immitis. A 60-year-old man was referred with the complaints of irritation, redness, and swelling at the medial part of the right eye. He was living in Izmir province located in western Turkey. Slit-lamp examination showed a firm, immobile mass measuring 13.0 × 5.0 × 5.0 mm with yellowish creamy color. The mass was completely removed surgically under local anesthesia mainly for diagnosis. Histopathology revealed typical morphological features of a filarioid nematode in favor of Dirofilaria as characterized by the external smooth cuticular surface, cuticular layer, muscle layer, and intestinal tubule. Molecular study was performed using DNA isolated from paraffin-embedded tissue sections of the worm. PCR amplification and then DNA sequence analysis of cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 (cox1) gene fragment confirmed that the worm was D. immitis. It is suggested that this may represent the first human case of D. immitis occurring in subconjunctival granuloma in Turkey. Although rare, D. immitis caused by ocular dirofilariasis in humans should be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehmet Aykur
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tokat Gaziosmanpasa, Tokat, Turkey. .,Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ege, Izmir, Turkey. .,Department of Parasitology, Tokat Gaziosmanpasa University Medical School, 60030, Central/Tokat, Turkey.
| | - Ayşe Yağcı
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ege, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Sami Simşek
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Fırat, Elazig, Turkey
| | - Melis Palamar
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ege, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Banu Yaman
- Department of Pathology Department, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ege, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Metin Korkmaz
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ege, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Hande Dagci
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ege, Izmir, Turkey
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Zeng W, Pan Z, Wang J, Deng X, Jiang W. Case report: an unusual unilateral pterygium - a secondary pterygium caused by parasitosis in the scleral fistula. BMC Ophthalmol 2021; 21:323. [PMID: 34488674 PMCID: PMC8422641 DOI: 10.1186/s12886-021-02083-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2020] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ocular parasitosis can cause eye damage, which contribute to eye symptoms such as burning, itching and even blindness. It is uncommon to see the parasitosis lying in the sclera layer, neither it causing pterygium. Here, we present an unusual case of a secondary pterygium caused by intrascleral worm. CASE PRESENTATION A 52-year-old women complained about discomfort in right eye for 6 years. Slit-lamp examination indicated a thickened triangular layers of conjunctiva extending from the nasal edge to the cornea. The diagnosis was pterygium in the right eye. To our surprise, after scleral of nasal side exposed, we could see a tiny fistula right in the sclera which lied right under the pterygium, with an alive and motile worm inside. An intrascleral fistula was noted. Then the worm was removed by forceps from the fistula, which was creamy white, thread-like and 1 cm long. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS As far as we known, it is the first case of an intrascleral worm hidden beneath the conjunctiva which caused the secondary pterygium. It is hard to know the etiology of the secondary pterygium which caused by parasitosis in the scleral fistula untill excision surgery. It is hard to imagine the worm was living in the sclera of the patient for a long-time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjie Zeng
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, People's Republic of China.,Hunan Clinical Research Center of Ophthalmic Disease, Changsha, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhaoyi Pan
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, People's Republic of China.,Hunan Clinical Research Center of Ophthalmic Disease, Changsha, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, People's Republic of China.,Hunan Clinical Research Center of Ophthalmic Disease, Changsha, People's Republic of China
| | - Xianghui Deng
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, People's Republic of China.,Hunan Clinical Research Center of Ophthalmic Disease, Changsha, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenmin Jiang
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, People's Republic of China. .,Hunan Clinical Research Center of Ophthalmic Disease, Changsha, People's Republic of China.
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Koehler AV, Robson JMB, Spratt DM, Hann J, Beveridge I, Walsh M, McDougall R, Bromley M, Hume A, Sheorey H, Gasser RB. Ocular Filariasis in Human Caused by Breinlia (Johnstonema) annulipapillata Nematode, Australia. Emerg Infect Dis 2021; 27:297-300. [PMID: 33350933 PMCID: PMC7774559 DOI: 10.3201/eid2701.203585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
We report a human case of ocular filariasis, caused by a species of Breinlia nematode, from Queensland, Australia. Morphological and molecular evidence indicated that the nematode Breinlia (Johnstonema) annulipapillata, or a closely related taxon, likely transmitted from a macropodid marsupial host was involved, which might represent an accidental finding or an emerging zoonosis.
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28
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Leal SM, Rodino KG, Fowler WC, Gilligan PH. Practical Guidance for Clinical Microbiology Laboratories: Diagnosis of Ocular Infections. Clin Microbiol Rev 2021; 34:e0007019. [PMID: 34076493 PMCID: PMC8262805 DOI: 10.1128/cmr.00070-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The variety and complexity of ocular infections have increased significantly in the last decade since the publication of Cumitech 13B, Laboratory Diagnosis of Ocular Infections (L. D. Gray, P. H. Gilligan, and W. C. Fowler, Cumitech 13B, Laboratory Diagnosis of Ocular Infections, 2010). The purpose of this practical guidance document is to review, for individuals working in clinical microbiology laboratories, current tools used in the laboratory diagnosis of ocular infections. This document begins by describing the complex, delicate anatomy of the eye, which often leads to limitations in specimen quantity, requiring a close working bond between laboratorians and ophthalmologists to ensure high-quality diagnostic care. Descriptions are provided of common ocular infections in developed nations and neglected ocular infections seen in developing nations. Subsequently, preanalytic, analytic, and postanalytic aspects of laboratory diagnosis and antimicrobial susceptibility testing are explored in depth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sixto M. Leal
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Kyle G. Rodino
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - W. Craig Fowler
- Department of Surgery, Campbell University School of Medicine, Lillington, North Carolina, USA
| | - Peter H. Gilligan
- Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
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Soltan-Alinejad P, Soltani A. Vector-borne diseases and tourism in Iran: Current issues and recommendations. Travel Med Infect Dis 2021; 43:102108. [PMID: 34111565 DOI: 10.1016/j.tmaid.2021.102108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2019] [Revised: 04/14/2021] [Accepted: 06/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Iran is one of the largest countries in the Middle East with lots of historical and natural attractions. This country has always been considered to be one of the most important tourist destinations in the world. Several important vector-borne diseases have been reported from different parts of the country. Thus, having comprehensive and adequate knowledge about the main vector-borne diseases in Iran and their high-risk areas are really important. In this review, different provinces of Iran have been studied in terms of arthropod-borne diseases reported in the last decades. Reports indicated that some vector-borne diseases such as Leishmaniasis and CCHF had the highest incidence rate and they need serious attention. However, some diseases reported from Iran are not endemic, and all cases were imported such as Dengue fever. A group of arthropod-borne diseases was reported only from animals, and the health of travelers is not threatened such as Eyeworm infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parisa Soltan-Alinejad
- Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Health, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
| | - Aboozar Soltani
- Research Center for Health Sciences, Institute of Health, Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Health, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
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30
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Otranto D, Colella V, Bezerra-Santos MA, Mendoza-Roldan JA, Cavalera MA, Pereira A, Schaper R, Maia C. Efficacy of a spot-on formulation containing moxidectin 2.5%/imidacloprid 10% for the treatment of Cercopithifilaria spp. and Onchocerca lupi microfilariae in naturally infected dogs from Portugal. Parasit Vectors 2021; 14:199. [PMID: 33849643 PMCID: PMC8042703 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-021-04704-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2021] [Accepted: 03/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Onchocerca lupi and Cercopithifilaria spp. are vector-borne filarioids of dogs, which harbour skin microfilariae (mfs), the former being of zoonotic concern. Proper treatment studies using compounds with microfilaricidal activity have not been performed. Therefore, this study aimed to assess the efficacy of a commercially available spot-on formulation containing moxidectin 2.5%/imidacloprid 10% for the treatment of O. lupi or Cercopithifilaria spp. skin-dwelling mfs in naturally infected dogs. METHODS Privately owned dogs (n = 393) from southern Portugal were sampled via skin biopsies to identify and count mfs in 20 µl of skin sediment. A total of 22 mfs-positive dogs were allocated to treatment group (n = 11; G1) or left untreated as a control (n = 11; G2). As a pilot investigation to test the treatment efficacy, five dogs assigned to G1 were treated four times at monthly intervals with moxidectin 2.5%/imidacloprid 10% spot-on formulation on SDs 0, 28 (± 2), 56 (± 2), and 84 (± 2). Based on the negative results for both O. lupi and/or Cercopithifilaria spp. mfs of dogs in the pilot study from SD28 onwards, the remaining six dogs in G1 were treated at SD0 and assessed only at SD28. RESULTS Of the 393 animals sampled, 78 (19.8%) scored positive for skin-dwelling mfs. At the pilot investigation, a mean number of 19.6 mfs for O. lupi was recorded among five infected dogs whereas no mfs were detected at SD28. At SD0, the mean number of Cercopithifilaria spp. larvae was 12.6 for G1 and 8.7 for G2. The mean number of mfs for G2 was 20.09. CONCLUSIONS Results herein obtained suggest that a single treatment with moxidectin 2.5%/imidacloprid 10% spot-on formulation is efficacious against skin-dwelling mfs in dogs. The microfilaricidal effect of moxidectin could also be useful in reducing the risk of O. lupi infection for humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Domenico Otranto
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari, Valenzano, 70010, Italy.
- Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamedan, Iran.
| | - Vito Colella
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari, Valenzano, 70010, Italy
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | | | | | | | - André Pereira
- Global Health and Tropical Medicine (GHTM), Instituto de Higiene E Medicina Tropical (IHMT), Universidade NOVA de Lisboa (NOVA), Lisboa, Portugal
| | | | - Carla Maia
- Global Health and Tropical Medicine (GHTM), Instituto de Higiene E Medicina Tropical (IHMT), Universidade NOVA de Lisboa (NOVA), Lisboa, Portugal
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The Vector-Borne Zoonotic Nematode Thelazia callipaeda in the Eastern Part of Europe, with a Clinical Case Report in a Dog in Poland. Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10010055. [PMID: 33435395 PMCID: PMC7826724 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10010055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2020] [Revised: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 01/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Thelazia callipaeda is a zoonotic nematode transmitted by drosophilid flies. It causes ocular thelaziosis, a disease of carnivores, such as dogs, cats, and foxes, and also humans. The parasite has thus far been observed in various areas of Eurasia, including 20 countries within Europe. The present study documents its presence in the south-east region of Poland, near the Ukraine border. An adult nematode was removed from the conjunctival sac of a dog showing ocular inflammation and purulent discharge. The dog’s precise origin is unknown. Based on its localization and morphometrical features, the nematode was identified as a Thelazia callipaeda adult male. The present study is the first report of T. callipaeda in a dog in Poland.
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Gebauer J, Ondruš J, Kulich P, Novotný L, Sałamatin R, Husa P, Novobilský A. The first case of periorbital human dirofilariasis in the Czech Republic. Parasitol Res 2021; 120:739-742. [PMID: 33415394 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-020-07003-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2020] [Accepted: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Dirofilaria repens and Dirofilaria immitis are the most common filarial species affecting humans in Europe. Dirofilaria repens causes subcutaneous or ocular infection, whereas D. immitis is responsible mainly for the pulmonary form. In this report, we present the first human case of periorbital dirofilariasis in the Czech Republic. A 58-year-old woman suffered from an eyelid oedema, redness and pain in the left eye. After excising the parasite from her eyelid, all clinical symptoms disappeared. Based on the morphology and cytochrome oxidase I sequencing, the parasite was identified as D. repens. Histology revealed that the excised worm was female with absent microfilariae in uteri. With respect to the length of the incubation period and the sequence identity with a known Czech isolate, we concluded that D. repens was most likely of autochthonous origin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Gebauer
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Veterinary Research Institute, Hudcova 296/70, 621 00, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jaroslav Ondruš
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Veterinary Research Institute, Hudcova 296/70, 621 00, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Kulich
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Veterinary Research Institute, Hudcova 296/70, 621 00, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Ladislav Novotný
- Novopath s.r.o., Vrchlického 230, 533 45, Čeperka, Czech Republic
- Finn Pathologists, CVS Group, One Eyed Lane, Weybread, Norfolk, UK
| | - Rusłan Sałamatin
- Department of General Biology and Parasitology, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-004, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Petr Husa
- Department of Infectious Diseases, University Hospital Brno, Jihlavská 340/20, Brno, Czech Republic
- Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Kamenice 735/5, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Adam Novobilský
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Veterinary Research Institute, Hudcova 296/70, 621 00, Brno, Czech Republic.
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33
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Nguyen VL, Dantas-Torres F, Otranto D. Canine and feline vector-borne diseases of zoonotic concern in Southeast Asia. CURRENT RESEARCH IN PARASITOLOGY & VECTOR-BORNE DISEASES 2021. [PMCID: PMC8906074 DOI: 10.1016/j.crpvbd.2020.100001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Dogs and cats are important hosts and reservoirs of many viral, bacterial, protozoal, and helminthic pathogens transmitted by arthropods, including some of zoonotic concern. By sharing the same environment, these companion animals play an important role in the transmission of zoonotic pathogens to humans in various regions and socioeconomic contexts. While canine and feline vector-borne diseases (VBD) are of major concern in wealthy regions (e.g. Europe and North America), less attention has been received in developing countries such as those in Southeast Asia (SEA). This review provides summarized and updated information on canine and feline VBD with emphasis on those of zoonotic concern in SEA. Of these, zoonotic bacteria (i.e. Bartonella henselae, Bartonella clarridgeiae, and Rickettsia felis) and filarial nematodes (i.e. Brugia malayi, Dirofilaria repens, and Dirofilaria immitis) stand out as the most important in veterinary and human medicine. Additionally, the recent finding of Leishmania infantum in dogs in SEA raised more concerns about the spreading of this zoonotic agent in this region. Further epidemiological surveys, especially in countries with extremely scant information such as Cambodia, Laos, Myanmar, and Timor-Leste are advocated. Additionally, effective control measures of canine and feline VBD as well as their arthropod vectors should be simultaneously performed for the management of zoonotic infections. Many canine and feline vector-borne infections affect animals and humans in Southeast Asia. Ticks, fleas and mosquitoes are the most common vectors transmitting pathogens to dogs, cats and humans in Southeast Asia. Bartonella henselae, Rickettsia felis and Dirofilaria repens are of concern to human health in this region. Collaboration between governments and researchers is encouraged for a better management of vector-borne diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viet-Linh Nguyen
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Filipe Dantas-Torres
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
- Department of Immunology, Aggeu Magalhães Institute, Recife, Brazil
| | - Domenico Otranto
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
- Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamedan, Iran
- Corresponding author. Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari, Bari, Italy.
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de Almeida M, Nascimento FS, Mathison BA, Bishop H, Bradbury RS, Cama VA, da Silva AJ. Duplex Real-Time PCR Assay for Clinical Differentiation of Onchocerca lupi and Onchocerca volvulus. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2020; 103:1556-1562. [PMID: 32748784 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.20-0113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
In the United States and Europe, human onchocerciasis is a rare disease caused by zoonotic or anthropophilic parasites in the genus Onchocerca. The zoonotic species identified in focal areas of Europe and United States is Onchocerca lupi, and Onchocerca volvulus, the anthroponotic species, may be found among people who had lived in endemic areas of Africa, the Arabian Peninsula, or Latin America. Onchocerciasis due to O. lupi is an emergent parasitic disease, with limited diagnostic methods, in addition to the lack of information on its biology, transmission, and epidemiology. Cutaneous nodules are the disease's most prevalent manifestation but lack diagnostic specificity. To address the diagnosis of onchocerciasis at reference laboratories, we developed a duplex TaqMan real-time PCR (qPCR) method, targeting the cytochrome oxidase subunit I locus which has species-specific probes to identify and differentiate O. lupi from O. volvulus. We determined the performance of the duplex with a panel of 45 samples: 11 positives for O. lupi, six for O. volvulus, five samples with negative results for Onchocerca spp., and 23 non-Onchocerca nematodes. The duplex qPCR correctly detected 10 of 11 O. lupi- and six of six O. volvulus-positive specimens. The new duplex assay allowed the simultaneous detection and discrimination of O. lupi and O. volvulus in clinical specimens, expediting and facilitating the clinical diagnosis of O. lupi in non-endemic settings where the disease is an infrequent finding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcos de Almeida
- Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Center for Global Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Fernanda S Nascimento
- Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Center for Global Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Blaine A Mathison
- Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Center for Global Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Henry Bishop
- Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Center for Global Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Richard S Bradbury
- Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Center for Global Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Vitaliano A Cama
- Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Center for Global Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Alexandre J da Silva
- Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Center for Global Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
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Juul JA, Forsaa VA, Utheim TP, Willassen E. Scanning Electron Microscopy Observations of <b><i>Loa loa</i></b> (Nematoda). Case Rep Ophthalmol 2020; 11:486-492. [PMID: 32999680 PMCID: PMC7506276 DOI: 10.1159/000509338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2020] [Accepted: 06/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
We present a case report of periocular <i>Loa loa</i>. The key feature of <i>L. loa</i> distinguishing it from other human filarial parasites are cuticular bosses, which are presented in images from a light microscope and a scanning electron microscope. The cuticular bosses could be divided into three subtypes not previously described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jens Anibal Juul
- Department of Ophthalmology, Stavanger University Hospital, Stavanger, Norway
- *Jens Anibal Juul, Department of Ophthalmology, Stavanger University Hospital, PO box 8100, NO–4068 Stavanger (Norway),
| | | | - Tor Paaske Utheim
- Department of Ophthalmology, Stavanger University Hospital, Stavanger, Norway
| | - Endre Willassen
- Department of Natural History, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
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36
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Zvornicanin J, Zvornicanin E, Numanovic F, Delibegovic Z, Husic D, Gegic M. Ocular Dirofilariasis in Bosnia and Herzegovina: A Case Report and Review of the Literature. J Curr Ophthalmol 2020; 32:293-296. [PMID: 32775807 PMCID: PMC7382522 DOI: 10.4103/joco.joco_143_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2019] [Revised: 12/16/2019] [Accepted: 04/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose: To report a rare occurrence of ocular dirofilariasis in Bosnia and Herzegovina and provide a short overview on clinical characteristics and treatment options for ocular dirofilariasis. Methods: A 75-year-old woman was admitted to the University Clinical Centre Tuzla with pain and redness in her left eye. A live, white, coiled, and active worm was noticed in subconjunctival space of bulbar conjunctiva. Results: After successful surgical extraction, the parasite was identified as the adult form of Dirofilaria repens. There were no signs of intraocular or systemic inflammation. Conclusion: Ophthalmologists should have in mind a possible infestation, especially in cases with repeated inflammatory reactions and swelling of the ocular region, which does not respond to conventional therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasmin Zvornicanin
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Clinical Centre Tuzla, Tuzla, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Edita Zvornicanin
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Clinical Centre Tuzla, Tuzla, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Fatima Numanovic
- Institute of Microbiology, Polyclinic for Laboratory Diagnostics, University Clinical Centre Tuzla, Tuzla, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Zineta Delibegovic
- Institute of Microbiology, Polyclinic for Laboratory Diagnostics, University Clinical Centre Tuzla, Tuzla, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Damir Husic
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Clinical Centre Tuzla, Tuzla, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Merima Gegic
- Institute of Microbiology, Polyclinic for Laboratory Diagnostics, University Clinical Centre Tuzla, Tuzla, Bosnia and Herzegovina
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Angelou A, Latrofa MS, Annoscia G, Symeonidou I, Theodoridis A, Polizopoulou ZS, Otranto D, Papadopoulos E. Cercopithifilaria species in dogs and ticks from Greece. Parasitol Res 2020; 119:3391-3400. [PMID: 32607708 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-020-06784-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Accepted: 06/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Filarioids of the genus Cercopithifilaria (Spirurida, Onchocercidae) are parasites of wild and domestic animals in tropical and subtropical regions being transmitted by ixodid ticks. Though this filarioid species have been studied in canine and tick populations in Europe, data on their species diversity and geographical distribution in Greece is scant. Thus, the aims of this study were to investigate the presence of Cercopithifilaria spp. in dogs and ticks across Greece and to assess the possible risk factors. A total of 500 skin biopsies were collected from dogs, while 508 ticks were collected from 180 infested animals and examined. Sediments from skin biopsies were microscopically screened for detection of dermal microfilaria (mfs). Skin samples (n = 115) and tick specimens (n = 153) were molecularly subjected by PCR. Overall, 70 samples (14%) scored positive for mfs. Specifically, 68 samples (13.6%) were positive for Cercopithifilaria bainae and two (0.4%) were co-infected with C. bainae and Cercopithifilaria sp. II. Molecular analyses revealed that all sequences obtained belong to C. bainae. Haplotype I was the most frequent (92.6%), followed by haplotype XVIII (3%) and haplotypes II and IX (1.5%). Three new haplotypes of C. bainae, named XIX, XX, and XXI, were also identified. Among the risk factors examined, habitat, dog use, body weight, tick infestation history, and the use of acaricides were associated with the presence of C. bainae. The estimated prevalence of Cercopithifilaria spp. demonstrates that these filarioids are common in dogs and ticks in Greece. Finally, the identification of 7 haplotypes for C. bainae confirms their genetic variability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Athanasios Angelou
- Laboratory of Parasitology and Parasitic Diseases, Faculty of Health Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, PO Box: 393, University Campus, GR 54124, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | | | - Giada Annoscia
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Università degli Studi di Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Isaia Symeonidou
- Laboratory of Parasitology and Parasitic Diseases, Faculty of Health Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, PO Box: 393, University Campus, GR 54124, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Alexandros Theodoridis
- Laboratory of Animal Production Economics, Faculty of Health Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Aristotle University, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Zoe S Polizopoulou
- Diagnostic Laboratory, Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Domenico Otranto
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Università degli Studi di Bari, Bari, Italy.,Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Bu-Ali Sina University, Felestin Sq., Hamedan, Iran
| | - Elias Papadopoulos
- Laboratory of Parasitology and Parasitic Diseases, Faculty of Health Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, PO Box: 393, University Campus, GR 54124, Thessaloniki, Greece.
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Panarese R, Iatta R, Latrofa MS, Zatelli A, Ćupina AI, Montarsi F, Pombi M, Mendoza-Roldan JA, Beugnet F, Otranto D. Hyperendemic Dirofilaria immitis infection in a sheltered dog population: an expanding threat in the Mediterranean region. Int J Parasitol 2020; 50:555-559. [PMID: 32479831 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2020.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2020] [Revised: 03/27/2020] [Accepted: 04/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
A study on the occurrence of Dirofilaria immitis and its vectors was carried out in order to assess the prevalence of the disease in dogs in previously non-endemic areas of southern Italy. Blood samples (n = 385) and mosquitoes (n = 1540) were collected in two dog shelters and analysed by Knott's test and duplex real-time PCR, respectively. Dirofilaria immitis was the most prevalent filarioid (44.2%), while Culex pipiens was the most prevalent mosquito species (68.8%). This high prevalence of D. immitis infection confirms this location as one of the most hyperendemic foci of dirofilariosis in Europe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rossella Panarese
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Università degli Studi di Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Roberta Iatta
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Università degli Studi di Bari, Bari, Italy
| | | | - Andrea Zatelli
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Università degli Studi di Bari, Bari, Italy
| | | | - Fabrizio Montarsi
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Legnaro PD, Italy
| | - Marco Pombi
- Dipartimento di Sanità Pubblica e Malattie Infettive, Università di Roma "Sapienza", Roma, Italy
| | | | | | - Domenico Otranto
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Università degli Studi di Bari, Bari, Italy; Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamedan, Iran.
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39
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Dantas-Torres F, Otranto D. Overview on Dirofilaria immitis in the Americas, with notes on other filarial worms infecting dogs. Vet Parasitol 2020; 282:109113. [PMID: 32464570 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2020.109113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2020] [Revised: 04/09/2020] [Accepted: 04/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Canine dirofilariosis in the Americas is primarily caused by Dirofilaria immitis, a mosquito-borne filarial worm infecting dogs, which may also infect and cause disease in other mammalian hosts, including humans. Morphological and molecular evidence gathered in the past decades suggest that other Dirofilaria spp. may infect dogs in the American continent, though the actual taxonomic identity of them still needs to be elucidated. In addition, filarial worms belonging to distinct genera have also been reported in dogs in this part of the world, including Acanthocheilonema reconditum, Cercopithifilaria bainae, and Onchocerca lupi. Among these, O. lupi is a species of major clinical significance, which has been reported not only in dogs, but also in cats and humans in North America. The present article provides a current overview on canine dirofilariosis in the Americas, with notes on other filarial worms infecting dogs. It also provides some insights into outstanding research questions that should be responded to fill some of the several knowledge gaps related to this group of parasites in this continent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filipe Dantas-Torres
- Department of Immunology, Aggeu Magalhães Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (Fiocruz), Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil.
| | - Domenico Otranto
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari, Valenzano, Italy; Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamedan, Iran
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40
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Abstract
Parasitic diseases, such as sleeping sickness, Chagas disease and malaria, remain a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide, but particularly in tropical, developing countries. Controlling these diseases requires a better understanding of host-parasite interactions, including a deep appreciation of parasite distribution in the host. The preferred accumulation of parasites in some tissues of the host has been known for many years, but recent technical advances have allowed a more systematic analysis and quantifications of such tissue tropisms. The functional consequences of tissue tropism remain poorly studied, although it has been associated with important aspects of disease, including transmission enhancement, treatment failure, relapse and clinical outcome. Here, we discuss current knowledge of tissue tropism in Trypanosoma infections in mammals, describe potential mechanisms of tissue entry, comparatively discuss relevant findings from other parasitology fields where tissue tropism has been extensively investigated, and reflect on new questions raised by recent discoveries and their potential impact on clinical treatment and disease control strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Silva Pereira
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular-João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa , Lisbon , Portugal
| | - Sandra Trindade
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular-João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa , Lisbon , Portugal
| | - Mariana De Niz
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular-João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa , Lisbon , Portugal
| | - Luisa M Figueiredo
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular-João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa , Lisbon , Portugal
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Filarial worms: a systematic review and meta-analysis of diversity in animals from Iran with emphasis on human cases. Parasitology 2020; 147:909-921. [PMID: 32249728 DOI: 10.1017/s003118202000058x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Current systematic review and meta-analysis demonstrate the prevalence reports of filariasis in animals in Iran along with human cases. Studies were screened, relevant papers were selected and the random-effect model was used by forest plot with 95% confidence interval (CI). Of 17 records of human case-reports, particularly from Khuzestan province (5 cases), Dirofilaria repens was the most detected parasite (10 cases) with higher involvement of the right eye (7 cases) than other organs. Eleven animal species were reported to be parasitised by filarioids in Iran. The prevalence of Dirofilaria immitis in canids was 14.69% (95% CI: 10.33-19.67), with highest rates (20.92%; 95% CI: 13.84-29.03) in free-ranging dogs. Male (10.07%; 95% CI: 5.10-16.47) and more than 1-year old (20.77%; 95% CI: 8.66-36.42) dogs were more likely to be found infected. The frequency of other filarioids of zoonotic interest was: Acanthocheilonema reconditum in dogs 2.15% (95% CI: 0.71-4.33), Dipetalonema evansi in camels 10.16% (95% CI: 4.73-17.34), Onchocerca cervicalis in horses 3.63% (95% CI: 1.44-6.75%) and Onchocerca fasciata 16.57% (95% CI: 10.12-24.24%) in camels. Still, our knowledge on parasitic filariae in Iran is limited and more investigation is needed in both human and animal populations.
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Saeung A, Srisuka W, Aupalee K, Fukuda M, Otsuka Y, Taai K, Maleewong W, Takaoka H. Natural infections with larvae of Onchocerca species type I in the human-biting black fly, Simulium nigrogilvum (Diptera: Simuliidae), in western Thailand. Acta Trop 2020; 204:105344. [PMID: 31954685 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2020.105344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2019] [Revised: 01/14/2020] [Accepted: 01/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Zoonotic onchocerciasis is a human infection caused by Onchocerca species of animal origins and transmitted by black fly vectors. The reported incidence of this disease has increased throughout the world. This study aims to clarify the vectorial roles of black fly species in zoonotic filarial transmission in Tak province, western Thailand. The integrated approach of morphological and DNA sequence-based analyses was used to identify species of both wild-caught female black flies and infective filarial larvae found in the infected black flies. All of 494 female black flies captured were identified as Simulium nigrogilvum, through scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and DNA sequence analyses based on the cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) and subunit II (COII), and the fast-evolving nuclear elongation complex protein 1 (ECP1) genes. Four females of S. nigrogilvum harbored one to three third-stage larvae (infective larvae) in their thoraces, with an infection rate of 0.81% (4/494). All infective larvae were similar in morphology and size to one another, being identified as Onchocerca species type I (= O. sp. type A), a bovine filaria, originally reported from Japan, and also as O. sp. found in S. nodosum in Thailand, based on their body lengths and widths being 1,068-1,346 µm long by 25-28 µm wide, and morphological characters. Comparisons of cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) and 12S rRNA sequences of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) and phylogenetic analyses with those of previous reports strongly supported that all larvae were O. sp. type I. This report is the first indicating the presence of O. sp. type I in Thailand and its vector being S. nigrogilvum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atiporn Saeung
- Center of Insect Vector Study, Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Wichai Srisuka
- Entomology Section, Queen Sirikit Botanic Garden, P.O. Box 7, Chiang Mai 50180, Thailand
| | - Kittipat Aupalee
- Center of Insect Vector Study, Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Masako Fukuda
- Institute for Research Promotion, Oita University, Idaigaoka 1-1, Hasama, Yufu City, Oita 879-5593, Japan.
| | - Yasushi Otsuka
- Research Center for the Pacific Islands, Kagoshima University, Korimoto 1-21-24, Kagoshima City, Kagoshima 890-8580, Japan.
| | - Kritsana Taai
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Western University, Kanchanaburi 71170, Thailand
| | - Wanchai Maleewong
- Department of Parasitology, Research and Diagnostic Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand.
| | - Hiroyuki Takaoka
- Tropical Infectious Diseases Research and Education Centre (TIDREC), University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
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Sanchez-Godoy F, Juarez-Murguia A, Hernandez-Castro R, Xicohtencatl-Cortes J, Martinez-Hernandez F, Hernandez-Velasco X. Characterization of aortic and brachiocephalic filariasis by Filarioidea sp (Nematoda:Spirurida:Filarioidea) in Mexican ramphastids. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR PARASITOLOGY-PARASITES AND WILDLIFE 2020; 11:282-286. [PMID: 32211290 PMCID: PMC7083752 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijppaw.2020.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2020] [Revised: 03/07/2020] [Accepted: 03/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The manuscript presented herein documents the findings of filaria nematodes in 5 keel-billed toucans, and one emerald toucanet, originated from 2 private aviaries in Mexico City during two years. The birds displayed ruffled feathers, depression, inability to perch, convulsions, and sudden death. Furthermore, thickened wall of the aortic and brachiocephalic arteries, with connective tissue proliferation and chondroid metaplasia were observed. Molecular characterization matched Filarioidea sp (Nematoda: Spirurida: Filarioidea). To the authors' knowledge, this is the first documented report of filariae Filarioidea sp. causing mortality in ramphastids in Mexico. This manuscript may contribute to expand current knowledge of filariasis and the health risks and livability of wild birds.
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Affiliation(s)
- F.D. Sanchez-Godoy
- Department of Avian Medicine and Zootechnics, College of Veterinary Medicine and Zootechnics, National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM), Av. Universidad 3000, UNAM, C.U, 04510, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - A. Juarez-Murguia
- Private Practice at Petbird Veterinary Clinic Santa Fe, Chilenos 7, María G. García Ruíz, Álvaro Obregón, 01220, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - R. Hernandez-Castro
- Department of Pathogenic Agent Ecology, General Hospital “Dr. Manuel Gea González”, 14080, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - J. Xicohtencatl-Cortes
- Laboratory of Intestinal Bacteriology, Children Hospital of Mexico “Dr. Federico Gómez”, 06720, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - F. Martinez-Hernandez
- Department of Pathogenic Agent Ecology, General Hospital “Dr. Manuel Gea González”, 14080, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - X. Hernandez-Velasco
- Department of Avian Medicine and Zootechnics, College of Veterinary Medicine and Zootechnics, National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM), Av. Universidad 3000, UNAM, C.U, 04510, Mexico City, Mexico
- Corresponding author.
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ONDRISKA F, BOLDIŠ V, STANISLAVOVÁ M, ANTOLOVÁ D, MITERPÁKOVÁ M, HANÁČEK A, VEŠPEROVÁ S, JANČOVIČ I. Ocular Dirofilariasis after Clinically Manifested Subcutaneous Migration of the Parasite: A Case Report. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF PARASITOLOGY 2020; 15:147-152. [PMID: 32489388 PMCID: PMC7244843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Dirofilaria repens is the causative agent of human subcutaneous or, less often, ocular dirofilariasis. The work presents a rare case of ocular dirofilariasis manifested by previous subcutaneous migration accompanied by severe headache symptoms. In February 2017, a 58-yr-old man from Trnava region, western Slovakia, noticed red and itchy stripes on his left leg. Inflamed but painless stripes disappeared and showed up again every 5-7 days, migrating gradually towards the head. Approximately one month after the first skin's alterations, strong pain in the left temple, with the swelling of the left face and the enlargement of mandibular lymph nodes appeared. Several days later, the patient felt excruciating pain of the right eyeball accompanied by strong nausea and subsequent vomiting. Ocular examination revealed the presence of a live worm in the subconjunctival space and morphological and molecular analyses of extracted helminth confirmed D. repens as etiological agent of the infection. According to clinical manifestation of the infection, it could be supposed that ocular form of the disease was the result of the migration of a parasite through the subcutaneous tissues. Moreover, a rare phenomenon of lymphadenitis of underlying lymph nodes and the swelling of left face accompanied the migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- František ONDRISKA
- Department of Laboratory Testing Methods in Health Care, Faculty of Health Care and Social Work, Trnava University, Trnava, Slovakia, Department of Parasitology, Medirex (Ltd), Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Vojtech BOLDIŠ
- Department of Laboratory Testing Methods in Health Care, Faculty of Health Care and Social Work, Trnava University, Trnava, Slovakia
| | - Marta STANISLAVOVÁ
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital of Bratislava, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Daniela ANTOLOVÁ
- Department of Zoonotic Diseases, Institute of Parasitology SAS, Košice, Slovakia,Correspondence
| | - Martina MITERPÁKOVÁ
- Department of Zoonotic Diseases, Institute of Parasitology SAS, Košice, Slovakia
| | - Anton HANÁČEK
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty Hospital of Trnava, Trnava, Slovakia
| | - Soňa VEŠPEROVÁ
- Department of Infectology, Faculty Hospital of Trnava, Trnava, Slovakia
| | - Ivan JANČOVIČ
- ENT Outpatient Department, Bánovce nad Bebravou, Slovakia
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do Vale B, Lopes AP, da Conceição Fontes M, Silvestre M, Cardoso L, Coelho AC. Thelaziosis due to Thelazia callipaeda in Europe in the 21st century-A review. Vet Parasitol 2019; 275:108957. [PMID: 31630050 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2019.108957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2019] [Revised: 10/08/2019] [Accepted: 10/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Thelazia callipaeda was first described at the beginning of the 20th century in Asia, but this eyeworm is now frequently reported in Europe in the 21st century. To date, thelaziosis has been described in the following European countries (in order of appearance): Italy, France, Germany, Switzerland, Spain, Portugal, Belgium, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Serbia, Romania, Greece, Bulgaria, Hungary, Slovakia, the United Kingdom, Turkey and Austria. The infected vertebrate host species include domestic carnivores (dogs and cats), wild carnivores (red foxes, wolves, beech martens, wildcats and golden jackals), lagomorphs (brown hares and wild European rabbits) and humans. In Europe, 11 cases of human thelaziosis have been reported, the majority of which are autochthonous. However, some of them have been imported, a fact which highlights the importance of surveillance policies to restrict cross-border spread of the parasite. The objectives of this article are to review key aspects of the epidemiology of T. callipaeda, summarise animal and human cases in Europe and emphasise the importance of education and awareness among veterinarians, physicians (particularly ophthalmologists) and animal, in order to owners to tackle this zoonosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz do Vale
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, School of Agrarian and Veterinary Sciences (ECAV), University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro (UTAD), Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Ana Patrícia Lopes
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, School of Agrarian and Veterinary Sciences (ECAV), University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro (UTAD), Vila Real, Portugal; Animal and Veterinary Research Centre, UTAD, Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Maria da Conceição Fontes
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, School of Agrarian and Veterinary Sciences (ECAV), University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro (UTAD), Vila Real, Portugal; Animal and Veterinary Research Centre, UTAD, Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Mário Silvestre
- Animal and Veterinary Research Centre, UTAD, Vila Real, Portugal; Department of Zootechnics, ECAV, UTAD, Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Luís Cardoso
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, School of Agrarian and Veterinary Sciences (ECAV), University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro (UTAD), Vila Real, Portugal; Animal and Veterinary Research Centre, UTAD, Vila Real, Portugal.
| | - Ana Cláudia Coelho
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, School of Agrarian and Veterinary Sciences (ECAV), University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro (UTAD), Vila Real, Portugal; Animal and Veterinary Research Centre, UTAD, Vila Real, Portugal
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46
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Benavides MA, Baldo MB, Tauber S, Figueiras SF, Incani RN, Nawa Y. Case Report: Ocular Gnathostomiasis in Venezuela Most Likely Acquired in Texas. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2019; 99:1028-1032. [PMID: 30141392 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.18-0492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
A 69-year-old male dentist in Caracas, Venezuela, was referred to our Cornea Clinic with a history of pain, photophobia, and blurred vision on his left eye. Routine biomicroscopic examination with a slit lamp showed a worm in the corneal stroma of his left eye. The worm was surgically removed and was identified morphologically as Gnathostoma binucleatum.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Maria Belisa Baldo
- Cornea Clinic, Ophthalmology Service, Centro Medico Docente La Trinidad, Caracas, Venezuela
| | - Shachar Tauber
- Ophthalmic Research and Telemedicine Section, Ophthalmology and Optometry Mercy Clinic, Caracas, Venezuela
| | - Sandra Fernandez Figueiras
- Section of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, Clinical Laboratory, Centro Medico Docente La Trinidad Caracas, Venezuela
| | - Renzo Nino Incani
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad de Carabobo, Valencia, Venezuela
| | - Yukifumi Nawa
- Tropical Diseases Research Centre, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
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Momčilović S, Gabrielli S, Golubović M, Smilić T, Krstić M, Đenić S, Ranđelović M, Tasić-Otašević S. Human dirofilariosis of buccal mucosa - First molecularly confirmed case and literature review. Parasitol Int 2019; 73:101960. [PMID: 31442663 DOI: 10.1016/j.parint.2019.101960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2019] [Revised: 06/03/2019] [Accepted: 07/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
When presented in unusual manner, human dirofilariosis is hard to recognize and often leads to misdiagnosis and unjustified use of various medications. Herein, we report a rare case of Dirofilaria infection localized in buccal mucosa. A 45-year-old male, residing in the Central Serbia, developed striking edema of buccal mucosa followed by leucocytosis, with both neutrophylia and eosinophylia. Thirty days after first symptoms occurred, nodule was formed along the lateral edge of right maxilla. Therefore, patient underwent surgical extirpation and subsequent histopathological analysis of the specimen revealed the presence of a nematode. Based on morphological characteristics of detected parasite, the diagnosis of submucosal Dirofilaria repens-like infection was made. The diagnosis was confirmed, being the first case in the world analyzed by molecular methods. So far, only 13 such cases have been reported worldwide and our paper brings attention to rare form of this zoonosis and updates the data about human dirofilariosis in buccal mucosa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Momčilović
- Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery Clinic, Clinical Center Niš, Blvd Zorana Djindjica 48, Niš 18000, Serbia; Faculty of Medicine, University of Niš, Blvd Zorana Djindjica 81, Niš 18000, Serbia.
| | - Simona Gabrielli
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Piazza le Aldo Moro 5, Rome 00185, Italy
| | - Milan Golubović
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Niš, Blvd Zorana Djindjica 81, Niš 18000, Serbia
| | - Tanja Smilić
- Center for Radiology, Clinical Center Niš, Blvd Zorana Djindjica 48, Niš 18000, Serbia
| | - Miljan Krstić
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Niš, Blvd Zorana Djindjica 81, Niš 18000, Serbia
| | - Saša Đenić
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Niš, Blvd Zorana Djindjica 81, Niš 18000, Serbia
| | - Marina Ranđelović
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Niš, Blvd Zorana Djindjica 81, Niš 18000, Serbia; Center of Microbiology and Parasitology, Public Health Institute Niš, Blvd Zorana Djindjica 81, Niš 18000, Serbia
| | - Suzana Tasić-Otašević
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Niš, Blvd Zorana Djindjica 81, Niš 18000, Serbia; Center of Microbiology and Parasitology, Public Health Institute Niš, Blvd Zorana Djindjica 81, Niš 18000, Serbia
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48
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Otranto D, Deplazes P. Zoonotic nematodes of wild carnivores. Int J Parasitol Parasites Wildl 2019; 9:370-383. [PMID: 31338295 PMCID: PMC6626844 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijppaw.2018.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2018] [Revised: 12/29/2018] [Accepted: 12/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
For a long time, wildlife carnivores have been disregarded for their potential in transmitting zoonotic nematodes. However, human activities and politics (e.g., fragmentation of the environment, land use, recycling in urban settings) have consistently favoured the encroachment of urban areas upon wild environments, ultimately causing alteration of many ecosystems with changes in the composition of the wild fauna and destruction of boundaries between domestic and wild environments. Therefore, the exchange of parasites from wild to domestic carnivores and vice versa have enhanced the public health relevance of wild carnivores and their potential impact in the epidemiology of many zoonotic parasitic diseases. The risk of transmission of zoonotic nematodes from wild carnivores to humans via food, water and soil (e.g., genera Ancylostoma, Baylisascaris, Capillaria, Uncinaria, Strongyloides, Toxocara, Trichinella) or arthropod vectors (e.g., genera Dirofilaria spp., Onchocerca spp., Thelazia spp.) and the emergence, re-emergence or the decreasing trend of selected infections is herein discussed. In addition, the reasons for limited scientific information about some parasites of zoonotic concern have been examined. A correct compromise between conservation of wild carnivores and risk of introduction and spreading of parasites of public health concern is discussed in order to adequately manage the risk of zoonotic nematodes of wild carnivores in line with the 'One Health' approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Domenico Otranto
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Universita’ degli Studi di Bari, 70010, Valenzano, Italy
| | - Peter Deplazes
- Institute of Parasitology, University of Zürich, 8057, Zürich, Switzerland
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49
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Napoli E, Bono V, Gaglio G, Giannetto S, Zanghì A, Otranto D, Brianti E. Unusual localization of Dirofilaria repens (Spirurida: Onchocercidae) infection in the testicle of a dog. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 2019; 66:101326. [PMID: 31437684 DOI: 10.1016/j.cimid.2019.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2019] [Revised: 06/18/2019] [Accepted: 06/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
This report describes an uncommon localization of Dirofilaria repens in the testicle of a nine-year-old dog from southern Italy. The dog underwent neutring and three adult nematodes were found in the tunica vaginalis. At gross anatomy, no pathological changes were observed on the tunica, in the testicle or epididymis. The parasites, one female and two males, were morphologically and molecularly identified as D. repens. This is the first report of D. repens in the canine testicle in Italy. This case report highlights the asymptomatic nature of D. repens infection, suggesting that dogs living in endemic areas may act as silent carriers. Careful screening and an effective chemoprophylaxis should be ensured for all animals potentially exposed to D. repens infection in order to reduce the risk of infection to humans in areas where the parasite is endemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ettore Napoli
- Dipartimento di Scienze Veterinarie, Università degli Studi di Messina, Polo Universitario Annunziata 98168 Messina, Italy
| | - Valentina Bono
- Dipartimento di Scienze Veterinarie, Università degli Studi di Messina, Polo Universitario Annunziata 98168 Messina, Italy
| | - Gabriella Gaglio
- Dipartimento di Scienze Veterinarie, Università degli Studi di Messina, Polo Universitario Annunziata 98168 Messina, Italy
| | - Salvatore Giannetto
- Dipartimento di Scienze Veterinarie, Università degli Studi di Messina, Polo Universitario Annunziata 98168 Messina, Italy
| | - Antonina Zanghì
- Dipartimento di Scienze Veterinarie, Università degli Studi di Messina, Polo Universitario Annunziata 98168 Messina, Italy
| | - Domenico Otranto
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Università degli Studi Bari, Strada Provinciale per Casamassima km 3, 70010, Valenzano, Bari, Italy
| | - Emanuele Brianti
- Dipartimento di Scienze Veterinarie, Università degli Studi di Messina, Polo Universitario Annunziata 98168 Messina, Italy.
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Karesh JW, Mazzoli RA, Heintz SK. Ocular Manifestations of Mosquito-Transmitted Diseases. Mil Med 2019; 183:450-458. [PMID: 29635625 DOI: 10.1093/milmed/usx183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2017] [Accepted: 12/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Of the 3,548 known mosquito species, about 100 transmit human diseases. Mosquitoes are distributed globally throughout tropical and temperate regions where standing water sources are available for egg laying and the maturation of larva. Female mosquitoes require blood meals for egg production. This is the main pathway for disease transmission. Mosquitoes carry several pathogenic organisms responsible for significant ocular pathology and vision loss including West Nile, Rift Valley, chikungunya, dengue viruses, various encephalitis viruses, malarial parasites, Francisella tularensis, microfilarial parasites, including Dirofilaria, Wuchereria, and Brugia spp., and human botfly larvae. Health care providers may not be familiar with many of these mosquito-transmitted diseases or their associated ocular findings delaying diagnosis, treatment, and recovery of visual function. This article aims to provide an overview of the ocular manifestations associated with mosquito-transmitted diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- James W Karesh
- The Vision Center of Excellence, Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, 8960 Brown Drive, Building 2, 1st Floor, Room 1403-A, Bethesda, MD 20889-5629
| | - Robert A Mazzoli
- The Vision Center of Excellence, Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, 8960 Brown Drive, Building 2, 1 st Floor, Room 1403-A, Bethesda, MD 20889-5629.,Madigan Army Medical Center, 9040 Jackson Avenue, Tacoma, WA 98431
| | - Shannon K Heintz
- The Vision Center of Excellence, Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, 8960 Brown Drive, Building 2, 1st Floor, Room 1403-A, Bethesda, MD 20889-5629
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