1
|
Escobar D, González-Olvera G, Gómez-Rivera ÁS, Navarrete-Carballo J, Mis-Ávila P, Baack-Valle R, Escalante G, Reyes-Cabrera G, Correa-Morales F, Che-Mendoza A, Vazquez-Prokopec G, Lenhart A, Manrique-Saide P. Insecticide susceptibility status of Anopheles albimanus populations in historical malaria foci in Quintana Roo, Mexico. Malar J 2024; 23:165. [PMID: 38796456 PMCID: PMC11128101 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-024-04993-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2024] [Accepted: 05/21/2024] [Indexed: 05/28/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mexico has experienced a significant reduction in malaria cases over the past two decades. Certification of localities as malaria-free areas (MFAs) has been proposed as a steppingstone before elimination is achieved throughout the country. The Mexican state of Quintana Roo is a candidate for MFA certification. Monitoring the status of insecticide susceptibility of major vectors is crucial for MFA certification. This study describes the susceptibility status of Anopheles albimanus, main malaria vector, from historically important malaria foci in Quintana Roo, using both phenotypic and genotypic approaches. METHODS Adult mosquito collections were carried out at three localities: Palmar (Municipality of Othon P. Blanco), Buenavista (Bacalar) and Puerto Morelos (Puerto Morelos). Outdoor human-landing catches were performed by pairs of trained staff from 18:00 to 22:00 during 3-night periods at each locality during the rainy season of 2022. Wild-caught female mosquitoes were exposed to diagnostic doses of deltamethrin, permethrin, malathion, pirimiphos-methyl or bendiocarb using CDC bottle bioassays. Mortality was registered at the diagnostic time and recovery was assessed 24 h after exposure. Molecular analyses targeting the Voltage-Gated Sodium Channel (vgsc) gene and acetylcholinesterase (ace-1) gene were used to screen for target site polymorphisms. An SNP analysis was carried out to identify mutations at position 995 in the vgsc gene and at position 280 in the ace-1 gene. RESULTS A total of 2828 anophelines were collected. The main species identified were Anopheles albimanus (82%) and Anopheles vestitipennis (16%). Mortalities in the CDC bottle bioassay ranged from 99% to 100% for all the insecticides and mosquito species. Sequence analysis was performed on 35 An. albimanus across the three localities; of those, 25 were analysed for vgsc and 10 for ace-1 mutations. All individuals showed wild type alleles. CONCLUSION The results demonstrated that An. albimanus populations from historical malaria foci in Quintana Roo are susceptible to the main insecticides used by the Ministry of Health.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Denis Escobar
- Unidad Colaborativa de Bioensayos Entomológicos, Campus de Ciencias Biológicas y Agropecuarias, Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Honduras, Tegucigalpa, Honduras
| | - Gabriela González-Olvera
- Unidad Colaborativa de Bioensayos Entomológicos, Campus de Ciencias Biológicas y Agropecuarias, Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico
| | | | - Juan Navarrete-Carballo
- Unidad Colaborativa de Bioensayos Entomológicos, Campus de Ciencias Biológicas y Agropecuarias, Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico
| | - Pedro Mis-Ávila
- Servicios Estatales de Salud de Quintana Roo, Chetumal, Quintana Roo, Mexico
| | - Raquel Baack-Valle
- Servicios Estatales de Salud de Quintana Roo, Chetumal, Quintana Roo, Mexico
| | - Guillermo Escalante
- Servicios Estatales de Salud de Quintana Roo, Chetumal, Quintana Roo, Mexico
| | - Gerardo Reyes-Cabrera
- Centro Nacional de Programas Preventivos y Control de Enfermedades, Secretaría de Salud, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Fabian Correa-Morales
- Centro Nacional de Programas Preventivos y Control de Enfermedades, Secretaría de Salud, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Azael Che-Mendoza
- Unidad Colaborativa de Bioensayos Entomológicos, Campus de Ciencias Biológicas y Agropecuarias, Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico
| | | | - Audrey Lenhart
- Entomology Branch, Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Pablo Manrique-Saide
- Unidad Colaborativa de Bioensayos Entomológicos, Campus de Ciencias Biológicas y Agropecuarias, Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Real-Jaramillo S, Bustillos JJ, Moncayo AL, Neira M, Fárez L, Beltrán E, Ocaña-Mayorga S. Phenotypic resistance not associated with knockdown mutations (kdr) in Anopheles albimanus exposed to deltamethrin in southern coastal Ecuador. Malar J 2024; 23:17. [PMID: 38217047 PMCID: PMC10787486 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-023-04818-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2023] [Accepted: 12/08/2023] [Indexed: 01/14/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Decrease in malaria rates (e.g. incidence and cases) in Latin America maintains this region on track to achieve the goal of elimination. During the last 5 years, three countries have been certified as malaria free. However, the region fails to achieve the goal of 40% reduction on malaria rates and an increase of cases has been reported in some countries, including Ecuador. This scenario has been associated with multiple causes, such as decrease of funding to continue anti-malarial programmes and the development of insecticide resistance of the main malaria vectors. In Ecuador, official reports indicated phenotypic resistance in Aedes aegypti and Anopheles albimanus to deltamethrin and malathion, particularly in the coastal areas of Ecuador, however, information about the mechanisms of resistance have not been yet elucidated. This study aims to evaluate phenotypic response to deltamethrin and its relationship with kdr mutations in An. albimanus from two localities with different agricultural activities in southern coastal Ecuador. METHODS The CDC bottle assay was carried out to evaluate the phenotypic status of the mosquito's population. Sequencing the voltage gated sodium channel gene (VGSC) sought knockdown mutations (kdr) in codons 1010, 1013 and 1014 associated with resistance. RESULTS Phenotypic resistance was found in Santa Rosa (63.3%) and suspected resistance in Huaquillas (82.1%); with females presenting a higher median of knockdown rate (83.7%) than males (45.6%). No statistical differences were found between the distributions of knockdown rate for the two localities (p = 0.6048) which indicates no influence of agricultural activity. Although phenotypic resistance was confirmed, genetic analysis demonstrate that this resistance was not related with the kdr mechanism of the VGSC gene because no mutations were found in codons 1010 and 1013, while in codon 1014, 90.6% showed the susceptible sequence (TTG) and 7.3% ambiguous nucleotides (TKK and TYG). CONCLUSIONS These results highlighted the importance of continuous monitoring of resistance in malaria vectors in Ecuador, particularly in areas that have reported outbreaks during the last years. It is also important to elucidate the mechanism involved in the development of the resistance to PYs to propose alternative insecticides or strategies for vector control in areas where resistance is present.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sebasthian Real-Jaramillo
- Centro de Investigación para la Salud en América Latina, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador, Calle Pambacienda y San Pedro del Valle, Campus Nayón, 170530, Nayón, Ecuador
| | - Juan J Bustillos
- Centro de Investigación para la Salud en América Latina, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador, Calle Pambacienda y San Pedro del Valle, Campus Nayón, 170530, Nayón, Ecuador
| | - Ana L Moncayo
- Centro de Investigación para la Salud en América Latina, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador, Calle Pambacienda y San Pedro del Valle, Campus Nayón, 170530, Nayón, Ecuador
| | - Marco Neira
- Centro de Investigación para la Salud en América Latina, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador, Calle Pambacienda y San Pedro del Valle, Campus Nayón, 170530, Nayón, Ecuador
- The Cyprus Institute, Climate and Atmosphere Research Center (CARE-C), Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Leonardo Fárez
- Laboratorio de Referencia Intermedio de Entomología CZ707D02, Ministerio de Salud Pública de Ecuador, Machala, Ecuador
| | - Efraín Beltrán
- Unidad Académica de Ciencias Químicas y de La Salud, Universidad Técnica de Machala, Machala, Ecuador
| | - Sofía Ocaña-Mayorga
- Centro de Investigación para la Salud en América Latina, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador, Calle Pambacienda y San Pedro del Valle, Campus Nayón, 170530, Nayón, Ecuador.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Bickersmith SA, Jurczynski JD, Sallum MAM, Chaves LSM, Bergo ES, Rodriguez GAD, Morante CA, Rios CT, Saavedra MP, Alava F, Gamboa D, Vinetz JM, Conn JE. Mutations Linked to Insecticide Resistance Not Detected in the Ace-1 or VGSC Genes in Nyssorhynchus darlingi from Multiple Localities in Amazonian Brazil and Peru. Genes (Basel) 2023; 14:1892. [PMID: 37895241 PMCID: PMC10606710 DOI: 10.3390/genes14101892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2023] [Revised: 09/20/2023] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Indoor residual spray (IRS), mainly employing pyrethroid insecticides, is the most common intervention for preventing malaria transmission in many regions of Latin America; the use of long-lasting insecticidal nets (LLINs) has been more limited. Knockdown resistance (kdr) is a well-characterized target-site resistance mechanism associated with pyrethroid and DDT resistance. Most mutations detected in acetylcholinesterase-1 (Ace-1) and voltage-gated sodium channel (VGSC) genes are non-synonymous, resulting in a change in amino acid, leading to the non-binding of the insecticide. In the present study, we analyzed target-site resistance in Nyssorhynchus darlingi, the primary malaria vector in the Amazon, in multiple malaria endemic localities. We screened 988 wild-caught specimens of Ny. darlingi from three localities in Amazonian Peru and four in Amazonian Brazil. Collections were conducted between 2014 and 2021. The criteria were Amazonian localities with a recent history as malaria hotspots, primary transmission by Ny. darlingi, and the use of both IRS and LLINs as interventions. Fragments of Ace-1 (456 bp) and VGSC (228 bp) were amplified, sequenced, and aligned with Ny. darlingi sequences available in GenBank. We detected only synonymous mutations in the frequently reported Ace-1 codon 280 known to confer resistance to organophosphates and carbamates, but detected three non-synonymous mutations in other regions of the gene. Similarly, no mutations linked to insecticide resistance were detected in the frequently reported codon (995) at the S6 segment of domain II of VGSC. The lack of genotypic detection of insecticide resistance mutations by sequencing the Ace-1 and VGSC genes from multiple Ny. darlingi populations in Brazil and Peru could be associated with low-intensity resistance, or possibly the main resistance mechanism is metabolic.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sara A. Bickersmith
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, NY 12201, USA; (S.A.B.); (J.D.J.)
| | - John D. Jurczynski
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, NY 12201, USA; (S.A.B.); (J.D.J.)
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Public Health, University at Albany, State University of New York, Albany, NY 12222, USA
| | - Maria Anice Mureb Sallum
- Departamento de Epidemiologia, Faculdade de Saúde Pública, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo 01246-904, Brazil; (M.A.M.S.); (L.S.M.C.)
| | - Leonardo S. M. Chaves
- Departamento de Epidemiologia, Faculdade de Saúde Pública, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo 01246-904, Brazil; (M.A.M.S.); (L.S.M.C.)
| | - Eduardo S. Bergo
- Secretaria de Estado da Saúde de São Paulo, Instituto Pasteur, São Paulo 01027-000, Brazil;
| | - Gloria A. D. Rodriguez
- Laboratorio de Referencia Regional de Loreto, Gerencia Regional de Salud de Loreto (GERESA), Loreto 16001, Peru; (G.A.D.R.); (C.A.M.); (C.T.R.)
| | - Clara A. Morante
- Laboratorio de Referencia Regional de Loreto, Gerencia Regional de Salud de Loreto (GERESA), Loreto 16001, Peru; (G.A.D.R.); (C.A.M.); (C.T.R.)
| | - Carlos T. Rios
- Laboratorio de Referencia Regional de Loreto, Gerencia Regional de Salud de Loreto (GERESA), Loreto 16001, Peru; (G.A.D.R.); (C.A.M.); (C.T.R.)
| | - Marlon P. Saavedra
- Laboratorio ICEMR-Amazonia, Laboratorios de Investigacion y Desarrollo, Facultad de Ciencias e Ingeniería, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima 15102, Peru; (M.P.S.); (D.G.); (J.M.V.)
| | - Freddy Alava
- Gerencia Regional de Salud de Loreto (GERESA), Loreto 16001, Peru;
| | - Dionicia Gamboa
- Laboratorio ICEMR-Amazonia, Laboratorios de Investigacion y Desarrollo, Facultad de Ciencias e Ingeniería, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima 15102, Peru; (M.P.S.); (D.G.); (J.M.V.)
- Instituto de Medicina Tropical “Alexander von Humboldt”, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima 15102, Peru
- Departamento de Ciencias Celulares y Moleculares, Facultad de Ciencias e Ingeniería, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima 15102, Peru
| | - Joseph M. Vinetz
- Laboratorio ICEMR-Amazonia, Laboratorios de Investigacion y Desarrollo, Facultad de Ciencias e Ingeniería, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima 15102, Peru; (M.P.S.); (D.G.); (J.M.V.)
- Instituto de Medicina Tropical “Alexander von Humboldt”, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima 15102, Peru
- Section of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Jan E. Conn
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, NY 12201, USA; (S.A.B.); (J.D.J.)
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Public Health, University at Albany, State University of New York, Albany, NY 12222, USA
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Solis-Santoyo F, Villarreal-Treviño C, López-Solis AD, González-Cerón L, Rodríguez-Ramos JC, Vera-Maloof FZ, Danis-Lozano R, Penilla-Navarro RP. Resistance to Pyrethroids in the Malaria Vector Anopheles albimanus in Two Important Villages in the Soconusco Region of Chiapas, Mexico, 2022. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 20:4258. [PMID: 36901269 PMCID: PMC10001879 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20054258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2023] [Revised: 02/21/2023] [Accepted: 02/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Chiapas State comprises the largest malaria foci from Mexico, and 57% of the autochthonous cases in 2021, all with Plasmodium vivax infections, were reported in this State. Southern Chiapas is at constant risk of cases imported due to migratory human flow. Since chemical control of vector mosquitoes is the main entomological action implemented for the prevention and control of vector-borne diseases, this work aimed to investigate the susceptibility of Anopheles albimanus to insecticides. To this end, mosquitoes were collected in cattle in two villages in southern Chiapas in July-August 2022. Two methods were used to evaluate the susceptibility: the WHO tube bioassay and the CDC bottle bioassay. For the latter, diagnostic concentrations were calculated. The enzymatic resistance mechanisms were also analyzed. CDC diagnostic concentrations were obtained; 0.7 μg/mL deltamethrin, 12 μg/mL permethrin, 14.4 μg/mL malathion, and 2 μg/mL chlorpyrifos. Mosquitoes from Cosalapa and La Victoria were susceptible to organophosphates and to bendiocarb, but resistant to pyrethroids, with mortalities between 89% and 70% (WHO), and 88% and 78% (CDC), for deltamethrin and permethrin, respectively. High esterase levels are suggested as the resistance mechanism involved in the metabolism of pyrethroids in mosquitoes from both villages. Mosquitoes from La Victoria might also involve cytochrome P450. Therefore, organophosphates and carbamates are suggested to currently control An. albimanus. Its use might reduce the frequency of resistance genes to pyrethroids and vector abundance and may impede the transmission of malaria parasites.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Solis-Santoyo
- Centro Regional de Investigación en Salud Pública, Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, Cuarta Norte y 19 Calle Poniente, Centro S/N, Tapachula CP 30700, Chiapas, Mexico
| | - Cuauhtémoc Villarreal-Treviño
- Centro Regional de Investigación en Salud Pública, Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, Cuarta Norte y 19 Calle Poniente, Centro S/N, Tapachula CP 30700, Chiapas, Mexico
| | - Alma D. López-Solis
- Centro Regional de Investigación en Salud Pública, Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, Cuarta Norte y 19 Calle Poniente, Centro S/N, Tapachula CP 30700, Chiapas, Mexico
| | - Lilia González-Cerón
- Centro Regional de Investigación en Salud Pública, Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, Cuarta Norte y 19 Calle Poniente, Centro S/N, Tapachula CP 30700, Chiapas, Mexico
| | - José Cruz Rodríguez-Ramos
- Jurisdicción Sanitaria VII, Antiguo Hospital General de Tapachula, Carretera Antiguo Aeropuerto, Tapachula CP 30798, Chiapas, Mexico
| | - Farah Z. Vera-Maloof
- Centro Regional de Investigación en Salud Pública, Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, Cuarta Norte y 19 Calle Poniente, Centro S/N, Tapachula CP 30700, Chiapas, Mexico
| | - Rogelio Danis-Lozano
- Centro Regional de Investigación en Salud Pública, Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, Cuarta Norte y 19 Calle Poniente, Centro S/N, Tapachula CP 30700, Chiapas, Mexico
| | - Rosa Patricia Penilla-Navarro
- Centro Regional de Investigación en Salud Pública, Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, Cuarta Norte y 19 Calle Poniente, Centro S/N, Tapachula CP 30700, Chiapas, Mexico
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Kusimo MO, Mackenzie-Impoinvil L, Ibrahim SS, Muhammad A, Irving H, Hearn J, Lenhart AE, Wondji CS. Pyrethroid resistance in the New World malaria vector Anopheles albimanus is mediated by cytochrome P450 CYP6P5. PESTICIDE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 183:105061. [PMID: 35430064 PMCID: PMC9125164 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2022.105061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2021] [Revised: 02/11/2022] [Accepted: 02/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Pyrethroid resistance in the malaria vector Anopheles albimanus presents an obstacle to malaria elimination in the Americas. Here, An. albimanus CYP6P5 (the most overexpressed P450 in a Peruvian population) was functionally characterized. Recombinant CYP6P5 metabolized the type II pyrethroids, deltamethrin and α-cypermethrin with comparable affinities (KM of 3.3 μM ± 0.4 and 3.6 μM ± 0.5, respectively), but exhibited a 2.7-fold higher catalytic rate for α-cypermethrin (kcat of 6.02 min-1 ± 0.2) versus deltamethrin (2.68 min-1 ± 0.09). Time-course assays revealed progressive depletion of the above pyrethroids with production of four HPLC-detectable metabolites. Low depletion was obtained with type I pyrethroid, permethrin. Transgenic expression in Drosophila melanogaster demonstrated that overexpression of CYP6P5 alone conferred type II pyrethroid resistance, with only 16% and 55.3% mortalities in flies exposed to 0.25% α-cypermethrin and 0.15% deltamethrin, respectively. Synergist bioassays using P450 inhibitor piperonylbutoxide significantly recovered susceptibility (mortality = 73.6%, p < 0.001) in synergized flies exposed to 4% piperonylbutoxide, plus 0.25% α-cypermethrin, compared to non-synergized flies (mortality = 4.9%). Moderate resistance was also observed towards 4% DDT. These findings established the preeminent role of CYP6P5 in metabolic resistance in An. albimanus, highlighting challenges associated with deployment of insecticide-based control tools in the Americas.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael O Kusimo
- LSTM Research Unit, Centre for Research in Infectious Diseases (CRID), P.O. Box 13591, Yaoundé, Cameroon.
| | - Lucy Mackenzie-Impoinvil
- Entomology Branch, Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Centre for Global Health, Centres for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Rd, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
| | - Sulaiman S Ibrahim
- Vector Biology Department, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine (LSTM), Liverpool L3 5QA, UK; Department of Biochemistry, Bayero University, PMB 3011 Kano, Nigeria.
| | - Abdullahi Muhammad
- Vector Biology Department, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine (LSTM), Liverpool L3 5QA, UK; Centre for Biotechnology Research, Bayero University, PMB 3011 Kano, Nigeria
| | - Helen Irving
- Vector Biology Department, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine (LSTM), Liverpool L3 5QA, UK
| | - Jack Hearn
- Vector Biology Department, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine (LSTM), Liverpool L3 5QA, UK
| | - Audrey E Lenhart
- Entomology Branch, Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Centre for Global Health, Centres for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Rd, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
| | - Charles S Wondji
- LSTM Research Unit, Centre for Research in Infectious Diseases (CRID), P.O. Box 13591, Yaoundé, Cameroon; Vector Biology Department, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine (LSTM), Liverpool L3 5QA, UK
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Ni R, Liu N, Li M, Qian W, Qiu X. Identification and phylogenetic analysis of voltage-gated sodium channel haplotypes in the malaria vector Anopheles sinensis using a high-throughput amplicon sequencing approach. Parasit Vectors 2021; 14:499. [PMID: 34565467 PMCID: PMC8474825 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-021-05009-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2021] [Accepted: 09/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Anopheles sinensis is a dominant vector for malaria transmission in Asian countries. Voltage-gated sodium channel (VGSC) mutation-mediated knock-down resistance (kdr) has developed in many A. sinensis populations because of intensive and long-term use of pyrethroids. Our previous study showed that multiple mutations at position 1014 of the VGSC were heterogeneously distributed in A. sinensis populations across Sichuan, China. Methods To understand resistance genotypes at the haplotype level and reconstruct the phylogenetic relationship of VGSC haplotypes, a cost-effective next-generation sequencing (NGS)-based amplicon sequencing approach was established to clarify haplotypes containing codon 1014 of the VGSC gene from a total of 446 adults collected in 12 locations of Sichuan, China. Results Nineteen (19) haplotypes were identified, including 11 wild 1014L, 6 resistance 1014F, and 2 resistance 1014C haplotypes. We found that resistance haplotypes of A. sinensis VGSC were widely distributed at frequencies ranging from 3.67 to 92.61%. The frequencies of the 1014C haplotype in the southeast of Sichuan (Luzhou, Guangan, and Suining) were relatively higher than those in other sampling locations. Phylogenetic analyses support that kdr-type mutation at position 1014 is not singly originated and resistance 1014C haplotypes evolve from TTT-encoding 1014F. Conclusions A cost-effective next-generation sequencing (NGS)-based amplicon sequencing approach has been established in this study. The data revealed the patchy distribution of VGSC resistance haplotypes with overall high frequencies in Sichuan, China. Phylogenetic analyses support multiple origins and sequential evolution (1014L → 1014F → 1014C) for kdr-type mutations in A. sinensis. Graphical abstract ![]()
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ruoyao Ni
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Nian Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Mei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Weiping Qian
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China. .,Sichuan Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chengdu, China.
| | - Xinghui Qiu
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Orjuela LI, Álvarez-Diaz DA, Morales JA, Grisales N, Ahumada ML, Venegas H J, Quiñones ML, Yasnot MF. Absence of knockdown mutations in pyrethroid and DDT resistant populations of the main malaria vectors in Colombia. Malar J 2019; 18:384. [PMID: 31791331 PMCID: PMC6889704 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-019-3034-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2019] [Accepted: 11/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Knockdown resistance (kdr) is a well-characterized target-site insecticide resistance mechanism that is associated with DDT and pyrethroid resistance. Even though insecticide resistance to pyrethroids and DDT have been reported in Anopheles albimanus, Anopheles benarrochi sensu lato (s.l.), Anopheles darlingi, Anopheles nuneztovari s.l., and Anopheles pseudopunctipennis s.l. malaria vectors in Latin America, there is a knowledge gap on the role that kdr resistance mechanisms play in this resistance. The aim of this study was to establish the role that kdr mechanisms play in pyrethroid and DDT resistance in the main malaria vectors in Colombia, in addition to previously reported metabolic resistance mechanisms, such as mixed function oxidases (MFO) and nonspecific esterases (NSE) enzyme families. METHODS Surviving (n = 62) and dead (n = 67) An. nuneztovari s.l., An. darlingi and An. albimanus mosquitoes exposed to diagnostic concentrations of DDT and pyrethroid insecticides were used to amplify and sequence a ~ 225 bp fragment of the voltage-gated sodium channels (VGSC) gene. This fragment spanning codons 1010, 1013 and 1014 at the S6 segment of domain II to identify point mutations, which have been associated with insecticide resistance in different species of Anopheles malaria vectors. RESULTS No kdr mutations were detected in the coding sequence of this fragment in 129 samples, 62 surviving mosquitoes and 67 dead mosquitoes, of An. darlingi, An. nuneztovari s.l. and An. albimanus. CONCLUSION Mutations in the VGSC gene, most frequently reported in other species of the genus Anopheles resistant to pyrethroid and DDT, are not associated with the low-intensity resistance detected to these insecticides in some populations of the main malaria vectors in Colombia. These results suggest that metabolic resistance mechanisms previously reported in these populations might be responsible for the resistance observed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lorena I Orjuela
- Grupo de Investigaciones Microbiológicas y Biomédicas de Córdoba-GIMBIC, Universidad de Córdoba, Montería, 230001, Colombia.
- Universidad de Cartagena, Facultad de Medicina, Sede Zaragocilla, Calle 30 N° 48-152, Cartagena de Indias, Bolívar, 1300, Colombia.
| | - Diego A Álvarez-Diaz
- Grupo de Salud Materna y Perinatal, Dirección de Investigación en Salud Pública, Instituto Nacional de Salud, Bogotá D.C., 110111, Colombia
| | - Juliana A Morales
- Grupo de Entomología, Dirección de Investigación en Salud Pública, Instituto Nacional de Salud, Bogotá D.C., 110111, Colombia
| | - Nelson Grisales
- Zika AIRS Project, Abt Associates, Rockville, MD, 20852, USA
| | - Martha L Ahumada
- Grupo de Entomología, Dirección de Investigación en Salud Pública, Instituto Nacional de Salud, Bogotá D.C., 110111, Colombia
| | - Juan Venegas H
- Programa de Biología Celular y Molecular, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas (ICBM), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago de Chile, 8320000, Chile
| | - Martha L Quiñones
- Departamento de Salud Pública, Universidad Nacional, Bogotá D.C., 110111, Colombia
| | - María F Yasnot
- Grupo de Investigaciones Microbiológicas y Biomédicas de Córdoba-GIMBIC, Universidad de Córdoba, Montería, 230001, Colombia
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Dada N, Lol JC, Benedict AC, López F, Sheth M, Dzuris N, Padilla N, Lenhart A. Pyrethroid exposure alters internal and cuticle surface bacterial communities in Anopheles albimanus. THE ISME JOURNAL 2019; 13:2447-2464. [PMID: 31171859 PMCID: PMC6776023 DOI: 10.1038/s41396-019-0445-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2019] [Revised: 05/02/2019] [Accepted: 05/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
A deeper understanding of the mechanisms underlying insecticide resistance is needed to mitigate its threat to malaria vector control. Following previously identified associations between mosquito microbiota and insecticide resistance, we demonstrate for the first time, the effects of pyrethroid exposure on the microbiota of F1 progeny of field-collected Anopheles albimanus. Larval and adult mosquitoes were exposed to the pyrethroids alphacypermethrin (only adults), permethrin, and deltamethrin. While there were no significant differences in bacterial composition between insecticide-resistant and insecticide-susceptible mosquitoes, bacterial composition between insecticide-exposed and non-exposed mosquitoes was significantly different for alphacypermethrin and permethrin exposure. Along with other bacterial taxa not identified to species, Pantoea agglomerans (a known insecticide-degrading bacterial species) and Pseudomonas fragi were more abundant in insecticide-exposed compared to non-exposed adults, demonstrating that insecticide exposure can alter mosquito bacterial communities. We also show for the first time that the cuticle surfaces of both larval and adult An. albimanus harbor more diverse bacterial communities than their internal microbial niches. Together, these findings demonstrate how insecticide pressure could be selecting for certain bacteria within mosquitoes, especially insecticide-metabolizing bacteria, thus potentially contributing to insecticide resistance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nsa Dada
- Entomology Branch, Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Center for Global Health, United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA.
- American Society for Microbiology, Washington, DC, USA.
| | - Juan C Lol
- Grupo de Biología y Control de Vectores, Centro de Estudios en Salud, Universidad del Valle de Guatemala, Guatemala, Guatemala
| | - Ana Cristina Benedict
- Grupo de Biología y Control de Vectores, Centro de Estudios en Salud, Universidad del Valle de Guatemala, Guatemala, Guatemala
| | - Francisco López
- Grupo de Biología y Control de Vectores, Centro de Estudios en Salud, Universidad del Valle de Guatemala, Guatemala, Guatemala
| | - Mili Sheth
- Biotechnology Core Facility Branch, Division of Scientific Resources, National Center for Emerging & Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Nicole Dzuris
- Entomology Branch, Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Center for Global Health, United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Norma Padilla
- Grupo de Biología y Control de Vectores, Centro de Estudios en Salud, Universidad del Valle de Guatemala, Guatemala, Guatemala
| | - Audrey Lenhart
- Entomology Branch, Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Center for Global Health, United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Lol JC, Castañeda D, Mackenzie-Impoinvil L, Romero CG, Lenhart A, Padilla NR. Development of molecular assays to detect target-site mechanisms associated with insecticide resistance in malaria vectors from Latin America. Malar J 2019; 18:202. [PMID: 31221148 PMCID: PMC6585033 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-019-2834-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2019] [Accepted: 06/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Malaria remains an important public health problem in Latin America, and the development of insecticide resistance in malaria vectors poses a major threat to malaria elimination efforts. Monitoring of insecticide susceptibility and the determination of the mechanisms involved in insecticide resistance are needed to effectively guide the deployment of appropriate vector control measures. Here, molecular assays have been developed to screen for mutations associated with insecticide resistance on the voltage-gated sodium channel (VGSC) and acetylcholinesterase-1 (Ace-1) genes in four malaria vectors from Latin America. METHODS Degenerate primers were designed to amplify a partial fragment on the VGSC and Ace-1 genes. Wild-caught individuals for Anopheles albimanus (also historical samples and individuals from a laboratory strain), Anopheles darlingi, Anopheles vestitipennis and Anopheles pseudopunctipennis were used to optimize the PCR assays. All samples were sequenced to validate the PCR results and DNA alignments were constructed for each gene using the unique haplotypes observed. RESULTS Primers designed successfully amplified the VGSC gene in An. albimanus, An. darlingi, An. vestitipennis and An. pseudopunctipennis, and the Ace-1 gene in both An. albimanus and An. darlingi. DNA sequencing revealed that compared with Anopheles gambiae, there were a total of 29, 28, 21 and 24 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) on the VGSC gene for An. albimanus (308 bp), An. darlingi (311 bp), An. pseudopunctipennis (263 bp) and An. vestitipennis (254 bp), respectively. On the 459 bp fragment of the Ace-1 gene, a total of 70 SNPs were detected in An. darlingi and 59 SNPs were detected in An. albimanus compared with An. gambiae. The SNPs detected on the VGSC gene were all synonymous. On the Ace-1 gene, non-synonymous substitutions were identified on three different codons. All species showed the homozygous wild-type kdr allele (coding for leucine) at codon 995 (formerly reported as codon 1014) on the VGSC gene, but one sample was heterozygous at codon 280 (formerly reported as codon 119) on the Ace-1 gene, coding for both the resistant (serine) and susceptible (glycine) amino acids. CONCLUSIONS New molecular assays to amplify and screen the regions of the VGSC and Ace-1 genes associated with insecticide resistance are reported for An. albimanus, An. darlingi, An. vestitipennis, and An. pseudopunctipennis. The development of these PCR assays presents an important advance in the analysis of target-site resistance in malaria vectors in the Americas, and will further facilitate the characterization of insecticide resistance mechanisms in these species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Juan C Lol
- Grupo de Biología y Control de Vectores, Centro de Estudios en Salud, Universidad del Valle de Guatemala (CES-UVG), 18 Avenida 11-95, Zona 15, Vista Hermosa 3, Guatemala, Guatemala
| | - David Castañeda
- Grupo de Biología y Control de Vectores, Centro de Estudios en Salud, Universidad del Valle de Guatemala (CES-UVG), 18 Avenida 11-95, Zona 15, Vista Hermosa 3, Guatemala, Guatemala
| | - Lucy Mackenzie-Impoinvil
- Division of Parasitic Disease and Malaria, Entomology Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Center for Global Health, 1600 Clifton Road, Atlanta, GA, 30329, USA
| | - Carla G Romero
- Programa Nacional de Dengue, Chikingunya, y Zika, Ministerio de Salud, Esquina Cañada Strongest, Plaza del Estudiante, Zona Central, La Paz, Bolivia
| | - Audrey Lenhart
- Division of Parasitic Disease and Malaria, Entomology Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Center for Global Health, 1600 Clifton Road, Atlanta, GA, 30329, USA
| | - Norma R Padilla
- Grupo de Biología y Control de Vectores, Centro de Estudios en Salud, Universidad del Valle de Guatemala (CES-UVG), 18 Avenida 11-95, Zona 15, Vista Hermosa 3, Guatemala, Guatemala.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Mackenzie-Impoinvil L, Weedall GD, Lol JC, Pinto J, Vizcaino L, Dzuris N, Riveron J, Padilla N, Wondji C, Lenhart A. Contrasting patterns of gene expression indicate differing pyrethroid resistance mechanisms across the range of the New World malaria vector Anopheles albimanus. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0210586. [PMID: 30699158 PMCID: PMC6353143 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0210586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2018] [Accepted: 12/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Decades of unmanaged insecticide use and routine exposure to agrochemicals have left many populations of malaria vectors in the Americas resistant to multiple classes of insecticides, including pyrethroids. The molecular basis of pyrethroid resistance is relatively uncharacterised in American malaria vectors, preventing the design of suitable resistance management strategies. Using whole transcriptome sequencing, we characterized the mechanisms of pyrethroid resistance in Anopheles albimanus from Peru and Guatemala. An. albimanus were phenotyped as either deltamethrin or alpha-cypermethrin resistant. RNA from 1) resistant, 2) unexposed, and 3) a susceptible laboratory strain of An. albimanus was sequenced and analyzed using RNA-Seq. Expression profiles of the three groups were compared based on the current annotation of the An. albimanus reference genome. Several candidate genes associated with pyrethroid resistance in other malaria vectors were found to be overexpressed in resistant An. albimanus. In addition, gene ontology terms related to serine-type endopeptidase activity, extracellular activity and chitin metabolic process were also commonly overexpressed in the field caught resistant and unexposed samples from both Peru and Guatemala when compared to the susceptible strain. The cytochrome P450 CYP9K1 was overexpressed 14x in deltamethrin and 8x in alpha-cypermethrin-resistant samples from Peru and 2x in deltamethrin-resistant samples from Guatemala, relative to the susceptible laboratory strain. CYP6P5 was overexpressed 68x in deltamethrin-resistant samples from Peru but not in deltamethrin-resistant samples from Guatemala. When comparing overexpressed genes between deltamethrin-resistant and alpha-cypermethrin-resistant samples from Peru, a single P450 gene, CYP4C26, was overexpressed 9.8x (p<0.05) in alpha-cypermethrin-resistant samples. In Peruvian deltamethrin-resistant samples, the knockdown resistance mutation (kdr) variant alleles at position 1014 were rare, with approximately 5% frequency, but in the alpha-cypermethrin-resistant samples, the frequency of these alleles was approximately 15-30%. Functional validation of the candidate genes and the kdr mutation as a resistance marker for alpha-cypermethrin will confirm the role of these mechanisms in conferring pyrethroid resistance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lucy Mackenzie-Impoinvil
- Entomology Branch, Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Center for Global Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Gareth D. Weedall
- Vector Biology Department, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom
- School of Natural Sciences and Psychology, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Juan C. Lol
- Centro de Estudios en Salud, Universidad del Valle de Guatemala, Guatemala
| | - Jesús Pinto
- Instituto Nacional de Salud Lima, Lima, Peru
| | - Lucrecia Vizcaino
- Entomology Branch, Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Center for Global Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Nicole Dzuris
- Entomology Branch, Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Center for Global Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Jacob Riveron
- Vector Biology Department, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom
- Centre for Research in Infectious Diseases (CRID), Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Norma Padilla
- Centro de Estudios en Salud, Universidad del Valle de Guatemala, Guatemala
| | - Charles Wondji
- Vector Biology Department, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom
- Centre for Research in Infectious Diseases (CRID), Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Audrey Lenhart
- Entomology Branch, Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Center for Global Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Gorouhi MA, Oshaghi MA, Vatandoost H, Enayati AA, Raeisi A, Abai MR, Salim-Abadie Y, Hanafi-Bojd AA, Paksa A, Nikpoor F. Biochemical Basis of Cyfluthrin and DDT Resistance in Anopheles stephensi (Diptera: Culicidae) in Malarious Area of Iran. J Arthropod Borne Dis 2018; 12:310-320. [PMID: 30584554 PMCID: PMC6297723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2018] [Accepted: 09/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Anopheles stephensi is a key urban malaria vector in the Indian subcontinent and Middle East including south and southeast of Iran. Wide application of insecticides resulted in resistance of this species to various insecticides in these regions. This study was conducted to reveal the role of metabolic mechanisms in the development of resistance in An. stephensi to DDT and cyfluthrin. METHODS Field mosquito specimens were collected from Chabahar Seaport, southeast corner of Iran, in 2015. Insecticide susceptibility and enzyme assays were conducted as recommended by WHO. RESULTS Mean enzyme ratios were 3.95 and 3.04 for α- esterases and 2.40 and 1.97 for β- esterases in the DDT and cyfluthrin- resistant populations correspondingly compared with the susceptible strain. The GSTs enzyme mean activity ratios were 5.07 and 2.55 in the DDT and cyfluthrin- resistant populations compared with the susceptible beech strain. The cytochrome p450s enzyme ratios were 1.11 and 1.28 in the DDT and cyfluthrin- resistant populations respectively compared with the susceptible beech strain. CONCLUSION Metabolic mechanisms play a crucial role in the development of DDT and cyfluthrin resistance in An. stephensi, therefore, further evaluation of the mechanisms involved as well as implementation of proper insecticide resistance management strategies are recommended.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Amin Gorouhi
- Department of Vector Biology and Control, School of Health, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran,Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Ali Oshaghi
- Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran,Corresponding authors: Dr Mohammad Ali Oshaghi, E-mail: , Dr Hassan Vatandoost, E-mail: ,
| | - Hassan Vatandoost
- Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran,Dept. of Chemical Pollutants and Pesticides, Institute for Environmental Research, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran,Corresponding authors: Dr Mohammad Ali Oshaghi, E-mail: , Dr Hassan Vatandoost, E-mail: ,
| | | | - Ahmad Raeisi
- National Programme Manager for Malaria Control, Ministry of Health, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohamad Reza Abai
- Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran,Dept. of Chemical Pollutants and Pesticides, Institute for Environmental Research, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Yaser Salim-Abadie
- Department of Health Service and Health Promotion, School of Health, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran
| | - Ahmad Ali Hanafi-Bojd
- Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran,Dept. of Chemical Pollutants and Pesticides, Institute for Environmental Research, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Azim Paksa
- Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Nikpoor
- Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran,Dept. of Chemical Pollutants and Pesticides, Institute for Environmental Research, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Gorouhi MA, Vatandoost H, Oshaghi MA, Raeisi A, Enayati AA, Mirhendi H, Hanafi-Bojd AA, Abai MR, Salim-Abadi Y, Rafi F. Current Susceptibility Status of Anopheles stephensi (Diptera: Culicidae) to Different Imagicides in a Malarious Area, Southeastern of Iran. J Arthropod Borne Dis 2016; 10:493-500. [PMID: 28032101 PMCID: PMC5186739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2014] [Accepted: 08/10/2015] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Anopheles mosquitoes are an important group of arthropods due to their role in transmission of malaria. The present study was conducted for determination of susceptibility status of Anopheles stephensi to different imagicides collected from malarious area in Chabahar city, Iran. METHODS In the present study seven insecticides including: DDT 4%, lambdacyhalothrin 0.05%, deltamethrin 0.05%, permethrin 0.75%, cyfluthrin 0.15% and etofenprox 0.5% were tested based on WHO method. Regression line was plotted for each insecticide using mortality of different exposure times. Bioassay data were analyzed using Probit software and the lethal time for 50% and 90% mortality (LT50 and LT90) values were calculated. RESULTS The susceptibility levels of field strain of An. stephensi to the discriminative dose of different imagicides were determined 100, 98, 96, 89, 82 and 62% for etofenprox, permethrin, deltamethrin, lambdacyhalothrin, cyfluthrin and DDT, respectively. Our finding indicated that An. stephensi is resistant to DDT, lambdacyhalothrin and cyfluthrin, and susceptible to etofenprox and permethrin and candidate of resistant to deltamethrin based on WHO criteria. CONCLUSION Our findings indicated that An. stephensi is resistant to DDT and some pyrethroid insecticides which can be developed due to application of insecticides in health and agriculture. These results can provide a clue for future chemical control program in the study area.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Amin Gorouhi
- Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hassan Vatandoost
- Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Ali Oshaghi
- Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ahmad Raeisi
- National Malaria Control Department, CDC, Ministry of Health and Medical Education, Iran
| | - Ahmad Ali Enayati
- School of Public Health and Health Sciences Research Centre, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Hossein Mirhendi
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ahmad Ali Hanafi-Bojd
- Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Reza Abai
- Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Yaser Salim-Abadi
- Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- School of Health, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Rafi
- Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Sodium Channel Mutations and Pyrethroid Resistance in Aedes aegypti. INSECTS 2016; 7:insects7040060. [PMID: 27809228 PMCID: PMC5198208 DOI: 10.3390/insects7040060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2016] [Revised: 10/22/2016] [Accepted: 10/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Pyrethroid insecticides are widely used to control insect pests and human disease vectors. Voltage-gated sodium channels are the primary targets of pyrethroid insecticides. Mutations in the sodium channel have been shown to be responsible for pyrethroid resistance, known as knockdown resistance (kdr), in various insects including mosquitoes. In Aedes aegypti mosquitoes, the principal urban vectors of dengue, zika, and yellow fever viruses, multiple single nucleotide polymorphisms in the sodium channel gene have been found in pyrethroid-resistant populations and some of them have been functionally confirmed to be responsible for kdr in an in vitro expression system, Xenopus oocytes. This mini-review aims to provide an update on the identification and functional characterization of pyrethroid resistance-associated sodium channel mutations from Aedes aegypti. The collection of kdr mutations not only helped us develop molecular markers for resistance monitoring, but also provided valuable information for computational molecular modeling of pyrethroid receptor sites on the sodium channel.
Collapse
|
14
|
Yang C, Feng X, Huang Z, Li M, Qiu X. Diversity and frequency of kdr mutations within Anopheles sinensis populations from Guangxi, China. Malar J 2016; 15:411. [PMID: 27527509 PMCID: PMC4986192 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-016-1467-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2016] [Accepted: 07/30/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Anopheles sinensis is a major vector of malaria in China and its control is under great threat as the development of insecticide resistance. Voltage-gated sodium channel (VGSC) is the target of several classes of insecticides. Genetic mutations of VGSC have been documented to confer knockdown resistance (kdr) to dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) and pyrethroids in mosquitoes. To control this vector efficiently, it is important to know the resistance-associated genetic mutations, their distribution frequencies and genealogical relations. METHODS Three hundreds and thirteen (313) adults of An. sinensis collected from nine locations across Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region were used. The partial sequence of the An. sinensis voltage gated sodium channel gene (AS-VGSC) containing codon 1014 was sequenced. PHASE2.1 was used to construct the haplotypes of each individual, and the accuracy of haplotypes was further confirmed by clone sequencing. The genealogical relations of kdr mutations in AS-VGSC was analysed using TCS 2.1 and Network 5.0. RESULTS Sixteen AS-VGSC haplotypes including seven haplotypes carrying non-synonymous mutations at codon 1014, and fifty-five AS-VGSC genotypes were identified from 313 mosquitoes collected from nine geographical locations across Guangxi. The number of haplotypes in each of the nine populations ranged from 5 to 13. The frequency of haplotypes carrying kdr mutations ranged from 2.7 to 80.0 % within the nine populations, of which 1014C was unexpectedly high in the northeast of Guangxi. Genealogical analysis suggested multiple origins of kdr mutations in An. sinensis. CONCLUSION Diverse haplotypes of AS-VGSC are distributed in Guangxi. The presence of haplotypes carrying mutations at codon 1014 indicates a risk of pyrethroid and DDT resistance. The kdr mutations show differential distribution geographically, with high frequencies occurred in the northeast of Guangxi. Genealogical analysis suggests multiple origins of kdr mutations in An. sinensis populations in Guangxi. These findings have important practical implications for the sustainability of An. sinensis control programmes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chan Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Xiangyang Feng
- Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region Centre for Diseases Control and Prevention, Nanning, 530028, China
| | - Zushi Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Mei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Xinghui Qiu
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China. .,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Herrera S, Ochoa-Orozco SA, González IJ, Peinado L, Quiñones ML, Arévalo-Herrera M. Prospects for malaria elimination in Mesoamerica and Hispaniola. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2015; 9:e0003700. [PMID: 25973753 PMCID: PMC4431857 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0003700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Malaria remains endemic in 21 countries of the American continent with an estimated 427,000 cases per year. Approximately 10% of these occur in the Mesoamerican and Caribbean regions. During the last decade, malaria transmission in Mesoamerica showed a decrease of ~85%; whereas, in the Caribbean region, Hispaniola (comprising the Dominican Republic [DR] and Haiti) presented an overall rise in malaria transmission, primarily due to a steady increase in Haiti, while DR experienced a significant transmission decrease in this period. The significant malaria reduction observed recently in the region prompted the launch of an initiative for Malaria Elimination in Mesoamerica and Hispaniola (EMMIE) with the active involvement of the National Malaria Control Programs (NMCPs) of nine countries, the Regional Coordination Mechanism (RCM) for Mesoamerica, and the Council of Health Ministries of Central America and Dominican Republic (COMISCA). The EMMIE initiative is supported by the Global Fund for Aids, Tuberculosis and Malaria (GFATM) with active participation of multiple partners including Ministries of Health, bilateral and multilateral agencies, as well as research centers. EMMIE’s main goal is to achieve elimination of malaria transmission in the region by 2020. Here we discuss the prospects, challenges, and research needs associated with this initiative that, if successful, could represent a paradigm for other malaria-affected regions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sócrates Herrera
- Caucaseco Scientific Research Center, Cali, Colombia
- Malaria Vaccine and Drug Development Center, Cali, Colombia
- * E-mail:
| | - Sergio Andrés Ochoa-Orozco
- Caucaseco Scientific Research Center, Cali, Colombia
- Malaria Vaccine and Drug Development Center, Cali, Colombia
| | - Iveth J. González
- Foundation for Innovative New Diagnostics (FIND), Geneva, Switzerland
| | | | | | - Myriam Arévalo-Herrera
- Caucaseco Scientific Research Center, Cali, Colombia
- Facultad de Salud, Universidad del Valle, Cali, Colombia
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Silva APB, Santos JMM, Martins AJ. Mutations in the voltage-gated sodium channel gene of anophelines and their association with resistance to pyrethroids - a review. Parasit Vectors 2014; 7:450. [PMID: 25292318 PMCID: PMC4283120 DOI: 10.1186/1756-3305-7-450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2014] [Accepted: 09/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Constant and extensive use of chemical insecticides has created a selection pressure and favored resistance development in many insect species worldwide. One of the most important pyrethroid resistance mechanisms is classified as target site insensitivity, due to conformational changes in the target site that impair a proper binding of the insecticide molecule. The voltage-gated sodium channel (NaV) is the target of pyrethroids and DDT insecticides, used to control insects of medical, agricultural and veterinary importance, such as anophelines. It has been reported that the presence of a few non-silent point mutations in the NaV gene are associated with pyrethroid resistance, termed as 'kdr' (knockdown resistance) for preventing the knockdown effect of these insecticides. The presence of these mutations, as well as their effects, has been thoroughly studied in Anopheles mosquitoes. So far, kdr mutations have already been detected in at least 13 species (Anopheles gambiae, Anopheles arabiensis, Anopheles sinensis, Anopheles stephensi, Anopheles subpictus, Anopheles sacharovi, Anopheles culicifacies, Anopheles sundaicus, Anopheles aconitus, Anopheles vagus, Anopheles paraliae, Anopheles peditaeniatus and Anopheles albimanus) from populations of African, Asian and, more recently, American continents. Seven mutational variants (L1014F, L1014S, L1014C, L1014W, N1013S, N1575Y and V1010L) were described, with the highest prevalence of L1014F, which occurs at the 1014 site in NaV IIS6 domain. The increase of frequency and distribution of kdr mutations clearly shows the importance of this mechanism in the process of pyrethroid resistance. In this sense, several species-specific and highly sensitive methods have been designed in order to genotype individual mosquitoes for kdr in large scale, which may serve as important tolls for monitoring the dynamics of pyrethroid resistance in natural populations. We also briefly discuss investigations concerning the course of Plasmodium infection in kdr individuals. Considering the limitation of insecticides available for employment in public health campaigns and the absence of a vaccine able to brake the life cycle of the malaria parasites, the use of pyrethroids is likely to remain as the main strategy against mosquitoes by either indoor residual spraying (IR) and insecticide treated nets (ITN). Therefore, monitoring insecticide resistance programs is a crucial need in malaria endemic countries.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ana Paula B Silva
- />Laboratório de Malária e Dengue, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia, Av. André Araújo, 2936, Petrópolis, CEP 69067-375 Manaus, Amazonas Brazil
| | - Joselita Maria M Santos
- />Laboratório de Malária e Dengue, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia, Av. André Araújo, 2936, Petrópolis, CEP 69067-375 Manaus, Amazonas Brazil
| | - Ademir J Martins
- />Laboratório de Fisiologia e Controle de Artrópodes Vetores, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- />Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Entomologia Molecular, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Mdoe FP, Nkwengulila G, Chobu M, Lyaruu L, Gyunda IL, Mbepera S, Xue RD, Kweka EJ. Larvicidal effect of disinfectant soap on Anopheles gambiae s.s (Diptera: Culicidae) in laboratory and semifield environs. Parasit Vectors 2014; 7:211. [PMID: 24885903 PMCID: PMC4024623 DOI: 10.1186/1756-3305-7-211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2014] [Accepted: 04/30/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mosquito larval control using chemicals and biological agents is of paramount importance in vector population and disease incidence reduction. A commercial synthetic disinfectant soap was evaluated against larvae of Anopheles gambiae s.s. in both laboratory and semi field conditions. METHOD Five concentrations of commercial synthetic disinfectant soap (0.0001, 0.001, 0.01, 0.1 and 1%) were prepared and evaluated against third instar larvae in laboratory and semi field environments. Mortality was scored at 12, 24, 48, and 72 hrs. Each dosage had 6 replicates, having twenty 3rd instar larvae of An.gambiae s.s. RESULTS In the laboratory phase, all dosages had significantly higher larval mortalities than in controls, while in semi field conditions, the dosages of 0.0001, 0.001 and 0.01% had lower mortalities than laboratory trials. In the comparison between semi field and laboratory trials, only 0.1 and 1% dosage had significant difference with more mortality in semifield conditions. Proportions of larvae that died during mortality monitoring intervals in laboratory and semi field had significant differences only at 12 hrs and 72 hrs. CONCLUSION The findings of this study have demonstrated that the mortality of larvae caused by commercial synthetic disinfectant soap is worth further studies in open water bodies. More studies are necessary to find out the effect of sunlight on the chemistry of the synthetic disinfectant and other variables in small scale full field trials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- France P Mdoe
- Department of Zoology and Wildlife Conservation, College of Natural and Applied Sciences, University of Dar-es-salaam, P.O.Box 35165 Dar-es-salaam, Tanzania
| | - Gamba Nkwengulila
- Department of Zoology and Wildlife Conservation, College of Natural and Applied Sciences, University of Dar-es-salaam, P.O.Box 35165 Dar-es-salaam, Tanzania
| | - Mariam Chobu
- Department of Zoology and Wildlife Conservation, College of Natural and Applied Sciences, University of Dar-es-salaam, P.O.Box 35165 Dar-es-salaam, Tanzania
| | - Lucile Lyaruu
- Division of Livestock and Human Diseases Vector Control, Tropical Pesticides Research Institute, Ngaramtoni, Off Nairobi Road, P.O. Box 3024 Arusha, Tanzania
| | - Israel L Gyunda
- Department of Zoology and Wildlife Conservation, College of Natural and Applied Sciences, University of Dar-es-salaam, P.O.Box 35165 Dar-es-salaam, Tanzania
| | - Saada Mbepera
- Department of Zoology and Wildlife Conservation, College of Natural and Applied Sciences, University of Dar-es-salaam, P.O.Box 35165 Dar-es-salaam, Tanzania
| | - Rui-De Xue
- Anastasia Mosquito Control District, 500 Old Beach Road, St. Augustine, FL 32080, USA
| | - Eliningaya J Kweka
- Division of Livestock and Human Diseases Vector Control, Tropical Pesticides Research Institute, Ngaramtoni, Off Nairobi Road, P.O. Box 3024 Arusha, Tanzania
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Entomology, Catholic University of Health and Allied Sciences, P.O. Box 1464, Mwanza, Tanzania
| |
Collapse
|