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Domshy KA, Whitehead AE, Poissant J, Goldsmith DA, Legge C, Knight CG, Zachar EK, Loch SS, Davies JL. A retrospective study of the prevalence in equine postmortems of cranial mesenteric arteritis caused by Strongylus vulgaris in Alberta (2010 to 2022). THE CANADIAN VETERINARY JOURNAL = LA REVUE VETERINAIRE CANADIENNE 2024; 65:587-593. [PMID: 38827589 PMCID: PMC11132149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2024]
Abstract
Background Strongylus vulgaris is one of the most pathogenic nematodes affecting equids. Larval migration through the cranial mesenteric artery (CMA) with attendant arteritis and thromboembolism can result in fatal non-strangulating intestinal infarction. Once considered a historical disease, recent studies have described the reemergence of this pathogen in several European countries; however, little is known of the current prevalence of S. vulgaris in the Canadian horse population. Objective To determine the prevalence of active S. vulgaris cranial mesenteric arteritis in horses submitted for postmortem examination to the Diagnostic Services Unit (DSU) at the University of Calgary Faculty of Veterinary Medicine. Animals and procedure We conducted a retrospective review of all equine postmortem cases submitted to the DSU between July 1, 2010 and June 30, 2022. Over 12 y, 510 horses > 2 mo of age from Alberta were submitted to the DSU for necropsy. Active cases were defined as those with endarteritis and thrombosis in the CMA or its branches. Those cases with only intimal scarring of the CMA were classified as historical. Results The prevalence of all CMA lesions (both historical and active) over the study period was 17.3% (88/510). Active S. vulgaris cranial mesenteric arteritis was documented in 6.1% (31/510) of equine postmortems and the sequelae of verminous arteritis were the cause of euthanasia or death in 1.5% (8/510) of the cases submitted. Conclusion and clinical relevance Even after historically intense efforts to eradicate this parasite, the continued effects of S. vulgaris are demonstrated by the results of this study. Strongylus vulgaris should not be regarded as a parasite of the past and verminous arteritis remains an important differential diagnosis for horses in western Canada presenting with mild colic or dull demeanor and anorexia of duration > 24 h. Furthermore, S. vulgaris should be taken into careful consideration when implementing antiparasitic control strategies. Practitioners should remain current on prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of this potentially reemerging and fatal equine disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrice A Domshy
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta T2N 1N4
| | - Ashley E Whitehead
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta T2N 1N4
| | - Jocelyn Poissant
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta T2N 1N4
| | - Dayna A Goldsmith
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta T2N 1N4
| | - Carolyn Legge
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta T2N 1N4
| | - Cameron G Knight
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta T2N 1N4
| | - Erin K Zachar
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta T2N 1N4
| | - Sara S Loch
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta T2N 1N4
| | - Jennifer L Davies
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta T2N 1N4
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Matthews JB, Peczak N, Lightbody KL. The Use of Innovative Diagnostics to Inform Sustainable Control of Equine Helminth Infections. Pathogens 2023; 12:1233. [PMID: 37887749 PMCID: PMC10610145 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12101233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2023] [Revised: 10/06/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Helminths are commonly found in grazing equids, with cyathostomin nematodes and the cestode Anoplocephala perfoliata being the most prevalent. Most horses harbour low burdens of these parasites and do not develop signs of infection; however, in a small number of animals, high burdens can accumulate and cause disease. Cyathostomins are associated with a syndrome known as larval cyathostominosis. This occurs when large numbers of larvae emerge from the large intestinal wall. This disease has a case fatality rate of up to 50%. A. perfoliata infection has been associated with various types of colic, with burdens of >20 worms associated with pathogenicity. Anthelmintic resistance is a serious problem in cyathostomins and is emerging in A. perfoliata. Control methods that reduce reliance on anthelmintics now need to be applied, especially as no new dewormer compounds are on the horizon. Sustainable control methods must employ diagnostics to identify horses that require treatment. Coprological tests (faecal egg counts, FECs) have been used for several decades to inform treatment decisions to reduce helminth egg shedding. These tests cannot be used to assess host burdens as FECs do not correlate with cyathostomin or A. perfoliata burdens. In the last decade, new tests have become available that measure parasite-specific antibodies, the levels of which have been shown to correlate with parasite burden. These tests measure antigen-specific IgG(T) and are available in serum (cyathostomin, A. perfoliata) or saliva (A. perfoliata) formats. Tests for other helminths have been developed as research tools and need to be translated to support equine clinicians in practice. A key element of sustainable control strategies is that diagnostics must be used in combination with management approaches to reduce environmental transmission of helminths; this will help limit the proportion of horses harbouring parasite burdens that need to be targeted by treatment. This manuscript provides a review of the development, performance and general utility of various diagnostic methods for informing equine helminth management decisions.
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de Favare GM, de Almeida Cipriano I, do Carmo TA, Mena MO, Guelpa GJ, do Amarante AFT, de Soutello RVG. Anthelmintic resistance of horse strongyle nematodes to ivermectin in São Paulo state, Brazil. Vet Parasitol Reg Stud Reports 2023; 41:100864. [PMID: 37208071 DOI: 10.1016/j.vprsr.2023.100864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2022] [Revised: 03/23/2023] [Accepted: 03/25/2023] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The indiscriminate use of drugs to control gastrointestinal helminths in horses can lead to serious consequences for the animals, which represents a growing problem for health, animal welfare and productivity. Therefore, the present study aimed to evaluate the anthelmintic efficacy of ivermectin in naturally infected horses in the western region of the state of São Paulo. From May 2021 to April 2022, 123 naturally infected adult horses in 12 equine breeding farms (7 to 14 animals per farm) were evaluated with the fecal egg count reduction test. The horses had not been treated with anthelmintic drugs for at least 60 days before the start of the study. The animals were treated with ivermectin (0.2 mg/kg; Eqvalan®, Merial) administered orally according to recommended dosage by the manufacturer. Individual fecal samples were collected directly from the rectal ampulla and used to determine the eggs per gram of feces (EPG) and perform coproculture for identification of larvae on the day of anthelmintic treatment (D0) and 14 days later (D14). The fecal egg count reduction (FECR) on each property was calculated using the program Shiny-egg Counts R version 3.6.1, and the presence of anthelmintic resistance was confirmed when the FECR percentage was less than 95%, and when the lower confidence limit [LCI] was less than 90%. The pre-treatment average EPG count in the 12 properties was 991. In five properties the FECR was lower than 90%; in three properties between 90% and 95%; and in four properties equal to or greater than 95% after treatment with ivermectin. The occurrence of cyathostomins with resistance to ivermectin was recorded in the majority of the farms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giordani Mascoli de Favare
- Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), School of Agrarian and Technological Sciences (FCAT), Dracena, SP 17900-000, Brazil.
| | - Isabela de Almeida Cipriano
- Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), School of Agrarian and Technological Sciences (FCAT), Dracena, SP 17900-000, Brazil
| | - Tábata Alves do Carmo
- Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), School of Agrarian and Technological Sciences (FCAT), Dracena, SP 17900-000, Brazil
| | - Mateus Oliveira Mena
- Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), School of Agrarian and Technological Sciences (FCAT), Dracena, SP 17900-000, Brazil
| | - Gabriel Jabismar Guelpa
- Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), School of Agrarian and Technological Sciences (FCAT), Dracena, SP 17900-000, Brazil
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Stoughton WB, Begin S, Outman S, Stryhn H, Yu J, Conboy G, Nielsen MK. Occurrence and control of equine strongyle nematode infections in Prince Edward Island, Canada. Vet Parasitol Reg Stud Reports 2023; 40:100856. [PMID: 37068859 DOI: 10.1016/j.vprsr.2023.100856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Revised: 03/04/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023]
Abstract
Widespread overuse of anthelmintics has produced a growing population of intestinal parasites resistant to control measures. A paradigm shift in equine parasite control is warranted to prevent continued resistance development and maintain equine health. Small strongyles, which are ubiquitous in horses, are currently the most important intestinal parasites of adult horses. Sustainable management programs consider the variation in egg shedding by individual horses, and varied risks associated with age, use, density, climate, and environment. To develop regional recommendations for Prince Edward Island (PEI), Canada, it is important to first characterize strongyle egg shedding patterns and parasite management practices in use. Study objectives were to conduct a cross-sectional observational survey and risk factor analysis of parasite control programs, strongyle egg shedding and Strongylus vulgaris serology. A total of 339 horses from 40 PEI farms were sampled. Mean farm size was 8 horses and ranged from 2 to 30. Mean horse age was 11.6 years (Std. Dev. =7.2) and ranged from 2 months to 32 years. Mean fecal egg count (FEC) was 322 eggs per gram (EPG) (Std. Dev. =648). On average, 32% (Std. Dev. =16%) of horses shed 80% of strongyle eggs across 32 eligible farms. When considering all horses (n = 313) as one large herd, 18.7% of horses shed 80% of strongyle eggs. Use of FEC was identified in 4.6% of horses at 15% (n = 6) of PEI farms. Reported deworming intervals included 37.4% (n = 123) every 2-3 months and 58% (n = 191) every 3-4 months. Positive S. vulgaris titers were identified in 60% of horses (n = 200). Univariate analysis revealed that months since last deworming, age, and body condition score (BCS) were associated with strongyle shedding. The estimated odds of being in the high FEC category (>500 EPG) was 1.4 (95% CI, 1.1-1.8) times higher when last deworming increased by one month. Under-conditioned (BCS <4.5) horses had 3.6 (95% CI, 1.2-10.6) times odds of being in the higher FEC category than over-conditioned horses. Non-racing horses had 5.4 times odds of having a positive S. vulgaris titer than racehorses. This cross-sectional observational study is the first to report on the occurrence, risk factors and control of equine strongyle nematode infections in PEI, Canada. We conclude that the 80:20 rule can be used to develop control recommendations in PEI. Very few farms in PEI currently use FEC to guide parasite management. These findings provide a basis for future client education and investigations aimed at providing region specific recommendations.
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Affiliation(s)
- William B Stoughton
- Department of Health Management, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, 550 University Avenue, Charlottetown, PE C1A 4P3, Canada.
| | - Samantha Begin
- Department of Health Management, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, 550 University Avenue, Charlottetown, PE C1A 4P3, Canada
| | - Susan Outman
- Department of Health Management, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, 550 University Avenue, Charlottetown, PE C1A 4P3, Canada
| | - Henrik Stryhn
- Department of Health Management, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, 550 University Avenue, Charlottetown, PE C1A 4P3, Canada
| | - Jenny Yu
- Department of Health Management, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, 550 University Avenue, Charlottetown, PE C1A 4P3, Canada
| | - Gary Conboy
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Prince Edward Island, 550 University Avenue, Charlottetown, PE C1A 4P3, Canada
| | - Martin K Nielsen
- M.H. Gluck Equine Research Center, Department of Veterinary Science, University of Kentucky, 1400 Nicholasville Rd, Lexington, KY 40546-0099, USA
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Poulsen L, Henriksson FV, Dahl M, Honoré ML, Olsen SN, Leifsson PS, Staerk-Østergaard J, Jacobsen S, Pihl TH. Differentiating Strongylus vulgaris-associated, non-strangulating intestinal infarctions from idiopathic peritonitis and acute colitis in horses. Vet Rec 2023; 192:e2538. [PMID: 36567639 DOI: 10.1002/vetr.2538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2022] [Revised: 11/26/2022] [Accepted: 12/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Horses with non-strangulating intestinal infarction (NSII) are often misdiagnosed with idiopathic peritonitis or acute colitis. Early diagnosis is essential to ensure early surgical intervention and improve survival. METHODS Clinical and laboratory data from horses admitted to the University of Copenhagen Large Animal Teaching Hospital with NSII, idiopathic peritonitis or acute colitis between 2009 and 2018 were used for univariate comparisons and a multivariable logistic regression model for prediction of NSII. RESULTS Two hundred and thirty-one horses were included. A multivariable model for the prediction of NSII included gastric reflux (more than 5 L) (odds ratio [OR] 8.7; 95% confidence interval [CI] 2.1-36.2), abnormal findings palpated per rectum (intestinal dilatations/impactions [OR 4.43; 95% CI 1.43-13.38], colon displacements [OR 23.16; 95% CI 5.26-101.97] or intestinal mass [OR 179.7; 95% CI 23.5-1375.5]), white blood cell count (OR 1.2; 95% CI 1.1-1.4), packed cell volume (OR 0.9; 95% CI 0.8-0.9), age (OR 0.9; 95% CI 0.8-1.0) and heart rate (OR 1.1; 95% CI 1.0-1.1). The model had a low false positive rate (5%), but a high false negative rate (50%). LIMITATIONS Due to the retrospective nature of the study, sample collection was inconsistent, resulting in missing values. CONCLUSION The model had some capability in predicting NSII. However, the high risk of false negatives means that exploratory laparotomy should be considered in horses with peritonitis of unknown aetiology in areas where Strongylus vulgaris is prevalent and occurrence of idiopathic peritonitis is low.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lea Poulsen
- Medicine and Surgery Section, Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Frida V Henriksson
- Medicine and Surgery Section, Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Melissa Dahl
- Medicine and Surgery Section, Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Marie Louise Honoré
- Medicine and Surgery Section, Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Susanne N Olsen
- Medicine and Surgery Section, Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Páll S Leifsson
- Pathobiological Sciences, Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jacob Staerk-Østergaard
- Animal Welfare and Disease Control, Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Stine Jacobsen
- Medicine and Surgery Section, Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Tina H Pihl
- Medicine and Surgery Section, Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Rinaldi L, Krücken J, Martinez-Valladares M, Pepe P, Maurelli MP, de Queiroz C, Castilla Gómez de Agüero V, Wang T, Cringoli G, Charlier J, Gilleard JS, von Samson-Himmelstjerna G. Advances in diagnosis of gastrointestinal nematodes in livestock and companion animals. ADVANCES IN PARASITOLOGY 2022; 118:85-176. [PMID: 36088084 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apar.2022.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Diagnosis of gastrointestinal nematodes in livestock and companion animals has been neglected for years and there has been an historical underinvestment in the development and improvement of diagnostic tools, undermining the undoubted utility of surveillance and control programmes. However, a new impetus by the scientific community and the quickening pace of technological innovations, are promoting a renaissance of interest in developing diagnostic capacity for nematode infections in veterinary parasitology. A cross-cutting priority for diagnostic tools is the development of pen-side tests and associated decision support tools that rapidly inform on the levels of infection and morbidity. This includes development of scalable, parasite detection using artificial intelligence for automated counting of parasitic elements and research towards establishing biomarkers using innovative molecular and proteomic methods. The aim of this review is to assess the state-of-the-art in the diagnosis of helminth infections in livestock and companion animals and presents the current advances of diagnostic methods for intestinal parasites harnessing (i) automated methods for copromicroscopy based on artificial intelligence, (ii) immunodiagnosis, and (iii) molecular- and proteome-based approaches. Regardless of the method used, multiple factors need to be considered before diagnostics test results can be interpreted in terms of control decisions. Guidelines on how to apply diagnostics and how to interpret test results in different animal species are increasingly requested and some were recently made available in veterinary parasitology for the different domestic species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Rinaldi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Naples "Federico II", Naples, Italy.
| | - J Krücken
- Institute for Parasitology and Tropical Veterinary Medicine, Veterinary Centre for Resistance Research, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - M Martinez-Valladares
- Instituto de Ganadería de Montaña (CSIC-Universidad de León), Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de León, León, Spain
| | - P Pepe
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Naples "Federico II", Naples, Italy
| | - M P Maurelli
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Naples "Federico II", Naples, Italy
| | - C de Queiroz
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, 3331 Hospital Drive, Host-Parasite Interactions (HPI) Program University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, St Georges University, Grenada
| | - V Castilla Gómez de Agüero
- Instituto de Ganadería de Montaña (CSIC-Universidad de León), Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de León, León, Spain
| | - T Wang
- Kreavet, Kruibeke, Belgium
| | - Giuseppe Cringoli
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Naples "Federico II", Naples, Italy
| | | | - J S Gilleard
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, 3331 Hospital Drive, Host-Parasite Interactions (HPI) Program University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - G von Samson-Himmelstjerna
- Institute for Parasitology and Tropical Veterinary Medicine, Veterinary Centre for Resistance Research, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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El-Gameel SM, Al-Mokaddem AK, Salaeh NMK, Attia MM. Morphomolecular characterization of Strongylus vulgaris isolated from donkeys with special references to histopathological study on the affected organs. J Parasit Dis 2022; 46:795-803. [PMID: 36091280 PMCID: PMC9458839 DOI: 10.1007/s12639-022-01498-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Equine gastrointestinal tract is infected with Strongylus vulgaris (S. vulgaris) which is highly pathogenic parasite for its harmful effect on cranial mesenteric artery during its migration. So, this study was applied for identification of S. vulgaris in donkeys ultramorphologically and molecularly. In addition to, detection of the pathological effect of larval stage of S. vulgaris on the mesenteric arterial system using histopathology and immunohistochemistry. During the period from September to December; 2019, 60 male and 20 female donkeys at the Giza Zoo was postmortem examined. S. vulgaris adults and larvae were collected from the large intestine and cranial mesenteric arteries (CMAs), respectively. Ultramorphological examination of the collected adults was done using scanning electron microscope (SEM). DNA was extracted from 5 larvae and 6 adults for further conventional PCR studies and sequencing of the internal transcriped spacer 2 (ITS2) gene. The ITS2 gene were amplified and showed bands at 148 base pair (bp). The ITS2 gene nucleotide sequences of all isolates were aligned using Basic Local Alignment Search Tool (BLAST). Histological sections of S. vulgaris affected mesenteric arteries exhibited the presence of the parasite larvae either in the lumen with thrombus formation or attached to the intima. Most of the detected inflammatory cell populations were CD68-positive cells. From these results, it can be concluded that the ribosomal spacers genes could be used as markers for Strongylus species identification in eggs collected from equine feces as a beneficial method of diagnosis. Also, it could be important in disease surveillance, improving preventive measures and developing an effective control strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sohila M. El-Gameel
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, P.O. Box 12211, Giza, Egypt
| | - Asmaa K. Al-Mokaddem
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, 12211, Giza, Egypt
| | - Nagla M. K. Salaeh
- Department of Zoology Faculty of Science, Aswan University, Aswan, Egypt
| | - Marwa M. Attia
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, P.O. Box 12211, Giza, Egypt
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Jürgenschellert L, Krücken J, Bousquet E, Bartz J, Heyer N, Nielsen MK, von Samson-Himmelstjerna G. Occurrence of Strongylid Nematode Parasites on Horse Farms in Berlin and Brandenburg, Germany, With High Seroprevalence of Strongylus vulgaris Infection. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:892920. [PMID: 35754549 PMCID: PMC9226773 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.892920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2022] [Accepted: 04/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The infection of horses with strongylid nematodes is highly prevalent, with multi-species infections being the rule. Strongylus spp. and in particular Strongylus vulgaris are amongst the most pathogenic strongyle equine parasites. Presumably due to regular strategic anthelmintic treatments in combination with long prepatencies, prevalence of these worms was severely reduced in past decades. In this study, 484 horses from 48 farms in Berlin/Brandenburg, Germany were sampled between May 2017 and January 2018. Mini-FLOTAC and combined sedimentation/flotation were used to analyse faecal samples and larval cultures were carried out from individual strongyle infected horses for molecular testing for Strongylus spp. infection. Additionally, for Strongylus vulgaris, antibodies against a recombinant larval antigen were quantified in an ELISA. Strongyle type eggs were detected in 66.7% of the individual faecal samples. Nematode DNA was amplifiable from 311 samples and S. vulgaris and Strongylus edentatus were detected in four (1.3%) and 10 (6.3%) of these, respectively, the latter using a novel high-resolution-melt PCR targeting S. edentatus, Strongylus equinus, and Strongylus asini. On the farm level, prevalence for Strongylus spp. by PCR was 12.5%. Applying a conservative cut-off (sensitivity 0.43, specificity 0.96), 21.2% of all serum samples were positive for antibodies against S. vulgaris larvae (83.3% prevalence on farm level). Newly developed pyrosequencing assays to analyse putatively benzimidazole resistance associated polymorphisms in codons 167, 198, and 200 of the isotype 1 β-tubulin gene of S. vulgaris did not detect such polymorphisms in the four positive samples. Low age and increasing access to pasture were risk factors for egg shedding and seropositivity for S. vulgaris. Time since last treatment increased whereas use of moxidectin and ivermectin for the last treatment decreased the risk for strongyle egg shedding. Noteworthy, horses under selective treatment had significantly higher odds to be seropositive for anti-S. vulgaris antibodies than horses treated four times per year (odds ratio 4.4). The serological findings suggest that exposure to S. vulgaris is considerably higher than expected from direct diagnostic approaches. One potential explanation is the contamination of the environment by a few infected horses, leading to the infection of many horses with larvae that never reach maturity due to regular anthelmintic treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Jürgenschellert
- Institute for Parasitology and Tropical Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jürgen Krücken
- Institute for Parasitology and Tropical Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Jürgen Bartz
- Virbac Tierazneimittel GmbH, Bad Oldesloe, Germany
| | - Nina Heyer
- Institute for Parasitology and Tropical Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Martin K. Nielsen
- M.H. Gluck Equine Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
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Steuer AE, Anderson HP, Shepherd T, Clark M, Scare JA, Gravatte HS, Nielsen MK. Parasite dynamics in untreated horses through one calendar year. Parasit Vectors 2022; 15:50. [PMID: 35135605 PMCID: PMC8822790 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-022-05168-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Horses are host to a plethora of parasites. Knowledge of the seasonality of parasite egg shedding and transmission is important for constructing parasite control programs. However, studies describing these patterns are sparse, and have largely been conducted only in the United Kingdom. This study evaluated strongylid egg shedding patterns and transmission dynamics of Strongylus vulgaris in naturally infected and untreated mares and foals through one calendar year in Kentucky, USA. The study also investigated the existence of a peri-parturient rise (PPR) in strongylid egg counts in foaling mares and collected information about Strongyloides westeri and Parascaris spp. in the foals. Methods This study was conducted from January to December 2018. A herd of 18 mares, one stallion, and 14 foals born in 2018 were followed throughout the year. Sera and feces were collected biweekly from all horses, and worm burdens enumerated in 13 foals at necropsy. An S. vulgaris ELISA antibody test was run on all serum samples. Fecal egg counts were determined for all horses, and coproculture and qPCR assay were employed to test for the presence of S. vulgaris in the mature horses. Data were analyzed using the proc glimmix procedure in the SAS 9.4 software program. Results We found a general lack of seasonality in strongylid egg shedding throughout the year among the mature horses, and no PPR was demonstrated. Shedding of S. vulgaris eggs displayed a higher abundance during the spring, but findings were variable and not statistically significant. Anti-S. vulgaris antibody concentrations did not display significant fluctuations in the mature horses, but evidence of passive transfer of antibodies to the foals was demonstrated, and foals assumed their own production of antibodies starting at approximately 20 weeks of age. Overall, colts shed higher numbers of strongylid, ascarid, and S. westeri eggs than fillies. Conclusions This study demonstrated a lack of seasonality in strongylid egg shedding for the study population, which is in stark contrast to previous studies conducted elsewhere. This strongly suggests that more studies should be done investigating these patterns under different climatic conditions. Graphical Abstract ![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley E Steuer
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Texas Tech University, Amarillo, TX, USA.
| | - Haley P Anderson
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA
| | - Taylor Shepherd
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Lincoln Memorial University, Harrogate, TN, USA
| | - Morgan Clark
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Lincoln Memorial University, Harrogate, TN, USA
| | - Jessica A Scare
- Department of Animal Science, Eastern Kentucky University, Richmond, KY, USA
| | - Holli S Gravatte
- Department of Veterinary Science, Maxwell H. Gluck Equine Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Martin K Nielsen
- Department of Veterinary Science, Maxwell H. Gluck Equine Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
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Scare Kenealy JA, Steuer AE. Reviving a tradition: The Development of Strongylus vulgaris in larval culture. Vet Parasitol 2021; 300:109619. [PMID: 34839176 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2021.109619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2021] [Revised: 11/11/2021] [Accepted: 11/13/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
All horses are susceptible to the equine gastrointestinal parasite, Strongylus vulgaris, which is known to cause significant disease and death. The parasite undergoes development from the egg through the first (L1), second (L2) and third (L3) larval stages outside the horse. The L3 is the infective stage. The universally available technique for detection of S. vulgaris larvae is the larval culture method. This requires a 10-14 day culture period to induce development from egg to L3, followed by Baermannization and identification of the L3s to genus and/or species. It is unknown if the culture duration is necessary or ideal for S. vulgaris identification. The purpose of this study was to perform daily examinations of known S. vulgaris positive fecal samples in coproculture. Fresh feces were collected from a horse known to be shedding S. vulgaris eggs. A total of 140 cultures were set up using 10 g of feces. Cultures remained at room temperature and moistened every other day. Every day, 10 samples were examined, and all larvae were identified to stage, genus/species, and enumerated. Throughout the study, L1, L2, and L3 stages were observed, and S. vulgaris, Strongylus edentatus, Triodontophorus spp., and cyathostomin L3s were identified. Third stage larvae were observed on Day 5, and the mean number of L3s significantly increased on Day 10 (P < .001), and declined thereafter. Strongylus vulgaris was first observed on Day 6 with a mean count of 4.1 (95 % CI: 1.1, 7.1) S. vulgaris larvae, accounting for 4.1 % (95 % CI:1.8, 7) of the total L3s observed. The number of S. vulgaris larvae was significantly higher on Day 10 with a mean of 156.8 (95 % CI: 120.7, 192.9) S. vulgaris larvae (P < .001), and the proportion was also significantly higher with S. vulgaris comprising 50 % (95 % CI: 45.9, 54.8) (P = .006) of the total larvae. However, after 10 days, the mean number of S. vulgaris larvae declined, as did the proportion of S. vulgaris larvae compared to the total number of larvae. Using the described methods, it is possible to identify S. vulgaris as early as 6 days, and the optimal period is 10 days to detect the maximum number of S. vulgaris.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica A Scare Kenealy
- Eastern Kentucky University, Department of Agriculture, 521 Lancaster Avenue, A.B. Carter Building, Richmond, KY, 40476, United States.
| | - Ashely E Steuer
- Texas Tech University, School of Veterinary Medicine, 7671 Evans Drive, Amarillo, TX, 79106, United States.
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Gehlen H, Wulke N, Ertelt A, Nielsen MK, Morelli S, Traversa D, Merle R, Wilson D, von Samson-Himmelstjerna G. Comparative Analysis of Intestinal Helminth Infections in Colic and Non-Colic Control Equine Patients. Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:ani10101916. [PMID: 33086590 PMCID: PMC7603170 DOI: 10.3390/ani10101916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2020] [Revised: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
All around the world, intestinal helminths constitute one of the most prevalent life-long occurring infections and re-infections affecting all horse age groups. A range of parasite species among strongyles, ascarids, and tapeworms is known to have the potential to cause colic in horses. However, there is a lack of current scientific evidence on the actual relevance of helminth infection levels in the context of colic in horses kept during prevailing epidemiological conditions. Thus, a prospective case-control study on the occurrence of intestinal helminths in a total of 620 mainly adult equine clinic patients was conducted to investigate the association between colic and helminth infection. For each horse, a range of copromicroscopic, serological, and clinical data was obtained, in addition to a questionnaire on relevant anamnestic data, including previous anthelmintic treatment and husbandry. Using a FLOTAC-based copromicroscopic diagnosis, the highest infection rates were seen for strongyles (41.8%), followed by Anoplocephala perfoliata and Parascaris spp. (both 0.8%), with no significant difference between the two study groups. Employing a real-time PCR a 1.1% S. vulgaris DNA prevalence was found. Considerably higher seroprevalences were observed using S. vulgaris and A. perfoliata ELISAs, with 32.3% and 10.7%, respectively. It was noteworthy that no association concerning either serologic status was encountered with colic status. The shedding of strongyle eggs was associated with a 1.8-times increased risk of S. vulgaris seropositivity. Recent anthelmintic treatment was associated with the onset of colic, as animals who had received an anthelmintic during the previous week had a 2.4-times higher risk of signs of colic compared to those who had been treated at least eight weeks prior. Another noteworthy observation was that ponies were significantly less often affected by colic than warmbloods. The high S. vulgaris and considerable A. perfoliata seroprevalences encountered in this investigation should prompt veterinarians, farm managers, and horse owners to maintain consequent and effective worm control measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heidrun Gehlen
- Klinik für Pferde, Allgemeine Chirurgie und Radiologie, Fachbereich Veterinärmedizin, Freie Universität Berlin, 14163 Berlin, Germany; (H.G.); (N.W.); (A.E.)
| | - Nadine Wulke
- Klinik für Pferde, Allgemeine Chirurgie und Radiologie, Fachbereich Veterinärmedizin, Freie Universität Berlin, 14163 Berlin, Germany; (H.G.); (N.W.); (A.E.)
| | - Antonia Ertelt
- Klinik für Pferde, Allgemeine Chirurgie und Radiologie, Fachbereich Veterinärmedizin, Freie Universität Berlin, 14163 Berlin, Germany; (H.G.); (N.W.); (A.E.)
| | - Martin K. Nielsen
- M.H. Gluck Equine Research Center, Department of Veterinary Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40546, USA;
| | - Simone Morelli
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Teramo, 64100 Teramo, Italy; (S.M.); (D.T.)
| | - Donato Traversa
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Teramo, 64100 Teramo, Italy; (S.M.); (D.T.)
| | - Roswitha Merle
- Institut für Veterinär-Epidemiologie und Biometrie, Fachbereich Veterinärmedizin, Freie Universität Berlin, 14163 Berlin, Germany;
| | - Douglas Wilson
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Langford Campus, Bristol Veterinary School, University of Bristol, Bristol BS40 5DU, UK;
| | - Georg von Samson-Himmelstjerna
- Institut für Parasitologie und Tropenveterinärmedizin, Fachbereich Veterinärmedizin, Freie Universität Berlin, 14163 Berlin, Germany
- Correspondence: ; Fax: +49 40 838 62311
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Hedberg-Alm Y, Penell J, Riihimäki M, Osterman-Lind E, Nielsen MK, Tydén E. Parasite Occurrence and Parasite Management in Swedish Horses Presenting with Gastrointestinal Disease-A Case-Control Study. Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:E638. [PMID: 32272754 PMCID: PMC7222828 DOI: 10.3390/ani10040638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2020] [Revised: 03/29/2020] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
All grazing horses are exposed to intestinal parasites, which have the potential to cause gastrointestinal disease. In Sweden, there is a concern about an increase in parasite-related equine gastrointestinal disease, in particular Strongylus vulgaris, since the implementation of prescription-only anthelmintics approximately 10 years ago. In a prospective case-control study, parasitological status, using fecal analyses for strongyle egg counts, the presence of Anoplocephala perfoliata eggs and S. vulgaris Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) as well as serology for S. vulgaris, were compared between horses presenting with or without gastrointestinal disease at a University hospital during a one-year period. Information regarding anthelmintic routines and pasture management was gathered with an owner-filled questionnaire. Although the prevalence of S. vulgaris PCR was 5.5%, 62% of horses were positive in the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) test and horses with peritonitis showed higher antibody levels for S. vulgaris, as compared to other diagnoses or controls. Overall, 36% of the horse owners used only fecal egg counts (FEC), 32% used FEC combined with specific diagnostics for S. vulgaris or A. perfoliata, and 29% dewormed routinely without prior parasite diagnostics. Effective management methods to reduce the parasitic burden on pastures were rare and considering exposure to S. vulgaris appears high; the study indicates a need for education in specific fecal diagnostics and pasture management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ylva Hedberg-Alm
- Horse Clinic, University Animal Hospital, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 750 07 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Johanna Penell
- Division of Veterinary Nursing, Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 750 07 Uppsala, Sweden;
| | - Miia Riihimäki
- Equine Medicine Unit, Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 750 07 Uppsala, Sweden;
| | - Eva Osterman-Lind
- National Veterinary Institute, Department of Microbiology, Section for Parasitology diagnostics, 751 89 Uppsala, Sweden;
| | - Martin K. Nielsen
- Maxwell H. Gluck Equine Research Center, Department of Veterinary Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40546, USA;
| | - Eva Tydén
- Parasitology Unit, Department of Biomedical Science and Veterinary Public Health, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 750 07 Uppsala, Sweden;
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Eficacy of ivermectin, moxidectin and febendazole in equine in Brazil. VETERINARY PARASITOLOGY- REGIONAL STUDIES AND REPORTS 2020; 20:100374. [PMID: 32448518 DOI: 10.1016/j.vprsr.2020.100374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2019] [Revised: 01/17/2020] [Accepted: 01/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The objectives of the present study were to evaluate the efficacy of three anthelmintic drugs, i.e. fenbendazole, ivermectin and moxidectin; to determine the genera and species of the most abundant strongyles; and to investigate parasite control measures used in herds of horses in the western region of the state of São Paulo, Brazil. This study was onducted between February and December 2013 on 10 farms in this region. Coprological evaluations were conducted for counting the numbers of eggs per gram of feces (EPG) and coprocultures were made in order to identify third-stage larvae (L3) of strongyles. Parasite control measures were investigated by surveying each farm's management and characteristics. A fecal egg count reduction test (FECRT) was used to determine the anthelmintic efficacy based on EPG count results before and after treatment. The FECRT showed that anthelmintic resistance to fenbendazole was present and that ivermectin and moxidectin had high effectiveness in the western region of the state of São Paulo. Identification of L3 revealed that there was high prevalence of cyathostomins among strongyle larvae. The highest prevalence of Strongylus vulgaris occurred on farms where the intervals between deworming were long. The questionnaire applied showed that ivermectin was the drug most used among these farmers.
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Odelros E, Kendall A, Hedberg-Alm Y, Pringle J. Idiopathic peritonitis in horses: a retrospective study of 130 cases in Sweden (2002-2017). Acta Vet Scand 2019; 61:18. [PMID: 31023351 PMCID: PMC6485108 DOI: 10.1186/s13028-019-0456-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2019] [Accepted: 04/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Peritonitis in horses is historically associated with prolonged treatment regimens of broad-spectrum antimicrobials and a guarded prognosis for survival. The condition is most often seen as a secondary complication to traumatic injuries involving the abdominal cavity, rupture of bowel or abdominal surgery. However, cases of idiopathic peritonitis with no such underlying cause have been described. In Sweden idiopathic peritonitis is commonly identified and, in contrast to peritonitis secondary to traumatic incidents, affected horses appear to respond well to medical treatment. The objectives of this study were to describe clinical signs, laboratory findings, bacterial culture results, treatment regimens and survival rates for horses diagnosed with idiopathic peritonitis. RESULTS Medical records were obtained from horses diagnosed with peritonitis without identifiable cause. Diagnosis was based on macroscopically abnormal peritoneal fluid, with an elevated nucleated cell count (> 10 × 109 cells/L) or total protein (> 25 g/L). A total of 130 horses were included, presenting with pyrexia (83%), lethargy (80%), anorexia (68%) and abdominal pain (51%). Microbial cultures were performed in 84% of the cases of which 41% were positive. The most commonly recovered bacteria were Actinobacillus spp., cultured from 21% of the submitted samples. All horses received antimicrobial therapy and many responded to treatment with penicillin alone. Survival until discharge was 94%. CONCLUSIONS Idiopathic peritonitis is a disease that should be considered in horses presented with fever, signs of colic and lethargy. Medical treatment of idiopathic peritonitis is often successful and in Sweden most cases appear to respond well to treatment with penicillin as the sole antimicrobial.
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Prasad BVS, Khatri V, Yadav PS, Chandra MS, Lakshmi DV, Goswami K. Immunodiagnostic potential of Wuchereria bancrofti L1 antigen-based filarial immunoglobulin G4 detection assay. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 2019; 113:36-43. [PMID: 30321407 DOI: 10.1093/trstmh/try110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2018] [Accepted: 09/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background After mass drug administration to eliminate human lymphatic filariasis, there is a need for surveillance to detect the measurable endpoint of the program. Methods An immunodominant seroreactive clone, WbL1, was identified through immunoscreening of a Wuchereria bancrofti L3 complementary DNA expression library. Recombinant WbL1 (rWbL1) was analysed with sera from W. bancrofti patients. Diagnostic evaluation was carried out by developing an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) to detect the filarial-specific antibodies in various categories of filarial sera samples against recombinant WbL1 (rWbL1) protein. Results Performance parameters of the test in terms of immunoglobulin G (IgG) and IgG4 detection displayed significant sensitivity and specificity values up to 77% and 100%, respectively. Our results showed filarial antibodies against rWbL1 to be highly reactive with microfilaremic and clinical filarial sera samples compared with the endemic and non-endemic control sera samples. Reasonably satisfactory performance of the test was also confirmed from the multicentric evaluation of an anti-WbL1 IgG4 detection ELISA. This test was found to be minimally reactive with other nematode parasites and protozoan infections. Conclusions The anti-WbL1 IgG4 detection test can be considered as a field test for initial screening and epidemiological monitoring of filarial infections in filariasis-endemic areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- B V Siva Prasad
- Department of Microbiology, Yogi Vemana University, Kadapa, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Vishal Khatri
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Rockford, IL, USA
| | - P Suresh Yadav
- Department of Microbiology, Yogi Vemana University, Kadapa, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - M Subhosh Chandra
- Department of Microbiology, Yogi Vemana University, Kadapa, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - D Vijaya Lakshmi
- Department of Microbiology, Yogi Vemana University, Kadapa, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Kalyan Goswami
- Department of Biochemistry, Mahatma Gandhi Institute of Medical Sciences, Sevagram, India
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16
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Pihl TH, Nielsen MK, Olsen SN, Leifsson PS, Jacobsen S. Nonstrangulating intestinal infarctions associated with Strongylus vulgaris: Clinical presentation and treatment outcomes of 30 horses (2008-2016). Equine Vet J 2017; 50:474-480. [PMID: 29112788 DOI: 10.1111/evj.12779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2016] [Accepted: 10/29/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Strongylus vulgaris is re-emerging in horses kept under surveillance-based parasite control regimens. Information on nonstrangulating intestinal infarction associated with S. vulgaris is needed to improve recognition of the condition. OBJECTIVE To describe the typical clinical presentation, laboratory findings, gross pathology, treatment and outcome of horses with nonstrangulating intestinal infarction. STUDY DESIGN Retrospective case series. METHODS Nonstrangluating intestinal infarction was diagnosed in 30 horses with a localised intestinal infarction with concurrent signs of S. vulgaris migration and no signs of intestinal strangulation or enterocolitis. Data were obtained from medical records in the period 2008-2016. Long-term follow-up information was obtained by telephonic interviews. Levels of S. vulgaris-specific antibodies were retrospectively assessed. Associations between nonstrangulating intestinal infarction and selected variables were evaluated using Fisher's exact and Mann-Whitney U tests. RESULTS The most consistent findings at admission were mild colic of >24 h duration without signs of shock or strangulated intestine, increased peritoneal fluid WBC (>5 × 109 /L), increased serum amyloid A (SAA) concentration and a positive S. vulgaris-specific antibody titre. Medical treatment was attempted in nine horses with none surviving. Exploratory laparotomy was performed in 21 horses. Eleven horses were subjected to euthanasia intraoperatively due to the presumed poor prognosis. Of the nine horses, three (33%) undergoing intestinal resection survived to discharge. The surviving horses were alive and returned to athletic function for at least 2 years following discharge. MAIN LIMITATIONS Only nine of the 30 horses underwent resection of the infarcted intestine, and the prognosis for surgical intervention in nonstrangulating intestinal infarction is, therefore, difficult to estimate. CONCLUSIONS In areas where S. vulgaris is prevalent, nonstrangulating intestinal infarction should be considered as a differential diagnosis in horses presenting with mild colic and peritonitis. Survival of nonstrangulating intestinal infarction is possible in cases where surgical intervention with resection of the infarcted intestine is feasible. The summary is available in Spanish - see Supporting Information.
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Affiliation(s)
- T H Pihl
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Taastrup, Denmark
| | - M K Nielsen
- M. H. Gluck Equine Research Center, Department of Veterinary Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington, USA
| | - S N Olsen
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Taastrup, Denmark
| | - P S Leifsson
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - S Jacobsen
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Taastrup, Denmark
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Pihl TH, Nielsen MK, Jacobsen S. Changes in Hemostatic Indices in Foals Naturally Infected With Strongylus vulgaris. J Equine Vet Sci 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2017.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Abo-Aziza FAM, Hendawy SHM, Namaky AHE, Ashry HM. Th1/Th2 balance and humoral immune response to potential antigens as early diagnostic method of equine Strongylus nematode infection. Vet World 2017; 10:679-687. [PMID: 28717322 PMCID: PMC5499087 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2017.679-687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2017] [Accepted: 04/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim:: The aim of this study was to investigate the early diagnosis of strongyle infection based on early changes in Th1 and Th2 cytokines beside the diagnostic accuracy values and sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) and western blotting profiles using prepared strongyles antigens. Materials and Methods:: A total of 73 donkeys had a mean age of 4-32 years old were parasitologically examined for strongyle infection. The early changes in Th1 and Th2 cytokines were determined, and the diagnostic accuracy values and SDS-PAGE and western blotting profiles were performed using prepared strongyles antigens; crude somatic Strongylusvulgaris (CSS), excretory-secretory S. vulgaris (ESS), crude somatic Cyathostomins (CSC), and excretory-secretory Cyathostomins (ESC). Results:: The results revealed highest 437.04% and lowest 37.81% immunoglobulin G (IgG) in high and low egg shedder groups when using ESC and CSS antigens, respectively. Antibodies index for ESS and CSC were significantly higher in moderate egg shedder group while that for ESS and CSC, ESC was significantly higher in high egg shedder group. Tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α)/interleukin-4 (IL-4) balance in S. vulgaris infected donkeys was approximately equal in apparently healthy, low and high egg shedder groups while TNF-α < IL-4 in moderate egg shedder. In Cyathostomins infected animals, TNF-α/IL-4 balance was approximately equal in apparently healthy group while it was low in moderate and high egg shedder groups. The diagnostic accuracy showed that the higher specificity (46.6%) and prevalence (95.40%) were recorded by CSS and ESC antigens, respectively. However, SDS-PAGE and western blotting profiling proved that the band at molecular weight 25 kDa is exhibited by CSS antigen. Conclusion:: Combination of detecting level of TNF-α/IL-4 balance, CSS antigen and IgG concentration is good tool for appropriate diagnosis of such infection. More advancement research must be done concerning Th1/Th2 balance and cross-reactivity of S. vulgaris and Cyathostomins spp. at the base of serological and molecular investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faten A M Abo-Aziza
- Department of Parasitology and Animal Diseases, National Research Centre, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Seham H M Hendawy
- Department of Parasitology and Animal Diseases, National Research Centre, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Amira H El Namaky
- Department of Parasitology and Animal Diseases, National Research Centre, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Heba M Ashry
- Department of Parasitology and Animal Diseases, National Research Centre, Cairo, Egypt
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Kaspar A, Pfister K, Nielsen MK, Silaghi C, Fink H, Scheuerle MC. Detection of Strongylus vulgaris in equine faecal samples by real-time PCR and larval culture - method comparison and occurrence assessment. BMC Vet Res 2017; 13:19. [PMID: 28077153 PMCID: PMC5225560 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-016-0918-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2016] [Accepted: 12/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Strongylus vulgaris has become a rare parasite in Germany during the past 50 years due to the practice of frequent prophylactic anthelmintic therapy. To date, the emerging development of resistance in Cyathostominae and Parascaris spp. to numerous equine anthelmintics has changed deworming management and the frequency of anthelmintic usage. In this regard, reliable detection of parasitic infections, especially of the highly pathogenic S. vulgaris is essential. In the current study, two diagnostic methods for the detection of infections with S. vulgaris were compared and information on the occurrence of this parasite in German horses was gained. For this purpose, faecal samples of 501 horses were screened for S. vulgaris with real-time PCR and an additional larval culture was performed in samples of 278 horses. A subset of 26 horses underwent multiple follow-up examinations with both methods in order to evaluate both the persistence of S. vulgaris infections and the reproducibility of each diagnostic method. Results The real-time PCR revealed S. vulgaris-DNA in ten of 501 investigated equine samples (1.9%). The larval culture demonstrated larvae of S. vulgaris in three of the 278 samples (1.1%). A direct comparison of the two methods was possible in 321 samples including 43 follow-up examinations with the result of 11 S. vulgaris-positive samples by real-time PCR and 4 S. vulgaris-positive samples by larval culture. The McNemar’s test (p-value = 0.016) revealed a significant difference and the kappa values (0.525) showed a moderate agreement between real-time PCR and larval culture. Conclusions The real-time PCR detected a significantly higher proportion of positives of S. vulgaris compared to larval culture and should thus be considered as a routine diagnostic method for the detection of S. vulgaris in equine samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Kaspar
- Comparative Tropical Medicine and Parasitology, Veterinary Faculty, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany.
| | - K Pfister
- Comparative Tropical Medicine and Parasitology, Veterinary Faculty, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany.,Present address: Parasite Consulting GmbH, Wendschatzstrasse 8, CH-3006, Berne, Switzerland
| | - M K Nielsen
- Department of Veterinary Science, M.H. Gluck Equine Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - C Silaghi
- Comparative Tropical Medicine and Parasitology, Veterinary Faculty, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany.,Present address: National Centre of Vector Entomology, Institute for Parasitology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, CH-8006, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - H Fink
- Department of Statistics, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
| | - M C Scheuerle
- Comparative Tropical Medicine and Parasitology, Veterinary Faculty, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany.,Present address: ParaDocs Laboratory, Ismaning, Germany
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Equine antibody response to larval Parascaris equorum excretory-secretory products. Vet Parasitol 2016; 226:83-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2016.06.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2015] [Revised: 06/26/2016] [Accepted: 06/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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21
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Nielsen MK. Universal challenges for parasite control: a perspective from equine parasitology. Trends Parasitol 2015; 31:282-4. [PMID: 26143301 DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2015.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2015] [Revised: 04/27/2015] [Accepted: 04/27/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Formulating and disseminating recommendations for parasite control is a dynamic process that requires constant interaction between parasitology researchers and the end-users in the field. Any set of guidelines requires continuous evaluation of efficacy and possible adverse effects, and adjustments are invariably needed along the way. Experience with formulating guidelines for equine parasite control illustrates that end-users struggle with striking the balance between treating too little and too much.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin K Nielsen
- M.H. Gluck Equine Research Center, Department of Veterinary Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA.
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22
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Sallé G, Cabaret J. A survey on parasite management by equine veterinarians highlights the need for a regulation change. Vet Rec Open 2015; 2:e000104. [PMID: 26421153 PMCID: PMC4581345 DOI: 10.1136/vetreco-2014-000104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2014] [Revised: 05/25/2015] [Accepted: 06/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction In-depth knowledge of the use of anthelminthics in the field, especially by veterinarians, is required to design more sustainable parasite control strategies. Materials and methods An online survey was sent by e-mail to 940 equine veterinary practitioners to describe their equine practice, their awareness about parasites and the management strategies they apply. Results Gastrointestinal parasites were generally considered (68%) as an issue of moderate importance. Drug efficacy failure was a minor or moderate issue for 47% and 48% of responders, respectively. Parasite management mostly relied on the use of systematic calendar treatments across a wide variety of horse owners (ie, riding schools, studs or hobby horse owners). Almost half of the practitioners (42%) never performed Faecal Egg Count (FEC) before drenching. Horse owners or their employees in charge of equines were reported to be the only person managing drenching in 59% of the collected answers. This was associated with the report of many off-label uses of anthelmintics and the frequent buying of drugs using the internet. Conclusions Given the critical situation regarding anthelmintic resistance, it seems necessary for veterinarians to reclaim parasite management and prevention as a specific topic. Implementation of stricter regulations for use of anthelmintics, like the one applied in Denmark, may make parasitic management in equids more sustainable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume Sallé
- INRA, UMR1282 Infectiologie et Santé Publique , Nouzilly , France ; Université François Rabelais de Tours, UMR1282 Infectiologie et Santé Publique , Tours , France
| | - Jacques Cabaret
- INRA, UMR1282 Infectiologie et Santé Publique , Nouzilly , France ; Université François Rabelais de Tours, UMR1282 Infectiologie et Santé Publique , Tours , France
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23
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Nielsen MK, Scare J, Gravatte HS, Bellaw JL, Prado JC, Reinemeyer CR. Changes in Serum Strongylus Vulgaris-Specific Antibody Concentrations in Response to Anthelmintic Treatment of Experimentally Infected Foals. Front Vet Sci 2015; 2:17. [PMID: 26664946 PMCID: PMC4672185 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2015.00017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2015] [Accepted: 06/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Strongylus vulgaris is the most pathogenic nematode parasite of horses. Its extensive migration in the mesenteric blood vessels can lead to life-threatening intestinal infarctions. Recent work has shown that this parasite is still identified among managed horse populations. A serum enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) has been developed for the detection of migrating larvae of S. vulgaris. Previous work has documented an increase in ELISA values following larvicidal treatment with ivermectin and suggested that the target parasite antigen is primarily produced by the later larval stages. The aim of this study was to experimentally inoculate cohorts of foals with S. vulgaris, and then compare ELISA responses to early or later ivermectin treatments. Fifteen foals were held in confinement and infected orally with ~25 S. vulgaris third-stage larvae on Days 0, 7, 14, and 21. Foals were weaned on Day 43 and turned out to a pasture not previously grazed by horses. Foals remained at pasture continuously until the study was terminated on Day 196. On Day 55, foals were randomly allocated to three treatment groups of five each. Group 1 received ivermectin on Day 56, Group 2 received ivermectin on Day 112, and Group 3 foals served as untreated controls. Serum and fecal samples were collected at 28-day intervals throughout the study. Serum samples were analyzed with the S. vulgaris-specific ELISA and fecal samples were processed for fecal egg counting. The ELISA values of Group 1 foals were significantly lower than Groups 2 or 3 on Days 140–196. Both treated groups exhibited increased ELISA values following ivermectin treatment. Results indicate that the target diagnostic antigen is produced throughout the course of arterial infection with S. vulgaris, but that an early ivermectin treatment can reduce the cumulative antigen produced over the course of an infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Krarup Nielsen
- M.H. Gluck Equine Research Center, Department of Veterinary Science, University of Kentucky , Lexington, KY , USA
| | - Jessica Scare
- M.H. Gluck Equine Research Center, Department of Veterinary Science, University of Kentucky , Lexington, KY , USA
| | - Holli Sullivan Gravatte
- M.H. Gluck Equine Research Center, Department of Veterinary Science, University of Kentucky , Lexington, KY , USA
| | - Jennifer Lynn Bellaw
- M.H. Gluck Equine Research Center, Department of Veterinary Science, University of Kentucky , Lexington, KY , USA
| | - Julio C Prado
- East Tennessee Clinical Research, Inc. , Rockwood, TN , USA
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24
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Scott I, Bishop RM, Pomroy WE. Anthelmintic resistance in equine helminth parasites - a growing issue for horse owners and veterinarians in New Zealand? N Z Vet J 2015; 63:188-98. [PMID: 25608588 DOI: 10.1080/00480169.2014.987840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
There is growing concern that given the high frequency with which anthelmintics are being administered to many horses, anthelmintic resistance amongst equine helminth populations will be an increasing problem, rendering many of the currently available products unusable with little prospect of new products becoming available, at least in the near future. Worldwide, much reliance has been placed on the macrocyclic lactone (ML) group of anthelmintics, but resistance has been reported to these products as well as to the two other major anthelmintic classes used in this species, the benzimidazoles (BZ) and the tetrahydropyrimidines (e.g. pyrantel). In New Zealand, resistance has been reported to the ML and BZ groups, but not yet to pyrantel. As an alternative to interval-based anthelmintic regimens, the highly overdispersed nature of parasite populations in horses can be utilised to decide whether treatment is required, based on whether or not animals exceed a predetermined level of shedding of parasite eggs. If well managed, such a targeted and selective approach can be utilised to eliminate the majority of egg output whilst still providing a refuge for susceptible parasites to persist. Such a system would require that an adequate standard of monitoring be in place and cognisance needs to be taken of parasites or their lifecycle stages that cannot be diagnosed by routine methods. At the same time, using anthelmintics with high levels of efficacy, avoiding practices such as under-dosing, as well as utilising non-chemical means of parasite control when possible, e.g. regular removal of faeces from pasture, should all be considered. Combinations of anthelmintics, specifically of anthelmintics that target the same or a similar spectrum of parasite species, should play an important role in parasite control in horses. As well as providing arguably the highest levels of efficacy, combinations may also slow the rate at which anthelmintic resistance develops.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Scott
- a Infectious Diseases and Public Health Group , Institute of Veterinary, Animal and Biomedical Sciences, Massey University , Private Bag 11222, Palmerston North , New Zealand
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25
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Nielsen MK, Jacobsen S, Olsen SN, Bousquet E, Pihl T. Nonstrangulating intestinal infarction associated withStrongylus vulgarisin referred Danish equine cases. Equine Vet J 2015; 48:376-9. [DOI: 10.1111/evj.12422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2014] [Accepted: 01/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M. K. Nielsen
- Department of Veterinary Science; M.H. Gluck Equine Research Center; University of Kentucky; Lexington USA
| | - S. Jacobsen
- Department of Large Animal Sciences; University of Copenhagen; Denmark
| | - S. N. Olsen
- Department of Large Animal Sciences; University of Copenhagen; Denmark
| | | | - T. Pihl
- Department of Large Animal Sciences; University of Copenhagen; Denmark
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26
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Serum Strongylus vulgaris-specific antibody responses to anthelmintic treatment in naturally infected horses. Parasitol Res 2014; 114:445-51. [PMID: 25358238 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-014-4201-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2014] [Accepted: 10/21/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Strongylus vulgaris is the most pathogenic helminth parasite of horses, causing verminous endarteritis with thromboembolism and infarction. A serum enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) has been validated for detection of antibodies to an antigen produced by migrating larvae of this parasite. The aim was to evaluate ELISA responses to anthelmintic treatment in cohorts of naturally infected horses. Fifteen healthy horses harboring patent S. vulgaris infections were turned out for communal grazing in May 2013 (day 0). On day 55, horses were ranked according to ELISA titers and randomly allocated to the following three groups: no treatment followed by placebo pellets daily; ivermectin on day 60 followed by placebo pellets daily; or ivermectin on day 60 followed by daily pyrantel tartrate. Fecal and serum samples were collected at ∼28-day intervals until study termination on day 231. Increased ELISA values were observed for the first 53 days following ivermectin treatment. Titers were significantly reduced 80 days after ivermectin treatment. Horses receiving daily pyrantel tartrate maintained lower ELISA values from 137 days post ivermectin treatment until trial termination. These results illustrate that a positive ELISA result is indicative of either current or prior exposure to larval S. vulgaris infection within the previous 5 months.
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27
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Matthews JB. Anthelmintic resistance in equine nematodes. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR PARASITOLOGY-DRUGS AND DRUG RESISTANCE 2014; 4:310-5. [PMID: 25516842 PMCID: PMC4266799 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpddr.2014.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Overuse of anthelmintics in horses has reduced disease, but led to widespread resistance. Benzimidazole, tetrahydropyrimidine and macrocyclic lactone resistance in cyathostomins. Ivermectin resistance common in Parascaris equorum. Good grazing management must be integrated with targeted anthelmintic treatments. Progress in novel diagnostics to define pre-patent worm levels is described.
Anthelmintics have been applied indiscriminately to control horse nematodes for over 40 years. Three broad-spectrum anthelmintic classes are currently registered for nematode control in horses: benzimidazoles (fenbendazole, oxibendazole), tetrahydropyrimidines (pyrantel) and macrocyclic lactones (ivermectin, moxidectin). Generally, control strategies have focused on nematode egg suppression regimens that involve the frequent application of anthelmintics to all horses at intervals based on strongyle egg reappearance periods after treatment. The widespread use of such programmes has substantially reduced clinical disease, especially that associated with large strongyle species; however, high treatment frequency has led to considerable selection pressure for anthelmintic resistance, particularly in cyathostomin species. Field studies published over the last decade indicate that benzimidazole resistance is widespread globally in cyathostomins and there are also many reports of resistance to pyrantel in these worms. Cyathostomin resistance to macrocyclic lactone compounds is emerging, principally measured as a reduction in strongyle egg reappearance time observed after treatment. Ivermectin resistance is a further concern in the small intestinal nematode, Parascaris equorum, an important pathogen of foals. These issues indicate that horse nematodes must now be controlled using methods less dependent on anthelmintic use and more reliant on management practices designed to reduce the force of infection in the environment. Such strategies include improved grazing management integrated with targeted anthelmintic administration involving faecal egg count (FEC)-directed treatments. The latter require that the supporting diagnostic tests available are robust and practically applicable. Recent research has focused on maximising the value of FEC analysis in horses and on optimizing protocols for anthelmintic efficacy testing. Other studies have sought to develop diagnostics that will help define levels of pre-patent infection. This review describes recent advances in each of these areas of research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline B Matthews
- Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Edinburgh, Midlothian, EH26 0PZ, UK
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28
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Burk SV, Dangoudoubiyam S, Brewster-Barnes T, Bryant UK, Howe DK, Carter CN, Vanzant ES, Harmon RJ, Kazacos KR, Rossano MG. In vitro culture of Parascaris equorum larvae and initial investigation of parasite excretory-secretory products. Parasitol Res 2014; 113:4217-24. [PMID: 25209615 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-014-4097-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2014] [Accepted: 08/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Currently, diagnosis of Parascaris equorum infection in equids is limited to patent infections. The goals of this study were to culture P. equorum larvae in vitro and identify excretory-secretory (ES) products for prepatent diagnostic testing. Parascaris equorum L2/L3 larvae were hatched and cultured for up to 3 weeks for ES product collection. Fifth stage (L5) P. equorum were also cultured for ES product collection. Examination of ES fractions by sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) and silver stain revealed L2/L3 products ranging from 12-94 kDa and L5 products ranging from 12-189 kDa. Western blot analyses were conducted using polyclonal antibodies produced against P. equorum or Baylisascaris procyonis L2/L3 ES products, sera from rabbits inoculated with B. procyonis or Toxocara canis eggs, and sera from animals naturally infected with P. equorum or T. canis. Western blot results indicated parasite antigens migrating at 19 and 34 kDa may be useful for specifically detecting P. equorum infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steffanie V Burk
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, University of Kentucky, W.P. Garrigus Building, Lexington, KY, 40546-0215, USA,
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29
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Reinemeyer C, Prado J, Andersen U, Nielsen M, Schricker B, Kennedy T. Effects of daily pyrantel tartrate on strongylid population dynamics and performance parameters of young horses repeatedly infected with cyathostomins and Strongylus vulgaris. Vet Parasitol 2014; 204:229-37. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2014.05.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2013] [Revised: 05/14/2014] [Accepted: 05/16/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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30
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Nielsen M, Pfister K, von Samson-Himmelstjerna G. Selective therapy in equine parasite control—Application and limitations. Vet Parasitol 2014; 202:95-103. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2014.03.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2013] [Revised: 03/10/2014] [Accepted: 03/13/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Development of Strongylus vulgaris-specific serum antibodies in naturally infected foals. Vet Parasitol 2014; 200:265-70. [PMID: 24433851 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2013.12.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2013] [Revised: 12/19/2013] [Accepted: 12/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Strongylus vulgaris is regarded as the most pathogenic helminth parasite infecting horses. Migrating larvae cause pronounced endarteritis and thrombosis in the cranial mesenteric artery and adjacent branches, and thromboembolism can lead to ischemia and infarction of large intestinal segments. A recently developed serum ELISA allows detection of S. vulgaris-specific antibodies during the six-month-long prepatent period. A population of horses has been maintained at the University of Kentucky without anthelmintic intervention since 1979, and S. vulgaris has been documented to be highly prevalent. In 2012, 12 foals were born in this population, and were studied during a 12-month period (March-March). Weekly serum samples were collected to monitor S. vulgaris specific antibodies with the ELISA. Nine colts underwent necropsy at different time points between 90 and 300 days of age. At necropsy, Strongylus spp. and Parascaris equorum were identified to species and stage and enumerated. Initial statistical findings indicate a significant interaction between foal age and ELISA results (p<0.042). All foals had initial evidence of S. vulgaris-directed maternal antibodies transferred in the colostrum, but then remained ELISA negative during their first three months of life. Foals born in February and March became ELISA positive at about 12 weeks of age, while those born in April and May went positive at about 15 and 21 weeks, respectively. Foal date of birth was significantly associated with ELISA results (p<0.0001). This could be explained by birth date-dependent differences in parasite exposure. One foal remained ELISA-negative throughout the course of 30 weeks during the study. A significant association was found between ELISA values and larval S. vulgaris burdens (p<0.0001) as well as a three-way interaction between S. vulgaris, S. edentatus, and P. equorum burdens (p<0.001). A plateau with a subsequent decline in ELISA values corresponded with S. vulgaris larvae leaving the bloodstream and migrating back to the intestine.
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32
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Andersen UV, Reinemeyer CR, Toft N, Olsen SN, Jacobsen S, Nielsen MK. Physiologic and systemic acute phase inflammatory responses in young horses repeatedly infected with cyathostomins and Strongylus vulgaris. Vet Parasitol 2014; 201:67-74. [PMID: 24529577 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2014.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2013] [Revised: 11/23/2013] [Accepted: 01/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Migrating Strongylus vulgaris and encysted cyathostomin larvae cause a localized inflammatory response in horses. It is unknown whether these larvae elicit a systemic acute phase response (APR), evidenced by changes in serum amyloid A (SAA), haptoglobin (Hp), iron (Fe), albumin, or albumin/globulin (A/G) ratio. In this study, 28 horses were randomly allocated to receive either pyrantel tartrate or a pelleted placebo formulation in their daily feed. Concurrent with treatment, all the horses were administered 5000 pyrantel-susceptible cyathostomin infective larvae once daily, 5 days a week, for 24 weeks. Beginning in the fifth week, the horses also received 25 S. vulgaris larvae once weekly for the remainder of the study. At regular biweekly intervals, fecal samples were collected for quantitative egg counts, and whole blood and serum samples were collected for measurement of packed cell volume, total protein, albumin, globulin, A/G ratio, SAA, Hp, and Fe. On days 161-164, all the horses were euthanatized and necropsied. Samples were collected for enumeration of total luminal worm burdens, encysted cyathostomin larval populations, and migrating S. vulgaris larvae. Concentrations of Hp, Fe, and A/G ratio were associated significantly with strongyle burdens. Only treated male horses had significant increases in serum albumin. Larval S. vulgaris did not associate with Fe, whereas Fe was associated negatively with both total cyathostomin burdens and encysted L4s. The A/G ratios differed significantly between the two treatment groups. Significant differences between groups and individual time points were also observed for Hp and Fe, whereas SAA concentrations remained low throughout the study. In general, this study illustrated that experimental inoculations with S. vulgaris and cyathostomins may be associated with changes in Hp, Fe, and serum proteins, but not with SAA. Overall, these changes suggest that mixed strongyle infections elicit a mild acute phase reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- U V Andersen
- Department of Large Animal Science, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - C R Reinemeyer
- East Tennessee Clinical Research, Inc., Rockwood, TN, USA
| | - N Toft
- Department of Large Animal Science, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - S N Olsen
- Department of Large Animal Science, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - S Jacobsen
- Department of Large Animal Science, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - M K Nielsen
- M.H. Gluck Equine Research Center, Department of Veterinary Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA.
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