1
|
Horák P, Bulantová J, Mikeš L. Other Schistosomatoidea and Diplostomoidea. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2024; 1454:107-155. [PMID: 39008265 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-60121-7_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/16/2024]
Abstract
Trematodes of the order Diplostomida are well known as serious pathogens of man, and both farm and wild animals; members of the genus Schistosoma (Schistosomatidae) are responsible for human schistosomosis (schistosomiasis) affecting more than 200 million people in tropical and subtropical countries, and infections of mammals and birds by animal schistosomes are of great veterinary importance. The order Diplostomida is also rich in species parasitizing other major taxa of vertebrates. The "Aporocotylidae" sensu lato are pathogenic in fish, "Spirorchiidae" sensu lato in reptiles. All these flukes have two-host life cycles, with asexually reproducing larvae usually in mollusks and occasionally in annelids, and adults usually live in the blood vessels of their vertebrate hosts. Pathology is frequently associated with inflammatory reactions to eggs trapped in various tissues/organs. On the other hand, the representatives of Diplostomidae and Strigeidae have three- or four-host life cycles in which vertebrates often serve not only as definitive but also as intermediate or paratenic hosts. Pathology is usually associated with migration of metacercariae and mesocercariae within the host tissues. The impact of these trematode infections on both farm and wild animals may be significant.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Petr Horák
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic.
| | - Jana Bulantová
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Libor Mikeš
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Eslahi AV, Aligolzadeh A, Pirestani M, Gharibi Z, Abdoli A, Hatam-Nahavandi K, Bijani B, Badri M, Ketzis JK. Trematode Cercariae from Lymnaea gedrosiana in the Caspian Sea Littoral in Iran: a one health concern. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1222599. [PMID: 37520358 PMCID: PMC10375488 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1222599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2023] [Accepted: 07/04/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Lymnaea gedrosiana snails are hosts to a variety of trematode cercaria of public and veterinary health importance. In Guilan Province, Iran, a region with a high level of fish and bird farming and wetlands important for migratory birds, little is known about the trematode cercaria from L. gedrosiana. Methods From April 2020 to October 2021, six freshwater sites in Guilan Province were sampled for Lymnaeidae snails three times per season (spring, summer, autumn and winter). Snails were exposed to light and heat to induce cercaria shedding and shredded cercaria were identified morphologically and molecularly. Results In total, 5,712 Lymnaeidae snails were collected of which 3,288 (57.6%) were identified to be L. gedrosiana with 54.3% containing trematode cercaria. Snail and cercaria recovery were highest in the spring and summer. Trematode cercaria identified included Telorchis assula, Hypoderaeum conoideum, Apharyngostrigea pipientis, Sanguinicola cf. inermis, Opisthioglyphe ranae, Diplostomum pseudospathaceum, and Australapatemon burti. Discussion The four trematodes D. pseudospathaceum, S. inermis, A. burti, and A. pipientis have not been previously reported in Iran; all four of these can infect migratory birds. The most common cercaria found, H. conoideum (18.3% of the snails) is of zoonotic importance. The third most common cercaria found, S. inermis (10.0% of the snails) is detrimental to fish production. Given the importance of the wetlands in the region for wildlife and migratory birds as well as the number of fish and bird farms in the area, efforts to control L. gedrosiana snails are needed to protect wildlife and human health. In addition, monitoring programs should be implemented to identify and prevent introductions of new trematode species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aida Vafae Eslahi
- Medical Microbiology Research Center, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran
| | - Armin Aligolzadeh
- Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran
| | - Majid Pirestani
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zahra Gharibi
- Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Center, Hormozgan Health Institute, Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences, Bandar Abbas, Iran
| | - Amir Abdoli
- Zoonoses Research Center, Jahrom University of Medical Sciences, Jahrom, Iran
| | - Kareem Hatam-Nahavandi
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Iranshahr University of Medical Sciences, Iranshahr, Iran
| | - Behzad Bijani
- Medical Microbiology Research Center, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran
| | - Milad Badri
- Medical Microbiology Research Center, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran
| | - Jennifer K. Ketzis
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Ross University, Basseterre, Saint Kitts and Nevis
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Frey RA, Barrett LM, Parkin L, Blakeley B, Ålund M, Byford G, Euhus A, Tsarnas C, Boughman JW, Stenkamp DL. Eye flukes (Diplostomum spp) damage retinal tissue and may cause a regenerative response in wild threespine stickleback fish. Exp Eye Res 2022; 225:109298. [PMID: 36288754 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2022.109298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2022] [Revised: 10/11/2022] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Fish rely upon vision as a dominant sensory system for foraging, predator avoidance, and mate selection. Damage to the visual system, in particular to the neural retina of the eye, has been demonstrated to result in a regenerative response in captive fish that serve as model organisms (e.g. zebrafish), and this response restores some visual function. The purpose of the present study is to determine whether damage to the visual system that occurs in wild populations of fish also results in a regenerative response, offering a potentially ecologically relevant model of retinal regeneration. Adult threespine stickleback were collected from several water bodies of Iceland, and cryosectioned eye tissues were processed for hematoxylin and eosin staining or for indirect immunofluorescence using cell-specific markers. In many of the samples, eye flukes (metacercariae of Diplostomum spp) were present, frequently between the neural retina and retinal pigmented epithelium (RPE). Damage to the retina and to the RPE was evident in eyes containing flukes, and RPE fragments were observed within fluke bodies, suggesting they had consumed this eye tissue. Expression of a cell proliferation marker was also observed in both retina and RPE, consistent with a proliferative response to the damage. Interestingly, some regions of infected retina displayed "laminar fusions," in which neuronal cell bodies were misplaced within the major synaptic layer of the retina. These laminar fusions are also frequently found in regenerated zebrafish retina following non-parasitic (experimental) forms of retinal damage. The stickleback retina may therefore respond to fluke-mediated damage by engaging in retinal regeneration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ruth A Frey
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID, 83844, USA
| | - Lindsey M Barrett
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID, 83844, USA
| | - Lauren Parkin
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID, 83844, USA
| | - Brittany Blakeley
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID, 83844, USA
| | - Murielle Ålund
- Department of Integrative Biology, Michigan State University, Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - Gregory Byford
- Department of Integrative Biology, Michigan State University, Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - Abigail Euhus
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID, 83844, USA
| | - Christine Tsarnas
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID, 83844, USA
| | - Janette W Boughman
- Department of Integrative Biology, Michigan State University, Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - Deborah L Stenkamp
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID, 83844, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Karami AM, Duan Y, Kania PW, Buchmann K. Responses towards eyefluke (Diplostomum pseudospathaceum) in different genetic lineages of rainbow trout. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0276895. [PMID: 36301982 PMCID: PMC9612474 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0276895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Marker-assisted selective breeding of fish with higher levels of resistance towards specific pathogens may improve fish health, but the impact of host genotype on susceptibility to multiple pathogen infections is still poorly investigated. This study examined the resistance in rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss towards infection with the eye fluke Diplostomum pseudospathaceum. We used genetically selected rainbow trout, carrying SNPs associated with resistance towards the parasitic ciliate Ichthyophthirius multifiliis, and exposed the fish to eye fluke cercariae. We showed that fish partly resistant to I. multifiliis were more susceptible to eye fluke invasion. The expression of immune relevant genes (encoding innate and adaptive factors) was also affected as these genotypes responded less strongly to a secondary fluke infection. The complexity of genome architecture in disease resistance towards multiple pathogens is discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Asma M. Karami
- Laboratory of Aquatic Pathobiology, Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
- * E-mail:
| | - Yajiao Duan
- Laboratory of Aquatic Pathobiology, Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Per W. Kania
- Laboratory of Aquatic Pathobiology, Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Kurt Buchmann
- Laboratory of Aquatic Pathobiology, Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Chupani L, Erasmus B, Soldánová M, Zusková E. Dietary immunostimulants reduced infectivity of Diplostomum spp. eye fluke in common carp, Cyprinus carpio L. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2021; 119:575-577. [PMID: 34715328 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2021.10.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2021] [Revised: 10/19/2021] [Accepted: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Juvenile common carp Cyprinus carpio L. (5.52 ± 1.66 cm, TL) were fed on four diets containing either beta-glucan (MacroGard, 1 g kg -1), nucleotides (Optimûn, 0.2 g kg - 1), chitosan (deacetylated chitin ≥75% shrimp shells, 10 g kg -1) or a basal control diet for 35 days to test whether these so-called "immunostimulants" could affect eye fluke Diplostomum spp. infection success. The immunostimulants diets reduced the number of eye fluke infecting the eyes of C. carpio, with significantly higher infections in the control diet (4.78 ± 1.27) compared with the chitosan (2.08 ± 0.87), nucleotide (2.98 ± 1.01), and beta-glucan (1.41 ± 0.79) diets. To our knowledge, this is the first study to provide evidence that beta-glucan, nucleotides, and chitosan diets can aid against a Diplostomum infection and provides valuable preliminary knowledge on the use of immunostimulants to ameliorate parasitic infections.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Latifeh Chupani
- University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, Zátišíi 728/II, 389 25, Vodňany, Czech Republic.
| | - Bernard Erasmus
- University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, Zátišíi 728/II, 389 25, Vodňany, Czech Republic
| | - Miroslava Soldánová
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre, Czech Academy of Sciences, 37005, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Eliška Zusková
- University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, Zátišíi 728/II, 389 25, Vodňany, Czech Republic
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Duan Y, von Gersdorff Jørgensen L, Kania PW, Karami AM, Al‐Jubury A, Buchmann K. Eye fluke effects on Danish freshwater fish: Field and experimental investigations. JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2021; 44:1785-1798. [PMID: 34289126 PMCID: PMC9292478 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.13496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2021] [Revised: 07/03/2021] [Accepted: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Eye flukes in fish are common in freshwater lakes. Fish become infected by the penetration of cercariae released from freshwater snails, and high infection pressures may be associated with mortalities in a Danish lake. Examination of two other freshwater lakes, combined with laboratory study, supported the notion. We investigated 77 freshwater fish from two lakes and the infection level suggested the occurrence of a high cercarial infection pressure in the Danish lakes. Dominant genera were Tylodelphys and Diplostomum covering a range of species identified by PCR and sequencing of the 18S (partial)-ITS1-5.8S-ITS2-28S (partial) of the rDNA. Cercariae of the prevalent species Diplostomum pseudospathaceum were used to infect zebrafish Danio rerio for the elucidation of short-term effects on the fish host. Zebrafish did not display abnormal behaviour when exposed to 200-400 cercariae, but a dosage of 600 and 1,000 cercariae/fish proved lethal. When fish were exposed to sublethal dosages, 19 out of 27 immune genes were significantly regulated and three genes encoding cytokine (IL 4/13B, IL-6 and IL-8) were upregulated at 3 hr post-infection (hpi), whereas others were downregulated especially at a later time point. We suggest that direct massive cercarial penetration of fish surfaces may be detrimental and may represent a threat to fish populations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yajiao Duan
- Laboratory of Aquatic PathobiologyDepartment of Veterinary and Animal SciencesFaculty of Health and Medical SciencesUniversity of CopenhagenFrederiksberg CDenmark
| | - Louise von Gersdorff Jørgensen
- Laboratory of Aquatic PathobiologyDepartment of Veterinary and Animal SciencesFaculty of Health and Medical SciencesUniversity of CopenhagenFrederiksberg CDenmark
| | - Per Walter Kania
- Laboratory of Aquatic PathobiologyDepartment of Veterinary and Animal SciencesFaculty of Health and Medical SciencesUniversity of CopenhagenFrederiksberg CDenmark
| | - Asma M. Karami
- Laboratory of Aquatic PathobiologyDepartment of Veterinary and Animal SciencesFaculty of Health and Medical SciencesUniversity of CopenhagenFrederiksberg CDenmark
| | - Azmi Al‐Jubury
- Laboratory of Aquatic PathobiologyDepartment of Veterinary and Animal SciencesFaculty of Health and Medical SciencesUniversity of CopenhagenFrederiksberg CDenmark
| | - Kurt Buchmann
- Laboratory of Aquatic PathobiologyDepartment of Veterinary and Animal SciencesFaculty of Health and Medical SciencesUniversity of CopenhagenFrederiksberg CDenmark
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Marchand A, Tebby C, Catteau A, Turiès C, Porcher JM, Bado-Nilles A. Application in a biomonitoring context of three-spined stickleback immunomarker reference ranges. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2021; 223:112580. [PMID: 34352578 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2021.112580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2021] [Revised: 06/14/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The relevance of a biomarker for biomonitoring programs was influenced both by the knowledge on biomarker natural inter-individual and site variabilities and by the sensitivity of the biomarker towards environmental perturbations. To minimize data misinterpretation, robustness reference values for biomarkers were important in biomonitoring programs. Specific three-spined stickleback, Gasterosteus aculeatus, immune reference ranges for field studies had been determined based on laboratory data and one reference station (Contentieuse river at Houdancourt). In this study, data obtained in one uncontaminated and three contaminated sites were compared to these reference ranges as a validation step before considering them for larger scale biomonitoring programs. When the field reference range were compared to data from the uncontaminated station (Béronelle), only few deviations were shown. In this way, data coming from uncontaminated station (Béronelle) was integrated in the field reference ranges to improve the evaluation of site variability. The new field reference ranges provided better discrimination of sites and spanned a larger range of fish lengths than the initial reference ranges. Furthermore, the results suggest lysosomal presence during several months and phagocytosis capacity in autumn may be the most relevant immunomarkers towards identifying contaminated sites. In the future, combining this reference value approach with active biomonitoring could facilitate the obtention of data in multiple stream conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adrien Marchand
- Institut National de l'Environnement Industriel et des Risques (INERIS), UMR-I 02 SEBIO, Parc Technologique Alata, BP 2, 60550 Verneuil-en-Halatte, France
| | - Cleo Tebby
- INERIS, Unit of Models for Ecotoxicology and Toxicology (METO), Parc Technologique Alata, BP 2, 60550 Verneuil-en-Halatte, France
| | - Audrey Catteau
- Institut National de l'Environnement Industriel et des Risques (INERIS), UMR-I 02 SEBIO, Parc Technologique Alata, BP 2, 60550 Verneuil-en-Halatte, France
| | - Cyril Turiès
- Institut National de l'Environnement Industriel et des Risques (INERIS), UMR-I 02 SEBIO, Parc Technologique Alata, BP 2, 60550 Verneuil-en-Halatte, France
| | - Jean-Marc Porcher
- Institut National de l'Environnement Industriel et des Risques (INERIS), UMR-I 02 SEBIO, Parc Technologique Alata, BP 2, 60550 Verneuil-en-Halatte, France
| | - Anne Bado-Nilles
- Institut National de l'Environnement Industriel et des Risques (INERIS), UMR-I 02 SEBIO, Parc Technologique Alata, BP 2, 60550 Verneuil-en-Halatte, France.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Clemens BJ, Schreck CB. An assessment of terminology for intraspecific diversity in fishes, with a focus on "ecotypes" and "life histories". Ecol Evol 2021; 11:10772-10793. [PMID: 34429881 PMCID: PMC8366897 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.7884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2021] [Revised: 06/03/2021] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding and preserving intraspecific diversity (ISD) is important for species conservation. However, ISD units do not have taxonomic standards and are not universally recognized. The terminology used to describe ISD is varied and often used ambiguously. We compared definitions of terms used to describe ISD with use in recent studies of three fish taxa: sticklebacks (Gasterosteidae), Pacific salmon and trout (Oncorhynchus spp., "PST"), and lampreys (Petromyzontiformes). Life history describes the phenotypic responses of organisms to environments and includes biological parameters that affect population growth or decline. Life-history pathway(s) are the result of different organismal routes of development that can result in different life histories. These terms can be used to describe recognizable life-history traits. Life history is generally used in organismal- and ecology-based journals. The terms paired species/species pairs have been used to describe two different phenotypes, whereas in some species and situations a continuum of phenotypes may be expressed. Our review revealed overlapping definitions for race and subspecies, and subspecies and ecotypes. Ecotypes are genotypic adaptations to particular environments, and this term is often used in genetic- and evolution-based journals. "Satellite species" is used for situations in which a parasitic lamprey yields two or more derived, nonparasitic lamprey species. Designatable Units, Evolutionary Significant Units (ESUs), and Distinct Population Segments (DPS) are used by some governments to classify ISD of vertebrate species within distinct and evolutionary significant criteria. In situations where the genetic or life-history components of ISD are not well understood, a conservative approach would be to call them phenotypes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Carl B. Schreck
- Department of Fisheries and WildlifeOregon State UniversityCorvallisORUSA
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Bracamonte SE, Knopf K, Monaghan MT. Encapsulation of Anguillicola crassus reduces the abundance of adult parasite stages in the European eel (Anguilla anguilla). JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2021; 44:771-782. [PMID: 33270932 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.13301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2020] [Revised: 10/23/2020] [Accepted: 10/25/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Encapsulation of the parasitic nematode Anguillicola crassus Kuwahara, Niimi & Hagaki is commonly observed in its native host, the Japanese eel (Anguilla japonica Temminck & Schlegel). Encapsulation has also been described in a novel host, the European eel (A. anguilla L.), and there is evidence that encapsulation frequency has increased since the introduction of A. crassus. We examined whether encapsulation of A. crassus provides an advantage to its novel host in Lake Müggelsee, NE Germany. We provide the first evidence that encapsulation was associated with reduced abundance of adult A. crassus. This pattern was consistent in samples taken 3 months apart. There was no influence of infection on the expression of the two metabolic genes studied, but the number of capsules was negatively correlated with the expression of two mhc II genes of the adaptive immune response, suggesting a reduced activation. Interestingly, eels that encapsulated A. crassus had higher abundances of two native parasites compared with non-encapsulating eels. We propose that the response of A. anguilla to infection by A. crassus may interfere with its reaction to other co-occurring parasites.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Seraina E Bracamonte
- Leibniz Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries (IGB), Berlin, Germany
- Berlin Center for Genomics in Biodiversity Research, Berlin, Germany
- Faculty of Life Sciences, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales, CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Klaus Knopf
- Leibniz Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries (IGB), Berlin, Germany
- Faculty of Life Sciences, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Michael T Monaghan
- Leibniz Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries (IGB), Berlin, Germany
- Berlin Center for Genomics in Biodiversity Research, Berlin, Germany
- Institut für Biologie, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Kirschman LJ, Khadjinova A, Ireland K, Milligan-Myhre KC. Early life disruption of the microbiota affects organ development and cytokine gene expression in threespine stickleback. Integr Comp Biol 2020; 63:icaa136. [PMID: 32970813 PMCID: PMC10388389 DOI: 10.1093/icb/icaa136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2020] [Revised: 09/04/2020] [Accepted: 09/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The microbiota that inhabits vertebrates exerts strong effects on host physiology and can be crucial to the development of a normal phenotype. This includes development of the immune system, somatic growth and maintenance, and morphogenesis. However, the genetic background of the host can also affect these life history traits. To this end, we investigated the effects of the microbiota on growth, development, and immune gene expression on two populations of threespine stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus), one anadromous and one freshwater. We tested the hypotheses that microbial colonization and the genetic background of the host would affect survival, cytokine gene expression, growth, and development. We raised in vitro crosses of stickleback larvae with and without conventional microbiota. We then exposed all these treatments to Vibrio anguillarum, a potential fish pathogen, in a full factorial design. We found stickleback raised without conventional microbiota had smaller swim bladders relative to those raised with conventional microbiota. Stickleback raised with conventional microbiota exhibited small increases in cytokine gene expression. We found no differences in growth or survival regardless of treatment. These results are consistent with other investigations that show microbiota disruption, in early life, can alter host organ and tissue development and immune responses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lucas J Kirschman
- Department Biology, Southeast Missouri University, 1 University Plaza, Cape Girardeau, MO 63701, USA
| | | | - Kelly Ireland
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alaska Anchorage, Anchorage, AK 99508, USA
| | - Kathryn C Milligan-Myhre
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alaska Anchorage, Anchorage, AK 99508, USA
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269-3125, USA
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Gopko M, Mironova E, Pasternak A, Mikheev V, Taskinen J. Parasite transmission in aquatic ecosystems under temperature change: effects of host activity and elimination of parasite larvae by filter‐feeders. OIKOS 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/oik.07414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mikhail Gopko
- Severtsov Inst. of Ecology and Evolution RAS, Laboratory for Behaviour of Lower Vertebrates Moscow Russia
| | - Ekaterina Mironova
- Severtsov Inst. of Ecology and Evolution RAS, Center of Parasitology Moscow Russia
| | - Anna Pasternak
- Shirshov Inst. of Oceanology RAS, Plankton ecology laboratory Moscow Russia
| | - Victor Mikheev
- Severtsov Inst. of Ecology and Evolution RAS, Laboratory for Behaviour of Lower Vertebrates Moscow Russia
| | - Jouni Taskinen
- Jyväskylän Yliopisto, Dept of Biological and Environmental Science Jyväskylä Finland
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Su L, Xu C, Cai L, Qiu N, Hou M, Wang J. Susceptibility and immune responses after challenge with Flavobacterium columnare and Pseudomonas fluorescens in conventional and specific pathogen-free rare minnow (Gobiocypris rarus). FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 98:875-886. [PMID: 31751657 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2019.11.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2019] [Revised: 11/16/2019] [Accepted: 11/18/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The susceptibility of fish from different culture environments to bacterial infection is not well known. The susceptibility and pathological changes of conventional (CV) and specific pathogen-free (SPF) rare minnow (Gobiocypris rarus) infected with two gram-negative bacteria, Flavobacterium columnare and Pseudomonas fluorescens are investigated. Rare minnows were intraperitoneally challenged with two bacterial species to first determine semi-lethal doses (LD50), and then with the LD50 dose, determine innate immune response. Infected rare minnows developed characteristic red bellies and then died. LD50 doses of F. columnare and P. fluorescens were 4.586 × 108 cfu/mL and 2.319 × 1010 cfu/mL for CV rare minnow, and 2.575 × 108 cfu/mL and 1.935 × 1010 cfu/mL, respectively, for SPF rare minnow. The results of RT-PCR showed that the highest levels of toll-like receptor 3 (TLR3), interleukin-6 (IL-6), interferon-2 (IFN-2) and rare minnow Z-DNA binding protein kinase (GrPKZ) mRNA were noticed at 6-48 h post-infection (hpi). In addition, TLR3, IL-6 and IFN-2 in F. columnare challenged rare minnow were more highly expressed than those in P. fluorescens challenged rare minnow, whereas as opposed in the expression of GrPKZ mRNA. Stimulation of innate immune responses is closely related to bacterial virulence. SPF rare minnow might be more susceptible to these bacteria than CV rare minnow, possibly due to their clean environment and lack of resistance. We speculate that clean environment renders rare minnow more susceptible to bacterial infections.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Liangxia Su
- The Key Laboratory of Aquatic Biodiversity and Conservation of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Chunsen Xu
- The Key Laboratory of Aquatic Biodiversity and Conservation of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Lei Cai
- The Key Laboratory of Aquatic Biodiversity and Conservation of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China; Guangdong Laboratory Animals Monitoring Institute, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Ning Qiu
- The Key Laboratory of Aquatic Biodiversity and Conservation of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Miaomiao Hou
- The Key Laboratory of Aquatic Biodiversity and Conservation of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Jianwei Wang
- The Key Laboratory of Aquatic Biodiversity and Conservation of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei, China.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Näpflin K, O’Connor EA, Becks L, Bensch S, Ellis VA, Hafer-Hahmann N, Harding KC, Lindén SK, Olsen MT, Roved J, Sackton TB, Shultz AJ, Venkatakrishnan V, Videvall E, Westerdahl H, Winternitz JC, Edwards SV. Genomics of host-pathogen interactions: challenges and opportunities across ecological and spatiotemporal scales. PeerJ 2019; 7:e8013. [PMID: 31720122 PMCID: PMC6839515 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.8013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2019] [Accepted: 10/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Evolutionary genomics has recently entered a new era in the study of host-pathogen interactions. A variety of novel genomic techniques has transformed the identification, detection and classification of both hosts and pathogens, allowing a greater resolution that helps decipher their underlying dynamics and provides novel insights into their environmental context. Nevertheless, many challenges to a general understanding of host-pathogen interactions remain, in particular in the synthesis and integration of concepts and findings across a variety of systems and different spatiotemporal and ecological scales. In this perspective we aim to highlight some of the commonalities and complexities across diverse studies of host-pathogen interactions, with a focus on ecological, spatiotemporal variation, and the choice of genomic methods used. We performed a quantitative review of recent literature to investigate links, patterns and potential tradeoffs between the complexity of genomic, ecological and spatiotemporal scales undertaken in individual host-pathogen studies. We found that the majority of studies used whole genome resolution to address their research objectives across a broad range of ecological scales, especially when focusing on the pathogen side of the interaction. Nevertheless, genomic studies conducted in a complex spatiotemporal context are currently rare in the literature. Because processes of host-pathogen interactions can be understood at multiple scales, from molecular-, cellular-, and physiological-scales to the levels of populations and ecosystems, we conclude that a major obstacle for synthesis across diverse host-pathogen systems is that data are collected on widely diverging scales with different degrees of resolution. This disparity not only hampers effective infrastructural organization of the data but also data granularity and accessibility. Comprehensive metadata deposited in association with genomic data in easily accessible databases will allow greater inference across systems in the future, especially when combined with open data standards and practices. The standardization and comparability of such data will facilitate early detection of emerging infectious diseases as well as studies of the impact of anthropogenic stressors, such as climate change, on disease dynamics in humans and wildlife.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kathrin Näpflin
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology and Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, United States of America
| | - Emily A. O’Connor
- Molecular Ecology and Evolution Lab, Department of Biology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Lutz Becks
- Aquatic Ecology and Evolution, Limnological Institute University Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Staffan Bensch
- Molecular Ecology and Evolution Lab, Department of Biology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Vincenzo A. Ellis
- Molecular Ecology and Evolution Lab, Department of Biology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Nina Hafer-Hahmann
- Department of Evolutionary Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Biology, Plön, Germany
- EAWAG, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Karin C. Harding
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Gothenburg Centre for Advanced Studies in Science and Technology, Chalmers University of Technology and University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Sara K. Lindén
- Department of Medical Chemistry and Cell Biology, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Morten T. Olsen
- Section for Evolutionary Genomics, Natural History Museum of Denmark, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jacob Roved
- Molecular Ecology and Evolution Lab, Department of Biology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Timothy B. Sackton
- Informatics Group, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, United States of America
| | - Allison J. Shultz
- Ornithology Department, Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America
| | - Vignesh Venkatakrishnan
- Department of Medical Chemistry and Cell Biology, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Elin Videvall
- Molecular Ecology and Evolution Lab, Department of Biology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- Center for Conservation Genomics, Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, National Zoological Park, Washington, DC, United States of America
| | - Helena Westerdahl
- Molecular Ecology and Evolution Lab, Department of Biology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Jamie C. Winternitz
- Department of Evolutionary Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Biology, Plön, Germany
- Department of Animal Behaviour, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Scott V. Edwards
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology and Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, United States of America
- Gothenburg Centre for Advanced Studies in Science and Technology, Chalmers University of Technology and University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Erin NI, Benesh DP, Henrich T, Samonte IE, Jakobsen PJ, Kalbe M. Examining the role of parasites in limiting unidirectional gene flow between lake and river sticklebacks. J Anim Ecol 2019; 88:1986-1997. [PMID: 31365124 DOI: 10.1111/1365-2656.13080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2018] [Accepted: 07/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Parasites are important selective agents with the potential to limit gene flow between host populations by shaping local host immunocompetence. We report on a contact zone between lake and river three-spined sticklebacks (Gasterosteus aculeatus) that offers the ideal biogeographic setting to explore the role of parasite-mediated selection on reproductive isolation. A waterfall acts as a natural barrier and enforces unidirectional migration from the upstream river stickleback population to the downstream river and lake populations. We assessed population genetic structure and parasite communities over four years. In a set of controlled experimental infections, we compared parasite susceptibility of upstream and downstream fish by exposing laboratory-bred upstream river and lake fish, as well as hybrids, to two common lake parasite species: a generalist trematode parasite, Diplostomum pseudospathaceum, and a host-specific cestode, Schistocephalus solidus. We found consistent genetic differentiation between upstream and downstream populations across four sampling years, even though the downstream river consisted of ~10% first-generation migrants from the upstream population as detected by parentage analysis. Fish in the upstream population had lower genetic diversity and were strikingly devoid of macroparasites. Through experimental infections, we demonstrated that upstream fish and their hybrids had higher susceptibility to parasite infections than downstream fish. Despite this, naturally sampled upstream migrants were less infected than downstream residents. Thus, migrants coming from a parasite-free environment may enjoy an initial fitness advantage, but their descendants seem likely to suffer from higher parasite loads. Our results suggest that adaptation to distinct parasite communities can influence stickleback invasion success and may represent a barrier to gene flow, even between close and connected populations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Noémie I Erin
- Department of Evolutionary Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Biology, Plön, Germany
| | - Daniel P Benesh
- Molecular Parasitology, Humboldt University, Berlin, Germany
| | - Tina Henrich
- Department of Evolutionary Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Biology, Plön, Germany
| | - Irene E Samonte
- Department of Evolutionary Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Biology, Plön, Germany
| | - Per J Jakobsen
- Department of Biology, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Martin Kalbe
- Department of Evolutionary Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Biology, Plön, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Piecyk A, Ritter M, Kalbe M. The right response at the right time: Exploring helminth immune modulation in sticklebacks by experimental coinfection. Mol Ecol 2019; 28:2668-2680. [PMID: 30993799 PMCID: PMC6852435 DOI: 10.1111/mec.15106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2018] [Revised: 03/28/2019] [Accepted: 04/03/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Parasites are one of the strongest selective agents in nature. They select for hosts that evolve counter‐adaptive strategies to cope with infection. Helminth parasites are special because they can modulate their hosts’ immune responses. This phenomenon is important in epidemiological contexts, where coinfections may be affected. How different types of hosts and helminths interact with each other is insufficiently investigated. We used the three‐spined stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus) – Schistocephalus solidus model to study mechanisms and temporal components of helminth immune modulation. Sticklebacks from two contrasting populations with either high resistance (HR) or low resistance (LR) against S. solidus, were individually exposed to S. solidus strains with characteristically high growth (HG) or low growth (LG) in G. aculeatus. We determined the susceptibility to another parasite, the eye fluke Diplostomum pseudospathaceum, and the expression of 23 key immune genes at three time points after S. solidus infection. D. pseudospathaceum infection rates and the gene expression responses depended on host and S. solidus type and changed over time. Whereas the effect of S. solidus type was not significant after three weeks, T regulatory responses and complement components were upregulated at later time points if hosts were infected with HG S. solidus. HR hosts showed a well orchestrated immune response, which was absent in LR hosts. Our results emphasize the role of regulatory T cells and the timing of specific immune responses during helminth infections. This study elucidates the importance to consider different coevolutionary trajectories and ecologies when studying host‐parasite interactions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Agnes Piecyk
- Evolutionary Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Biology, Plön, Germany.,Marine Evolutionary Ecology, GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Marc Ritter
- Evolutionary Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Biology, Plön, Germany
| | - Martin Kalbe
- Evolutionary Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Biology, Plön, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Zamora-Camacho FJ. Integrating time progression in ecoimmunology studies: beyond immune response intensity. Curr Zool 2019; 65:205-212. [PMID: 30936910 PMCID: PMC6430971 DOI: 10.1093/cz/zoy045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2018] [Accepted: 05/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Habitat alterations in agroecosystems may damage amphibian immune capacity. As agroecosystem extension is increasing worldwide, broader-context knowledge on the effects of agroecosystem stressful conditions on amphibian immune capacity is crucial for understanding and management of amphibian global declines. However, most studies on ecoimmunology assume synchronal among-group immune-response peaks, and focus on immune response after standardized time lapses, neglecting its progression. Herein, I compared inflamatory response short-term progression of agroecosystem and natural-habitat female and male natterjack toads Epidalea calamita, by measuring swelling response, once per hour, 6 h following an artificial immune challenge with innocuous antigen phytohemagglutinin. I also compared maximum magnitude of swelling response, irrespective of the moment when it was reached. Habitat differences arose only 3 h after challenge, when natural-habitat toads showed greater swelling response. Maximum magnitude of swelling response was similar in toads from both habitats. However, agroecosystem toads showed a delayed swelling response as compared with natural-habitat conspecifics, probably as a consequence of agroecosystem stressful conditions. Such a delay suggests a weaker immune capacity, and consequently impaired anti-pathogen performance. Regarding sex, swelling response magnitude did not differ between males and females. Female swelling response peaked earlier, but that of males was more sustained in time, which contradicts general across-taxa findings that males show impaired immune response. Interestingly, results suggest that measuring swelling response only after some standardized period following stimulation may be a simplistic approach and produce unrealistic results. Consequently, studies on ecoimmunology should implement swelling response progression in order to produce unbiased science.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Javier Zamora-Camacho
- Department of Biological Sciences, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire, USA
- Department of Biogeography and Global Change, Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales (MNCN), Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Piecyk A, Roth O, Kalbe M. Specificity of resistance and geographic patterns of virulence in a vertebrate host-parasite system. BMC Evol Biol 2019; 19:80. [PMID: 30890121 PMCID: PMC6425677 DOI: 10.1186/s12862-019-1406-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2018] [Accepted: 02/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Host genotype - parasite genotype co-evolutionary dynamics are influenced by local biotic and abiotic environmental conditions. This results in spatially heterogeneous selection among host populations. How such heterogeneous selection influences host resistance, parasite infectivity and virulence remains largely unknown. We hypothesized that different co-evolutionary trajectories of a vertebrate host-parasite association result in specific virulence patterns when assessed on a large geographic scale. We used two reference host populations of three-spined sticklebacks and nine strains of their specific cestode parasite Schistocephalus solidus from across the Northern Hemisphere for controlled infection experiments. Host and parasite effects on infection phenotypes including host immune gene expression were determined. RESULTS S. solidus strains grew generally larger in hosts coming from a population with high parasite diversity and low S. solidus prevalence (DE hosts). Hosts from a population with low parasite diversity and high S. solidus prevalence (NO hosts) were better able to control the parasite's growth, regardless of the origin of the parasite. Host condition and immunological parameters converged upon infection and parasite growth showed the same geographic pattern in both host types. CONCLUSION Our results suggest that NO sticklebacks evolved resistance against a variety of S. solidus strains, whereas DE sticklebacks are less resistant against S. solidus. Our data provide evidence that differences in parasite prevalence can cause immunological heterogeneity and that parasite size, a proxy for virulence and resistance, is, on a geographic scale, determined by main effects of the host and the parasite and less by an interaction of both genotypes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Agnes Piecyk
- Department of Evolutionary Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Biology, August-Thienemann-Straße 2, 24306 Plön, Germany
- Marine Evolutionary Ecology, GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel, Düsternbrookerweg 20, 24105 Kiel, Germany
| | - Olivia Roth
- Marine Evolutionary Ecology, GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel, Düsternbrookerweg 20, 24105 Kiel, Germany
| | - Martin Kalbe
- Department of Evolutionary Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Biology, August-Thienemann-Straße 2, 24306 Plön, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Horák P, Bulantová J, Mikeš L. Schistosomatoidea and Diplostomoidea. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2019; 1154:217-254. [PMID: 31297764 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-18616-6_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Trematodes of the order Diplostomida are well known as serious pathogens of man, and both farm and wild animals; members of the genus Schistosoma (Schistosomatidae) are responsible for human schistosomosis affecting more than 200 million people in tropical and subtropical countries, infections of mammals and birds by animal schistosomes are of great veterinary importance. The order Diplostomida is also rich in species parasitizing other major taxa of vertebrates. The Aporocotylidae are pathogenic in fish, Spirorchiidae in reptiles. All these flukes have two-host life cycles, with asexually reproducing larvae usually in molluscs and occasionally in annelids, and adults usually live in the blood vessels of their vertebrate hosts. Pathology is frequently associated with inflammatory reactions to eggs trapped in various tissues/organs. On the other hand, the representatives of Diplostomidae and Strigeidae have three- or four-host life cycles in which vertebrates often serve not only as definitive, but also as intermediate or paratenic hosts. Pathology is usually associated with migration of metacercariae and mesocercariae within the host tissues. The impact of these trematode infections on both farm and wild animals may be significant.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Petr Horák
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague 2, Czechia.
| | - Jana Bulantová
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague 2, Czechia
| | - Libor Mikeš
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague 2, Czechia
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Gopko M, Chowdhury MMR, Taskinen J. Interactions between two parasites of brown trout ( Salmo trutta): Consequences of preinfection. Ecol Evol 2018; 8:9986-9997. [PMID: 30397441 PMCID: PMC6206180 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.4406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2017] [Revised: 06/22/2018] [Accepted: 06/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Preinfection by one parasitic species may facilitate or by contrast hamper the subsequent penetration and/or establishment of other parasites in a host. The biology of interacting species, timing of preinfection, and dosage of subsequent parasite exposure are likely important variables in this multiparasite dynamic infection process. The increased vulnerability to subsequent infection can be an important and often overlooked factor influencing parasite virulence. We investigated how the preinfection by freshwater pearl mussel Margaritifera margaritifera glochidia could influence the success of subsequent infection by the common trematode Diplostomum pseudospathaceum in brown trout Salmo trutta and vice versa whether preinfection by the trematode made fish more susceptible to glochidia infection. The first experiment was repeated twice with different (low and high) exposure doses to initiate the subsequent trematode infection, while in the second experiment we varied the timing of the preinfection with trematodes. The preinfection with glochidia made fish more vulnerable to subsequent infection with trematodes. Since the trematodes penetrate through the gills, we suggest that increased host vulnerability was most likely the result of increased respiration caused by the freshwater pearl mussel glochidia encysted on gills. In turn, brown trout preinfected with trematodes were more vulnerable to the subsequent glochidial infection, but only if they were preinfected shortly before the subsequent infection (20 hr). Fish preinfected with trematodes earlier (2 weeks before the subsequent infection) did not differ in their vulnerability to glochidia. These effects were observed at moderate intensities of infections similar to those that occur in nature. Our study demonstrates how the timing and sequence of exposure to parasitic species can influence infection success in a host-multiparasite system. It indicates that the negative influence of glochidia on host fitness is likely to be underestimated and that this should be taken into consideration when organizing freshwater pearl mussel restoration procedures.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mikhail Gopko
- A.N. Severtsov Institute of Ecology and EvolutionRussian Academy of SciencesMoscowRussia
| | - M. Motiur R. Chowdhury
- Department of Biological and Environmental ScienceUniversity of JyväskyläJyvaskylaFinland
| | - Jouni Taskinen
- Department of Biological and Environmental ScienceUniversity of JyväskyläJyvaskylaFinland
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Rahn AK, Vitt S, Drolshagen L, Scharsack JP, Rick IP, Bakker TCM. Parasitic infection of the eye lens affects shoaling preferences in three-spined stickleback. Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2017. [DOI: 10.1093/biolinnean/blx155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
|
21
|
Hook, Line and Infection: A Guide to Culturing Parasites, Establishing Infections and Assessing Immune Responses in the Three-Spined Stickleback. ADVANCES IN PARASITOLOGY 2017; 98:39-109. [PMID: 28942772 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apar.2017.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The three-spined stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus) is a model organism with an extremely well-characterized ecology, evolutionary history, behavioural repertoire and parasitology that is coupled with published genomic data. These small temperate zone fish therefore provide an ideal experimental system to study common diseases of coldwater fish, including those of aquacultural importance. However, detailed information on the culture of stickleback parasites, the establishment and maintenance of infections and the quantification of host responses is scattered between primary and grey literature resources, some of which is not readily accessible. Our aim is to lay out a framework of techniques based on our experience to inform new and established laboratories about culture techniques and recent advances in the field. Here, essential knowledge on the biology, capture and laboratory maintenance of sticklebacks, and their commonly studied parasites is drawn together, highlighting recent advances in our understanding of the associated immune responses. In compiling this guide on the maintenance of sticklebacks and a range of common, taxonomically diverse parasites in the laboratory, we aim to engage a broader interdisciplinary community to consider this highly tractable model when addressing pressing questions in evolution, infection and aquaculture.
Collapse
|
22
|
Hamley M, Franke F, Kurtz J, Scharsack JP. An experimental approach to the immuno-modulatory basis of host-parasite local adaptation in tapeworm-infected sticklebacks. Exp Parasitol 2017; 180:119-132. [PMID: 28322743 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2017.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2016] [Revised: 02/21/2017] [Accepted: 03/12/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The evolutionary arms race of hosts and parasites often results in adaptations, which may differ between populations. Investigation of such local adaptation becomes increasingly important to understand dynamics of host-parasite interactions and co-evolution. To this end we performed an infection experiment involving pairs of three-spined sticklebacks and their tapeworm parasite Schistocephalus solidus from three geographically separated origins (Germany, Spain and Iceland) in a fully-crossed design for sympatric and allopatric host/parasite combinations. We hypothesized that local adaptation of the hosts results in differences in parasite resistance with variation in parasite infection rates and leukocyte activation, whereas parasites from different origins might differ in virulence reflected in host exploitation rates (parasite indices) and S. solidus excretory-secretory products (SsESP) involved in immune manipulation. In our experimental infections, sticklebacks from Iceland were more resistant to S. solidus infection compared to Spanish and German sticklebacks. Higher resistance of Icelandic sticklebacks seemed to depend on adaptive immunity, whereas sticklebacks of German origin, which were more heavily afflicted by S. solidus, showed elevated activity of innate immune traits. German S. solidus were less successful in infecting and exploiting allopatric hosts compared to their Icelandic and Spanish conspecifics. Nevertheless, exclusively SsESP from German S. solidus triggered significant in vitro responses of leukocytes from naïve sticklebacks. Interestingly, parasite indices were almost identical across the sympatric combinations. Differences in host resistance and parasite virulence between the origins were most evident in allopatric combinations and were consistent within origin; i.e. Icelandic sticklebacks were more resistant and their S. solidus were more virulent in all allopatric combinations, whereas German sticklebacks were less resistant and their parasites less virulent. Despite such differences between origins, the degree of host exploitation was almost identical in the sympatric host-parasite combinations, suggesting that the local evolutionary arms race of hosts and parasites resulted in an optimal virulence, maximising parasite fitness while avoiding host overexploitation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Madeleine Hamley
- Department of Animal Evolutionary Ecology, Institute for Evolution and Biodiversity, University of Münster, Hüfferstr. 1, 48149 Münster, Germany.
| | - Frederik Franke
- Department of Animal Evolutionary Ecology, Institute for Evolution and Biodiversity, University of Münster, Hüfferstr. 1, 48149 Münster, Germany.
| | - Joachim Kurtz
- Department of Animal Evolutionary Ecology, Institute for Evolution and Biodiversity, University of Münster, Hüfferstr. 1, 48149 Münster, Germany.
| | - Jörn Peter Scharsack
- Department of Animal Evolutionary Ecology, Institute for Evolution and Biodiversity, University of Münster, Hüfferstr. 1, 48149 Münster, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Kaufmann J, Lenz TL, Kalbe M, Milinski M, Eizaguirre C. A field reciprocal transplant experiment reveals asymmetric costs of migration between lake and river ecotypes of three-spined sticklebacks (Gasterosteus aculeatus
). J Evol Biol 2017; 30:938-950. [DOI: 10.1111/jeb.13057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2016] [Revised: 12/15/2016] [Accepted: 02/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J. Kaufmann
- Department of Evolutionary Ecology; Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Biology; Plön Germany
- DEE; University of Lausanne; Lausanne Switzerland
| | - T. L. Lenz
- Department of Evolutionary Ecology; Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Biology; Plön Germany
| | - M. Kalbe
- Department of Evolutionary Ecology; Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Biology; Plön Germany
| | - M. Milinski
- Department of Evolutionary Ecology; Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Biology; Plön Germany
| | - C. Eizaguirre
- GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research; Kiel Germany
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences; Queen Mary University of London; London UK
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Weber JN, Kalbe M, Shim KC, Erin NI, Steinel NC, Ma L, Bolnick DI. Resist Globally, Infect Locally: A Transcontinental Test of Adaptation by Stickleback and Their Tapeworm Parasite. Am Nat 2017; 189:43-57. [DOI: 10.1086/689597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
|
25
|
Klemme I, Karvonen A. Vertebrate defense against parasites: Interactions between avoidance, resistance, and tolerance. Ecol Evol 2016; 7:561-571. [PMID: 28116053 PMCID: PMC5243791 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.2645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2016] [Revised: 11/08/2016] [Accepted: 11/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Hosts can utilize different types of defense against the effects of parasitism, including avoidance, resistance, and tolerance. Typically, there is tremendous heterogeneity among hosts in these defense mechanisms that may be rooted in the costs associated with defense and lead to trade‐offs with other life‐history traits. Trade‐offs may also exist between the defense mechanisms, but the relationships between avoidance, resistance, and tolerance have rarely been studied. Here, we assessed these three defense traits under common garden conditions in a natural host–parasite system, the trematode eye‐fluke Diplostomum pseudospathaceum and its second intermediate fish host. We looked at host individuals originating from four genetically distinct populations of two closely related salmonid species (Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar and sea trout, Salmo trutta trutta) to estimate the magnitude of variation in these defense traits and the relationships among them. We show species‐specific variation in resistance and tolerance and population‐specific variation in resistance. Further, we demonstrate evidence for a trade‐off between resistance and tolerance. Our results suggest that the variation in host defense can at least partly result from a compromise between different interacting defense traits, the relative importance of which is likely to be shaped by environmental components. Overall, this study emphasizes the importance of considering different components of the host defense system when making predictions on the outcome of host–parasite interactions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ines Klemme
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science University of Jyvaskyla Jyvaskyla Finland
| | - Anssi Karvonen
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science University of Jyvaskyla Jyvaskyla Finland
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Rahn AK, Eßer E, Reher S, Ihlow F, MacColl AD, Bakker TC. Distribution of common stickleback parasites on North Uist, Scotland, in relation to ecology and host traits. ZOOLOGY 2016; 119:395-402. [DOI: 10.1016/j.zool.2016.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2015] [Revised: 02/08/2016] [Accepted: 05/24/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
|
27
|
Scharsack JP, Franke F, Erin NI, Kuske A, Büscher J, Stolz H, Samonte IE, Kurtz J, Kalbe M. Effects of environmental variation on host–parasite interaction in three-spined sticklebacks (Gasterosteus aculeatus). ZOOLOGY 2016; 119:375-83. [DOI: 10.1016/j.zool.2016.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2015] [Revised: 03/22/2016] [Accepted: 05/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
|
28
|
Haase D, Rieger JK, Witten A, Stoll M, Bornberg-Bauer E, Kalbe M, Schmidt-Drewello A, Scharsack JP, Reusch TB. Comparative transcriptomics of stickleback immune gene responses upon infection by two helminth parasites, Diplostomum pseudospathaceum and Schistocephalus solidus. ZOOLOGY 2016; 119:307-13. [DOI: 10.1016/j.zool.2016.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2015] [Revised: 03/07/2016] [Accepted: 05/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
|
29
|
Rahn AK, Krassmann J, Tsobanidis K, MacColl ADC, Bakker TCM. Strong neutral genetic differentiation in a host, but not in its parasite. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2016; 44:261-271. [PMID: 27421211 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2016.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2016] [Revised: 07/08/2016] [Accepted: 07/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The genetic diversity and population structure of a parasite with a complex life cycle generally depends on the dispersal by its most motile host. Given that high gene flow is assumed to hinder local adaptation, this can impose significant constraints on a parasite's potential to adapt to local environmental conditions, intermediate host populations, and ultimately to host-parasite coevolution. Here, we aimed to examine the population genetic basis for local host-parasite interactions between the eye fluke Diplostomum lineage 6, a digenean trematode with a multi-host life cycle (including a snail, a fish, and a bird) and its second intermediate host, the three-spined stickleback Gasterosteus aculeatus L. We developed the first microsatellite primers for D. lineage 6 and used them together with published stickleback markers to analyse host and parasite population structures in 19 freshwater lakes, which differ in their local environmental characteristics regarding water chemistry and Diplostomum abundance. Our analyses suggest that one parasite population successfully infects a range of genetically differentiated stickleback populations. The lack of neutral genetic differentiation in D. lineage 6, which could be attributed to the motility of the parasite's definitive host as well as its life cycle characteristics, makes local host-parasite co-adaptations seem more likely on a larger geographical scale than among the lakes of our study site. Our study provides a suitable background for future studies in this system and the first microsatellite primers for a widespread fish parasite.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anna K Rahn
- Institute for Evolutionary Biology and Ecology, University of Bonn, An der Immenburg 1, 53121 Bonn, Germany.
| | - Johannes Krassmann
- Institute for Evolutionary Biology and Ecology, University of Bonn, An der Immenburg 1, 53121 Bonn, Germany
| | - Kostas Tsobanidis
- Institute for Evolutionary Biology and Ecology, University of Bonn, An der Immenburg 1, 53121 Bonn, Germany
| | - Andrew D C MacColl
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK
| | - Theo C M Bakker
- Institute for Evolutionary Biology and Ecology, University of Bonn, An der Immenburg 1, 53121 Bonn, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Haase D, Rieger JK, Witten A, Stoll M, Bornberg-Bauer E, Kalbe M, Reusch TBH. Immunity comes first: the effect of parasite genotypes on adaptive immunity and immunization in three-spined sticklebacks. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 54:137-144. [PMID: 26400836 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2015.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2015] [Revised: 09/16/2015] [Accepted: 09/17/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Adaptive immunity in vertebrates can confer increased resistance against invading pathogens upon re-infection. But how specific parasite genotypes affect the temporal transition from innate to adaptive immunity under continual exposure to parasites is poorly understood. Here, we investigated the effects of homologous and heterologous exposures of genetically distinct parasite lineages of the eye fluke Diplostomum pseudospathaceum on gene expression patterns of adaptive immunity in sticklebacks (Gasterosteus aculeatus). Observable differences in gene expression were largely attributable to final exposures while there was no transcription pattern characteristic for a general response to repeated infections with D. pseudospathaceum. None of the final exposure treatments was able to erase the distinct expression patterns resulting from a heterologous pre-exposed fish. Interestingly, heterologous final exposures showed similarities between different treatment groups subjected to homologous pre-exposure. The observed pattern was supported by parasite infection rates and suggests that host immunization was optimized towards an adaptive immune response that favored effectiveness against parasite diversity over specificity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David Haase
- Evolutionary Ecology of Marine Fishes, GEOMAR Helmholtz-Centre for Ocean Research Kiel, Düsternbrooker Weg 20, 24105 Kiel, Germany.
| | - Jennifer K Rieger
- Evolutionary Ecology of Marine Fishes, GEOMAR Helmholtz-Centre for Ocean Research Kiel, Düsternbrooker Weg 20, 24105 Kiel, Germany
| | - Anika Witten
- Institute of Human Genetics, Genetic Epidemiology, University of Münster, Albert-Schweitzer-Campus 1, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Monika Stoll
- Institute of Human Genetics, Genetic Epidemiology, University of Münster, Albert-Schweitzer-Campus 1, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Erich Bornberg-Bauer
- Institute for Evolution and Biodiversity, University of Münster, Huefferstr. 1, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Martin Kalbe
- Max-Planck Institute for Evolutionary Biology, August-Thienemann-Str. 2, 24306 Plön, Germany
| | - Thorsten B H Reusch
- Evolutionary Ecology of Marine Fishes, GEOMAR Helmholtz-Centre for Ocean Research Kiel, Düsternbrooker Weg 20, 24105 Kiel, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Rapid evolution of parasite resistance in a warmer environment: insights from a large scale field experiment. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0128860. [PMID: 26035300 PMCID: PMC4452792 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0128860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2015] [Accepted: 05/01/2015] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Global climate change is expected to have major effects on host-parasite dynamics, with potentially enormous consequences for entire ecosystems. To develop an accurate prognostic framework, theoretical models must be supported by empirical research. We investigated potential changes in host-parasite dynamics between a fish parasite, the eyefluke Diplostomum baeri, and an intermediate host, the European perch Perca fluviatilis, in a large-scale semi-enclosed area in the Baltic Sea, the Biotest Lake, which since 1980 receives heated water from a nuclear power plant. Two sample screenings, in two consecutive years, showed that fish from the warmer Biotest Lake were now less parasitized than fish from the Baltic Sea. These results are contrasting previous screenings performed six years after the temperature change, which showed the inverse situation. An experimental infection, by which perch from both populations were exposed to D. baeri from the Baltic Sea, revealed that perch from the Baltic Sea were successfully infected, while Biotest fish were not. These findings suggest that the elevated temperature may have resulted, among other outcomes, in an extremely rapid evolutionary change through which fish from the experimental Biotest Lake have gained resistance to the parasite. Our results confirm the need to account for both rapid evolutionary adaptation and biotic interactions in predictive models, and highlight the importance of empirical research in order to validate future projections.
Collapse
|