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Nie X, Liu D, Zheng M, Li X, Liu O, Guo Q, Zhu L, Lin B. HERPUD1 promotes ovarian cancer cell survival by sustaining autophagy and inhibit apoptosis via PI3K/AKT/mTOR and p38 MAPK signaling pathways. BMC Cancer 2022; 22:1338. [PMID: 36544104 PMCID: PMC9769045 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-022-10248-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2022] [Accepted: 10/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
HERPUD1 is an important early marker of endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS) and is involved in the ubiquitination and degradation of several unfolded proteins. However, its role in tumorigenesis is seldom studied, and its role in ovarian cancer is unclear. Lewis y antigen is a tumor-associated sugar antigen that acts as an 'antenna' on the cell surface to receive signals from both inside and outside the cell. We previously reported that Lewis y can promote ovarian cancer by promoting autophagy and inhibiting apoptosis. In this study, we detect the expression of HERPUD1 and Lewis y antigens in 119 different ovarian cancer tissues, determine their relationship with clinicopathological parameters, analyze the correlation between these two proteins, and explore the related cancer-promoting mechanisms through MTT, flow cytometry, western blotting, and bioinformatics. HERPUD1 is highly expressed in ovarian cancer, especially in the early stage, and the expression of HERPUD1 and Lewis y antigen was positively correlated. After overexpression of Lewis y antigen, the expression level of HERPUD1 increased. Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathways (KEGG) analysis showed that HERPUD1 and its related genes are enriched in regulating immunity, endoplasmic reticulum stress, ubiquitin-dependent degradation, ERS-induced apoptosis, and other key signaling pathways. We also clarified the HERPUD1 network of kinases, microRNA and transcription factor targets, and the impact of HERPUD1 mutations on prognosis. In addition, HERPUD1 promotes the proliferation of ovarian cancer cells, inhibits apoptosis, affects the cell cycle, promotes the occurrence of autophagy, and inhibits EMT and PI3K/AKT/mTOR and p38MAPK pathways. Overall, HERPUD1, regulated by the expression of tumor-associated protein Lewis y, promotes cell survival in the early stages of tumors, suggesting that HERPUD1 may play an important role in the development of ovarian cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Nie
- grid.412467.20000 0004 1806 3501Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, 36 Sanhao Road, Heping District, Shenyang, 110004 China ,Key Laboratory of Maternal-Fetal Medicine of Liaoning Province, Key Laboratory of Obstetrics and Gynecology of Higher Education of Liaoning Province, Shenyang, China
| | - Dawo Liu
- grid.412467.20000 0004 1806 3501Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, 36 Sanhao Road, Heping District, Shenyang, 110004 China ,Key Laboratory of Maternal-Fetal Medicine of Liaoning Province, Key Laboratory of Obstetrics and Gynecology of Higher Education of Liaoning Province, Shenyang, China
| | - Mingjun Zheng
- grid.411095.80000 0004 0477 2585Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Xiao Li
- grid.412467.20000 0004 1806 3501Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, 36 Sanhao Road, Heping District, Shenyang, 110004 China ,Key Laboratory of Maternal-Fetal Medicine of Liaoning Province, Key Laboratory of Obstetrics and Gynecology of Higher Education of Liaoning Province, Shenyang, China
| | - Ouxuan Liu
- grid.412467.20000 0004 1806 3501Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, 36 Sanhao Road, Heping District, Shenyang, 110004 China ,Key Laboratory of Maternal-Fetal Medicine of Liaoning Province, Key Laboratory of Obstetrics and Gynecology of Higher Education of Liaoning Province, Shenyang, China
| | - Qian Guo
- grid.412467.20000 0004 1806 3501Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, 36 Sanhao Road, Heping District, Shenyang, 110004 China ,Key Laboratory of Maternal-Fetal Medicine of Liaoning Province, Key Laboratory of Obstetrics and Gynecology of Higher Education of Liaoning Province, Shenyang, China
| | - Liancheng Zhu
- grid.412467.20000 0004 1806 3501Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, 36 Sanhao Road, Heping District, Shenyang, 110004 China ,Key Laboratory of Maternal-Fetal Medicine of Liaoning Province, Key Laboratory of Obstetrics and Gynecology of Higher Education of Liaoning Province, Shenyang, China
| | - Bei Lin
- grid.412467.20000 0004 1806 3501Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, 36 Sanhao Road, Heping District, Shenyang, 110004 China ,Key Laboratory of Maternal-Fetal Medicine of Liaoning Province, Key Laboratory of Obstetrics and Gynecology of Higher Education of Liaoning Province, Shenyang, China
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Dubey P, Gupta R, Mishra A, Kumar V, Bhadauria S, Bhatt MLB. Evaluation of correlation between CD44, radiotherapy response, and survival rate in patients with advanced stage of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). Cancer Med 2022; 11:1937-1947. [PMID: 35274800 PMCID: PMC9089225 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.4497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2021] [Revised: 11/13/2021] [Accepted: 11/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose Cancer stem cells (CSCs) constitute a distinctive subpopulation of cancer cells that are competent in tumor initiation, invasion, recurrence, and resistance to chemoradiotherapy. CD44, a hyaluronic acid (HA) receptor has been considered as a potential CSC marker in head and neck cancer. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the correlation between CD44 and clinicopathological parameters, treatment response, survival, and recurrence. Methods The CD44 expression was examined by immunohistochemistry (IHC) in 90 samples of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) confirmed patients. The expression of CD44 and its association with clinicopathological parameters, treatment response, and survival was determined. Results In all HNSCC patient samples, CD44 was expressed consistently at different intensities. Tumor size (p < 0.001), stage (p < 0.001), and treatment response (p < 0.001) showed statistically significant association with CD44 expression. Alcohol and CD44 were observed as independent predictors of response to radiotherapy using multivariate ordinal logistic regression analysis. Analysis of 2‐year overall survival (OS) showed that CD44 expression (p = 0.02), tumor size (p = 0.001), lymph node status (p < 0.001), stage (p < 0.001), and grade (p = 0.007) were significantly associated with OS. Using Cox regression analysis, lymph node status (p = 0.001), grade (p < 0.001), recurrence (p < 0.001), and CD44 expression (p = 0.003) were found to be potential independent predictors of OS. Conclusion Our findings suggest that CD44 contributes to resistance to radiotherapy and poor OS. The results also suggest that except for CD44 there could be other factors such as lymph node metastasis, grade, and alcohol which should be investigated as potential targets for therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parul Dubey
- Department of Radiotherapy, King George's Medical University, Lucknow, India
| | - Rajeev Gupta
- Department of Radiotherapy, King George's Medical University, Lucknow, India
| | - Anupam Mishra
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology & Head Neck Surgery, King George's Medical University, Lucknow, India
| | - Vijay Kumar
- Department of Surgical Oncology, King George's Medical University, Lucknow, India
| | - Smrati Bhadauria
- Division of Toxicology & Experimental Medicine, Central Drug Research Institute (CSIR), Lucknow, India
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3
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Ouban A. Expression of SALL4 stemness marker in laryngeal squamous cell carcinomas (LSCCs) and its clinical significance. ALL LIFE 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/26895293.2021.1972349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Abderrahman Ouban
- Department of Pathology, Alfaisal University College of Medicine, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
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A Novel Bispecific Antibody Targeting CD3 and Lewis Y with Potent Therapeutic Efficacy against Gastric Cancer. Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9081059. [PMID: 34440263 PMCID: PMC8393954 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9081059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2021] [Revised: 08/06/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Lewis Y antigen, a glycan highly expressed on most epithelial cancers, was targeted for cancer treatment but lacked satisfactory results in some intractable and refractory cancers. Thus, it is highly desirable to develop an effective therapy against these cancers, hopefully based on this target. In this work, we constructed a novel T cell-engaging bispecific antibody targeting Lewis Y and CD3 (m3s193 BsAb) with the IgG-[L]-scfv format. In vitro activity of m3s193 BsAb was evaluated by affinity assay to target cells, cytotoxicity assay, cytokines releasing assay, and T cells proliferation and recruiting assays. Anti-tumor activity against gastric cancer was evaluated in vivo by subcutaneous huPBMCs/tumor cells co-grafting model and huPBMCs intravenous injecting model. In vitro, m3s193 BsAb appeared to have a high binding affinity to Lewis Y positive cells and Jurkat cells. The BsAb showed stronger activity than its parent mAb in T cell recruiting, activation, proliferation, cytokine release, and cytotoxicity. In vivo, m3s193 BsAb not only demonstrated higher therapeutic efficacy in the huPBMCs/tumor co-grafting gastric carcinoma model than the parent mAb but also eliminated tumors in the model of intravenous injection with huPBMCs. Strong anti-tumor activity of m3s193 BsAb revealed that Lewis Y could be targeted in T cell-engaging BsAb for gastric cancer therapy.
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Rehman FU, Al-Waeel M, Naz SS, Shah KU. Anticancer therapeutics: a brief account on wide refinements. Am J Cancer Res 2020; 10:3599-3621. [PMID: 33294257 PMCID: PMC7716164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Accepted: 05/25/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The flustering rise in cancer incidence along with treatment anomalies has made cancer the second leading cause of death globally. The total annual economic impact of cancer is pronounced and is increasing. Besides the lack of proper curative therapy, treatment associated adverse effects, drug resistance, and tumor relapse are the instigations behind increased morbidity and mortality. Meanwhile, the survival rate has inclined impressively. In the last few decades, cancer treatment has undergone wide refinements aiming towards cancer prevention, complete tumor regression, subsiding treatment adverse effects, improving patient's life standard and avoiding tumor relapse. Chemotherapy has been successfully extended towards natural, cheaper and bioactive anti-inflammatory agents manifesting potent anticancer activity. Antibody-based cancer therapy has become well established as a vital and effective strategy for treating hematological malignancies as well as solid tumors. Individualized immunotherapy is becoming the forefront of cancer treatment enabling personalized, precise and patient's cancer mutanome specific adjustable regimen. The emergence of anti-neoangiogenesis and cancer stem cell targeting techniques have dropped cancer recurrence significantly. Advancements in hyperthermia and photodynamic therapies along with improvements in cancer vaccination have declined death rate and amplified survival rate convincingly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fiza Ur Rehman
- Department of Pharmacy, Quaid-i-Azam UniversityIslamabad, Pakistan
| | - Mansoor Al-Waeel
- CÚRAM SFI Research Centre for Medical Devices, National University of Ireland GalwayGalway, Ireland
| | - Syeda Sohaila Naz
- Nanosciences and Technology Department, National Centre for PhysicsIslamabad, Pakistan
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Gutiérrez-Huante K, Salinas-Marín R, Mora-Montes HM, Gonzalez RA, Martínez-Duncker I. Human adenovirus type 5 increases host cell fucosylation and modifies Ley antigen expression. Glycobiology 2020; 29:469-478. [PMID: 30869134 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwz017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2018] [Revised: 02/28/2019] [Accepted: 03/02/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Certain viral infections are known to modify the glycosylation profile of infected cells through the overexpression of specific host cell fucosyltransferases (FUTs). Infection with CMV (cytomegalovirus), HCV (hepatitis C virus), HSV-1 (herpes simplex virus type-1) and VZV (varicella-zoster virus) increase the expression of fucosylated epitopes, including antigens sLex (Siaα2-3 Galβ1-4(Fucα1-3)GlcNAcβ1-R) and Ley (Fucα1-2 Galβ1-4(Fucα1-3)GlcNAcβ1-R). The reorganization of the glycocalyx induced by viral infection may favor the spread of viral progeny, and alter diverse biological functions mediated by glycans, including recognition by the adaptive immune system. In this work, we aimed to establish whether infection with human adenovirus type 5 (HAd5), a well-known viral vector and infectious agent, causes changes in the glycosylation profile of A549 cells, used as a model of lung epithelium, a natural target of HAd5. We demonstrate for the first time that HAd5 infection causes a significant increase in the cell surface de novo fucosylation, as assessed by metabolic labeling, and that such modification is dependent on the expression of viral genes. The main type of increased fucosylation was determined to be in α1-2 linkage, as assessed by UEA-I lectin binding and supported by the overexpression of FUT1 and FUT2. Also, HAd5-infected cells showed a heterogeneous change in the expression profile of the bi-fucosylated Ley antigen, an antigen associated with enhanced cell proliferation and inhibition of apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathya Gutiérrez-Huante
- Laboratorio de Glicobiología Humana y Diagnóstico Molecular; Centro de Investigación en Dinámica Celular, Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias Básicas y Aplicadas, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos. Av. Universidad 1001, Cuernavaca, México
| | - Roberta Salinas-Marín
- Laboratorio de Glicobiología Humana y Diagnóstico Molecular; Centro de Investigación en Dinámica Celular, Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias Básicas y Aplicadas, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos. Av. Universidad 1001, Cuernavaca, México
| | - Héctor M Mora-Montes
- Departamento de Biología, División de Ciencias Naturales y Exactas, Universidad de Guanajuato, Noria Alta s/n, Col. Noria Alta, Guanajuato, México
| | - Ramón A Gonzalez
- Laboratorio de Virología Molecular, Centro de Investigación en Dinámica Celular, Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias Básicas y Aplicadas, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos. Av. Universidad 1001, Cuernavaca, México
| | - Iván Martínez-Duncker
- Laboratorio de Glicobiología Humana y Diagnóstico Molecular; Centro de Investigación en Dinámica Celular, Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias Básicas y Aplicadas, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos. Av. Universidad 1001, Cuernavaca, México
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Pokhriyal R, Hariprasad R, Kumar L, Hariprasad G. Chemotherapy Resistance in Advanced Ovarian Cancer Patients. BIOMARKERS IN CANCER 2019; 11:1179299X19860815. [PMID: 31308780 PMCID: PMC6613062 DOI: 10.1177/1179299x19860815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2019] [Accepted: 05/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Ovarian cancer is the seventh most common gynaecologic malignancy seen in women. Majority of the patients with ovarian cancer are diagnosed at the advanced stage making prognosis poor. The standard management of advanced ovarian cancer includes tumour debulking surgery followed by chemotherapy. Various types of chemotherapeutic regimens have been used to treat advanced ovarian cancer, but the most promising and the currently used standard first-line treatment is carboplatin and paclitaxel. Despite improved clinical response and survival to this combination of chemotherapy, numerous patients either undergo relapse or succumb to the disease as a result of chemotherapy resistance. To understand this phenomenon at a cellular level, various macromolecules such as DNA, messenger RNA and proteins have been developed as biomarkers for chemotherapy response. This review comprehensively summarizes the problem that pertains to chemotherapy resistance in advanced ovarian cancer and provides a good overview of the various biomarkers that have been developed in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruchika Pokhriyal
- Department of Biophysics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Roopa Hariprasad
- Division of Clinical Oncology, National Institute of Cancer Prevention and Research, Noida, India
| | - Lalit Kumar
- Department of Medical Oncology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Gururao Hariprasad
- Department of Biophysics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
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8
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Ascites from Ovarian Cancer Induces Novel Fucosylated Proteins. CANCER MICROENVIRONMENT 2019; 12:181-195. [PMID: 31267484 DOI: 10.1007/s12307-019-00227-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2018] [Accepted: 05/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Ovarian cancer is considered to be the most lethal type of gynecological cancer. During the advanced stages of ovarian cancer, an accumulation of ascites is observed. Fucosylation has been classified as an abnormal post-translational modification that is present in many diseases, including ovarian cancer. Ovarian cancer cells that are cultured with ascites stimulation change their morphology; concomitantly, the fucosylation process is altered. However, it is not known which fucosylated proteins are modified. The goal of this work was to identify the differentially fucosylated proteins that are expressed by ovarian cancer cell lines that are cultured with ovarian cancer patients' ascites. Aleuria aurantia lectin was used to detect fucosylation, and some changes were observed, especially in the cell membrane. Affinity chromatography and mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF) were used to identify 6 fucosylated proteins. Four proteins (Intermediate filament family orphan 1 [IFFO1], PHD finger protein 20-like protein 1 [PHF20L1], immunoglobulin gamma 1 heavy chain variable region partial [IGHV1-2], and Zinc finger protein 224 [ZNF224]) were obtained from cell cultures stimulated with ascites, and the other two proteins (Peregrin [BRPF1] and Dystrobrevin alpha [DTNA]) were obtained under normal culture conditions. The fucosylated state of some of these proteins was further analyzed. The experimental results show that the ascites of ovarian cancer patients modulated the fucosylation process. The PHD finger protein 20-like protein 1, Zinc finger protein 224 and Peregrin proteins colocalize with fucosylation at different levels.
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Liu J, Liu Q, Wang Y, Liu M, Qi Y, Gao J, Lin B. Co‑expression of Lewis y antigen and CD147 in epithelial ovarian cancer is correlated with malignant progression and poor prognosis. Int J Mol Med 2019; 43:1687-1698. [PMID: 30816446 PMCID: PMC6414171 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2019.4103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2018] [Accepted: 02/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
CD147 is a highly glycosylated transmembrane protein expressed on the surface of tumor cells. In the present study, the expression and clinical significance of the Lewis y antigen and CD147 in epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) were analyzed, and the function and correlation in between the expression of Lewis y and CD147 were evaluated using immunohistochemical staining, reverse transcription‑quantitative polymerase chain reaction analysis, immunocytochemical staining, immunoprecipitation and western blotting. The results showed that the expression of CD147 was higher in EOC tissues and correlated with a higher tumor burden. Lewis y and CD147 exhibited similar expression patterns and their expression was positively correlated. The results of the immunofluorescence and immunoprecipitation experiments showed that Lewis y and CD147 colocalized in the cell membrane and cytoplasm. Lewis y antigen, but not Lewis x or sialyl Lewis x, was predominantly expressed in the highly glycosylated form of CD147. These changes occurred at the post‑transcriptional level. As an important component of CD147, Lewis y promoted CD147‑mediated cell adhesion and the expression of matrix metalloproteinase 2. In conclusion, Lewis y antigen and CD147 were significantly upregulated in ovarian tumors, and the altered expression of Lewis y may cause changes in CD147. The two molecules are associated with carcinogenesis and the development of ovarian cancer, and Lewis y antigen is a component of the CD147 structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juanjuan Liu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, China Medical University Shengjing Hospital, Shenyang, Liaoning 110004
| | - Qi Liu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, China Medical University Shengjing Hospital, Shenyang, Liaoning 110004
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210008
| | - Yanyan Wang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, China Medical University Shengjing Hospital, Shenyang, Liaoning 110004
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Chaoyang Central Hospital, Chaoyang, Liaoning 122000, P.R. China
| | - Miao Liu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, China Medical University Shengjing Hospital, Shenyang, Liaoning 110004
| | - Yue Qi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, China Medical University Shengjing Hospital, Shenyang, Liaoning 110004
| | - Jian Gao
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, China Medical University Shengjing Hospital, Shenyang, Liaoning 110004
| | - Bei Lin
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, China Medical University Shengjing Hospital, Shenyang, Liaoning 110004
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10
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Liu J, Zheng M, Qi Y, Wang H, Liu M, Liu Q, Lin B. Lewis(y) antigen-mediated positive feedback loop induces and promotes chemotherapeutic resistance in ovarian cancer. Int J Oncol 2018; 53:1774-1786. [PMID: 30066907 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2018.4496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2018] [Accepted: 06/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study aimed to investigate the association between Lewis(y) antigen and chemoresistance in ovarian cancer and to elucidate the underlying molecular mechanisms. Lewis(y) expression in chemoresistant ovarian cancer tissues and cells was detected by immunohistochemistry. α1,2‑fucosyltransferase (FUT1) expression in different ovarian cancer chemotherapy-resistant cells was analyzed by reverse transcription-quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR). Genes differentially expressed in the chemoresistant and sensitive groups were screened using a gene chip followed by validation using RT-qPCR and western blot analysis. We found that Lewis(y) and FUT1 expression in ovarian cancer cells was significantly increased following the induction of drug resistance. The positive expression rate and intensity of Lewis(y) in ovarian cancer chemoresistant tissues were also significantly higher than those in the sensitive group. Compared with the non-resistant cell lines, the differentially expressed genes were mainly enriched in the terms related to the transmembrane receptor protein tyrosine kinase signaling pathway and positive regulation of cell proliferation. Interaction network analysis predicted genes participating in the regulation of apoptotic processes. The highly differential expression of Annexin A4 (ANXA4), BCL2 interacting killer (BIK), transmembrane 4 L six family member 4 (TM4SF4) and pleckstrin homology-like domain family A member 1 (PHLDA1) was validated using RT-qPCR in ovarian cancer cell lines. Finally, ANXA4 expression was increased at both the mRNA and protein level in the drug‑resistant cells, and in addition, ANXA4 contained a Lewis(y) structure. The expression of Bcl-2 and other anti-apoptotic proteins increased with the increase of Lewis(y) expression. After blocking Lewis(y) using an antibody, the expression of the involved signaling pathway and apoptosis-related proteins decreased significantly. These findings provide strong evidence that Lewis(y) is a component of the structure of the ANXA4 membrane protein. Its overexpression can abnormally activate signaling pathways and regulate the expression of a number of factors, forming a positive feedback loop to induce the chemoresistance of ovarian cancer cells, and ultimately promoting the progression of ovarian cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juanjuan Liu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, China Medical University Shengjing Hospital, Shenyang, Liaoning 110004, P.R. China
| | - Mingjun Zheng
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, China Medical University Shengjing Hospital, Shenyang, Liaoning 110004, P.R. China
| | - Yue Qi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, China Medical University Shengjing Hospital, Shenyang, Liaoning 110004, P.R. China
| | - Huimin Wang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, China Medical University Shengjing Hospital, Shenyang, Liaoning 110004, P.R. China
| | - Miao Liu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, China Medical University Shengjing Hospital, Shenyang, Liaoning 110004, P.R. China
| | - Qing Liu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, China Medical University Shengjing Hospital, Shenyang, Liaoning 110004, P.R. China
| | - Bei Lin
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, China Medical University Shengjing Hospital, Shenyang, Liaoning 110004, P.R. China
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Zhu L, Feng H, Jin S, Tan M, Gao S, Zhuang H, Hu Z, Wang H, Song Z, Lin B. High expressions of BCL6 and Lewis y antigen are correlated with high tumor burden and poor prognosis in epithelial ovarian cancer. Tumour Biol 2017; 39:1010428317711655. [PMID: 28671040 DOI: 10.1177/1010428317711655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Aberrant regulation of BCL6 plays crucial oncogenic roles in various malignant tumors; howbeit, the function of BCL6 in tumorigenesis of ovarian cancer remains unclear. The aim of this study is to investigate the role of BCL6 in ovarian cancer. The methods of immunohistochemical staining, quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction, immunocytochemical staining, and gene expression profile enrichment analysis were performed to identify the possible role of BCL6 in ovarian cancer. We observed that the expression of BCL6 was significantly higher in ovarian cancer tissues and correlated with higher tumor burden including advanced International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics stages, poor differentiation, Type II ovarian cancer, the presence of >1 cm residual tumor size, and appearance of recurrence or death (all p < 0.05). The expression patterns of Lewis y were similar to these of BCL6. Multivariate Cox analysis demonstrated that advanced International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics stage, lymph node metastasis, residual tumor size >1 cm, as well as high expressions of BCL6 and Lewis y antigen were independent factors of worse progression-free survival and overall survival (all p < 0.05). There was a positive correlation of the expressions of BCL6 and Lewis y antigen. The associated genes with BCL6 in response to Lewis y antigen were identified, including four upregulated genes ( SOCS3, STAT1, PPARG, and GADD45A) and three downregulated genes ( ACAN, E2F3, and ZBTB7B). In conclusion, the high expressions of BCL6 and Lewis y antigen are associated with development, high tumor burden, and worse prognosis of ovarian cancer and targeting BCL6 could be a novel therapeutic strategy for ovarian cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liancheng Zhu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Huilin Feng
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
- The Third People’s Hospital of Liaoyang City, Liaoyang, China
| | - Shan Jin
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Mingzi Tan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
- Department of Gynecology, Liaoning Cancer Hospital, Shenyang, China
| | - Song Gao
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Huiyu Zhuang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital Affiliated to Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhenhua Hu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Huimin Wang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
- Department of Gynecology, Liaoning Cancer Hospital, Shenyang, China
| | - Zuofei Song
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, China General Hospital of Shenyang Military Region, Shenyang, China
| | - Bei Lin
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
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12
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Choo M, Tan HL, Ding V, Castangia R, Belgacem O, Liau B, Hartley-Tassell L, Haslam SM, Dell A, Choo A. Characterization of H type 1 and type 1 N-acetyllactosamine glycan epitopes on ovarian cancer specifically recognized by the anti-glycan monoclonal antibody mAb-A4. J Biol Chem 2017; 292:6163-6176. [PMID: 28167527 PMCID: PMC5391748 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.768887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2016] [Revised: 02/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer-specific glycans of ovarian cancer are promising epitopes for targeting with monoclonal antibodies (mAb). Despite their potential, structural characterization of these glycan epitopes remains a significant challenge in mAb preclinical development. Our group generated the monoclonal antibody mAb-A4 against human embryonic stem cells (hESC), which also bound specifically to N-glycans present on 11 of 19 ovarian cancer (OC) and 8 of 14 breast cancer cell lines tested. Normal cell lines and tissue were unstained by mAb-A4. To characterize the N-linked glycan epitopes on OC cell lines targeted by mAb-A4, we used glycosidases, glycan microarray, siRNA, and advanced high sensitivity matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry (MALDI-MS). The mAb-A4 epitopes were found to be Fucα1-2Galβ1-3GlcNAcβ (H type 1) and Galβ1-3GlcNAcβ (type 1 LacNAc). These structures were found to be present on multiple proteins from hESC and OC. Importantly, endo-β-galactosidase coupled with MALDI-MS allowed these two epitopes, for the first time, to be directly identified on the polylactosamines of N-glycans of SKOV3, IGROV1, OV90, and OVCA433. Furthermore, siRNA knockdown of B3GALT5 expression in SKOV3 demonstrated that mAb-A4 binding was dependent on B3GALT5, providing orthogonal evidence of the epitopes' structures. The recognition of oncofetal H type 1 and type 1 LacNAc on OC by mAb-A4 is a novel and promising way to target OC and supports the theory that cancer can acquire stem-like phenotypes. We propose that the orthogonal framework used in this work could be the basis for advancing anti-glycan mAb characterization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Choo
- From the Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
- the Bioprocessing Technology Institute, Singapore 138668, Singapore
| | - Heng Liang Tan
- the Bioprocessing Technology Institute, Singapore 138668, Singapore
| | - Vanessa Ding
- the Bioprocessing Technology Institute, Singapore 138668, Singapore
| | | | | | - Brian Liau
- the Bioprocessing Technology Institute, Singapore 138668, Singapore
| | - Lauren Hartley-Tassell
- the Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Southport, Queensland 4215, Australia, and
| | - Stuart M Haslam
- From the Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Anne Dell
- From the Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom,
| | - Andre Choo
- the Bioprocessing Technology Institute, Singapore 138668, Singapore,
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13
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Annexin A4 fucosylation enhances its interaction with the NF-kB p50 and promotes tumor progression of ovarian clear cell carcinoma. Oncotarget 2016; 8:108093-108107. [PMID: 29296226 PMCID: PMC5746128 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.10226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2016] [Accepted: 05/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective To study the structural relationship between annexin A4 and the Lewis y antigen and compare their expression and significance in ovarian clear cell carcinoma, and to explore how annexin A4 fucose glycosylation effects the interaction between annexin A4 and NF-kB p50, and how it promotes tumour progression of ovarian clear cell carcinoma. Methods Structural relationships between annexin A4 and Lewis y antigen were detected using immunoprecipitation. Annexin A4 and Lewis y antigen expression in various subtypes of ovarian cancer tissues was detected by immunohistochemistry, and the relation between their expression was examined. Any interactions between annexin A4 and NF-kB p50 in ovarian clear cell carcinoma were detected by co-immunoprecipitation. Then looked for changes in expression of Lewis y antigen, annexin A4, NF-kB p50 and a number of downstream related molecules before and after transfection annexin A4 or FUT1, and also analyzed changes in biological processes. Results Lewis y antigen is a part of annexin A4 structure. The expression rate of both annexin A4 and Lewis y antigen was significantly higher in ovarian clear cell carcinoma than in other subtypes of epithelial ovarian cancer, and are associated with the clinical stages, chemotherapy resistance and poor prognostic. The interaction between annexin A4 and NF-kB p50 promoted cell proliferation, adhesion, invasion, metastasis ability and autophagy, and inhibits apoptosis, Lewis y enhanced this interaction. Conclusion Annexin A4 contains Lewis y structure, Lewis y antigen modification of annexin A4 enhances its interaction with NF-kB p50, which promotes ovarian clear cell carcinoma malignancy progression.
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14
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Liu S, Ye D, Guo W, Yu W, He Y, Hu J, Wang Y, Zhang L, Liao Y, Song H, Zhong S, Xu D, Yin H, Sun B, Wang X, Liu J, Wu Y, Zhou BP, Zhang Z, Deng J. G9a is essential for EMT-mediated metastasis and maintenance of cancer stem cell-like characters in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. Oncotarget 2016; 6:6887-901. [PMID: 25749385 PMCID: PMC4466657 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.3159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2014] [Accepted: 01/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) is a particularly aggressive cancer with poor prognosis, largely due to lymph node metastasis and local recurrence. Emerging evidence suggests that epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is important for cancer metastasis, and correlated with increased cancer stem cells (CSCs) characteristics. However, the mechanisms underlying metastasis to lymph nodes in HNSCC is poorly defined. In this study, we show that E-cadherin repression correlates with cancer metastasis and poor prognosis in HNSCC. We found that G9a, a histone methyltransferase, interacts with Snail and mediates Snail-induced transcriptional repression of E-cadherin and EMT, through methylation of histone H3 lysine-9 (H3K9). Moreover, G9a is required for both lymph node-related metastasis and TGF-β-induced EMT in HNSCC cells since knockdown of G9a reversed EMT, inhibited cell migration and tumorsphere formation, and suppressed the expression of CSC markers. Our study demonstrates that the G9a protein is essential for the induction of EMT and CSC-like properties in HNSCC. Thus, targeting the G9a-Snail axis may represent a novel strategy for treatment of metastatic HNSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuli Liu
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial-Head and Neck Oncology, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chinese Minister of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Dongxia Ye
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial-Head and Neck Oncology, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Wenzheng Guo
- Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chinese Minister of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Wenwen Yu
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial-Head and Neck Oncology, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yue He
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial-Head and Neck Oncology, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jingzhou Hu
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial-Head and Neck Oncology, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yanan Wang
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial-Head and Neck Oncology, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Ling Zhang
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial-Head and Neck Oncology, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yueling Liao
- Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chinese Minister of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory for Tumor Microenvironment and Inflammation, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Hongyong Song
- Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chinese Minister of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Shuangshuang Zhong
- Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chinese Minister of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Dongliang Xu
- Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chinese Minister of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory for Tumor Microenvironment and Inflammation, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Huijing Yin
- Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chinese Minister of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Beibei Sun
- Translation Medicine Center, Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaofei Wang
- Translation Medicine Center, Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jingyi Liu
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Yadi Wu
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Binhua P Zhou
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Zhiyuan Zhang
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial-Head and Neck Oncology, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiong Deng
- Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chinese Minister of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory for Tumor Microenvironment and Inflammation, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Translation Medicine Center, Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
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15
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Elzarkaa AA, Sabaa BE, Abdelkhalik D, Mansour H, Melis M, Shaalan W, Farouk M, Malik E, Soliman AA. Clinical relevance of CD44 surface expression in advanced stage serous epithelial ovarian cancer: a prospective study. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2016; 142:949-58. [PMID: 26762850 DOI: 10.1007/s00432-016-2116-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2015] [Accepted: 01/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Cluster of differentiation (CD) 44 is a cell surface receptor that correlates with the development of drug resistance in epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC). Here, we prospectively investigated the clinical impact of CD44 expression on the development of chemoresistance, and on disease-free and overall survival in EOC. METHODS This study included patients with primary serous EOC that was at International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics stages IIIB-IVA and tumors that were CD44 positive and negative in a 1:1 ratio. All patients underwent primary surgical cytoreduction, followed by six cycles of combined paclitaxel and carboplatin chemotherapy every 3 weeks. The treatment was considered complete after the chemotherapy had finished. All patients were followed up for 24 months after completing their chemotherapy. RESULTS Of the 96 patients with serous EOC at stages IIIB-IVA, 51 % of the tumors were negative for the expression of CD44 and 49 % showed variable CD44 expression. Patients who had CD44-positive tumors had statistically significant shorter disease-free (p ≤ 0.001) and overall survival (p ≤ 0.001) intervals compared with patients with CD44-negative tumors. The hazard ratio for death was 6.8 (95 % confidence interval 2.4-19.2, p ≤ 0.001) among the patients with CD44-positive tumors. A multivariate analysis showed that carboplatin-resistant or carboplatin-refractory EOC was the only independent predictive factor for death. CONCLUSIONS CD44 expression contributes to the development of carboplatin resistance in advanced serous EOC, and it may contribute to worse prognoses for patients, but it is neither an independent predictor of survival nor of recurrence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alaa A Elzarkaa
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Alexandria, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Bassma El Sabaa
- Department of Pathology, University of Alexandria, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Doaa Abdelkhalik
- Department of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, University of Mansura, Mansura, Egypt
| | - Hassan Mansour
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Alexandria, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Mahmoud Melis
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Alexandria, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Waleed Shaalan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Alexandria, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Mohamed Farouk
- Department of Medical and Radio-Oncology, University of Alexandria, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Eduard Malik
- Universitätsklinik für Gynäkologie und Geburtshilfe, Klinikum Oldenburg, Fakultät für Medizin und Gesundheitswissenschaften, Universität Oldenburg, Rahel-Straus-Straße 10, 26133, Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Amr A Soliman
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Alexandria, Alexandria, Egypt. .,Universitätsklinik für Gynäkologie und Geburtshilfe, Klinikum Oldenburg, Fakultät für Medizin und Gesundheitswissenschaften, Universität Oldenburg, Rahel-Straus-Straße 10, 26133, Oldenburg, Germany.
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16
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Cancer stem cells in laryngeal cancer: what we know. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol 2015; 273:3487-3495. [DOI: 10.1007/s00405-015-3837-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2015] [Accepted: 11/12/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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17
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Expression and Function of CD44 in Epithelial Ovarian Carcinoma. Biomolecules 2015; 5:3051-66. [PMID: 26569327 PMCID: PMC4693269 DOI: 10.3390/biom5043051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2015] [Revised: 10/29/2015] [Accepted: 10/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
CD44, a cell surface glycoprotein, has been increasingly implicated in the pathogenesis and progression of epithelial ovarian cancer, the deadliest gynecologic malignancy in women. Here, we review recent reports on the expression and function of CD44 in epithelial ovarian carcinoma. Further functional data for CD44 in peritoneal adhesion and metastatic progression and its association with stem cells is highlighted. Recent studies utilizing CD44 for therapeutic targeting are also discussed.
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18
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Tan M, Zhu L, Zhuang H, Hao Y, Gao S, Liu S, Liu Q, Liu D, Liu J, Lin B. Lewis Y antigen modified CD47 is an independent risk factor for poor prognosis and promotes early ovarian cancer metastasis. Am J Cancer Res 2015; 5:2777-2787. [PMID: 26609483 PMCID: PMC4633904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2015] [Accepted: 07/08/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023] Open
Abstract
CD47 is a membrane receptor that belongs to the immunoglobulin superfamily and plays an important role in the mechanisms of tumor immune escape. CD47 participates in tumor immune escape by combining with SIRPα to reduce the phagocytic activity of macrophages. There are six potential N-glycosylation sites on CD47, and glycosylation is known to be necessary for its membrane localization. However, it is still unknown to what extent glycosylation influences CD47 ligand binding properties and subsequent signaling. By using immunoprecipitation and confocal laser scanning microscopy, we showed that CD47 contains Lewis y antigen. Immunohistochemical analysis demonstrated that both the positive expression and the overexpression of CD47 and Lewis y antigen in cancer tissues and borderline tumors were significantly higher than those in benign ovarian tumors and normal ovarian tissues (P < 0.05). A linear correlation between the expression patterns of CD47 and Lewis y antigen was evident (r = 0.47, P < 0.01). The high expression of CD47 and Lewis y antigen showed significant correlations with the clinical pathological parameters of ovarian cancer [International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics (FIGO) standards, lymph node metastasis, and degree of differentiation] (P < 0.05). The Cox model and Kaplan-Meier tests showed that high expression of CD47 was an independent adverse risk factor for the prognosis of ovarian cancer. Cases with both high CD47 and Lewis y antigen expression had poor prognoses. Our study demonstrates that Lewis y antigens of CD47 may play a crucial role in the development of ovarian cancer, and could be new targets for immunotherapy for ovarian cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingzi Tan
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Shengjing Hospital Affiliated to China Medical UniversityLiaoning, China
| | - Liancheng Zhu
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Shengjing Hospital Affiliated to China Medical UniversityLiaoning, China
| | - Huiyu Zhuang
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Shengjing Hospital Affiliated to China Medical UniversityLiaoning, China
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital Affiliated to Capital Medical UniversityBeijing, China
| | - Yingying Hao
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Shengjing Hospital Affiliated to China Medical UniversityLiaoning, China
| | - Song Gao
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Shengjing Hospital Affiliated to China Medical UniversityLiaoning, China
| | - Shuice Liu
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Shengjing Hospital Affiliated to China Medical UniversityLiaoning, China
| | - Qing Liu
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Shengjing Hospital Affiliated to China Medical UniversityLiaoning, China
| | - Dawo Liu
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Shengjing Hospital Affiliated to China Medical UniversityLiaoning, China
| | - Juanjuan Liu
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Shengjing Hospital Affiliated to China Medical UniversityLiaoning, China
| | - Bei Lin
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Shengjing Hospital Affiliated to China Medical UniversityLiaoning, China
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Yan L, Wang C, Lin B, Liu J, Liu D, Hou R, Wang Y, Gao L, Zhang S, Iwamori M. Lewis y enhances CAM-DR in ovarian cancer cells by activating the FAK signaling pathway and upregulating Bcl-2/Bcl-XL expression. Biochimie 2015; 113:17-25. [PMID: 25726913 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2015.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2014] [Accepted: 01/25/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Oligosaccharides on the surface of adhesion molecules may contribute to the process of CAM-DR. To investigate the role of the Lewis y antigen in this process, we established a cell adhesion model mediated by the integrin α5β1-FN interaction in the ovarian cancer cell line, RMG-1-hFUT, which highly expresses Lewis y by transfection with α1,2-fucosyltransferase into RMG-1 cells. Our results indicate that the rates of carboplatin-induced apoptosis and necrosis are reduced in FN-adhered tumor cells, and carboplatin resistance is significantly decreased in the presence of anti-Lewis y antibody. CAM-DR in tumor cells has been correlated with elevated expression of the nuclear anti-apoptotic proteins Bcl-2 and Bcl-XL. Lewis y promotes the expression of the Bcl-2 and Bcl-XL genes by activating the focal adhesion kinase signaling pathway and accelerating their transcription. Thus, Lewis y leads to inhibition of apoptosis and enhancement of CAM-DR by activation of the FAK signaling pathway and upregulation of Bcl-2/Bcl-XL expression in ovarian cancer cell lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Limei Yan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shengjing Hospital Affiliated to China Medical University, Shenyang 110004, PR China
| | - Changzhi Wang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515000, PR China
| | - Bei Lin
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shengjing Hospital Affiliated to China Medical University, Shenyang 110004, PR China.
| | - Juanjuan Liu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shengjing Hospital Affiliated to China Medical University, Shenyang 110004, PR China
| | - Dawo Liu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shengjing Hospital Affiliated to China Medical University, Shenyang 110004, PR China
| | - Rui Hou
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shengjing Hospital Affiliated to China Medical University, Shenyang 110004, PR China
| | - Yifei Wang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116027, PR China
| | - Lili Gao
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shengjing Hospital Affiliated to China Medical University, Shenyang 110004, PR China
| | - Shulan Zhang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shengjing Hospital Affiliated to China Medical University, Shenyang 110004, PR China
| | - Masao Iwamori
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Kinki University, 3-4-1 Kowakae, Higashiosaka, Osaka 577-8502, Japan
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20
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Lin WL, Lin YS, Shi GY, Chang CF, Wu HL. Lewisy promotes migration of oral cancer cells by glycosylation of epidermal growth factor receptor. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0120162. [PMID: 25799278 PMCID: PMC4370659 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0120162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2014] [Accepted: 01/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Aberrant glycosylation changes normal cellular functions and represents a specific hallmark of cancer. Lewisy (Ley) carbohydrate upregulation has been reported in a variety of cancers, including oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). A high level of Ley expression is related to poor prognosis of patients with oral cancer. However, it is unclear how Ley mediates oral cancer progression. In this study, the role of Ley in OSCC was explored. Our data showed that Ley was upregulated in HSC-3 and OC-2 OSCC cell lines. Particularly, glycosylation of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) with Ley was found in OC-2 cells, and this modification was absent upon inhibition of Ley synthesis. The absence of Ley glycosylation of EGFR weakened phosphorylation of AKT and ERK in response to epidermal growth factor (EGF). Additionally, EGF-triggered cell migration was reduced, but cell proliferation was not affected. Ley modification stabilized EGFR upon ligand activation. Conversely, absence of Ley glycosylation accelerated EGFR degradation. In summary, these results indicate that increased expression of Ley in OSCC cells is able to promote cell migration by modifying EGFR which in turn stabilizes EGFR expression and downstream signaling. Targeting Ley on EGFR could have a potential therapeutic effect on oral cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Ling Lin
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
- Cardiovascular Research Center, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Shiuan Lin
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
- Cardiovascular Research Center, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Guey-Yueh Shi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
- Cardiovascular Research Center, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Chuan-Fa Chang
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
- * E-mail: (CFC); (HLW)
| | - Hua-Lin Wu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
- Cardiovascular Research Center, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
- * E-mail: (CFC); (HLW)
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21
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Zhu LC, Gao J, Hu ZH, Schwab CL, Zhuang HY, Tan MZ, Yan LM, Liu JJ, Zhang DY, Lin B. Membranous expressions of Lewis y and CAM-DR-related markers are independent factors of chemotherapy resistance and poor prognosis in epithelial ovarian cancer. Am J Cancer Res 2015; 5:830-843. [PMID: 25973320 PMCID: PMC4396026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2014] [Accepted: 01/15/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chemotherapy resistance is a common problem faced by patients diagnosed with epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC). Currently there are no specific or sensitive clinical biomarkers that maybe implemented to identify chemotherapy resistance and give insight to prognosis. The aim of this study is to investigate the roles of Lewis y antigen and the markers associated with cell-adhesion-mediated drug resistance (CAM-DR) in patients with EOC. METHODS 92 EOC patients who were treated with systemic chemotherapy after cytoreductive surgery were included in this analysis. Patients were divided into two groups, chemotherapy sensitive (n = 56) and resistant (n = 36). Immunohistochemical (IHC) staining for Lewis y and CAM-DR-related cell surface proteins including CD44, CD147, HE4 (Human epididymis protein 4), integrin α5, β1, αv and β3 were conducted on tissues collected during primary debulking surgery. Using multivariate logistic regressions, IHC results were compared to clinical variables and chemotherapy resistance to determine possible correlations. The relationships between IHC expression and progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS) were analyzed using Kaplan-Meier method and Cox regression analysis. RESULTS Membranous expression of Lewis y and all these CAM-DR-related markers were significantly higher in the resistant group than that of the sensitive group (all P < 0.01). Multivariate regression analysis revealed that high expression of Lewis y, CD44, HE4, integrin α5 and β1 as well as advanced FIGO stage were independent risk factors for chemotherapy resistance (all P < 0.05). Advanced FIGO stage, lymph node metastasis and high expression of Lewis y, CD44, CD147, HE4, integrin α5, β1 were associated with a shorter PFS and OS (all P < 0.05). Moreover, multivariate COX analysis demonstrated that the following variates were independent predictors of worse PFS and OS survival: late FIGO stage (P = 0.013, 0.049), high expressions of Lewis y (P = 0.010, 0.036), HE4 (P = 0.006, 0.013) and integrin β1 (PFS, P = 0.003), integrin α5 (OS, P = 0.019). CONCLUSION Membranous expression of Lewis y and CAM-DR-related markers including CD44, CD147, HE4, integrin α5, β1, αv and β3 are associated with the development of chemotherapy resistance. High expression of Lewis y antigen and CAM-DR-related markers including CD44, CD147, HE4, integrin α5 and β1 are independent markers for PFS and OS, in which Lewis y and HE4 are the most significant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lian-Cheng Zhu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shengjing Hospital Affiliated to China Medical University36 Sanhao Street, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110004, China
| | - Jian Gao
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shengjing Hospital Affiliated to China Medical University36 Sanhao Street, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110004, China
| | - Zhen-Hua Hu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shengjing Hospital Affiliated to China Medical University36 Sanhao Street, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110004, China
| | - Carlton L Schwab
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, Yale University School of Medicine333 Cedar Street, PO Box 208063, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8063, USA
| | - Hui-Yu Zhuang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shengjing Hospital Affiliated to China Medical University36 Sanhao Street, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110004, China
| | - Ming-Zi Tan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shengjing Hospital Affiliated to China Medical University36 Sanhao Street, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110004, China
| | - Li-Mei Yan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shengjing Hospital Affiliated to China Medical University36 Sanhao Street, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110004, China
| | - Juan-Juan Liu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shengjing Hospital Affiliated to China Medical University36 Sanhao Street, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110004, China
| | - Dan-Ye Zhang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shengjing Hospital Affiliated to China Medical University36 Sanhao Street, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110004, China
| | - Bei Lin
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shengjing Hospital Affiliated to China Medical University36 Sanhao Street, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110004, China
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Gao N, Liu J, Liu D, Hao Y, Yan L, Ma Y, Zhuang H, Hu Z, Gao J, Yang Z, Shi H, Lin B. c-Jun transcriptionally regulates alpha 1, 2-fucosyltransferase 1 (FUT1) in ovarian cancer. Biochimie 2014; 107 Pt B:286-92. [PMID: 25239830 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2014.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2014] [Accepted: 09/09/2014] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Alpha 1, 2-fucosyltransferase (FUT 1/2) is a rate-limiting enzyme that catalyzes the synthesis of Lewis y, a cell membrane-associated carbohydrate antigen. In human ovarian cancer, the upregulated expression of FUT1 and Lewis y is associated with advanced pathological stages and involved in cell proliferation, migration and invasion. However, the mechanism underlying the upregulation of FUT1 is largely unknown. Here, we identify an AP-1 binding site in FUT1 promoter in ovarian cancer cells. c-Jun promotes FUT1 expression, thereby enhancing Lewis y biosynthesis in various ovarian cancer cell lines. Moreover, EMSA, luciferase activity and ChIP assays demonstrate c-Jun directly interacts with FUT1 promoter. Furthermore, FUT1 mediates c-Jun-induced cell proliferation in ovarian cancer cells. In human ovarian cancer samples, c-Jun overexpression is linked to malignant degree and positively correlated to FUT1 and Lewis y expression. Taken together, c-Jun could transcriptionally modulate FUT1 expression in ovarian cancer, implicating the potential application of c-Jun inhibitors for human ovarian cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Gao
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shengjing Hospital Affiliated to China Medical University, Shenyang 110004, China; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116011, China
| | - Juanjuan Liu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shengjing Hospital Affiliated to China Medical University, Shenyang 110004, China
| | - Dawo Liu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shengjing Hospital Affiliated to China Medical University, Shenyang 110004, China
| | - Yingying Hao
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shengjing Hospital Affiliated to China Medical University, Shenyang 110004, China
| | - Limei Yan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shengjing Hospital Affiliated to China Medical University, Shenyang 110004, China
| | - Yanan Ma
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, China
| | - Huiyu Zhuang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shengjing Hospital Affiliated to China Medical University, Shenyang 110004, China
| | - Zhenhua Hu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shengjing Hospital Affiliated to China Medical University, Shenyang 110004, China
| | - Jian Gao
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shengjing Hospital Affiliated to China Medical University, Shenyang 110004, China
| | - Zhihai Yang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116011, China
| | - Hong Shi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116011, China
| | - Bei Lin
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shengjing Hospital Affiliated to China Medical University, Shenyang 110004, China.
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The expression of annexin II and Lewis y antigen in ovarian epithelial tumors and the correlation between them. Tumour Biol 2014; 36:2343-9. [PMID: 25416440 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-014-2841-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2014] [Accepted: 11/12/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The main aim of this study was to explore the molecular structural relationship between annexin II (ANXA2) and Lewis y antigen by determining their expression patterns and clinical significance in ovarian epithelial carcinoma. The structural relationship between ANXA2 and Lewis y antigen was examined using immunoprecipitation and confocal laser scanning microscopy in two ovarian caner cell lines ES-2 and CaoV-3. We also constracted the stably transfected cell lines with low ANXA2 gene expression in order to detect the expression level between ANXA2 and Lewis y. ANXA2 and Lewis y were detected in tissues from malignant, borderline, benign, and normal ovarian tissues using immunohistochemical analysis. ANXA2 and Lewis y were present in both two ovarian cancer cells and ANXA2 contained Lewis y antigen. Moreover, expression of Lewis y antigen in ANXA2 from cell after transfection was higher than that before. Our immunohistochemistry data revealed significantly higher positive expression rates of ANXA2 in malignant ovarian tissues, compared to benign tumor and normal tissue, similar to Lewis y antigen levels in ovarian cancer. Notably, tissues displaying marked expression of ANXA2 simultaneously expressed high levels of Lewis y antigen. A linear correlation between the expression patterns of ANXA2 and Lewis y antigen was evident. Consistently, double-labeling immunofluorescence experiments illustrated co-localization of ANXA2 and Lewis y antigen within the same area. In conclusions, ANXA2 contains Lewis y antigen. Our results further demonstrate a close correlation between the expression levels of the two antigens, which are significantly high in ovarian cancer.
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Zhuang H, Hu Z, Tan M, Zhu L, Liu J, Liu D, Yan L, Lin B. Overexpression of Lewis y antigen promotes human epididymis protein 4-mediated invasion and metastasis of ovarian cancer cells. Biochimie 2014; 105:91-8. [PMID: 24998328 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2014.06.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2014] [Accepted: 06/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
To study Human epididymis protein 4 (HE4) surface fucosylation and to determine the effects and significance of Lewis y antigen on HE4-mediated invasion and metastasis of ovarian cancer cells, we investigated four types of ovarian cancer cells and found that six fucosylated antigens (Lewis y, Lewis x, Lewis a, Lewis b, sLewis a, and sLewis x) were identified on HE4 in ovarian cancer cells. Moreover, modification of the type II sugar chain (Lewis y, Lewis x, and sLewis x) was significantly higher than the type I sugar chain (Lewis a, Lewis b, sLewis a) of the lactose series. To confirm the effects of Lewis y antigen on HE4-mediated invasion and metastasis of ovarian cancer cells, the CaoV-3 cells with high Lewis y antigen on the HE4 surface and ES-2 cells, with high Lewis x antigen but low Lewis y antigen, were investigated. We found that the expression levels of HE4 and Lewis y increased in both cell lines while the level of Lewis x didn't have any change after transfection. Furthermore, the high expression of Lewis y antigen significantly enhanced the HE4-mediated invasion and metastasis of ovarian cancer cells. The invasion and metastasis capacities were significantly decreased after Lewis y antibody blocking. This study demonstrates that overexpression of the Lewis y antigen on HE4 promotes ovarian cancer cell invasion and metastasis, which is likely to be used as a target for the clinical treatment of ovarian cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiyu Zhuang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shengjing Hospital Affiliated to China Medical University, Shenyang, 110004 Liaoning Province, China
| | - Zhenhua Hu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shengjing Hospital Affiliated to China Medical University, Shenyang, 110004 Liaoning Province, China
| | - Mingzi Tan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shengjing Hospital Affiliated to China Medical University, Shenyang, 110004 Liaoning Province, China
| | - Liancheng Zhu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shengjing Hospital Affiliated to China Medical University, Shenyang, 110004 Liaoning Province, China
| | - Juanjuan Liu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shengjing Hospital Affiliated to China Medical University, Shenyang, 110004 Liaoning Province, China
| | - Dawo Liu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shengjing Hospital Affiliated to China Medical University, Shenyang, 110004 Liaoning Province, China
| | - Limei Yan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shengjing Hospital Affiliated to China Medical University, Shenyang, 110004 Liaoning Province, China
| | - Bei Lin
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shengjing Hospital Affiliated to China Medical University, Shenyang, 110004 Liaoning Province, China.
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Gao J, Hu Z, Liu J, Liu D, Wang Y, Cai M, Zhang D, Tan M, Lin B. Expression of CD147 and Lewis y antigen in ovarian cancer and their relationship to drug resistance. Med Oncol 2014; 31:920. [DOI: 10.1007/s12032-014-0920-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2014] [Accepted: 03/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Lin WL, Chang CF, Shi CS, Shi GY, Wu HL. Recombinant Lectin-Like Domain of Thrombomodulin Suppresses Vascular Inflammation by Reducing Leukocyte Recruitment via Interacting With Lewis Y on Endothelial Cells. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2013; 33:2366-73. [DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.113.301221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Ling Lin
- From the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (W.-L.L., C.-S.S., G.-Y.S., H.-L.W.); Institute of Basic Medical Sciences (W.-L.L.); Cardiovascular Research Center (W.-L.L., G.-Y.S., H.-L.W.); Center of Bioscience and Biotechnology (H.-L.W.); and Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology (C.-F.C.), College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan City, Taiwan
| | - Chuan-Fa Chang
- From the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (W.-L.L., C.-S.S., G.-Y.S., H.-L.W.); Institute of Basic Medical Sciences (W.-L.L.); Cardiovascular Research Center (W.-L.L., G.-Y.S., H.-L.W.); Center of Bioscience and Biotechnology (H.-L.W.); and Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology (C.-F.C.), College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan City, Taiwan
| | - Chung-Sheng Shi
- From the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (W.-L.L., C.-S.S., G.-Y.S., H.-L.W.); Institute of Basic Medical Sciences (W.-L.L.); Cardiovascular Research Center (W.-L.L., G.-Y.S., H.-L.W.); Center of Bioscience and Biotechnology (H.-L.W.); and Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology (C.-F.C.), College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan City, Taiwan
| | - Guey-Yueh Shi
- From the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (W.-L.L., C.-S.S., G.-Y.S., H.-L.W.); Institute of Basic Medical Sciences (W.-L.L.); Cardiovascular Research Center (W.-L.L., G.-Y.S., H.-L.W.); Center of Bioscience and Biotechnology (H.-L.W.); and Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology (C.-F.C.), College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan City, Taiwan
| | - Hua-Lin Wu
- From the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (W.-L.L., C.-S.S., G.-Y.S., H.-L.W.); Institute of Basic Medical Sciences (W.-L.L.); Cardiovascular Research Center (W.-L.L., G.-Y.S., H.-L.W.); Center of Bioscience and Biotechnology (H.-L.W.); and Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology (C.-F.C.), College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan City, Taiwan
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Hotta H, Hamamura K, Yamashita K, Shibuya H, Tokuda N, Hashimoto N, Furukawa K, Yamamoto N, Hattori H, Toyokuni S, Ueda M, Furukawa K. Lewis y antigen is expressed in oral squamous cell carcinoma cell lines and tissues, but disappears in the invasive regions leading to the enhanced malignant properties irrespective of sialyl-Lewis x. Glycoconj J 2013; 30:585-97. [PMID: 23242548 DOI: 10.1007/s10719-012-9458-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2012] [Revised: 11/23/2012] [Accepted: 11/26/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Expression and implication of carbohydrate antigens in squamous cell carcinomas (SCCs) in oral cavity was examined. In the cell lines, type 2H and Lewis y antigens were markedly expressed. In the tissues from SCC patients and benign disorders, type 2H was highly expressed in hyperplasia (96.4 %), displasia (92.9 %) and SCC (100 %). Lewis y was, in turn, expressed mainly in cancer tissues (91.3 %), suggesting that Lewis y is a cancer-associated antigen. Normal oral mucosa showed no expression of these blood group antigens. Surprisingly, Lewis y antigen disappeared in the invasion sites where Ki-67 was definitely stained. Over-expression of Lewis y with manipulation of a fucosyltransferase cDNA resulted in suppression of cell growth and invasion, and knockdown of Lewis y also brought about increased cell growth and invasion. In either situations, no changes in the expression of sialyl-Lewis x could be found. Lowered tumor growth and invasion into surrounding tissues were also shown in Lewis y-positive SCC grafts in nu/nu mice. All these results together with alternative staining between Lewis y and Ki-67 in cancer tissues and FUT1 transfectants suggested that loss of Lewis y is a crucial event for the late stage of SCCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Hotta
- Department of Biochemistry II, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumai, Showa-ku, Nagoya, 466-0065, Japan
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Co-expression of Lewis y antigen with human epididymis protein 4 in ovarian epithelial carcinoma. PLoS One 2013; 8:e68994. [PMID: 23894390 PMCID: PMC3718801 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0068994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2013] [Accepted: 06/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective The main aims of this study were to explore the molecular structural relationship between Human epididymis protein 4 (HE4) and Lewis y antigen by determining their expression patterns and clinical significance in ovarian epithelial carcinoma. Methods The structural relationship between HE4 and Lewis y antigen was examined using immunoprecipitation and confocal laser scanning microscopy. HE4 and Lewis y were detected in tissues from malignant (53 cases), borderline (27 cases), benign (15 cases) and normal ovarian tissues (15 cases) using immunohistochemical analysis. Results HE4 was present in ovarian cancer, benign tumor tissues, ovarian carcinoma cells, and culture medium, and contained Lewis y antigen. Moreover, expression of Lewis y antigen in HE4 from ovarian cancer was higher than that from benign tumor (P<0.05). HE4 possibly exists as two protein isoforms, both containing Lewis y antigen. Our immunohistochemistry data revealed significantly higher positive expression rates of HE4 in malignant ovarian tissues, compared to benign tumor and normal tissue (P<0.05), similar to Lewis y antigen levels in ovarian cancer (P<0.05). Notably, tissues displaying marked expression of HE4 simultaneously expressed high levels of Lewis y antigen. A linear correlation between the expression patterns of HE4 and Lewis y antigen was evident. Consistently, double-labeling immunofluorescence experiments illustrated co-localization of HE4 and Lewis y antigen within the same area. Conclusions HE4 contains Lewis y antigen. Our results further demonstrate a close correlation between the expression levels of the two antigens, which are significantly high in ovarian cancer.
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Gao J, Hu Z, Liu D, Liu J, Liu C, Hou R, Gao S, Zhang D, Zhang S, Lin B. Expression of Lewis y antigen and integrin αv, β3 in ovarian cancer and their relationship with chemotherapeutic drug resistance. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL & CLINICAL CANCER RESEARCH : CR 2013; 32:36. [PMID: 23725446 PMCID: PMC3699420 DOI: 10.1186/1756-9966-32-36] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2012] [Accepted: 01/16/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study investigates the expression of Lewis y antigen, integrin αv, β3 in epithelial ovarian cancer tissues. We further evaluate the relationship between their expression and chemotherapy resistance of ovarian cancer and its possible clinical significance. METHODS Tissues of 92 patients with ovarian cancer meeting the inclusion criteria with complete follow-up data were enrolled and divided into chemotherapy resistant group and sensitive group. The expression and relationship of Lewis y antigen and integrin αv, β3 are assessed in paraffin sections using immunohistochemistry and double-labeling immunofluorescence method. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to investigate the relationship between age, clinical stage, differentiation, histologic subtype, Lewis y antigen and integrin αv, β3 expression in ovarian cancer patients. RESULTS The expression rates of Lewis y antigen and integrin αv in the resistant group, significantly higher than the rates found in the sensitive group (p <0.05). Multivariate analysis showed that the expression of Lewis y antigen, integrin αv and ovarian cancer's clinical stage were independent, drug resistance-related risk factors. The expression levels of Lewis y antigen and integrin αv, β3 were positively correlated with each other. CONCLUSIONS A close correlation between Lewis y antigen, integrin αv, β3 and ovarian cancer was observed. Lewis y antigen can influence the biological behavior of a tumor cell as an important composition of integrin αv, β3 by some signal pathway. And the expression of Lewis y antigen, integrin αv and ovarian cancer's clinical stage are both independent, drug resistance-related risk factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Gao
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shengjing Hospital Affiliated to China Medical University, Shenyang 110004, China
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Chemoresistance is associated with MUC1 and Lewis y antigen expression in ovarian epithelial cancers. Int J Mol Sci 2013; 14:11024-33. [PMID: 23708102 PMCID: PMC3709716 DOI: 10.3390/ijms140611024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2013] [Revised: 05/09/2013] [Accepted: 05/13/2013] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective The aim of this study was to analyze the correlation and clinical significance between the expression of Mucin-1 (MUC1) and the Lewis y antigen with chemoresistance in ovarian epithelial cancers. Methods Ovarian cancer patients (n = 92) treated at our hospital from May 2005 to July 2009 were divided, according to their treatment and follow-up outcomes, into a resistant group (n = 37) or sensitive group (n = 55). The expression of MUC1 and Lewis y antigen in ovarian cancer tissues was detected using immunohistochemistry and correlated with chemoresistance. Results The positive rates of MUC1 and Lewis y antigen in the resistant group were both 91.89%, significantly higher than their positive rates in the sensitive group (65.45% and 69.09%, respectively, and both p < 0.05). MUC1 or Lewis y expression and the pathological stage of the tissue were independent risk factors for chemoresistance (all p < 0.05). Conclusion The increased expression of MUC1 and the Lewis y antigen is a significant risk factor for chemoresistance in patients with ovarian epithelial cancer.
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Hu Z, Gao J, Zhang D, Liu Q, Yan L, Gao L, Liu J, Liu D, Zhang S, Lin B. High expression of Lewis y antigen and CD44 is correlated with resistance to chemotherapy in epithelial ovarian cancers. PLoS One 2013; 8:e57250. [PMID: 23468946 PMCID: PMC3585297 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0057250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2012] [Accepted: 01/21/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives To measure Lewis y antigen and CD44 antigen expression in epithelial ovarian carcinoma and to correlate the levels of these antigens with clinical response to chemotherapy. Methods The study cases included 34 cases of ovarian carcinoma with resistance to chemotherapeutic drugs, 6 partially drug-sensitive cases, and 52 drug-sensitive cases (92 total). Results The rates of expression of Lewis y antigen and CD44 antigen were significantly greater in the drug-resistant group than that in the partially-sensitive or sensitive groups. Surgical stage, residual tumor size and expression of CD44 and Lewis y antigen in ovarian carcinoma tissues were independent risk factors for chemotherapeutic drug resistance. Conclusions Over-expression of Lewis y and CD44 antigen are strong risk factors for chemotherapeutic drug resistance in ovarian carcinoma patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenhua Hu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shengjing Hospital Affiliated to China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Jian Gao
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shengjing Hospital Affiliated to China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Danye Zhang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shengjing Hospital Affiliated to China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Qing Liu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shengjing Hospital Affiliated to China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Limei Yan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shengjing Hospital Affiliated to China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Lili Gao
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shengjing Hospital Affiliated to China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Juanjuan Liu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shengjing Hospital Affiliated to China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Dawo Liu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shengjing Hospital Affiliated to China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Shulan Zhang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shengjing Hospital Affiliated to China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Bei Lin
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shengjing Hospital Affiliated to China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, China
- * E-mail:
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Elevated levels of Lewis y and integrin α5β1 correlate with chemotherapeutic drug resistance in epithelial ovarian carcinoma. Int J Mol Sci 2012; 13:15588-600. [PMID: 23443083 PMCID: PMC3546651 DOI: 10.3390/ijms131215588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2012] [Revised: 11/09/2012] [Accepted: 11/12/2012] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective To measure Lewis y and integrin α5β1 expression in epithelial ovarian carcinoma and to correlate the levels of these molecules with ovarian carcinoma chemotherapy and prognosis. Methods The study population included 34 ovarian carcinoma patients with chemotherapeutic drug-resistance, six partially drug-sensitive cases, and 52 drug-sensitive cases (92 total). Immunochemistry was used to determine expression of Lewis y antigen and integrin α5β1 in ovarian carcinoma tissues, and correlation of these molecules with chemotherapy resistance was further investigated, Multi-factor logistic regression analysis was applied to investigate: age, surgical stage, grade, subtype of patient cases, metastasis of lymph nodes, residual tumor size, expression levels of Lewis y antigen and integrin α5β1 correlation with ovarian carcinoma chemotherapy resistance. Results The expression rates of Lewis y antigen and integrins α5 and β1 were significantly greater in the drug-resistant group (91.17%, 85.29%, 88.24%) than the partially sensitive (50.00%, 33.33%, 50.00%) or sensitive groups (61.54%, 57.69%, 55.77%). Binary logistic regression analysis revealed that surgical stage, residual tumor size, and expression of integrin α5 and Lewis y in ovarian carcinoma tissues were independent risk factors for chemotherapeutic drug resistance. Conclusions Overexpression of Lewis y and integrin α5 are strong risk factors for chemotherapeutic drug resistance in ovarian carcinoma patients.
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Tumor-associated glycans and their role in gynecological cancers: accelerating translational research by novel high-throughput approaches. Metabolites 2012; 2:913-39. [PMID: 24957768 PMCID: PMC3901231 DOI: 10.3390/metabo2040913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2012] [Revised: 11/08/2012] [Accepted: 11/09/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Glycans are important partners in many biological processes, including carcinogenesis. The rapidly developing field of functional glycomics becomes one of the frontiers of biology and biomedicine. Aberrant glycosylation of proteins and lipids occurs commonly during malignant transformation and leads to the expression of specific tumor-associated glycans. The appearance of aberrant glycans on carcinoma cells is typically associated with grade, invasion, metastasis and overall poor prognosis. Cancer-associated carbohydrates are mostly located on the surface of cancer cells and are therefore potential diagnostic biomarkers. Currently, there is increasing interest in cancer-associated aberrant glycosylation, with growing numbers of characteristic cancer targets being detected every day. Breast and ovarian cancer are the most common and lethal malignancies in women, respectively, and potential glycan biomarkers hold promise for early detection and targeted therapies. However, the acceleration of research and comprehensive multi-target investigation of cancer-specific glycans could only be successfully achieved with the help of a combination of novel high-throughput glycomic approaches.
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34
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Ritchie KE, Nör JE. Perivascular stem cell niche in head and neck cancer. Cancer Lett 2012; 338:41-6. [PMID: 22842095 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2012.07.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2012] [Revised: 07/11/2012] [Accepted: 07/20/2012] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Cancers may contain a small sub-population of uniquely tumorigenic cells that exhibit self-renewal and multipotency, i.e. cancer stem cells (CSCs). These cells reside in invasive fronts in close proximity to blood vessels in many tumors, including head and neck squamous cell carcinomas (HNSCCs). Recent evidence suggests that CSC resist chemotherapy and "drive" local recurrence and metastatic spread. Notably, endothelial cell-initiated signaling is critical for the survival and self-renewal of CSC and may play a role in resistance to therapy. Therefore, patients with head and neck cancer might benefit from therapies that target the CSC directly or their supportive perivascular niche.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn E Ritchie
- Department of Cariology, Restorative Sciences and Endodontics, University of Michigan, School of Dentistry, United States
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35
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Krishnamurthy S, Nör J. Head and neck cancer stem cells. J Dent Res 2012; 91:334-40. [PMID: 21933937 PMCID: PMC3310753 DOI: 10.1177/0022034511423393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2011] [Revised: 08/12/2011] [Accepted: 08/16/2011] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Most cancers contain a small sub-population of cells that are endowed with self-renewal, multipotency, and a unique potential for tumor initiation. These properties are considered hallmarks of cancer stem cells. Here, we provide an overview of the field of cancer stem cells with a focus on head and neck cancers. Cancer stem cells are located in the invasive fronts of head and neck squamous cell carcinomas (HNSCC) close to blood vessels (perivascular niche). Endothelial cell-initiated signaling events are critical for the survival and self-renewal of these stem cells. Markers such as aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH), CD133, and CD44 have been successfully used to identify highly tumorigenic cancer stem cells in HNSCC. This review briefly describes the orosphere assay, a method for in vitro culture of undifferentiated head and neck cancer stem cells under low attachment conditions. Notably, recent evidence suggests that cancer stem cells are exquisitely resistant to conventional therapy and are the "drivers" of local recurrence and metastatic spread. The emerging understanding of the role of cancer stem cells in the pathobiology of head and neck squamous cell carcinomas might have a profound impact on the treatment paradigms for this malignancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. Krishnamurthy
- Department of Cariology, Restorative Sciences and Endodontics, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, 1011 N. University, Rm. 2309, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1078, USA
| | - J.E. Nör
- Department of Cariology, Restorative Sciences and Endodontics, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, 1011 N. University, Rm. 2309, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1078, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan College of Engineering
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Michigan School of Medicine
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Hiss D. Optimizing molecular-targeted therapies in ovarian cancer: the renewed surge of interest in ovarian cancer biomarkers and cell signaling pathways. JOURNAL OF ONCOLOGY 2012; 2012:737981. [PMID: 22481932 PMCID: PMC3306947 DOI: 10.1155/2012/737981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2011] [Accepted: 11/24/2011] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The hallmarks of ovarian cancer encompass the development of resistance, disease recurrence and poor prognosis. Ovarian cancer cells express gene signatures which pose significant challenges for cancer drug development, therapeutics, prevention and management. Despite enhancements in contemporary tumor debulking surgery, tentative combination regimens and abdominal radiation which can achieve beneficial response rates, the majority of ovarian cancer patients not only experience adverse effects, but also eventually relapse. Therefore, additional therapeutic possibilities need to be explored to minimize adverse events and prolong progression-free and overall response rates in ovarian cancer patients. Currently, a revival in cancer drug discovery is devoted to identifying diagnostic and prognostic ovarian cancer biomarkers. However, the sensitivity and reliability of such biomarkers may be complicated by mutations in the BRCA1 or BRCA2 genes, diverse genetic risk factors, unidentified initiation and progression elements, molecular tumor heterogeneity and disease staging. There is thus a dire need to expand existing ovarian cancer therapies with broad-spectrum and individualized molecular targeted approaches. The aim of this review is to profile recent developments in our understanding of the interrelationships among selected ovarian tumor biomarkers, heterogeneous expression signatures and related molecular signal transduction pathways, and their translation into more efficacious targeted treatment rationales.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donavon Hiss
- Molecular Oncology Research Laboratory, Department of Medical BioSciences, University of the Western Cape, Bellville 7535, South Africa
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Liu D, Liu J, Wang C, Lin B, Liu Q, Hao Y, Zhang S, Iwamori M. The stimulation of IGF-1R expression by Lewis(y) antigen provides a powerful development mechanism of epithelial ovarian carcinoma. Int J Mol Sci 2011; 12:6781-95. [PMID: 22072919 PMCID: PMC3211010 DOI: 10.3390/ijms12106781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2011] [Revised: 09/26/2011] [Accepted: 09/30/2011] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aimed to measure and correlate the expression of insulin-like growth factor receptor-1 (IGF-1R) and the Lewis(y) antigen in ovarian cancer cell lines and tissue samples. METHODS Reverse transcriptase PCR (RT-PCR), Western blotting, immunoprecipitation, immunohistochemistry, and immunofluorescence double-labeling techniques were applied to detect and measure the expression of Lewis(y) and IGF-1R. RESULTS In α1,2-fucosyltransferase (α1,2-FT)-transfected cells, IGF-1R expression was significantly upregulated compared with cells that do not overexpress α1,2-FT (P < 0.05). The amount of Lewis(y) expressed on IGF-1R increased 1.81-fold in α1,2-FT-overexpressing cells (P < 0.05), but the ratio of Lewis(y) expressed on IGF-1R to total IGF-1R was unaltered between two cells (P > 0.05). In malignant epithelial ovarian tumors, the positivity rates of Lewis(y) and IGF-1R detection were 88.3% and 93.33%, respectively, which is higher than the positivity rates in marginal (60.00% and 63.33%, all P < 0.05), benign (33.00% and 53.33%, all P < 0.01), and normal (0% and 40%, all P < 0.01) ovarian samples. No correlations were detected in positivity rates of Lewis(y) or IGF-1R expression with respect to clinicopathological parameters in ovarian cancers (all P > 0.05). Both IGF-1R and Lewis(y) were highly expressed in ovarian cancer tissues, and their expression levels were positively correlated (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION Overexpression of Lewis(y) results in overexpression of IGF-1R. Both IGF-1R and Lewis(y) are associated with the occurrence and development of ovarian cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dawo Liu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shengjing Hospital Affiliated to China Medical University, Shenyang 110004, China; E-Mails: (D.L.); (J.L.); (Q.L.); (Y.H.); (S.Z.)
| | - Juanjuan Liu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shengjing Hospital Affiliated to China Medical University, Shenyang 110004, China; E-Mails: (D.L.); (J.L.); (Q.L.); (Y.H.); (S.Z.)
| | - Changzhi Wang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116027, China; E-Mail:
| | - Bei Lin
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shengjing Hospital Affiliated to China Medical University, Shenyang 110004, China; E-Mails: (D.L.); (J.L.); (Q.L.); (Y.H.); (S.Z.)
| | - Qing Liu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shengjing Hospital Affiliated to China Medical University, Shenyang 110004, China; E-Mails: (D.L.); (J.L.); (Q.L.); (Y.H.); (S.Z.)
| | - Yingying Hao
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shengjing Hospital Affiliated to China Medical University, Shenyang 110004, China; E-Mails: (D.L.); (J.L.); (Q.L.); (Y.H.); (S.Z.)
| | - Shulan Zhang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shengjing Hospital Affiliated to China Medical University, Shenyang 110004, China; E-Mails: (D.L.); (J.L.); (Q.L.); (Y.H.); (S.Z.)
| | - Masao Iwamori
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Kinki University, 3-4-1 Kowakae, Higashiosaka, Osaka 577-8502, Japan; E-Mail:
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