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Maghsood AH, Kayedimajd S, Motavallihaghi S, Abedian R, Kordi S, Davoodi L, Faizi F, Soleymani E. Irritable Bowel Syndrome Associated with Blastocystis hominis or Without Relationship to It? A Case-Control Study and Minireview. Acta Parasitol 2024; 69:639-647. [PMID: 38300499 DOI: 10.1007/s11686-023-00787-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 02/02/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Blastocystis hominis (B. hominis) is a protozoan parasite that has a worldwide distribution. Some studies have suggested a link between B. hominis and the development of irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). The objective of this study was to determine the prevalence of B. hominis in patients with IBS compared to healthy individuals. MATERIAL AND METHODS A total of 65 stool samples from patients with IBS and 65 samples from healthy individuals in northern Iran were examined. The samples were tested using various methods including direct smear, formalin ether sedimentation and culture to detect the presence of B. hominis. Additionally, polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was performed on all culture-positive isolates to confirm the results and identify the genotype. RESULTS B. hominis was detected in 15.38% of IBS patients and 9.2% of the healthy group. The culture in RPMI1640 was found to be better than the formalin ether and direct smear methods. Positive samples were confirmed using the molecular method. No significant difference was observed in the order of B. hominis infection between the two groups. CONCLUSIONS The results of our study indicate that no significant difference was observed in the order of B. hominis infection between IBS patients and healthy groups. Therefore, further study is necessary to determine the potential pathogenic effects of this parasite and its role in causing IBS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir Hossein Maghsood
- Department of Medical Mycology and Parasitology, School of Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Science, Hamadan, Iran
| | | | - Seyedmousa Motavallihaghi
- Department of Medical Mycology and Parasitology, School of Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Science, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Rohallah Abedian
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Antimicrobial Resistance Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Shirafkan Kordi
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Antimicrobial Resistance Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Lotfollah Davoodi
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Antimicrobial Resistance Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Fariba Faizi
- Department of Medical Mycology and Parasitology, School of Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Science, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Eissa Soleymani
- Department of Medical Mycology and Parasitology, School of Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Science, Hamadan, Iran.
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Rudzińska M, Sikorska K. Epidemiology of Blastocystis Infection: A Review of Data from Poland in Relation to Other Reports. Pathogens 2023; 12:1050. [PMID: 37624010 PMCID: PMC10458783 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12081050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Revised: 08/10/2023] [Accepted: 08/12/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Blastocystis is a common gut protist of humans and various animals worldwide, with a high level of genetic diversity. Neither its zoonotic potential and transmission routes nor its pathogenicity are fully known. This fact, and the fact that Blastocystis is the most abundant eukaryote in human faeces, raises the question of its relevance to public health. Here, we summarise (in relation to other reports) the results of studies on the prevalence and genotypic variation of Blastocystis, which were carried out in animals, humans, and in water environments in Poland. In humans, the prevalence ranged between 0.14 and 23.6%, in some animals reached 58.97%, and in water environments was 5.1%. Seven subtypes were identified in humans (ST1-ST4, ST6, ST7, and ST9), of which ST3 was the most common. Among animals (wild, livestock, and pet animals), eleven STs were identified, with differential host specificity. Humans and animals shared ST1, ST2, ST3, ST6, and ST7, while ST1 and ST3 were present in humans, animals, and water sources. These observations indicate the possibility of Blastocystis transmission between animals and humans. Further studies should be continued in search of the sources and transmission routes of Blastocystis in order to prevent the spread of infections among humans and animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Rudzińska
- Department of Tropical Medicine and Epidemiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Medical University of Gdańsk, 80-210 Gdańsk, Poland;
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Argüello-García R, Carrero JC, Ortega-Pierres MG. Extracellular Cysteine Proteases of Key Intestinal Protozoan Pathogens-Factors Linked to Virulence and Pathogenicity. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:12850. [PMID: 37629029 PMCID: PMC10454693 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241612850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2023] [Revised: 08/07/2023] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Intestinal diseases caused by protistan parasites of the genera Giardia (giardiasis), Entamoeba (amoebiasis), Cryptosporidium (cryptosporidiosis) and Blastocystis (blastocystosis) represent a major burden in human and animal populations worldwide due to the severity of diarrhea and/or inflammation in susceptible hosts. These pathogens interact with epithelial cells, promoting increased paracellular permeability and enterocyte cell death (mainly apoptosis), which precede physiological and immunological disorders. Some cell-surface-anchored and molecules secreted from these parasites function as virulence markers, of which peptide hydrolases, particularly cysteine proteases (CPs), are abundant and have versatile lytic activities. Upon secretion, CPs can affect host tissues and immune responses beyond the site of parasite colonization, thereby increasing the pathogens' virulence. The four intestinal protists considered here are known to secrete predominantly clan A (C1- and C2-type) CPs, some of which have been characterized. CPs of Giardia duodenalis (e.g., Giardipain-1) and Entamoeba histolytica (EhCPs 1-6 and EhCP112) degrade mucin and villin, cause damage to intercellular junction proteins, induce apoptosis in epithelial cells and degrade immunoglobulins, cytokines and defensins. In Cryptosporidium, five Cryptopains are encoded in its genome, but only Cryptopains 4 and 5 are likely secreted. In Blastocystis sp., a legumain-activated CP, called Blastopain-1, and legumain itself have been detected in the extracellular medium, and the former has similar adverse effects on epithelial integrity and enterocyte survival. Due to their different functions, these enzymes could represent novel drug targets. Indeed, some promising results with CP inhibitors, such as vinyl sulfones (K11777 and WRR605), the garlic derivative, allicin, and purified amoebic CPs have been obtained in experimental models, suggesting that these enzymes might be useful drug targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raúl Argüello-García
- Departamento de Genética y Biología Molecular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, México City 07360, Mexico;
| | - Julio César Carrero
- Departamento de Inmunología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), México City 04510, Mexico
| | - M. Guadalupe Ortega-Pierres
- Departamento de Genética y Biología Molecular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, México City 07360, Mexico;
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Kumarasamy V, Rajamanikam A, Anbazhagan D, Atroosh WM, Azzani M, Subramaniyan V, Abdullah SR. Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis: Epidemiology of Human Blastocystis spp. Infection in Malaysia. Trop Med Infect Dis 2023; 8:415. [PMID: 37624353 PMCID: PMC10457748 DOI: 10.3390/tropicalmed8080415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2023] [Revised: 07/29/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Blastocystis spp. is a unicellular enteric protozoan parasite in humans with a controversial role in disease etiology. It is common in developing countries among immunocompromised patients and people who have close contact with animals. In this study, we have systematically reviewed previous studies on the distribution and genotypes of human Blastocystis infection in Peninsular Malaysia. Studies examining the prevalence of Blastocystis in diverse demographics, including rural, urban, comorbid conditions, and high-risk populations, were taken into consideration. The infection has been reported in nine states; the total percentage of infection was 17.8% (1671/9397), with the most cases in Pahang (27.3%) and the least in Johor (3.4%). Molecular studies revealed the presence of six subtypes: ST1, ST2, ST3, ST4, ST5, and ST6. ST3 was reported as the predominant subtype in all the states, with a prevalence of 54.7% (338/618). The findings provide greater clarity on the epidemiology of Blastocystis in Malaysia, which will help in policy making towards planning and strategizing control measures against the parasite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinoth Kumarasamy
- Department of Parasitology & Medical Entomology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Jalan Yaacob Latif, Cheras, Kuala Lumpur 56000, Malaysia;
| | - Arutchelvan Rajamanikam
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia
| | - Deepa Anbazhagan
- Department of Medical Microbiology, International Medical School (IMS), Management & Science University (MSU), Shah Alam 40100, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Wahib Mohammed Atroosh
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia
| | - Meram Azzani
- Department of Public Health Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Sungai Buloh 47000, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Vetriselvan Subramaniyan
- Pharmacology Unit, Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University, Jalan Lagoon Selatan, Bandar Sunway 47500, Selangor, Malaysia
- Center for Transdisciplinary Research, Department of Pharmacology, Saveetha Dental College, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha University, Chennai 600077, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Syamsa Rizal Abdullah
- Department of Parasitology & Medical Entomology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Jalan Yaacob Latif, Cheras, Kuala Lumpur 56000, Malaysia;
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Schawaller M, Wiemer D, Hagen RM, Frickmann H. Infectious diseases in German military personnel after predominantly tropical deployments: a retrospective assessment over 13 years. BMJ Mil Health 2023; 169:146-151. [PMID: 33257519 DOI: 10.1136/bmjmilitary-2020-001575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Revised: 11/11/2020] [Accepted: 11/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Military deployments to the tropics are associated with specific infection risks. To add to the available epidemiological information, infectious disease risks in German military personnel returning from predominantly tropical deployments were assessed. METHODS Since 2006, German soldiers returning from predominantly tropical deployments have been offered the opportunity of returnee screenings at the Department of Tropical Medicine and Infectious Diseases of the Bundeswehr Hospital Hamburg. Case files and diagnostic results recorded between 2006 and 2018 were retrospectively assessed to identify deployment-associated infectious disease risks. RESULTS Along with high enteric colonisation rates with apathogenic protozoa and resistant Enterobacteriaceae, direct or indirect proof of infections among the 764 assessed cases comprised Plasmodium spp (n=37), Giardia duodenalis (n=21), Schistosoma spp (n=14), Yersinia enterocolitica (n=5), Strongyloides stercoralis (n=3), Campylobacter jejuni (n=1), Leishmania spp (n=1) and Salmonella enterica (n=1), as well as latent infections with Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (n=8). The infections were mainly imported from the African region and Eastern Mediterranean region and high proportions of cases lacked typical symptoms. Reported side effect rates of antimalarial chemoprophylaxis for mefloquine (n=121), atovaquone/proguanil (n=49) and doxycycline (n=6) were 36.3%, 19.3% and 11.8%, respectively, while non-compliance rates were 12.9%, 13.0% and 5.9%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Considerable rates of infections with sometimes atypical or absent symptoms confirm a need for returnee screenings after tropical deployments. High reported side effect rates for mefloquine support its replacement by atovaquone/proguanil or doxycycline for antimalarial chemoprophylaxis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marius Schawaller
- Department of Tropical Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Bundeswehrkrankenhaus Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - D Wiemer
- Department of Tropical Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Bundeswehrkrankenhaus Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - R M Hagen
- Department of Microbiology and Hospital Hygiene, Bundeswehrzentralkrankenhaus Koblenz, Koblenz, Germany
| | - H Frickmann
- Department of Microbiology and Hospital Hygiene, Bundeswehrkrankenhaus Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Virology and Hygiene, Universitätsmedizin Rostock, Rostock, Germany
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Ahmed SA, Kotepui M, Masangkay FR, Milanez GD, Karanis P. Gastrointestinal parasites in Africa: A review. ADVANCES IN PARASITOLOGY 2023; 119:1-64. [PMID: 36707173 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apar.2022.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Data on human gastrointestinal parasites (GIP) infections in the african sub-regions and countries are mainly lacking in terms of prevalence and population stratification by afflicted age group, symptomatology, multi-parasitism, and diagnostic methods. This study aims to describe the GIP reported in african countries and discuss the extent of the burden in the african context. Only 68.42% (39/57) of african countries reported human cases of GIP with helminths (45%, CI: 40-50%, I2: 99.79%) as the predominant parasitic group infecting the african population. On a regional scale, Central Africa had the highest pooled prevalence for GIP (43%, CI: 32-54%, I2: 99.74%), while the Central African Republic led all countries with a pooled prevalence of 90% (CI: 89-92%, I2: 99.96%). The vulnerable population (patients who are minorities, children, old, poor, underfunded, or have particular medical conditions) was the most affected (50%, CI: 37-62%, I2: 99.33%), with the predominance of GIP in the 6 to <20 years age group (48%, CI: 43-54%, I2: 99.68%). Reports on multi-parasitism (44%, CI: 40-48%, I2: 99.73%) were almost double the reports of single infections (43%, CI: 27-59%, I2: 99.77%) with combined molecular and non-molecular techniques demonstrating the best performance for GIP identification. The current review spans more than 40 years of GIP reports from the african continent. Geographical characteristics, environmental factors, habits of its inhabitants, and their health status play a crucial role in GIP modulation and behaviour in its captive hosts. Strategies for regular and enhanced surveillance, policy formation, and high-level community awareness are necessary to identify the true incidence in Africa and the transmission of the pathogens via water and food.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahira A Ahmed
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt
| | - Manas Kotepui
- Medical Technology Program, School of Allied Health Sciences, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat, Thailand
| | - Frederick R Masangkay
- Department of Medical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Santo Tomas, Manila, Philippines
| | - Giovanni D Milanez
- Department of Medical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Santo Tomas, Manila, Philippines
| | - Panagiotis Karanis
- University of Cologne, Medical Faculty and University Hospital, Cologne, Germany; University of Nicosia Medical School, Nicosia, Cyprus.
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Fernández LS, González PC, Flores AM, Marín PC, García PA. [Microscopy vs. molecular biology in the diagnosis of intestinal protozoal infections, is it time for a change?]. REVISTA ESPANOLA DE QUIMIOTERAPIA : PUBLICACION OFICIAL DE LA SOCIEDAD ESPANOLA DE QUIMIOTERAPIA 2023; 36:88-91. [PMID: 36453171 PMCID: PMC9910676 DOI: 10.37201/req/088.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Microscopic examination of the intestinal parasites, from the patient's concentrated feces, has a lower sensitivity when compared to molecular diagnostic techniques. Therefore, the objective of this study has been to compare both techniques, as well as to evaluate whether there is a correlation between the microscopic examination and the threshold cycles (Ct) obtained for Blastocystis hominis. METHODS Retrospective study of the samples received in the Microbiology laboratory during September 2021. The MiniParasep SF® concentration test was performed for microscopic visualization and then PCR was performed with the Seegene AllplexTM Parasite Assay panel. RESULTS A 27% (n=74) of the samples were positive by molecular diagnosis, with a total of 87 parasites detected. 53% (n=39) were women with a mean age of 47 ± 24 years. In 76% (n=56) of the cases the service of origin was Primary Care. The most frequently found parasite was B. hominis, 85% (n=64), followed by Dientamoeba fragilis 20% (n=15) and Giardia lamblia 11% (n=8). Co-infection by two parasites was detected in 13 cases (B. hominis + D. fragilis in 6 cases, and B. hominis + G. lamblia in 7 cases). In the microscopic diagnosis, 9.5% (n=26) positivity was obtained. The most frequently found parasite was B. hominis, 84% (n=23), followed by G. lamblia, which was seen in three cases by microscopy. D. fragilis was not seen in any case. Coinfection of B. hominis + G. lamblia was observed in one sample. CONCLUSIONS Techniques for molecular diagnosis of intestinal parasites are fast, reliable and more sensitive than microscopic techniques, improving microbiological diagnosis and quality of care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Sante Fernández
- Correspondencia: Laura Sante Fernández Servicio de Microbiología. Hospital Universitario Lucus Augusti (Lugo). C/ Rúa Dr. Ulises Romero, 1. C.P.: 27003, Lugo, España E-mail:
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Su C, Mei X, Feng X, Zhang F, Wang P, He B, Xu F, Yang Z, Tian X, Zhang Z, Li X, Wang S. Prevalence and molecular subtyping of Blastocystis sp. in rabbits in Henan, Central China. Folia Parasitol (Praha) 2022; 69. [DOI: 10.14411/fp.2022.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2022] [Accepted: 08/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Tilahun Wassie S, Marye Yimam S, Birhanu Fentaw T. Fertility desire of HIV-positive men and women in public health hospitals. SAGE Open Med 2022; 10:20503121221124755. [PMID: 36147871 PMCID: PMC9486265 DOI: 10.1177/20503121221124755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: Despite the increased emphasis on antiretroviral therapy and other healthcare
services for HIV-infected individuals, issues of fertility desire have
received relatively little attention. In particular, little is known about
actual fertility desire and determinants of fertility desires among
HIV-infected women and men receiving antiretroviral therapy. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among HIV-positive individuals in
public health hospitals of Addis Ababa City from 1 October to 30 November
2021. A pretested structured questionnaire was used to collect the data with
a consecutive sampling technique. EpiData 4.6.2 and SPSS 25 were used for
data entry and analysis. Bivariate and multivariable logistic regression
analyses were done to identify factors associated with fertility desire. An
adjusted odds ratio with a 95% confidence interval was computed for data
interpretation. A p value of ⩽0.05 was considered to be
statistically significant. Result: Among 400 participants, 55% (95% confidence interval = 50%, 60%) have future
fertility desire. Factors like age less than 35 years (adjusted odds
ratio = 24.03, 95% confidence interval = 9.99, 57.83), a secondary education
level (adjusted odds ratio = 2.78, 95% confidence interval = 1.21, 6.40),
being married (adjusted odds ratio = 2.89, 95% confidence interval = 1.39,
5.99), being employed (adjusted odds ratio = 3.12, 95% confidence interval =
1.56, 6.24), being diagnosed with HIV in the past 1 year (adjusted odds
ratio = 4.02, 95% confidence interval 2.07, 7.80) or past 2–4 years
(adjusted odds ratio = 9.80, 95% confidence interval = 3.89, 26.02) have a
significant association with future fertility desire. Respondents using
contraceptives were 90.9% less likely to have future fertility desire
(adjusted odds ratio = 0.09, 95% confidence interval = 0.05, 0.18). Conclusion: The magnitude of future fertility desire was founded high. Further research
on this topic should include qualitative studies to provide a deeper
understanding of people living with HIV fertility desires.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Shimels Marye Yimam
- Department of Midwifery, St. Paul's Hospital Millennium Medical College, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
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Prevalence and Associated Factors of Blastocystis sp. Infection in Patients with Gastrointestinal Symptoms in Spain: A Case-Control Study. Trop Med Infect Dis 2022; 7:tropicalmed7090226. [PMID: 36136637 PMCID: PMC9503631 DOI: 10.3390/tropicalmed7090226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2022] [Revised: 08/29/2022] [Accepted: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Blastocystis sp. is known to be the most prevalent parasite in fecal samples of humans worldwide. In the present report, a case–control study (1:9.89 (≈10)) was performed, by analyzing data from 3682 patients who attended a public hospital in the northern area of Spain showing gastrointestinal symptoms. Diagnosis was performed in human fecal samples by means of optical microscopy. The prevalence of Blastocystis sp. in patients with gastrointestinal symptoms was 9.18% (338/3682). Most of the Blastocystis sp.-infected patients tested negative for protozoa and helminths, and were underweight and foreign-born (26.4%), mainly from Africa and Central/South America. Gastrointestinal symptoms, such as abdominal pain, anorexia, halitosis, plus relative eosinophilia, as well as co-infections with pathogenic bacteria were associated with Blastocystis sp. infection. Both type 2 diabetes and treatment with immunosuppressive medicines at the time of Blastocystis sp. detection were associated with a higher proportion of infected patients. This is the first case–control study of Blastocystis sp. in humans in northern Spain and may contribute to surveillance and intervention strategies by public health authorities.
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Alqarni AS, Wakid MH, Gattan HS. Prevalence, type of infections and comparative analysis of detection techniques of intestinal parasites in the province of Belgarn, Saudi Arabia. PeerJ 2022; 10:e13889. [PMID: 35975233 PMCID: PMC9375965 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.13889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The study was conducted to observe the prevalence and type of infection caused by intestinal parasites and to compare the techniques that are available for the detection. Method A total of 112 stool samples were obtained from study participants, and the laboratory examinations were performed at Special Infectious Agents Unit, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah. One hundred and twelve participants were included in this study. Result The color of positive specimens was mainly brown (86.4%). Stool consistency in infected cases was soft in (64%) samples. There was no statistically significant difference with the physical characteristics of the stool (P > 0.05). In total, 59 of the 112 participants were infected with intestinal parasites, representing 52.7%. Different intestinal protozoa parasites were identified in which Blastocystis hominis (86.4%) was highest. None of the intestinal helminths were detected. Out of the 59 infected cases, single infections were found in (62.7%) samples. The intestinal protozoan parasites in single infections were B. hominis (78.4%), Giardia lamblia (8.1%), and (2.7%) from each Entamoeba histolytica, Cryptosporidium parvum, Entamoeba coli, Endolimax nana, and Chilomastix mesnili. Microscopy, RDTs, and real-time PCR were used for detection and identification of G. lamblia, E. histolytica, and C. parvum. Conclusion The study reported a high rate of intestinal parasitic infections, mainly with B. hominis. There were no statistical differences in parasite detection between the three techniques in detection of the thirteen cases infected with the pathogenic protozoa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdulrahman S. Alqarni
- Health Affairs, Sabt Al-Alaya General Hospital, Directorate of Health Affairs, Ministry of Health, Bisha, Saudi Arabia
| | - Majed H. Wakid
- Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia,Special Infectious Agents Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hattan S. Gattan
- Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia,Special Infectious Agents Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
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Shams M, Asghari A, Baniasad M, Shamsi L, Sadrebazzaz A. Blastocystis sp. in Small Ruminants: A Universal Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Acta Parasitol 2022; 67:1073-1085. [PMID: 35834160 DOI: 10.1007/s11686-022-00589-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2022] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The present review was done to evaluate the prevalence and subtype distribution of Blastocystis infection among small ruminants, at a global perspective. METHODS Systematic search was performed in PubMed, Scopus, Google Scholar, and Web of Science until 30th January 2022 and total estimates along with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were computed using a random-effects model. RESULTS Ultimately, the required data were extracted from 25 papers including 19 datasets for each animal. Among 3125 sheep, the Blastocystis prevalence was 25.3% (95% CI 16.1-37.4%) (10 countries), being lower in comparison to that in 2869 examined goats [20.5% (95% CI 11-35.1%)] (12 countries). Regarding STs distribution, fourteen genetically diverse STs of Blastocystis (ST1-ST5, ST7, ST10, ST12, ST14, ST15, ST21, ST23, ST24, ST26) have been reported in sheep, and the highest pooled prevalence was related to ST10 [11 datasets, 57.8% (95% CI 43.7-70.8%)], followed by ST14 [8 datasets, 28.4% (95% CI 20.2-38.4%)], and ST7 [2 datasets, 21.1% (95% CI 4.5-60.3%)]. Compared to sheep, more STs (ST1, ST3-ST7, ST10, ST12, ST14, ST21, ST23-ST26, and ST32) were reported from goats, and the highest weighted frequency was related to ST10 [6 datasets, 45.1% (95% CI: 25.6-66.2%)], followed by ST7 [2 datasets, 40.4% (95% CI 30-51.7%)], and ST14 [4 datasets, 29% (95% CI 15.5-47.7%)]. Out of ten known zoonotic STs reported for Blastocystis (ST1-ST9, and ST12), 7 were isolated from sheep (ST1-ST5, ST7, and ST12) and 7 were reported from goats (ST1, ST3-ST7, ST12). CONCLUSIONS Overall, Blastocystis epidemiology in sheep and goats is yet to be elucidated and demands more comprehensive studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morteza Shams
- Zoonotic Diseases Research Center, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam, Iran
| | - Ali Asghari
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
| | - Maryam Baniasad
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Laya Shamsi
- Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran
| | - Alireza Sadrebazzaz
- Razi Vaccine and Serum Research Institute, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization, Mashhad, Iran
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Su C, Mei X, Wei L, Zhang F, Wang J, Chang Y, Wang M, Tian X, Zhang Z, Li X, Wang S. First Report of Blastocystis spp. Infection in Pet Birds in Henan Province, Central China. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 2022; 22:370-381. [PMID: 35834663 DOI: 10.1089/vbz.2021.0104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Blastocystis spp. are common intestinal parasites found in humans and many kinds of animals. Blastocystis spp. infection is associated with a variety of symptoms, including diarrhea, abdominal pain, and chronic urticaria, among which asymptomatic infection is the most common. Among the 11 potentially zoonotic subtypes of Blastocystis spp., 9 subtypes have been reported in bird species. The purpose of this study was to detect the infection rate and gene subtype distribution of Blastocystis spp. in pet birds in Henan Province, Central China, to provide a foundation for preventing and controlling Blastocystis spp. in pet birds. Fecal DNA was extracted from 382 fresh fecal samples of pet birds collected from five areas in Henan Province, Central China. Twenty-three species of pet birds from four orders, from local pet trading markets, parks, and individuals, were sampled. All DNA samples were investigated by PCR, and positive samples were sequenced to analyze the gene subtypes based on the small ribosomal subunit (SSU rRNA) gene. Blastocystis spp. was detected in 0.8% of the samples. Further DNA sequencing and phylogenetic analyses resulted in the identification of two known zoonotic subtypes, ST1 (n = 2) and ST7 (n = 1). As far as we know, this is the first time that ST1 subtype has been reported in Chinese birds. It is found that pet birds may be the hosts of zoonotic Blastocystis spp. subtypes, and the role of birds in transmitting Blastocystis spp. to humans needs to be further studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changwei Su
- Xinxiang Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Biology, Department of Pathogenic Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, P.R. China
| | - Xuefang Mei
- Xinxiang Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Biology, Department of Pathogenic Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, P.R. China
| | - Lai Wei
- Xinxiang Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Biology, Department of Pathogenic Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, P.R. China
| | - Fuqiang Zhang
- Xinxiang Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Biology, Department of Pathogenic Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, P.R. China
| | - Jiawen Wang
- Xinxiang Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Biology, Department of Pathogenic Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, P.R. China
| | - Yuan Chang
- Xinxiang Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Biology, Department of Pathogenic Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, P.R. China
| | - Mingyong Wang
- Xinxiang Key Laboratory of Immunoregulationand Molecular Diagnostics, School of Laboratory Medicine, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, P.R. China
| | - Xiaowei Tian
- Xinxiang Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Biology, Department of Pathogenic Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, P.R. China
| | - Zhenchao Zhang
- Xinxiang Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Biology, Department of Pathogenic Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, P.R. China
| | - Xiangrui Li
- Xinxiang Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Biology, Department of Pathogenic Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, P.R. China.,MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, P.R. China
| | - Shuai Wang
- Xinxiang Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Biology, Department of Pathogenic Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, P.R. China
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14
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Taghipour A, Rayatdoost E, Bairami A, Bahadory S, Abdoli A. Are Blastocystis hominis and Cryptosporidium spp. playing a positive role in colorectal cancer risk? A systematic review and meta-analysis. Infect Agent Cancer 2022; 17:32. [PMID: 35715853 PMCID: PMC9206311 DOI: 10.1186/s13027-022-00447-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 06/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Intestinal protozoa Blastocystis hominis and Cryptosporidium spp. are two influential factors in intestinal complications and malignancies. In present study, we estimated the pooled prevalence and odds ratio (OR) of the two parasites in colorectal cancer (CRC) patients and their possible association with the deadly disease. Method Our systematic search was conducted for published researches between January 1, 2000 and April 30, 2022 by using four international databases include Scopus, PubMed, and Web of Science as well as Google scholar search engine. The random- and fixed-effects models were used to estimate the pooled prevalence, OR, and 95% confidence interval (CI) by comprehensive meta-analysis (V2.2, Bio stat) software. Inclusion and exclusion criteria were applied. Results Thirteen papers (seven case–control and six cross-sectional studies) for B. hominis/CRC and six papers (two case–control and four cross-sectional studies) for Cryptosporidium spp./CRC were eligible to include in data synthesis. Pooled prevalence of B. hominis and Cryptosporidium spp. in CRC patients was calculated to be 26.8% (95% CI 19.4–35.7%) and 12.7% (95% CI 6.8–22.5%), respectively. Based on case–control studies, significant difference was found between case and controls in both protozoa (B. hominis OR 2.10; 95% CI 1.39–3.18% vs. Cryptosporidium spp. OR 5.06; 95% CI 1.8–13.6%). Considering the Blastocystis subtypes, ST1 (5/6; 83.33% studies) and ST3 (5/6; 83.33% studies) had the highest number of reports in CRC patients. Regarding the Cryptosporidium species, only C. parvum and C. hominis were reported. Conclusion Given the significant prevalence of both parasites in CRC patients and their statistically significant association, there is a need to pay more attention to these two intestinal parasites in under treatment patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Taghipour
- Zoonoses Research Center, Jahrom University of Medical Sciences, Jahrom, Iran.
| | - Esmail Rayatdoost
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Jahrom University of Medical Sciences, Jahrom, Iran.
| | - Amir Bairami
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran
| | - Saeed Bahadory
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Amir Abdoli
- Zoonoses Research Center, Jahrom University of Medical Sciences, Jahrom, Iran.,Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, Jahrom University of Medical Sciences, Jahrom, Iran
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15
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Ali SH, Ismail MAM, El-Badry AA, Abu-Sarea EY, Dewidar AM, Hamdy DA. An Association Between Blastocystis Subtypes and Colorectal Cancer Patients: A Significant Different Profile from Non-cancer Individuals. Acta Parasitol 2022; 67:752-763. [PMID: 35067864 PMCID: PMC8784229 DOI: 10.1007/s11686-021-00508-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2021] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Blastocystis is a common enteric human parasite of non-conclusive pathogenicity which may be determined by subtype (ST) variation. Colorectal cancer (CRC) is considered one of the primary causes of cancer mortality. Blastocystis ST7 has been shown to reduce beneficial intestinal microbiota and may exacerbate CRC. This study assessed the possible association between Blastocystis STs and CRC in comparison to non-cancer patients. MATERIAL AND METHODS A total of 200 fecal samples were obtained from CRC (100) and non-CRC (100) individuals attending Beni-Suef University Hospital, Egypt. Blastocystis was searched for in all samples using microscopy and culturing. Positive subculture samples were genetically sequenced and subtyped using conventional polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Blastocystis STs were determined by sequencing and a phylogenetic tree was created. Related patient characteristics and tumor stages were analyzed for association with presence of Blastocystis. RESULTS Blastocystis was identified in 52% and 42% of CRC and non-cancer individuals, respectively. ST1, 2, and 3 were isolated from both cancer and non-cancer individuals; however, for the first time, ST7 was only isolated from CRC stool samples with significant association. Associated patient characteristics were evaluated as predictors. CONCLUSION Blastocystosis is highly prevalent in CRC patients, predominantly in the latest CRC grades and stages. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to report the identification of Blastocystis ST7 in CRC patients. To determine whether certain STs of Blastocystis are associated with CRC would require further research, including the role played by gut microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaimaa H. Ali
- Department of Medical Parasitology, College of Medicine, Beni-Suef University, Beni Suef, Egypt
| | - Mousa A. M. Ismail
- Department of Medical Parasitology, College of Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| | - Ayman A. El-Badry
- Department of Microbiology-Medical Parasitology Section, College of Medicine, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - Enas Y. Abu-Sarea
- Department of Medical Parasitology, College of Medicine, Beni-Suef University, Beni Suef, Egypt
| | - Ahmad M. Dewidar
- Department of Oncology, College of Medicine, Beni-Suef University, Beni Suef, Egypt
| | - Doaa A. Hamdy
- Department of Medical Parasitology, College of Medicine, Beni-Suef University, Beni Suef, Egypt
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16
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Anti-blastocystosis activity of antioxidant coated ZIF-8 combined with mesoporous silicas MCM-41 and KIT-6. Sci Rep 2022; 12:6403. [PMID: 35431315 PMCID: PMC9013716 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-10397-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2021] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The biocompatible hybrid Zeolitic imidazolate framework-8 (ZIF-8)/structured silica nanocomposite can be loaded with antioxidants such as curcumin and resveratrol to offer multiple advantages of drug functionalization and structural stability. blastocystosis, an enteric parasite, has various outcomes and its treatment includes drugs which have side effects and do not result in a full cure. We aimed to design novel biocompatible nanocomposites containing natural antioxidant, resveratrol or curcumin and ZIF-8/mesoporous silica. We also assessed their anti-blastocystosis activities as bioactive novel nanocomposites. The nano-silica (MCM-41 and KIT-6) was synthesized using a hydrothermal technique and made composite with ZIF-8 using an ultrasonic technique. The antioxidants, curcumin and resveratrol, were loaded over ZIF-8/MCM-41 and ZIF-8/KIT-6 using a rotary evaporator technique to form novel nanocomposites with bioactive properties. The formulated nanocomposites were characterized. To test their biological activity, suspension of cultured blastocystosis cysts (subtype 3) were exposed to increasing concentrations of nanocomposites and the minimal lethal concentration of each nanocomposite was calculated. The bioactive nanocomposites (ZIF-8/KIT-6, ZIF-8/KIT-6/Resveratrol and ZIF-8/MCM-41/Curcumin) were formulated. Anti-blastocystosis activity of the tested nanocomposites was both dose and time dependent. ZIF-8/KIT-6/Resveratol showed the maximum percentage of growth inhibition (~ 100%) at a concentration of 500 µg/ml after 5 h of exposure. More than 90% of blastocystosis cysts’ growth was significantly inhibited at all concentrations of ZIF-8/MCM-41/Curcumin, with different times of exposure, while it occurred only at the highest concentration of ZIF-8/KIT-6 (800 µg/ml). Using cheap, simple, reproducible and scalable techniques, we nano-formulated innovative bioactive nanocomposites, by incorporating the bioactive ZIF-8 (Zn2+ with imidazole), structured mesosilica and natural antioxidant compounds, curcumin or resveratrol, to generate multifunctional modalities. These eco-friendly, naturally based, safe, economical, biocompatible, and bioavailable nanocomposites are potential nanotherapeutics. The anti-blastocystosis results of these three nanocomposites indicate their potentially promising innovative and safe use as alternative Blastocystosis therapies.
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17
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Wakid MH, Aldahhasi WT, Alsulami MN, El-Kady AM, Elshabrawy HA. Identification and Genetic Characterization of Blastocystis Species in Patients from Makkah, Saudi Arabia. Infect Drug Resist 2022; 15:491-501. [PMID: 35360371 PMCID: PMC8963194 DOI: 10.2147/idr.s347220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2021] [Accepted: 01/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Blastocystis species (sp.) are gastrointestinal protozoan parasites with high prevalence rates worldwide. Blastocystis sp. show extensive genetic diversity with 17 different subtypes (STs) described to date. A few studies have investigated the prevalence and STs of Blastocystis sp. in Makkah, Saudi Arabia. Therefore, we aimed in this study to identify and characterize subtypes of Blastocystis sp. in the City of Makkah, Saudi Arabia. Methods Stool samples were collected from 140 patients who presented to King Abdulaziz Hospital, Hera General Hospital and Modern Medical Center in Saudi Arabia. Different microscopic examination methods of patients’ stools and molecular analyses (using primers targeting SSU rRNA gene) were performed to identify and characterize STs of Blastocystis sp. Results Our microscopic examination of stool samples showed that 96/140 patients (68.6%) had Blastocystis sp. infection. Clinical examination of infected patients revealed that 81 patients were symptomatic, whereas 15 were asymptomatic. Next, we isolated DNA from Blastocystis sp.-positive stool samples followed by PCR amplification of small-subunit ribosomal RNA (SSU rRNA) gene and sequence analysis. Our sequence analysis showed that subtype 3 (ST3) was the most prevalent (53.13%) followed by subtype 1 (ST1) (45.83%), whereas subtype 2 (ST2) was the least prevalent (1.04%). Moreover, our results showed that all three STs resulted in more symptomatic than asymptomatic cases. Finally, we identified novel haplotypes which comprised of 8 ST3, 6 ST1, and one ST2 haplotypes. Conclusion Our identification of several haplotypes in patients’ stools confirms the genetic diversity of Blastocystis sp. and may explain the reported low host specificity and differential pathogenicity of Blastocystis sp. We believe that additional molecular epidemiological and genomic studies are needed to understand the prevalence and pathogenicity of different subtypes in humans and animal hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Majed H Wakid
- Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, 21589, Saudi Arabia
- Special Infectious Agents Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Waad T Aldahhasi
- Department of Biology, College of Science, University of Jeddah, Jeddah, 21493, Saudi Arabia
| | - Muslimah N Alsulami
- Department of Biology, College of Science, University of Jeddah, Jeddah, 21493, Saudi Arabia
| | - Asmaa M El-Kady
- Department of Medical Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, South Valley University, Qena, 83523, Egypt
- Correspondence: Asmaa M El-Kady; Hatem A Elshabrawy, Email ;
| | - Hatem A Elshabrawy
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, College of Osteopathic Medicine, Sam Houston State University, Conroe, TX, 77304, USA
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18
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Falkowski P, Gaweł A, Bobrek K. Prevalence of Blastocystis in Geese Reproductive Flocks. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12030291. [PMID: 35158615 PMCID: PMC8833460 DOI: 10.3390/ani12030291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Revised: 01/10/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Some diseases may be transmitted from animals to humans, and to prevent this, more studies on controlling infectious agents in animals are needed. We conducted an investigation among reproductive geese flocks to determine the presence of Blastocystis—a protozoan that may infect people and animals. The parasite was present in 46.5% of tested flocks, and there was no correlation between the bird’s age and flock size. Our conclusion is that geese could be the source of infections in humans who have contact with infected birds. Abstract Blastocystis is a unicellular, anaerobic protozoan that has a low specificity for the hosts, and it could be a zoonosis. There are not many data about the occurrence of Blastocystis in bird species, and this study aimed to check the prevalence of Blastocystis infection in reproductive geese flocks. The result obtained showed that a parasite was present in 46.5% of tested flocks. The extensiveness of the Blastocystis invasion in reproductive geese flocks was low because the genetic material of parasites was found only in 7.48% of samples. There was no correlation between the infection and the bird’s age or the flock size. The data obtained showed that geese could be the source of infections in humans who have contact with carriers of the infection.
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Su C, Mei X, Wei L, Wang J, Feng X, Wang P, He B, Chang Y, Xu F, Wang M, Tian X, Zhang Z, Li X, Wang S. Prevalence and molecular subtyping of Blastocystis in domestic pigeons in Henan Province, Central China. J Eukaryot Microbiol 2022; 69:e12888. [PMID: 35007363 DOI: 10.1111/jeu.12888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2021] [Revised: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 12/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Blastocystis is an anaerobic intestinal protozoan parasite found in humans and many kinds of animals that mainly causes diarrhea, abdominal pain and other clinical symptoms. At present, research on the prevalence and subtype diversity of Blastocystis in domestic pigeons is very limited. The purpose of this study was to detect the infection rate and gene subtype distribution of Blastocystis in domestic pigeons in Henan Province, Central China, to provide a foundation for preventing and controlling Blastocystis in domestic pigeons. Fecal DNA was extracted from 504 fresh fecal samples of pigeons collected from 4 areas in Henan Province, Central China. All DNA samples were investigated by polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and positive samples were sequenced to analyze the gene subtypes based on small ribosomal subunit (SSU rRNA) gene. The overall infection rate of Blastocystis in pigeons in Henan Province was 7.7% (39/504). Four subtypes (STs) of Blastocystis were identified including ST1 (2/39, 5.1%), ST3 (16/39, 41.0%), ST4 (1/39, 2.6%) and ST7 (20/39, 51.3%), all of which belonged to zoonotic subtypes, and ST7 was the dominant gene subtype. The results show that Blastocystis infection is common in domestic pigeons in Henan Province, Central China, and the pathogen were zoonotic subtypes. Particular attention should be given to reducing the risk of transmission of Blastocystis from domestic pigeons to humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changwei Su
- Xinxiang Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Biology, Department of Pathogenic Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, 453003, PR China
| | - Xuefang Mei
- Xinxiang Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Biology, Department of Pathogenic Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, 453003, PR China
| | - Lai Wei
- Xinxiang Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Biology, Department of Pathogenic Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, 453003, PR China
| | - Jiawen Wang
- Xinxiang Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Biology, Department of Pathogenic Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, 453003, PR China
| | - Xia Feng
- Xinxiang Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Biology, Department of Pathogenic Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, 453003, PR China
| | - Pei Wang
- Xinxiang Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Biology, Department of Pathogenic Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, 453003, PR China
| | - Bo He
- Xinxiang Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Biology, Department of Pathogenic Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, 453003, PR China
| | - Yuan Chang
- Xinxiang Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Biology, Department of Pathogenic Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, 453003, PR China
| | - Fuyang Xu
- Xinxiang Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Biology, Department of Pathogenic Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, 453003, PR China
| | - Mingyong Wang
- Xinxiang Key Laboratory of Immunoregulation and Molecular Diagnostics, School of Laboratory Medicine, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, 453003, PR China
| | - Xiaowei Tian
- Xinxiang Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Biology, Department of Pathogenic Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, 453003, PR China
| | - Zhenchao Zhang
- Xinxiang Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Biology, Department of Pathogenic Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, 453003, PR China
| | - Xiangrui Li
- Xinxiang Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Biology, Department of Pathogenic Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, 453003, PR China.,MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, PR China
| | - Shuai Wang
- Xinxiang Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Biology, Department of Pathogenic Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, 453003, PR China
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20
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Helenbrook WD, Whipps CM. Molecular Characterization of Blastocystis in Captive and Free-Ranging New World Primates, Platyrrhini. Acta Parasitol 2021; 66:1267-1273. [PMID: 33914238 DOI: 10.1007/s11686-021-00397-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2020] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Blastocystis species are widely distributed micro-eukaryote parasites found in both human and nonhuman primates. Despite having a global distribution, descriptions of Blastocystis subtype diversity in neotropical primates is largely limited to captive animals. The aim of this study was to molecularly characterize the presence of Blastocystis in free-ranging black-headed night monkeys, Aotus nigriceps, and to analyze Blastocystis heterogeneity in primates of the Parvorder Platyrrhini. METHODS We analyzed Blastocystis small sub-unit ribosomal DNA (SSUrDNA) from both A. nigriceps and Azara's night monkey, A. azarae boliviensis, in Southeastern Peru. We also included additional Blastocystis sequence from other neotropical primate studies to explore the distribution and host specificity of Blastocystis subtypes (ST) throughout the neotropics. RESULTS Thirteen percent of A. nigriceps samples were Blastocystis positive. Only ST8 was amplified in A. nigriceps and this partial DNA sequence was highly similar to ST8 sequence previously obtained from a human in Brazil. In our analysis of all available Blastocystis SSU sequences from primates of the Parvorder Platyrrhini, we found 15 monophyletic lineages corresponding to previously described subtypes ST1-ST10, ST12-15, and ST17. CONCLUSIONS Blastocystis SSU sequences amplified from A. nigriceps fecal samples shared high sequence similarity to isolates found in several other neotropical primates, Alouatta palliata, A. caraya, Ateles fusciceps, and Lagothrix. Similar subtypes have been found in human and captive primates which supports the possibility of transmission when in close contact. Expanded sampling of sympatric neotropical primates in the wild will establish whether subtypes and clades are limited to taxonomic group or whether transmission occurs between overlapping species.
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21
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Rudzińska M, Kowalewska B, Waleron M, Kalicki M, Sikorska K, Szostakowska B. Molecular Characterization of Blastocystis from Animals and Their Caregivers at the Gdańsk Zoo (Poland) and the Assessment of Zoonotic Transmission. BIOLOGY 2021; 10:biology10100984. [PMID: 34681082 PMCID: PMC8533498 DOI: 10.3390/biology10100984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2021] [Revised: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 09/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Blastocystis is a highly genetically diverse gut protist commonly found in humans and various animals. The role of animals in human infection is only partly understood. The aim of this study was to determine the host specificity and possibility of zoonotic transmission of this microorganism. Subtypes of Blastocystis isolated from 201 zoo animals and their 35 caregivers were identified by sequencing of the SSU rRNA gene. Blastocystis was found in 26.86% of animal and 17.14% of human samples. Both mammalian (ST1-ST3, ST5, ST8, ST10, ST13, ST14) and non-mammalian subtypes were detected. Of the subtypes found in non-human primates (ST1, ST2, ST3, and ST13), two subtypes (ST1 and ST3) were also detected in humans. The presence of identical ST1 sequences in three monkeys and their caregiver indicates the possibility of direct transmission of Blastocystis between these animals and humans. Detection of ST5 only in wild boars and peccaries, ST8 only in Marsupial, ST10 and ST14 only in Bovidae, and non-mammalian subtypes in reptiles suggests higher host specificity for these subtypes, and indicates that their transmission between animals and humans is unlikely. Additionally, this was probably the first time that ST5 was found in peccaries, ST2 in patas monkeys, and ST8 in red kangaroos.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Rudzińska
- Department of Tropical Medicine and Epidemiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Medical University of Gdańsk, 80-210 Gdańsk, Poland; (B.K.); (K.S.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-583-491-762
| | - Beata Kowalewska
- Department of Tropical Medicine and Epidemiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Medical University of Gdańsk, 80-210 Gdańsk, Poland; (B.K.); (K.S.)
| | - Małgorzata Waleron
- Laboratory of Plant Protection and Biotechnology, Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Gdańsk and Medical University of Gdańsk, Abrahama 58, 80-307 Gdańsk, Poland;
| | - Mirosław Kalicki
- Zoological Garden of Gdańsk, Karwieńska 3, 80-328 Gdańsk, Poland;
| | - Katarzyna Sikorska
- Department of Tropical Medicine and Epidemiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Medical University of Gdańsk, 80-210 Gdańsk, Poland; (B.K.); (K.S.)
| | - Beata Szostakowska
- Department of Tropical Parasitology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Medical University of Gdańsk, 80-210 Gdańsk, Poland;
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22
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Asghari A, Sadrebazzaz A, Shamsi L, Shams M. Global prevalence, subtypes distribution, zoonotic potential, and associated risk factors of Blastocystis sp. in domestic pigs (Sus domesticus) and wild boars (Sus scrofa): A systematic review and meta-analysis. Microb Pathog 2021; 160:105183. [PMID: 34517066 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2021.105183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Revised: 09/02/2021] [Accepted: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The intestinal parasite Blastocystis sp. is a widely distributed protist among humans and various animal hosts, with significant prevalence in developing countries. Due to the zoonotic nature of its subtypes (STs), we aimed at global estimation of the prevalence, STs distribution, zoonotic potential, and associated risk factors of Blastocystis sp. infection in domestic pigs (Sus domesticus) and wild pigs/wild boars (Sus scrofa). The study was designed and conducted in 2021 via searching articles in PubMed, Scopus, Google Scholar, and Web of Science databases, based on the PRISMA checklist, and meta-analysis was done using a random-effects model to calculate the weighted estimates and 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs). Totally, 43 papers (47 datasets) reported data on 7977 examined pigs in 24 countries with a total prevalence of 50.9% (95% CI: 42.8-59%). In details, prevalence was higher among domestic pigs [52.4% (95% CI: 43.9-60.7%)] than wild boars [31.2% (95% CI: 11.2-62%)], but is poorly statistically supported as far as the CIs largely overlap. Out of 28 reported STs, nine (ST1-ST7, ST10, and ST15) were reported from domestic pigs, while six (ST1, ST3-ST5, ST8, and ST15) had been isolated from wild boars. Among nine zoonotic STs (ST1-ST8, and ST12), all were identified in examined swine populations, except for ST12. As well, ST1 and ST5 were probably the most frequently circulating STs among these animals. In addition, male and older pigs showed higher Blastocystis sp. infection. Altogether, Blastocystis epidemiology and the distribution of its related STs in pigs is still open to question and requires more extensive studies, especially in the neglected regions of the world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Asghari
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
| | - Alireza Sadrebazzaz
- Razi Vaccine & Serum Research Institute, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization, Mashhad, Iran.
| | - Laya Shamsi
- Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran.
| | - Morteza Shams
- Zoonotic Diseases Research Center, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam, Iran.
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Cabrine-Santos M, Moura RGF, Pedrosa AL, Correia D, Oliveira-Silva MBD. Molecular characterization of Blastocystis subtypes isolated in the city of Uberaba, Minas Gerais State, Brazil. Rev Soc Bras Med Trop 2021; 54:e03052021. [PMID: 34431950 PMCID: PMC8405216 DOI: 10.1590/0037-8682-0305-2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2021] [Accepted: 07/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Blastocystis is an intestinal protozoan that may play a role in the pathogenicity of humans. This study aimed to (i) genetically characterize Blastocystis isolates obtained from human fecal samples and the water supply of the city of Uberaba, Minas Gerais, Brazil, and (ii) to verify the phylogenetic relationship between these isolates. METHODS Blastocystis species present in 26 fecal samples obtained from humans and animals from Uberaba were genetically characterized by polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism and polymerase chain reaction-sequence-tagged sites. All amplicons were partially sequenced and/or defined according to the GenBank classification. RESULTS Polymerase chain reaction amplicons were generated from 21 human isolates and 18 water samples. The subtypes defined were ST1 (53.3%), ST3 (40.0%), and ST2 (6.7%) for human isolates; ST10 (100%) for bovine isolates; and ST5 (50.0%), ST1 (25%), and ST3 (25%) for pigs. Sequencing of polymerase chain reaction products showed a 98%-99% identity for the Blastocystis sequences deposited in GenBank, except for sequences from water samples that showed the identity of algae sequences. Phylogenetic analysis of Blastocystis sequences showed two distinct groups, one of which was principally formed by ST1, ST5, and ST10, and the other by isolates characterized as ST3 and ST7. Both clades showed human and animal sequences, reinforcing the notion that Blastocystis subtypes are not host-specific. CONCLUSIONS The data showed that Blastocystis subtypes circulating in Uberaba are ST1-ST3, ST5, and ST10, present in both humans and animals, demonstrating that the Blastocystis subtypes are not host-specific; that is, zoonotic transmission is possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marlene Cabrine-Santos
- Universidade Federal do Triângulo Mineiro, Instituto de Ciências da Saúde, Departamento de Biomedicina, Uberaba, MG, Brasil
| | - Renata Gregório Franco Moura
- Universidade Federal do Triângulo Mineiro, Programa de Pós-graduação em Medicina Tropical e Infectologia, Uberaba, MG, Brasil
| | - André Luiz Pedrosa
- Universidade Federal do Triângulo Mineiro, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas e Naturais, Departamento de Bioquímica, Farmacologia e Fisiologia, Uberaba, MG, Brasil
| | - Dalmo Correia
- Universidade Federal do Triângulo Mineiro, Instituto de Ciências da Saúde, Departamento de Clínica Médica, Uberaba, MG, Brasil
| | - Márcia Benedita de Oliveira-Silva
- Universidade Federal do Triângulo Mineiro, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas e Naturais, Departamento de Microbiologia, Parasitologia e Imunologia, Uberaba, MG, Brasil
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Dacal E, Köster PC, Carmena D. Diagnóstico molecular de parasitosis intestinales. Enferm Infecc Microbiol Clin 2021; 38 Suppl 1:24-31. [PMID: 32111362 DOI: 10.1016/j.eimc.2020.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Infections causes by parasites of the gastrointestinal tract are a global public health problem. In industrialised countries, their particular epidemiological (low general prevalence of enteroparasites), economic (high labour costs) and clinical characteristics (constant increase in the number of samples and diagnostic determinations to be performed) have led molecular techniques to progressively replace conventional microscopy as the first-line diagnostic method of these pathogens in modern clinical laboratories. PCR-based techniques, particularly those developed for the simultaneous detection of the various agents that can cause the same infectious disease (syndromic diagnosis), already represent a cost-effective option that allow process automisation, workflow optimisation, and comparison of results among different laboratories, and facilitate accreditation of diagnostic procedures. This review clearly and concisely discusses the current situation of the molecular diagnosis of the main species of intestinal parasites in humans, particularly the enteric protozoans causing diarrhoea (Cryptosporidium spp., Giardia duodenalis, Entamoeba histolytica), the most important members the Microsporidia phyla (Enterocytozoon bieneusi) and Stramenopiles phyla (Blastocystis sp.), as well as the helminths transmitted by soil (Ancylostoma spp., Ascaris lumbricoides, Necator americanus, Strongyloides stercoralis and Trichuris trichiura) and food (Anisakis spp., Clonorchis sinensis, Fasciola spp., Taenia solium, and Trichinella spiralis). Special attention is paid to the description of available techniques and formats, to their diagnostic benefits and the most widely used genetic markers for their detection, both in clinical laboratories and genotyping in referral and research centres.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Dacal
- Laboratorio de Referencia e Investigación en Parasitología, Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Majadahonda, Madrid, España
| | - Pamela C Köster
- Laboratorio de Referencia e Investigación en Parasitología, Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Majadahonda, Madrid, España
| | - David Carmena
- Laboratorio de Referencia e Investigación en Parasitología, Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Majadahonda, Madrid, España.
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Frequency of enteroparasites in Cebidae and Callitrichidae primates at the Zoológico de Cali, Colombia: zoonotic implications. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2021; 41:60-81. [PMID: 34111341 PMCID: PMC8320779 DOI: 10.7705/biomedica.5403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Introducción. Los enteroparásitos pueden generar problemas en animales bajo cuidado humano en zoológicos y centros de acogida. Los animales silvestres presentan bajas cargas parasitarias, pero estas pueden ser mayores y llevar a manifestaciones clínicas cuando se trata de animales resguardados en recintos, lo que aumenta los gastos en tratamientos y cuidados médicos. Por otro lado, algunos enteroparásitos pueden causar infecciones zoonóticas en los cuidadores, los visitantes y otros animales del zoológico, así como afectar los programas de recuperación de especies amenazadas de extinción. Objetivos. Determinar la presencia y prevalencia de enteroparásitos con potencial de transmisión zoonótica en primates de las familias Cebidae y Callitrichidae del Zoológico de Cali, entre septiembre y noviembre de 2017. Materiales y métodos. Se hizo un estudio transversal prospectivo, para lo cual se recolectaron muestras seriadas de 50 individuos pertenecientes a siete especies de dos familias de primates y se analizaron mediante examen coprológico, flotación y coloración Kinyoun, entre septiembre y noviembre de 2017. Resultados. Según su prevalencia, los géneros de parásitos hallados en las siete especies de primates evaluadas, fueron Blastocystis spp., Trichomonas spp., Giardia spp., Entamoeba spp., Strongyloides spp., Cyclospora sp. y Trichuris sp. Conclusiones. Por lo menos, seis de los géneros de parásitos identificados tienen implicaciones zoonóticas, lo cual hace necesario establecer las posibles vías de infección de los primates del Zoológico de Cali e implementar protocolos de manejo que reduzcan el riesgo de transmisión a los humanos y a otros animales de la colección. Además, se presenta la información relevante sobre el potencial zoonótico de los enteroparásitos hallados.
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Carrera-Bravo C, Koh EY, Tan KSW. The roles of parasite-derived extracellular vesicles in disease and host-parasite communication. Parasitol Int 2021; 83:102373. [PMID: 33933651 DOI: 10.1016/j.parint.2021.102373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2021] [Revised: 04/14/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, several parasites have been shown to interact with their hosts through intra- and inter-community communication mechanisms, which were identified to be mediated by extracellular vesicles (EVs) through various uptake mechanisms. EVs are a heterogenous group of nanoparticles (~30-5000 nm) classified into three main types according to their size and biogenesis. EVs contain proteins, lipids, nucleic acids and metabolites from the cell of origin which are essential for genetic exchange, biomarker identification and diagnosis of pathological diseases. As important "forward lines of parasite infectivity", the parasite-secreted EVs function as information transmitters in the early-stage of host-parasite interaction and subsequent host-cell colonization. For this review, we summarize from the literature the relevance of EVs to the pathogenesis and development of human parasitic protistan diseases such as giardiasis, leishmaniasis, amoebiasis, malaria and Blastocystis-mediated gut pathology. Specific in vitro and in vivo interactions of the parasite-EVs and the host, with the reported cellular and immunological outcomes are discussed in this review. EVs have great potential to be further developed as diagnostic, immunomodulation and therapeutic alternatives to fill the knowledge gaps in the current parasitic diseases discussed in this review. Nanomedicine and vaccine development could be explored, with the utilization and/or modification of the parasitic EVs as novel treatment and prevention strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Carrera-Bravo
- Healthy Longevity Translational Research Programme, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, MD4, 5 Science Drive 2, Singapore 117545, Singapore; A*STAR Infectious Diseases Labs, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Immunos, Biopolis, Singapore 138648, Singapore.
| | - Eileen Y Koh
- Healthy Longevity Translational Research Programme, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, MD4, 5 Science Drive 2, Singapore 117545, Singapore
| | - Kevin S W Tan
- Healthy Longevity Translational Research Programme, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, MD4, 5 Science Drive 2, Singapore 117545, Singapore.
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Shams M, Shamsi L, Sadrebazzaz A, Asghari A, Badali R, Omidian M, Hassanipour S. A systematic review and meta-analysis on the global prevalence and subtypes distribution of Blastocystis sp. infection in cattle: A zoonotic concern. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 2021; 76:101650. [PMID: 33930630 DOI: 10.1016/j.cimid.2021.101650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2021] [Revised: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 04/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Blastocystosis is an interesting parasitosis, since the parasitic infection is still seriously neglected and a considerable zoonotic evidence is emerging. Blastocystis sp. infects the intestinal lumen of humans and a wide range of animals, while there is a lack of comprehensive information on Blastocystis epidemiology in cattle worldwide. Thus, the present systematic review and meta-analysis were performed by exploring four electronic databases (PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, and Google scholar) for relevant published papers up to 7th November 2020, utilizing a random-effects model to pool estimations and assign 95 % confidence intervals (CIs). Results of 28 studies (29 datasets) on cattle showed a 24.4 % (95 % CI: 16.9-33.9 %) prevalence for Blastocystis infection. Also, 16 out of 26 reported subtypes (STs) were isolated from cattle, with ST10 (18 datasets) as the highest-reported [32.3 % (95 % CI: 21.6-45.3)] as well as ST24 and ST25 (one study each) as the lowest-reported STs [1.4 % (95 % CI: 0.2-9.1)]. Additionally, among nine well-known zoonotic STs (ST1-ST8 and ST12), all STs except for ST8 were reported from cattle worldwide, demonstrating this animal species as a potential reservoir for human infections. Meanwhile, the overall prevalence of Blastocystis in various subgroups (publication year, WHO regions, countries, continents, and age groups) was analyzed separately. The finding of the present review article highlights the cattle as a significant source of zoonotic transmission of Blastocystis infection to humans, which must be considered for preventive measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morteza Shams
- Zoonotic Diseases Research Center, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam, Iran.
| | - Laya Shamsi
- Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran.
| | - Alireza Sadrebazzaz
- Razi Vaccine & Serum Research Institute, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization, Mashhad, Iran.
| | - Ali Asghari
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
| | - Roya Badali
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Basic Sciences, Ardabil Branch, Islamic Azad University, Ardabil, Iran.
| | - Mostafa Omidian
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
| | - Soheil Hassanipour
- Gastrointestinal and Liver Diseases Research Center, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran.
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Salvador F, Lobo B, Goterris L, Alonso-Cotoner C, Santos J, Sulleiro E, Bailo B, Carmena D, Sánchez-Montalvá A, Bosch-Nicolau P, Espinosa-Pereiro J, Fuentes I, Molina I. Blastocystis sp. Carriage and Irritable Bowel Syndrome: Is the Association Already Established? BIOLOGY 2021; 10:biology10040340. [PMID: 33921803 PMCID: PMC8072823 DOI: 10.3390/biology10040340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Revised: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary The intestinal protist Blastocystis sp. is one of the most common intestinal parasites observed in humans, and has a worldwide distribution, being more prevalent in developing countries. Although this parasite has been described decades ago, the pathogenic potential it is still not understood completely. It has been suggested that Blastocystis sp. could be related with irritable bowel syndrome, a functional gastrointestinal disorder characterized by abdominal pain, discomfort with defecation, and changes in the frequency or form of stool. In our study, we compare a group of patients with irritable bowel syndrome with a group of healthy volunteers; no differences regarding the occurrence of Blastocystis sp. detection was found between both groups. Abstract Background: The aim of the present study is to describe the occurrence of Blastocystis sp. detection among asymptomatic subjects and patients with irritable bowel syndrome in order to evaluate the potential association between irritable bowel syndrome and the parasitic infection. Methods: Cross-sectional study where adult patients with irritable bowel syndrome diagnosed according to Rome IV criteria were included. A control group was formed by asymptomatic subjects older than 18 years. Exclusion criteria were: immunosuppressive condition or having received any drug with demonstrated activity against Blastocystis sp. within the last 6 months before study inclusion. Epidemiological and clinical information was collected from all included participants. Two stool samples were obtained from all participants: one sample for microscopic examination and one sample for Blastocystis sp. PCR detection. Blastocystis sp. infection was defined by the positivity of any of the diagnostic techniques. Results: Seventy-two participants were included (36 asymptomatic subjects and 36 patients with irritable bowel syndrome). Thirty-five (48.6%) were men, and median age of participants was 34 (IQR 29–49) years. The overall rate of Blastocystis sp. carriage was 27.8% (20/72). The prevalence assessed through microscopic examination was 22.2% (16/72), while the prevalence measured by PCR was 15.3% (11/72). When comparing the presence of Blastocystis sp. between asymptomatic subjects and IBS patients, we did not find any statistically significant difference (36.1% vs. 19.4% respectively, p = 0.114). Conclusions: regarding the occurrence of Blastocystis sp., no differences were found between asymptomatic participants and patients with irritable bowel disease irrespective of the diagnostic technique performed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Salvador
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Vall d’Hebron University Hospital, PROSICS Barcelona, Pº Vall d’Hebron 119-129, 08035 Barcelona, Spain; (A.S.-M.); (P.B.-N.); (J.E.-P.); (I.M.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-93-274-60-90; Fax: +34-93-489-40-91
| | - Beatriz Lobo
- Digestive System Research Unit, University Hospital Vall d’Hebron, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (Ciberehd); Departament de Medicina, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain; (B.L.); (C.A.-C.); (J.S.)
| | - Lidia Goterris
- Department of Microbiology, Vall d’Hebron University Hospital, PROSICS Barcelona, 08035 Barcelona, Spain; (L.G.); (E.S.)
| | - Carmen Alonso-Cotoner
- Digestive System Research Unit, University Hospital Vall d’Hebron, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (Ciberehd); Departament de Medicina, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain; (B.L.); (C.A.-C.); (J.S.)
| | - Javier Santos
- Digestive System Research Unit, University Hospital Vall d’Hebron, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (Ciberehd); Departament de Medicina, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain; (B.L.); (C.A.-C.); (J.S.)
| | - Elena Sulleiro
- Department of Microbiology, Vall d’Hebron University Hospital, PROSICS Barcelona, 08035 Barcelona, Spain; (L.G.); (E.S.)
| | - Begoña Bailo
- National Centre of Microbiology, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28220 Madrid, Spain; (B.B.); (D.C.); (I.F.)
| | - David Carmena
- National Centre of Microbiology, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28220 Madrid, Spain; (B.B.); (D.C.); (I.F.)
| | - Adrián Sánchez-Montalvá
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Vall d’Hebron University Hospital, PROSICS Barcelona, Pº Vall d’Hebron 119-129, 08035 Barcelona, Spain; (A.S.-M.); (P.B.-N.); (J.E.-P.); (I.M.)
| | - Pau Bosch-Nicolau
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Vall d’Hebron University Hospital, PROSICS Barcelona, Pº Vall d’Hebron 119-129, 08035 Barcelona, Spain; (A.S.-M.); (P.B.-N.); (J.E.-P.); (I.M.)
| | - Juan Espinosa-Pereiro
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Vall d’Hebron University Hospital, PROSICS Barcelona, Pº Vall d’Hebron 119-129, 08035 Barcelona, Spain; (A.S.-M.); (P.B.-N.); (J.E.-P.); (I.M.)
| | - Isabel Fuentes
- National Centre of Microbiology, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28220 Madrid, Spain; (B.B.); (D.C.); (I.F.)
| | - Israel Molina
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Vall d’Hebron University Hospital, PROSICS Barcelona, Pº Vall d’Hebron 119-129, 08035 Barcelona, Spain; (A.S.-M.); (P.B.-N.); (J.E.-P.); (I.M.)
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Lepczyńska M, Dzika E, Chen W, Lu CY. Influence of Proton Pump Inhibitors and Histamine Receptor 2 Antagonists on Blastocystis ST3 and Selected Microorganisms of Intestinal Microbiota In Vitro. Clin Transl Gastroenterol 2021; 12:e00325. [PMID: 33835078 PMCID: PMC8036108 DOI: 10.14309/ctg.0000000000000325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2020] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) and histamine receptor 2 (H2) antagonists are commonly prescribed medications. Association between PPIs and alteration of the gut microbiota has been reported. Blastocystis, the most common intestinal protozoan worldwide, occurs in both healthy and symptomatic people with gastrointestinal or cutaneous disorders, with controversial pathogenicity. The current study was aimed to investigate the influence of PPIs and H2 blockers on the in vitro proliferation of selected intestinal bacteria, fungi, and protozoa. METHODS Cultures of Lactobacillus rhamnosus, Escherichia coli, Enterococcus faecium, Candida albicans, and Blastocystis subtype 3 were treated with different concentrations of respective medications in vitro, and the numbers of microorganisms were quantified and compared. RESULTS Pantoprazole and esomeprazole exerted a significant inhibition on Blastocystis and C. albicans, especially at higher concentrations, which were even more effective than metronidazole. On the other hand, treatment with pantoprazole caused an increase in proliferation of L. rhamnosus and E. coli. There was no influence of H2 blockers on the examined microorganisms. DISCUSSION PPIs, such as pantoprazole, can be a potential treatment in the prophylaxis or eradication of Blastocystis and C. albicans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Małgorzata Lepczyńska
- Department of Medical Biology, University of Warmia and Mazury, Olsztyn, Żołnierska, Poland
| | - Ewa Dzika
- Department of Medical Biology, University of Warmia and Mazury, Olsztyn, Żołnierska, Poland
| | - WenChieh Chen
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Chien-Yu Lu
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
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Salehi R, Rostami A, Mirjalali H, Stensvold CR, Haghighi A. Genetic characterization of Blastocystis from poultry, livestock animals and humans in the southwest region of Iran-Zoonotic implications. Transbound Emerg Dis 2021; 69:1178-1185. [PMID: 33735537 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.14078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2020] [Revised: 03/07/2021] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Blastocystis is the most common intestinal parasite found in epidemiological studies in Iran. The genus Blastocystis comprises multiple subtypes (ST), evincing the existence of extensive intrageneric diversity. Meanwhile, information on Blastocystis STs in domestic animals in Iran is limited. This study was designed to identify the prevalence and subtype distribution of Blastocystis in domestic animals and to evaluate the extent of zoonotic origin of human Blastocystis carriage. A total of 395 faecal samples from farm animals (220 from poultry, 100 from sheep and 75 from cattle) and 23 Blastocystis positive samples from humans (available from the previous report of this study and included for reference) from the Khuzestan province, southwestern Iran, were analysed. Standard parasitological methods and PCR-based analysis of the SSU-rRNA gene were used. Overall, 115 (29.1%; 95% CI, 26.5%-31.6%) of the animals were positive for Blastocystis sp. by parasitological methods. The highest colonization rate was found in cattle (50.6%, 38/75), followed by sheep (32.0%, 32/100) and poultry (20.4%, 45/220). Eight Blastocystis STs were identified among 55 sequenced isolates from animals (n = 32) and humans (n = 23): ST3 (27.3%), ST14 (25.4%), ST1 (12.7%), ST7 (12.7%), ST2 (9.1%), ST6 (7.3%), ST5 (3.6%) and ST10 (1.8%). Blastocystis ST1 and ST3 were found in both human and non-human hosts, and examples of shared alleles (strains) were observed. Meanwhile, ST2 was observed only in humans, ST5 only in sheep, ST6 only in poultry and ST10 in only cattle. This is the most comprehensive report of Blastocystis STs in farm animals in Iran.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roya Salehi
- Thalassemia and Haemoglobinopathy Research Center, Research Institute of Health, Ahvaz Jundishapour University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran.,Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ali Rostami
- Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine Research Center, Health Research Institute, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran.,Immunoregulation Research Center, Health Research Institute, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
| | - Hamed Mirjalali
- Foodborne and Waterborne Diseases Research Center, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Ali Haghighi
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Khorshidvand Z, Khazaei S, Amiri M, Taherkhani H, Mirzaei A. Worldwide prevalence of emerging parasite Blastocystis in immunocompromised patients: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Microb Pathog 2020; 152:104615. [PMID: 33246090 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2020.104615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2020] [Revised: 10/15/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Blastocystis is one of the most common pathogens of the human intestine, caused by an emerging parasite, which can lead to severe symptoms and even death in immunocompromised patients. We aimed to determine the global prevalence of Blastocystosis infection in people with immunodeficiency. A systematic literature search was conducted on Web of Science, Scopus, Google scholar, Science Direct and MEDLINE databases to select all observational studies reporting the prevalence of Blastocystosis infection in Worldwide, based on different diagnostic methods in immunocompromised patients of any age and published from inception to February 2019. Pooled estimates and 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs) were calculated using random effects models and in addition, the I2 statistic was calculated. The geographic distribution of studies was evaluated and the diagnosis of Blastocystis was compared by various techniques. Electronic databases were reviewed for Blastocystosis infection in HIV/AIDS, cancer and other immunocompromised patients, and meta-analyses were conducted to calculate the overall estimated prevalence. Total68 eligible studies were included. The estimated pooled prevalence rate of Blastocystosis infection in immunocompromised patients was overall 10% (95% CI, 7-13%; I2 96.04%) (P < 0.001), of whom 21% [18-25] were in Australia, 12% [4-24] in America, 11% [6-17] in Europe and 10% [5-15], 7% [3-13] in Asia and Africa, respectively. It was calculated that the estimated pooled prevalence rate of Blastocystosis infection in immunocompromised patients was overall 10% and the prevalence estimates ranged from 0.44 to 72.39. Also, overall the prevalence of parasites co-infection in immunocompromised patients was detected as 0.024%. Our finding showed that immunocompromised people show a high prevalence of Blastocystosis infection compared to the control population. Adequate information on the prevalence rate is still missing from many countries. However, current information underscore that Blastocystis should not be neglected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zohreh Khorshidvand
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Salman Khazaei
- Research Center for Health Sciences, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - MohamadReza Amiri
- Department of medical Library and Information Science, Faculty of Paramedicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Heshmatollah Taherkhani
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Asad Mirzaei
- Department of Parasitology, School of Allied Medical Science, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam, Iran; Zoonotic Diseases ResearchCenter, Ilam University of Medical sciences, Ilam, Iran.
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Cielecka-Piontek J, Dziedziński M, Szczepaniak O, Kobus-Cisowska J, Telichowska A, Szymanowska D. Survival of commercial probiotic strains and their effect on dark chocolate synbiotic snack with raspberry content during the storage and after simulated digestion. ELECTRON J BIOTECHN 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejbt.2020.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
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Rhodoquinone in bacteria and animals: Two distinct pathways for biosynthesis of this key electron transporter used in anaerobic bioenergetics. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 2020; 1861:148278. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2020.148278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2020] [Revised: 07/18/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Hashan MR, Elhusseiny KM, Huu-Hoai L, Tieu TM, Low SK, Minh LHN, Nghia TLB, Loc LQ, Y MN, Eid PS, Abed M, Elkolaly SS, Tawfik GM, Huy NT. Effect of nitazoxanide on diarrhea: A systematic review and network meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Acta Trop 2020; 210:105603. [PMID: 32598920 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2020.105603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2019] [Revised: 06/20/2020] [Accepted: 06/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
We aimed to systematically review evidence pertaining to the safety and efficacy of nitazoxanide in treating infectious diarrhea. On September 21, 2017, we identified relevant studies using 12 databases. The estimates of the included studies were pooled as a risk ratio (RR). We conducted a network and pairwise random-effects meta-analysis for both direct and indirect comparisons of different organisms that are known to cause diarrhea. The primary and secondary analysis outcomes were clinical response until cessation of illness, parasitological response and adverse events. We included 18 studies in our analysis. In cryptosporidiosis, the overall estimate favored nitazoxanide in its clinical response in comparison with placebo RR 1.46 [95% CI 1.22-1.74; P-value <0.0001]. Network meta-analysis among patients with Giardia intestinalis showed an increase in the probability of diarrheal cessation and parasitological responses in comparison with placebo, RR 1.69 [95% CI 1.08-2.64, P-score 0.27] and RR 2.91 [95% CI 1.72-4.91, P-score 0.55] respectively. In Clostridium difficile infection, the network meta-analysis revealed a non-significantly superior clinical response effect of nitazoxanide to metronidazole 31 days after treatment RR 1.21 [95% CI 0.87-1.69, P-score 0.26]. In Entamoeba histolytica, the overall estimate significantly favored nitazoxanide in parasitological response with placebo RR 1.80 [95% CI 1.35-2.40, P-value < 0.001]. We highlighted the effectiveness of nitazoxanide in the cessation of diarrhea caused by Cryptosporidium, Giardia intestinalis and Entamoeba histolytica infection. We also found significant superiority of NTZ to metronidazole in improving the clinical response to G. intestinalis, thus it may be a suitable candidate for treating infection-induced diarrhea. To prove the superiority of NTZ during a C. difficile infection may warrant a larger-scale clinical trial since its superiority was deemed insignificant. We recommend nitazoxanide as an appropriate option for treating infectious diarrhea.
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Reh L, Muadica AS, Köster PC, Balasegaram S, Verlander NQ, Chércoles ER, Carmena D. Substantial prevalence of enteroparasites Cryptosporidium spp., Giardia duodenalis and Blastocystis sp. in asymptomatic schoolchildren in Madrid, Spain, November 2017 to June 2018. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 24. [PMID: 31662160 PMCID: PMC6820128 DOI: 10.2807/1560-7917.es.2019.24.43.1900241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BackgroundProtozoan enteroparasites Cryptosporidium species and Giardia duodenalis are major contributors to the burden of gastrointestinal illness in children globally, whereas the stramenopile Blastocystis species has been associated with irritable bowel syndrome and skin disorders.AimTo investigate the carriage of these parasites in voluntary asymptomatic schoolchildren (4‒14 years) in 12 different primary and secondary schools in Leganés (Madrid, Spain).MethodsIn a prospective cross-sectional study, stool samples and epidemiological questionnaires on demographics and potential risk factors were collected from participating schoolchildren. Detection of enteric parasites was conducted by PCR-based methods and confirmed by sequence analysis. We calculated prevalence and odds ratios (OR) with logistic regression.ResultsStool samples and questionnaires were provided by 1,359 schoolchildren from 12 schools. The individual prevalence for any parasite was 28%; Blastocystis sp.: 13%; G. duodenalis: 18%; Cryptosporidium spp.: 1%. Two schoolchildren were infected with all three species and 53 with two species. Multivariable risk factor analysis using logistic regression models indicated that an existing infection with one parasite increased the odds for an additional infection with another parasite. The odds of Blastocystis sp. carriage increased up to the age of 10 years and being female increased the odds of Cryptosporidium spp. infection. Washing vegetables before preparing a meal was protective for Blastocystis sp. infection.ConclusionWe detected a larger than expected proportion of asymptomatic cases in the participanting schoolchildren. Further investigation of asymptomatic children should be considered. Good hygiene measures should be encouraged for individuals of all ages to protect from protozoal infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucia Reh
- These authors contributed equally.,European Program for Public Health Microbiology Training, European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control, Stockholm, Sweden.,Parasitology Reference and Research Laboratory, National Centre for Microbiology, Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
| | - Aly Salimo Muadica
- These authors contributed equally.,Parasitology Reference and Research Laboratory, National Centre for Microbiology, Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
| | - Pamela Carolina Köster
- Parasitology Reference and Research Laboratory, National Centre for Microbiology, Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
| | - Sooria Balasegaram
- Field Epidemiology Services, National Infection Service, Public Health England, London, United Kingdom
| | - Neville Q Verlander
- Statistics, Modelling and Economics Department, National Infection Service, Public Health England, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - David Carmena
- Parasitology Reference and Research Laboratory, National Centre for Microbiology, Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
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Wiemer D, Schwarz NG, Burchard GD, Frickmann H, Loderstaedt U, Hagen RM. Surveillance of enteropathogenic bacteria, protozoa and helminths in travellers returning from the tropics. Eur J Microbiol Immunol (Bp) 2020; 10:147-155. [PMID: 32910786 PMCID: PMC7592519 DOI: 10.1556/1886.2020.00015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Accepted: 07/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Diarrhoea is a frequent symptom associated with travelling to tropical regions, but the cause is often not found. Epidemiology was assessed including up-to-date real-time PCR approaches.We analysed datasets of 528 patients who presented at the Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine in Hamburg, Germany, between 2006 and 2010 for screening purposes or because of diarrhoea. Stool samples were obtained and investigated by microscopy, bacterial culture, two PCR assays targeting Entamoeba histolytica, Entamoeba dispar, Giardia duodenalis, and Cryptosporidium parvum, or Salmonella spp., Shigella/EIEC spp., Campylobacter jejuni, and Yersinia spp.Among patients with gastrointestinal symptoms, 51% tested positive for bacteria or parasites, of which 66% had a known enteropathogenic potential. In patients without diarrhoea, 53% (n = 80) were positive, and 33% of these cases harboured agents of pathogenic potential. Association with clinical symptoms was primarily found for bacterial infections. Blastocystis hominis, however, was more frequent in asymptomatic than in symptomatic travellers.In conclusion, the study stresses the etiological relevance of bacterial gastroenteritis in travellers returning from the tropics, the need for molecular approaches to increase diagnostic sensitivity and demonstrates that asymptomatic carriage of enteropathogens after prolonged stays in the tropics is similarly frequent compared with symptomatic infections in travellers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorothea Wiemer
- 1Department of Tropical Medicine at the Bernhard Nocht Institute, Bundeswehr Hospital Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | | | | | - Hagen Frickmann
- 1Department of Tropical Medicine at the Bernhard Nocht Institute, Bundeswehr Hospital Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany.,3Institute for Microbiology, Virology and Hygiene, University Medicine Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | | | - Ralf-Matthias Hagen
- 4Department for Microbiology and Hospital Hygiene, Bundeswehr Central Hospital Koblenz, Koblenz, Germany
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Martínez-Ocaña J, Maravilla P, Olivo-Díaz A. Interaction between human mucins and parasite glycoproteins: the role of lectins and glycosidases in colonization by intestinal protozoa. Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo 2020; 62:e64. [PMID: 32901761 PMCID: PMC7477959 DOI: 10.1590/s1678-9946202062064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 08/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Intestinal mucins are the first line of defense against microorganisms. Although knowledge about the mechanisms involved in the establishment of intestinal protozoa is limited, there is evidence that these parasites produce lectin-like molecules and glycosidases, that exert both, constitutive and secretory functions, promoting the establishment of these microorganisms. In the present review, we analyse the main interactions between mucins of the host intestine and the four main protozoan parasites in humans and their implications in intestinal colonization. There are lectin-like molecules that contain complex oligosaccharide structures and N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc), mannose and sialic acid as main components, which are excreted/secreted by Giardia intestinalis, and recognized by the host using mannose-binding lectins (MBL). Entamoeba histolytica and Cryptosporidium spp. express the lectin galactose/N-acetyl-D-galactosamine, which facilitates their adhesion to cells. In Cryptosporidium, the glycoproteins gp30, gp40/15 and gp900 and the glycoprotein lectin CpClec are involved in protozoan adhesion to intestinal cells, forming an adhesion-attack complex. G. intestinalis and E. histolytica can also produce glycosidases such as β-N-acetyl-D-glucosaminidase, α-d-glucosidase, β-d-galactosidase, β-l-fucosidase, α-N-acetyl-d-galactosaminidase and β-mannosidase. In Blastocystis, α-D-mannose, α-D-glucose, GlcNAc, α-D-fucose, chitin and sialic acid that have been identified on their surface. Fucosidases, hexosaminidases and polygalacturonases, which may be involved in the mucin degradation process, have also been described in the Blastocystis secretoma. Similarly, symbiotic coexistence with the intestinal microbiota promotes the survival of parasites facilitating cell invasion and nutrients obtention. Furthermore, it is necessary to identify and characterize more glycosidases, which have been only partially described by in silico analyses of the parasite genome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel Martínez-Ocaña
- Hospital General "Dr. Manuel Gea González", Departamento de Ecología de Agentes Patógenos, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Pablo Maravilla
- Hospital General "Dr. Manuel Gea González", Subdirección de Investigación, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Angélica Olivo-Díaz
- Hospital General "Dr. Manuel Gea González", Departamento de Biología Molecular e Histocompatibilidad, Hospital General "Dr. Manuel Gea González", Ciudad de México, Mexico
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Prevalence and subtypes of Blastocystis among migrant workers from different working sectors in Peninsular Malaysia. Parasitol Res 2020; 119:3555-3558. [PMID: 32875397 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-020-06865-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2019] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Blastocystis sp. is a common enteric parasite of humans and animals associated with inadequate sanitation and poor personal hygiene. Over the years, the Malaysian thriving economy has been facilitated largely by migrant workers from developing countries, and there is concern that diseases endemic to their countries may be imported. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the current status of Blastocystis infection as well as subtypes (STs) from fecal samples among migrant workers in Selangor and Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. Overall, almost a third of the study cohort (30.9%; n = 68/220) screened were infected with Blastocystis sp. predominantly with ST3 (54.5%; n = 12), followed by ST1 (36.4%; n = 8) and ST2 (9.1%; n = 2). Infection levels was almost similar among the different sectors; manufacturing (32.8%), domestic service (32.3%), and food service (27.3%) with common symptoms for infection included stomach and abdominal pain or discomfort and diarrhea (48.5%; n = 33). None of the socio-demographic risk factors evaluated were significant. Therefore, this study warrants continuous monitoring as well as understanding the impact of transmission among the migrant community with the local population especially those involved in food service sector.
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Roshan N, Clancy A, Gunaratne AW, LeBusque A, Pilarinos D, Borody TJ. Two-day enema antibiotic therapy for parasite eradication and resolution of symptoms. World J Gastroenterol 2020; 26:3792-3799. [PMID: 32774058 PMCID: PMC7383847 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v26.i26.3792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2019] [Revised: 05/14/2020] [Accepted: 06/19/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Blastocystis hominis (B. hominis) and Dientamoeba fragilis (D. fragilis) are two protozoan parasites of human bowel that are found throughout the world. There is still debate about the pathogenicity of these protozoans, despite them being commonly associated with gastrointestinal symptoms and can cause health issue in both children and adults. These parasites are usually transmitted through faecal-oral contact particularly under poor hygiene conditions or food/water contamination. Once a person is infected, the parasites live in the large intestine and are passed in the faeces.
AIM To investigate the effect of triple antibiotic therapy using enema infusion in the treatment of B. hominis and D. fragilis infections.
METHODS This retrospective longitudinal study was conducted in a single medical centre, which included fifty-four patients (≥ 18 years) who were positive for D. fragilis, B. hominis or both between 2017 and 2018. The treatment consisted of triple antibiotics that were infused over two consecutive days through rectal enema. Faecal samples were collected from participants pre- and post-treatment and were tested for parasites using microscopy and polymerase chain reaction. Patients’ symptoms were recorded prior and after the treatment as well as patient demographic data.
RESULTS Patients (n = 54), were either positive for B. hominis (37%), D. fragilis (35%) or both (28%). All patients completed the two-day treatment and no serious adverse effect was reported. The most common side effect experienced by the patients during the treatment was urine discolouration which was cleared by six weeks of follow-up. Common symptoms reported prior to treatment were diarrhoea, abdominal pain, constipation and fatigue. Other symptoms included abdominal discomfort, dizziness and blood in the stool. Eighty-nine percent of patients completed a final stool test post-treatment. At six weeks post-treatment, 79% of patients cleared the parasites from their faeces. Symptoms such as abdominal discomfort, dizziness and blood in the stool decreased significantly at both seven days and six weeks post-treatment (P < 0.040). The enema retention time, bowel preparation, previous antibiotic treatment or previous gastrointestinal problems had no significant effect on parasite eradication.
CONCLUSION Overall, eradication of parasites and improvement of clinical outcomes were observed in treated patients, showing the efficacy of this combination to eradicate the parasites and provide positive clinical outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niloufar Roshan
- Centre for Digestive Diseases, New South Wales 2046, Australia
| | - Annabel Clancy
- Centre for Digestive Diseases, New South Wales 2046, Australia
| | | | | | | | - Thomas J Borody
- Centre for Digestive Diseases, New South Wales 2046, Australia
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Zhu W, Wei Z, Li Q, Lin Y, Yang H, Li W. Prevalence and subtype diversity of Blastocystis in human and nonhuman primates in North China. Parasitol Res 2020; 119:2719-2725. [PMID: 32524268 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-020-06761-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2020] [Accepted: 06/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Blastocystis is of public health concern due to its global distribution in diverse animals including humans. Here, fecal specimens sampled from human and nonhuman primates were examined for Blastocystis by PCR and sequence analysis of the small subunit ribosomal RNA gene. Among age cohorts, the parasite was positive only for three of 126 (2.4%) adults admitted to a hospital in Harbin, Heilongjiang province, with a less common human subtype (ST), ST5, determined. Blastocystis was identified in 7.0% of nonhuman primates (NHPs), giving an infection rate of 6.8% (4/59) to zoo NHPs in Harbin and 7.1% (9/126) to lab NHPs in Beijing. No significant prevalence differences by macaque species, age, gender, and sample source were observed. Among the subtypes found in NHPs, seven belonged to ST1, three to ST2, one to ST3, and the remaining two to mixed ST1/ST3 and ST2/ST3. Although the data here showed no direct evidence linking human infections to Blastocystis of NHP origin, individuals might acquire colonization of ST5 from livestock sources judged by occurrence of this subtype also in cattle in Harbin and pigs and sheep in unspecified cities of Heilongjiang as noted in previous reports. In addition, given the nonrigid (but sometimes, perhaps cryptic) host specificity of ST1, ST2, and ST3 and their dominant role in human affections globally as discussed in a previous NHP report by Alfellani et al. (Parasitology 140:966-971, 2013a), precautions should be taken to minimize the possible transmission of those subtypes from NHPs to humans in North China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weining Zhu
- Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Zoonosis, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, 600 Changjiang Road, Harbin, 150030, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Ziyan Wei
- Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Zoonosis, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, 600 Changjiang Road, Harbin, 150030, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Qiao Li
- Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Zoonosis, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, 600 Changjiang Road, Harbin, 150030, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Yongchao Lin
- Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Zoonosis, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, 600 Changjiang Road, Harbin, 150030, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Hang Yang
- Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Zoonosis, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, 600 Changjiang Road, Harbin, 150030, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Wei Li
- Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Zoonosis, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, 600 Changjiang Road, Harbin, 150030, Heilongjiang, China.
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Muadica AS, Balasegaram S, Beebeejaun K, Köster PC, Bailo B, Hernández-de-Mingo M, Dashti A, Dacal E, Saugar JM, Fuentes I, Carmena D. Risk associations for intestinal parasites in symptomatic and asymptomatic schoolchildren in central Mozambique. Clin Microbiol Infect 2020; 27:624-629. [PMID: 32505583 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmi.2020.05.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2020] [Revised: 05/21/2020] [Accepted: 05/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Chronic infections by enteric parasites including protist and helminthic species produce long-term sequelae on the health status of infected children. This study assesses potential associations linked with enteric parasite infections in symptomatic and asymptomatic children in Zambézia province, Mozambique. METHODS In this prospective cross-sectional study, stool samples and epidemiological questionnaires on demographics and risk associations were collected from symptomatic children (n = 286) from clinical settings and asymptomatic (n = 807) children from 17 schools and creches aged 3‒14 years. We detected enteric parasites using PCR-based methods. We calculated prevalence (adjusted for age, sex, house construction, drinking water, and latrine use) and odds ratios (ORs) for risk associations with logistic regression, after adjusting for district, neighbourhood and symptoms. RESULTS Numbers and adjusted prevalence (95% confidence intervals in parentheses) for the symptomatic and asymptomatic populations were Giardia duodenalis 120, 52% (22-82), 339, 42% (25-59); followed by Strongyloides stercoralis 52, 14% (9‒20), 180, 20% (15-25). Risk associations for G. duodenalis included drinking untreated river/spring water, OR 2.91 (1.80-4.70); contact with ducks, OR 14.96 (2.93‒76.31); dogs, OR 1.92 (1.04-3.52); cats, OR 1.73 (1.16-2.59), and a relative with diarrhoea, OR 2.59 (1.54‒4.37). Risk associations for S. stercoralis included having no latrine, OR 2.41 (1.44-4.02); drinking well water, OR 1.82 (1.02-3.25), and increasing age, OR 1.11 (1.04-1.20). CONCLUSIONS We found a high prevalence of intestinal parasites regardless of the children's symptoms. Drinking well or river water, domestic animals, and latrine absence were contributing factors of human infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- A S Muadica
- Parasitology Reference and Research Laboratory, National Centre for Microbiology, Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain; Departamento de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade Licungo, Quelimane, Zambézia, Mozambique
| | - S Balasegaram
- Field Epidemiology Services, National Infection Service, Public Health England, London, UK
| | - K Beebeejaun
- Field Epidemiology Services, National Infection Service, Public Health England, London, UK
| | - P C Köster
- Parasitology Reference and Research Laboratory, National Centre for Microbiology, Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
| | - B Bailo
- Parasitology Reference and Research Laboratory, National Centre for Microbiology, Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
| | - M Hernández-de-Mingo
- Parasitology Reference and Research Laboratory, National Centre for Microbiology, Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
| | - A Dashti
- Parasitology Reference and Research Laboratory, National Centre for Microbiology, Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
| | - E Dacal
- Parasitology Reference and Research Laboratory, National Centre for Microbiology, Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
| | - J M Saugar
- Parasitology Reference and Research Laboratory, National Centre for Microbiology, Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
| | - I Fuentes
- Parasitology Reference and Research Laboratory, National Centre for Microbiology, Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
| | - D Carmena
- Parasitology Reference and Research Laboratory, National Centre for Microbiology, Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain.
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Bahrami F, Babaei E, Badirzadeh A, Riabi TR, Abdoli A. Blastocystis, urticaria, and skin disorders: review of the current evidences. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2020; 39:1027-1042. [PMID: 31873864 DOI: 10.1007/s10096-019-03793-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2019] [Accepted: 12/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Blastocystis is one of the most common intestinal protozoan parasites worldwide, which is linked to cutaneous lesions and urticaria. In a setting of systematic review, the data on the association of Blastocystis infection with cutaneous lesions were searched in order to summarize the main clinical symptoms, diagnostic methods, treatment, and outcome of the patients. The search identified 28 eligible articles, including 12 cross-sectional studies and 16 case reports/case series (including 23 cases). A diverse spectrum of skin symptoms, mainly urticaria, rash, and itching, was reported from the studies. Of the 23 infected cases with the skin symptoms, gastrointestinal symptoms were reported from the 16 cases, whereas 7 cases with urticaria had asymptomatic infection. The most frequent subtypes were ST1, ST2, and ST3, respectively. Metronidazole, paromomycin, and tinidazole were the most prescribed drugs in patients with single Blastocystis infection. Notably, urticaria and other cutaneous symptoms of all treated patients were resolved after treatment. In conclusion, this study indicates that Blastocystis infection can be a neglected cause of urticaria and skin disorders. Since the treatment of Blastocystis infection is simple, screening and treatment of this infection should be considered in patients with urticaria and other skin disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fares Bahrami
- Zoonoses Research Center, Research Institute for Health Development, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran
| | - Erfan Babaei
- Department of Immunology & Hematology, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran
| | - Alireza Badirzadeh
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Tahereh Rezaei Riabi
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Amir Abdoli
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, Jahrom University of Medical Sciences, Jahrom, Iran.
- Zoonoses Research Center, School of Medicine, Jahrom University of Medical Sciences, 74148-46199, Ostad Motahari Ave, Jahrom, Iran.
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Perea M, Vásquez V, Pineda V, Samudio F, Calzada J, Saldaña A. Prevalence and subtype distribution of Blastocystis sp. infecting children from a rural community in Panama. Parasite Epidemiol Control 2020; 9:e00139. [PMID: 32025581 PMCID: PMC6997612 DOI: 10.1016/j.parepi.2020.e00139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2019] [Revised: 01/23/2020] [Accepted: 01/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Blastocystis sp. is a commonly reported intestinal parasite with a worldwide distribution. Phylogenetic analyses describe at least 17 subtypes for this parasite, and nine of them have been found in humans. However, the prevalence and some epidemiological characteristics of this parasitic infection in rural communities are not well known. The objective of this cross-sectional study was to evaluate the prevalence, subtypes, and epidemiological factors related to Blastocystis sp. Infection in children from of a small rural community in the central area of Panama. For this, 66 fecal samples from children (1 to 12 years old), were initially analyzed for the presence of parasites by a formalin-ethyl acetate/concentration method. Molecular detection and identification of Blastocystis sp. subtypes were carried out by amplification and sequencing of a partial fragment of the small-subunit ribosomal RNA gene. Using data from a questionnaire, analyses of epidemiological conditions potentially associated with Blastocystis sp. transmission were also conducted. Microscopic diagnostics showed that 33.3% (22/66) of the analyzed samples presented entero-parasites. Among them, Blastocystis sp. was the most prevalent, with 21.2% (14/66), followed by the E. histolytica/dispar/moshkovskii complex 4.5% (3/66), Giardia lamblia 1.5% (1/66) and Strongyloides stercoralis 1.5% (1/66). PCR-based analyses detected a prevalence of Blastocystis sp. infection of 74.2% (49/66) in apparently healthy children. Phylogenetic analysis revealed two different subtypes of this parasite: ST1 with 42.2% (28/66) infected, and ST3 with 31.8% (21/66) infected. In addition, recent diarrhea was significantly associated with Blastocystis sp. infection. None of the other risk factors evaluated was statistically associated with infection. These results highlight the need to further investigate clinical, epidemiological, and genetic characteristics of Blastocystis sp. infections in this community.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Perea
- Instituto Conmemorativo Gorgas de Estudios de la Salud (ICGES), Panamá, Panama
| | - V. Vásquez
- Instituto Conmemorativo Gorgas de Estudios de la Salud (ICGES), Panamá, Panama
| | - V. Pineda
- Instituto Conmemorativo Gorgas de Estudios de la Salud (ICGES), Panamá, Panama
| | - F. Samudio
- Instituto Conmemorativo Gorgas de Estudios de la Salud (ICGES), Panamá, Panama
| | - J.E. Calzada
- Instituto Conmemorativo Gorgas de Estudios de la Salud (ICGES), Panamá, Panama
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria, Universidad de Panamá, Panama
| | - A. Saldaña
- Instituto Conmemorativo Gorgas de Estudios de la Salud (ICGES), Panamá, Panama
- Centro de Investigación y Diagnóstico de Enfermedades Parasitarias (CIDEP), Universidad de Panamá, Facultad de Medicina, Panama
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Mejia R, Seco-Hidalgo V, Garcia-Ramon D, Calderón E, Lopez A, Cooper PJ. Detection of enteric parasite DNA in household and bed dust samples: potential for infection transmission. Parasit Vectors 2020; 13:141. [PMID: 32188497 PMCID: PMC7079405 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-020-04012-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2019] [Accepted: 03/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Enteric parasites are transmitted in households but few studies have sampled inside households for parasites and none have used sensitive molecular methods. METHODS We collected bed and living room dust samples from households of children participating in a clinical trial of anthelmintic treatment in rural coastal Ecuador. Dust was examined for presence of DNA specific for 11 enteric parasites (Ascaris lumbricoides, Trichuris trichiura, Ancylostoma duodenale, Necator americanus, Strongyloides stercoralis, Toxocara canis and T. cati, Giardia lamblia, Blastocystis hominis, Cryptosporidium spp., and Entamoeba histolytica) by quantitative PCR (qPCR). RESULTS Of the 38 households sampled, 37 had positive dust for at least one parasite and up to 8 parasites were detected in single samples. Positivity was greatest for B. hominis (79% of household samples) indicating a high level of environmental fecal contamination. Dust positivity rates for individual pathogens were: S. stercoralis (52%), A. lumbricoides (39%), G. lamblia (39%), Toxocara spp. (42%), hookworm (18%) and T. trichiura (8%). DNA for Cryptosporidium spp. and E. histolytica was not detected. Bed dust was more frequently positive than floor samples for all parasites detected. Positivity for A. lumbricoides DNA in bed (adjusted OR: 10.0, 95% CI: 2.0-50.1) but not floor dust (adjusted OR: 3.6, 95% CI: 0.3-37.9) was significantly associated with active infections in children. CONCLUSIONS To our knowledge, this is the first use of qPCR on environmental samples to detect a wide range of enteric pathogen DNA. Our results indicate widespread contamination of households with parasite DNA and raise the possibility that beds, under conditions of overcrowding in a humid tropical setting, may be a source of transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rojelio Mejia
- National School of Tropical Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Texas, USA.,School of Medicine, Universidad Internacional del Ecuador, Quito, Ecuador
| | | | - Diana Garcia-Ramon
- School of Medicine, Universidad Internacional del Ecuador, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Evelyn Calderón
- School of Medicine, Universidad Internacional del Ecuador, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Andrea Lopez
- School of Medicine, Universidad Internacional del Ecuador, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Philip J Cooper
- School of Medicine, Universidad Internacional del Ecuador, Quito, Ecuador. .,Institute of Infection and Immunity, St George's University of London, London, UK.
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Herrick JA, Nordstrom M, Maloney P, Rodriguez M, Naceanceno K, Gallo G, Mejia R, Hershow R. Parasitic infections represent a significant health threat among recent immigrants in Chicago. Parasitol Res 2020; 119:1139-1148. [PMID: 32008064 PMCID: PMC7075846 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-020-06608-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2019] [Accepted: 01/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Parasitic infections are likely under-recognized among immigrant populations in the USA. We conducted a cross-sectional study to evaluate if such infections have health impacts among recent immigrants in Chicago and to identify predictive factors for parasitic infections. A total of 133 recent immigrants were enrolled, filling out a standardized medical questionnaire and providing blood and stool samples. Appriximately 12% of subjects (15/125) who provided a blood or stool sample for testing were found to have evidence of current or prior infection with a pathogenic parasite, of which Toxocara spp. (8 subjects, 6.4%) and Strongyloides stercoralis (5 subjects, 4%) were most commonly identified. Parasitic infection was more likely among subjects who had immigrated within the previous 2 years and those with a self-reported history of worms in the stool. The most useful surrogate markers identified for parasitic infections were an elevated immunoglobulin E level (seen in 46.7% (7/15) of subjects with parasitic infections and 20% (22/110) of uninfected individuals, p = 0.04) and the presence of Blastocystis hominis cysts on Ova & Parasite exam (detected in 38.5% (5/13) of subjects with parasitic infections who provided a stool sample and 5.1% (5/98) of uninfected subjects, p = 0.002). Our study found that parasitic infections may be common in recent US immigrants, which highlights an important health disparity among a vulnerable population that merits further study. Additionally, clinical risk factors, symptoms, and laboratory findings traditionally thought to be associated with parasites were commonly found but not predictive of infection in this study population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesica A. Herrick
- grid.185648.60000 0001 2175 0319Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Immunology, and International Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, 808 South Wood, M/C 735, Chicago, IL 60612 USA
| | - Monica Nordstrom
- grid.185648.60000 0001 2175 0319University of Illinois at Chicago School of Public Health, Chicago, IL USA
| | - Patrick Maloney
- grid.185648.60000 0001 2175 0319University of Illinois at Chicago School of Public Health, Chicago, IL USA
| | - Miguel Rodriguez
- grid.185648.60000 0001 2175 0319University of Illinois at Chicago School of Public Health, Chicago, IL USA
| | - Kevin Naceanceno
- grid.39382.330000 0001 2160 926XDepartment of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, National School of Tropical Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX USA
| | - Gloria Gallo
- grid.39382.330000 0001 2160 926XDepartment of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, National School of Tropical Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX USA
- grid.411249.b0000 0001 0514 7202Science and Technology Institute, Federal University of São Paulo, São José dos Campos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Rojelio Mejia
- grid.39382.330000 0001 2160 926XDepartment of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, National School of Tropical Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX USA
| | - Ron Hershow
- grid.185648.60000 0001 2175 0319Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Immunology, and International Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, 808 South Wood, M/C 735, Chicago, IL 60612 USA
- grid.185648.60000 0001 2175 0319University of Illinois at Chicago School of Public Health, Chicago, IL USA
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Benoit SL, Maier RJ, Sawers RG, Greening C. Molecular Hydrogen Metabolism: a Widespread Trait of Pathogenic Bacteria and Protists. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 2020; 84:e00092-19. [PMID: 31996394 PMCID: PMC7167206 DOI: 10.1128/mmbr.00092-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Pathogenic microorganisms use various mechanisms to conserve energy in host tissues and environmental reservoirs. One widespread but often overlooked means of energy conservation is through the consumption or production of molecular hydrogen (H2). Here, we comprehensively review the distribution, biochemistry, and physiology of H2 metabolism in pathogens. Over 200 pathogens and pathobionts carry genes for hydrogenases, the enzymes responsible for H2 oxidation and/or production. Furthermore, at least 46 of these species have been experimentally shown to consume or produce H2 Several major human pathogens use the large amounts of H2 produced by colonic microbiota as an energy source for aerobic or anaerobic respiration. This process has been shown to be critical for growth and virulence of the gastrointestinal bacteria Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium, Campylobacter jejuni, Campylobacter concisus, and Helicobacter pylori (including carcinogenic strains). H2 oxidation is generally a facultative trait controlled by central regulators in response to energy and oxidant availability. Other bacterial and protist pathogens produce H2 as a diffusible end product of fermentation processes. These include facultative anaerobes such as Escherichia coli, S Typhimurium, and Giardia intestinalis, which persist by fermentation when limited for respiratory electron acceptors, as well as obligate anaerobes, such as Clostridium perfringens, Clostridioides difficile, and Trichomonas vaginalis, that produce large amounts of H2 during growth. Overall, there is a rich literature on hydrogenases in growth, survival, and virulence in some pathogens. However, we lack a detailed understanding of H2 metabolism in most pathogens, especially obligately anaerobic bacteria, as well as a holistic understanding of gastrointestinal H2 transactions overall. Based on these findings, we also evaluate H2 metabolism as a possible target for drug development or other therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stéphane L Benoit
- Department of Microbiology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Robert J Maier
- Department of Microbiology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - R Gary Sawers
- Institute of Microbiology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany
| | - Chris Greening
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
- Department of Microbiology, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Clayton, VIC, Australia
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Zanetti ADS, Malheiros AF, de Matos TA, Longhi FG, Moreira LM, Silva SL, Castrillon SKI, Ferreira SMB, Ignotti E, Espinosa OA. Prevalence of Blastocystis sp. infection in several hosts in Brazil: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Parasit Vectors 2020; 13:30. [PMID: 31937366 PMCID: PMC6961275 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-020-3900-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2019] [Accepted: 01/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Blastocystis sp. affects a wide variety of animals and is the most common protozoan in human fecal samples with potential pandemic distribution. In the present study, a systematic review and meta-analysis were conducted to determine the prevalence and distribution of Blastocystis sp. in different classes of hosts in Brazil. METHODS Studies that analyzed hosts of various classes, including humans, domestic animals, wild animals or captive animals, were considered. The pooled prevalence of Blastocystis sp. infection was estimated by random effects models. RESULTS For humans, similar prevalence rates were found for males (31.0%, 95% CI: 17.0-45.0%; weight 10%) and females (28.0%, 95% CI: 16.0-41.0%; weight 10%); the state of Mato Grosso do Sul showed the highest prevalence, with 41.0% positivity (95% CI: 36.0-46.0%; weight 2.9%). The prevalence among immunocompromised patients was 5.0% (95% CI: 3.0-7.0%; weight 10%), and the most common cause of immunosuppression was hemodialysis, with 23.0% (95% CI: 17.0-29.0%; weight 12.4%). Among classifications according to interaction with humans, wild and domestic animals presented values of 19.0% (95% CI: 7.0-31.0%; weight 42.6%) and 17.0% (95% CI: 13.0-21.0%; weight 29.6%), respectively. Among these animals, mammals (39.0%, 95% CI: 21.0-56.0%; weight 47.3%) and birds (18.0%, 95% CI: 10.0-27.0%; weight 39.3%) exhibited the highest prevalence. Phylogenetic analysis of Blastocystis sp. revealed greater genetic diversity for clades of subtypes (STs) ST1, ST2 and ST3. CONCLUSIONS The overall prevalence of Blastocystis sp. in the Brazilian human population was 24%, which reflects the reality in the South, Southeast and Midwest regions, where prevalence rates of up to 40% were found. Among animals, mammals and birds exhibited the highest prevalence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andernice Dos Santos Zanetti
- Post-Graduation Program in Environmental Science, Faculty of Agricultural and Biological Sciences, State University of Mato Grosso (UNEMAT), Cáceres, Mato Grosso, Brazil
| | - Antonio Francisco Malheiros
- Post-Graduation Program in Environmental Science, Faculty of Agricultural and Biological Sciences, State University of Mato Grosso (UNEMAT), Cáceres, Mato Grosso, Brazil
| | - Tatiane Amorim de Matos
- Post-Graduation Program in Environmental Science, Faculty of Agricultural and Biological Sciences, State University of Mato Grosso (UNEMAT), Cáceres, Mato Grosso, Brazil
| | - Fabiana Gulin Longhi
- The Brazilian Centre for Evidence-based Healthcare: A Joanna Briggs Institute Centre of Excellence, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Luciana Melhorança Moreira
- Faculty of Agricultural and Biological Sciences, State University of Mato Grosso (UNEMAT), Cáceres, Mato Grosso, Brazil
| | - Samuel Laudelino Silva
- Faculty of Agricultural and Biological Sciences, State University of Mato Grosso (UNEMAT), Cáceres, Mato Grosso, Brazil
| | - Solange Kimie Ikeda Castrillon
- Post-Graduation Program in Environmental Science, Faculty of Agricultural and Biological Sciences, State University of Mato Grosso (UNEMAT), Cáceres, Mato Grosso, Brazil
| | - Silvana Margarida Benevides Ferreira
- The Brazilian Centre for Evidence-based Healthcare: A Joanna Briggs Institute Centre of Excellence, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,Post-Graduation Program in Nursing, Federal University of Mato Grosso (UFMT), Cuiabá, Mato Grosso, Brazil
| | - Eliane Ignotti
- Post-Graduation Program in Environmental Science, Faculty of Agricultural and Biological Sciences, State University of Mato Grosso (UNEMAT), Cáceres, Mato Grosso, Brazil.,Department of Nursing, Faculty of Health Sciences, State University of Mato Grosso (UNEMAT), Cáceres, Mato Grosso, Brazil
| | - Omar Ariel Espinosa
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, State University of Mato Grosso (UNEMAT), Cáceres, Mato Grosso, Brazil.
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Not A, Salvador F, Goterris L, Sulleiro E, López I, Balladares M, García E, Paz C, Sánchez-Montalvá A, Bosch-Nicolau P, Sao-Avilés A, Molina I. Microscopic examination after concentration techniques for Blastocystis sp. detection in serial faecal samples: How many samples are needed? Parasite Epidemiol Control 2020; 9:e00137. [PMID: 32055721 PMCID: PMC7005442 DOI: 10.1016/j.parepi.2020.e00137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2019] [Revised: 01/08/2020] [Accepted: 01/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Blastocystis sp. is one of the most frequently observed intestinal parasites in humans. It is suggested that sensitivity of classical parasitological tests for the Blastocystis sp. diagnosis increases when increasing the number of investigated samples, although there is a lack of information. The aim of the study is to evaluate the sensitivity of classical parasitological tests for the Blastocystis sp. diagnosis depending on the number of investigated samples and to determine risk factors associated to high parasite burden. Methods Retrospective study where patients in whom three consecutive stool samples were examined for parasitic diagnosis through microscopic examination at Vall d'Hebron University Hospital (Barcelona, Spain) from January to April 2019 were included. To determine risk factors associated to high parasite burden, a case-control study was performed including patients with at least one positive stool sample for Blastocystis sp.: cases were those patients with only one or two positive stool samples, and controls were those with all three stool positive samples). Clinical records were reviewed from included patients to collect clinical and demographic information. Results In 2771 patients three consecutive stool samples were examined for parasitic diagnosis, with an overall prevalence of Blastocystis sp. detection of 23.3%. The proportions of positive cases depending on the number of investigated samples were: 22.3% when taking into account the first sample, 22.9% when taking into account the first and second samples, and 23.3% when taking into account the three samples, with no statistically significant differences among them. For the case-control study we finally included 63 cases and 133 controls. No differences were found regarding clinical and demographic characteristics among groups. Conclusion Prevalence of Blastocystis sp. infection was high in our study (23.3%). The sensitivity of classical parasitological methods for Blastocystis sp. diagnosis did not increase when increasing the number of investigated samples, and no risk factors associated to high parasite burden were identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Not
- Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Fernando Salvador
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Vall d'Hebron University Hospital, PROSICS, Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Lidia Goterris
- Department of Microbiology, Vall d'Hebron University Hospital, PROSICS, Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Elena Sulleiro
- Department of Microbiology, Vall d'Hebron University Hospital, PROSICS, Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Isabel López
- Department of Microbiology, Vall d'Hebron University Hospital, PROSICS, Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Martha Balladares
- Department of Microbiology, Vall d'Hebron University Hospital, PROSICS, Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Elena García
- Department of Microbiology, Vall d'Hebron University Hospital, PROSICS, Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Carmen Paz
- Department of Microbiology, Vall d'Hebron University Hospital, PROSICS, Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Adrián Sánchez-Montalvá
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Vall d'Hebron University Hospital, PROSICS, Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Pau Bosch-Nicolau
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Vall d'Hebron University Hospital, PROSICS, Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Augusto Sao-Avilés
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Vall d'Hebron University Hospital, PROSICS, Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Israel Molina
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Vall d'Hebron University Hospital, PROSICS, Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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Prevalence and subtypes of Blastocystis sp. infection in zoo animals in three cities in China. Parasitol Res 2019; 119:465-471. [PMID: 31845021 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-019-06571-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2019] [Accepted: 12/04/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Blastocystis is a highly prevalent eukaryotic parasite of many animals and humans worldwide. It can compromise the gastrointestinal tract and cause gastrointestinal symptoms, constituting a serious threat to human health and animal growth. Many animals are potential sources of Blastocystis infection in humans. However, limited data are available regarding the prevalence and subtype distribution of Blastocystis infection among zoo animals in China. Therefore, the present study examined the prevalence and subtypes of Blastocystis in zoo animals in Hangzhou, Dalian, and Suzhou cities, China. Of 450 fecal samples from zoo animals, 27 (6.0%) were PCR-positive for Blastocystis, with 7.7% (8/104), 11.3% (7/62), 16.7% (3/18), 1.8% (2/114), 6.3% (1/16), 9.5% (2/21), and 3.6% (4/109) in artiodactyla, aves, rodentia, nonhuman primates, perissodactyla, marsupialia, and carnivora, respectively. Significant differences in the prevalence of Blastocystis were found among different animal groups (P < 0.05). Sequence analysis showed 7 known subtypes (ST2, ST4, ST5, ST7, ST8, ST10, and ST14) of Blastocystis in the present study, with ST10 (10/27) as the predominant subtype in all three of the examined zoos. To our knowledge, this is the first report of Blastocystis infection in Damaliscus dorcas, Cervus elaphus, Macropus rufogriseus, Grus japonensis, Trichoglossus haematodus, Panthera tigris ssp. tigris (white), Panthera tigris ssp. altaica, Lycaon pictus, Suricata suricatta, and Dolichotis patagonum in China. These results demonstrate the presence of Blastocystis infection in zoo animals and provided baseline data for preventing and controlling Blastocystis infection in zoo animals and humans in China.
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Abstract
Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a chronic functional disorder with no organic cause. Risk factors are multifactorial and treatment typically consists of antimotility or stimulant laxatives and antidepressants. This article reviews several newer areas of interest: probiotics, fecal microbiota transplant, a low FODMAP diet, and cognitive behavioral therapy.
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