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Padrón-Cabo A, Corredoira FJ, Lorenzo-Martínez M, González-Víllora S, Rey E. Tensiomyographic Assessment of Contractile Properties in Elite Youth Soccer Players According to Maturity Status. J Hum Kinet 2023; 87:71-80. [PMID: 37229402 PMCID: PMC10203836 DOI: 10.5114/jhk/161571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2022] [Accepted: 10/30/2022] [Indexed: 05/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Little is known about how muscle contractile properties are affected by biological maturation in elite youth soccer players. This study aimed to determine the effects of maturation on contractile properties of rectus femoris (RF) and biceps femoris (BF) muscles assessed by tensiomyography (TMG) and provide reference values for elite youth soccer players. One hundred twenty-one elite youth soccer players (14.98 ± 1.83 years; 167.38 ± 10.37 cm; 60.65 ± 11.69 kg) took part in the study. The predicted peak height velocity (PHV) was used in order to establish players' maturity status (Pre-PHV, n = 18; Mid-PHV, n = 37; Post-PHV = 66). Maximal radial displacement of the muscle belly, contraction time, delay time, and contraction velocity for RF and BF muscles were recorded. One-way ANOVA showed no significant differences between PHV groups for any tensiomyography variables in RF and BF muscles (p > 0.05). Our results established that maturity status did not show a significant effect in mechanical and contractile properties on RF and BF muscles evaluated by TMG in elite youth soccer players. These findings and reference values can be useful for strength and conditioning coaches of elite soccer academies in order to optimize the evaluation of neuromuscular profiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexis Padrón-Cabo
- Department of Physical and Sports Education, Faculty of Sport Sciences and Physical Education, University of A Coruña, A Coruña, Spain
| | | | | | - Sixto González-Víllora
- Department of Physical Education, Arts Education, and Music, Faculty of Education, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Albacete, Spain
| | - Ezequiel Rey
- Faculty of Education and Sport Sciences, University of Vigo, Pontevedra, Spain
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Amado BL, De Lira CAB, Vancini RL, Forte P, Costa T, Weiss K, Knechtle B, Andrade MS. Comparison of Knee Muscular Strength Balance among Pre- and Post-Puberty Adolescent Swimmers: A Cross-Sectional Pilot Study. Healthcare (Basel) 2023; 11:healthcare11050744. [PMID: 36900749 PMCID: PMC10001498 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare11050744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Revised: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/01/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Muscular weakness and strength imbalance between the thigh muscles are considered risk factors for knee injuries. Hormonal changes, characteristic of puberty, strongly affect muscle strength; however, it is unknown whether they affect muscular strength balance. The present study aimed to compare knee flexor strength, knee extensor strength, and strength balance ratio, called the conventional ratio (CR), between prepubertal and postpubertal swimmers of both sexes. A total of 56 boys and 22 girls aged between 10 and 20 years participated in the study. Peak torque, CR, and body composition were measured using an isokinetic dynamometer and dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry, respectively. The postpubertal boys group presented significantly higher fat-free mass (p < 0.001) and lower fat mass (p = 0.001) than the prepubertal group. There were no significant differences among the female swimmers. Peak torque for both flexor and extensor muscles was significantly greater in postpubertal male (p < 0.001, both) and female swimmers (p < 0.001 and p = 0.001, respectively) than in prepubertal swimmers. The CR did not differ between the pre- and postpubertal groups. However, the mean CR values were lower than the literature recommendations, which brings attention to a higher risk of knee injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Lombardi Amado
- Sports Medicine Residency Program, Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo 04021-001, Brazil
| | - Claudio Andre Barbosa De Lira
- Human and Exercise Physiology Division, Faculty of Physical Education and Dance, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia 74690-900, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Luiz Vancini
- Center for Physical Education and Sports, Federal University of Espírito Santo, Vitória 29075-910, Brazil
| | - Pedro Forte
- Department of Sport, Higher Institute of Educational Sciences of the Douro, 4560-547 Porto, Portugal
- Department of Sports, Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, 5300-253 Bragança, Portugal
- Research Center in Sports, Health and Human Development, 7000-671 Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Taline Costa
- Department of Physiology, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo 04021-001, Brazil
| | - Katja Weiss
- Institute of Primary Care, University of Zurich, 8091 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Beat Knechtle
- Institute of Primary Care, University of Zurich, 8091 Zürich, Switzerland
- Correspondence:
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Mogi Y, Wakahara T. Effects of growth on muscle architecture of knee extensors. J Anat 2022; 241:683-691. [PMID: 35666144 DOI: 10.1111/joa.13711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2021] [Revised: 05/15/2022] [Accepted: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the effects of growth on the muscle architecture of knee extensors. The present study included 123 male children and adolescents. The muscle thicknesses of the rectus femoris (RF) and vastus intermedius (VI), and pennation angles and fascicle lengths of RF were measured in three regions using ultrasonography technique at rest. The relative muscle thickness was calculated by dividing the absolute muscle thickness by body mass1/3 . The years from age at peak height velocity were estimated for each participant, and used as a maturity index. The maturity index was significantly correlated with the relative muscle thicknesses of RF and VI in all regions. The slope of the relationship between the maturity index and the relative muscle thickness did not differ significantly between muscles within the same region or between regions within the individual muscles. The fascicle length and pennation angle of RF were significantly correlated with the absolute muscle thickness in all regions. In the proximal RF region, the coefficient of correlation between the muscle thickness and fascicle length was significantly greater than that between the muscle thickness and pennation angle. The present results showed that growth changes in muscle thickness were uniform between and within RF and VI. Our findings suggest that growth changes in the muscle thickness of RF depend on the increases in both pennation angle and fascicle length, but their contributions to the growth of muscle thickness differ among muscle regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuyoshi Mogi
- Faculty of Sport Management, Department of Sport Management, Shobi University, Saitama, Japan
| | - Taku Wakahara
- Faculty of Health and Sports Science, Doshisha University, Kyoto, Japan.,Human Performance Laboratory, Waseda University, Saitama, Japan
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Apibantaweesakul S, Omura S, Qi W, Shiotani H, Evangelidis PE, Sado N, Tanaka F, Kawakami Y. Characteristics of inhomogeneous lower extremity growth and development in early childhood: a cross-sectional study. BMC Pediatr 2021; 21:552. [PMID: 34872516 PMCID: PMC8647383 DOI: 10.1186/s12887-021-02998-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Early childhood is a transferring stage between the two accelerated growth periods (infant and adolescent). Body dimensions are related to physical growth and development. The purpose of this study was to investigate physical growth in terms of anthropometry, muscle growth of the lower extremity, and functional development over early childhood. METHODS A cross-sectional study was carried out on 29 preschool children (PS: 3-5 years), 21 school children (SC: 6-8 years), and 22 adults (AD: 20-35 years). Lower extremity characteristics (segmental dimensions, muscle and adipose tissue thicknesses of the thigh and lower leg), and voluntary joint torque (knee and ankle) were measured. Correlations between parameters and group comparisons were performed. RESULTS All the parameters except for body mass index (BMI) and subcutaneous adipose tissue thickness were correlated with age for PS and SC combined (r = 0.479-0.920, p < 0.01). Relative thigh and shank lengths to body height were greatest in AD and smallest in PS (p < 0.05) but the relative foot dimensions were significantly larger in PS and SC than in AD (p < 0.05). Relative subcutaneous adipose tissue thickness was largest in PS and lowest in AD. Muscle thickness and the muscle volume measure (estimated from muscle thickness and limb length) were significantly larger in older age groups (p < 0.05). All groups showed comparable muscle thickness when normalized to limb length. Joint torque normalized to estimated muscle volume was greatest for AD, followed by SC and PS (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Relative lower extremity lengths increase with age, except for the foot dimensions. Muscle size increases with age in proportion to the limb length, while relative adiposity decreases. Torque-producing capacity is highly variable in children and rapidly develops toward adulthood. This cross-sectional study suggests that children are not a small scale version of adults, neither morphologically nor functionally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudarat Apibantaweesakul
- Graduate School of Sport Sciences, Waseda University, Saitama, 359-1192, Japan
- Department of Sports Science and Sports Development, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Thammasat University, Pathum Thani, 12121, Thailand
| | - Shiho Omura
- Graduate School of Sport Sciences, Waseda University, Saitama, 359-1192, Japan
| | - Weihuang Qi
- Waseda Institute for Sport Sciences, Waseda University, Saitama, 359-1192, Japan
| | - Hiroto Shiotani
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Waseda University, 2-579-15 Mikajima, Tokorozawa, Saitama, 359-1192, Japan
- Human Performance Laboratory, Comprehensive Research Organization, Waseda University, Saitama, 359-1192, Japan
| | - Pavlos E Evangelidis
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Waseda University, 2-579-15 Mikajima, Tokorozawa, Saitama, 359-1192, Japan
| | - Natsuki Sado
- Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8574, Japan
| | - Fumiko Tanaka
- Human Performance Laboratory, Comprehensive Research Organization, Waseda University, Saitama, 359-1192, Japan
| | - Yasuo Kawakami
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Waseda University, 2-579-15 Mikajima, Tokorozawa, Saitama, 359-1192, Japan.
- Human Performance Laboratory, Comprehensive Research Organization, Waseda University, Saitama, 359-1192, Japan.
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García JCG, Hernández-Hernández E. Influence of the Tertile of Birth on Anthropometric Variables, Anaerobic Parameters and Quantitative Muscle Ultrasound in School Children. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18137083. [PMID: 34281020 PMCID: PMC8297315 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18137083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2021] [Revised: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 06/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
The relative age effect (RAE) has been studied and demonstrated in the literature. Our study evaluated the influence of birth tertile on anthropometric variables, anaerobic parameters, and quantitative muscle ultrasound in school children. A transversal, comparative, non-randomized study was conducted with 159 participants (9.36 ± 0.84 years) recruited by purposive sampling, of whom 70 were girls (9.50 ± 0.77 years) and 89 were boys (9.25 ± 0.88 years). The sample was divided into groups based on the year of birth, and each group was divided into tertiles. The anthropometric parameters of body weight, height, and fat percentage were measured, and then a right quadriceps ultrasound was performed, followed by the evaluation of CMJ and continuous jumps. Comparison of tertile subgroups showed significant differences in the vertical jump, in girls (CMJ, PCMJ, PCMJR, PCMJDE, PCMJDER, and PP15) and in boys (PCMJ, PCMJR, PCMJDE, and PP15). The results indicate that being born in the first months of the year may have a positive influence on performance in anaerobic tests, such as vertical jump, and on the quantitative ultrasound results of the quadriceps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Carlos Giraldo García
- Área Biomédica, GESTAS Research Group, Politécnico Colombiano Jaime Isaza Cadavid, Medellín 050021, Colombia
- Correspondence: (J.C.G.G.); (E.H.-H.)
| | - Elena Hernández-Hernández
- Sport and Computer Science Department, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, 41013 Seville, Spain
- SEJ-570 MOTIVA2 Research Group, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, 41013 Seville, Spain
- Correspondence: (J.C.G.G.); (E.H.-H.)
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Comparisons of muscle strength, size, and voluntary activation in pre- and post-pubescent males and females. Eur J Appl Physiol 2021; 121:2487-2497. [PMID: 34032904 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-021-04717-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to compare measurements of muscle strength, size, and activation of the forearm flexors in pre- and post-pubescent males and females. METHODS Forty pre-pubescent (mean ± 95% confidence interval, age = 9.79 ± 0.35 years, n = 10 males, n = 10 females) and post-pubescent (age = 17.23 ± 0.58 years, n = 10 males, n = 10 females) youth participated. Subjects completed maximal voluntary isometric contractions (MVICs) of the forearm flexors, and submaximal isometric step muscle actions at 30, 50, and 70% of the peak MVIC. Percent voluntary activation (VA) was quantified during all isometric muscle actions. Forearm flexor (biceps brachii and brachialis) muscle cross-sectional area (CSA) was quantified from ultrasound images. RESULTS MVIC strength was expressed in absolute terms and normalized to CSA. Post-pubertal males were 130% stronger, had 101% greater CSA, and 17% greater maximal VA than pre-pubertal males, while post-pubertal females were 72% stronger, had 54% greater CSA, and 23% greater maximal VA than pre-pubertal females. When MVIC strength was normalized to CSA, the post-pubertal males were still 15% stronger than the pre-pubertal males, while the post-pubertal females were only 12% stronger than the pre-pubertal females. The responses for VA across intensity reflected differences in muscle activation strategies between pre- and post-pubertal males and females. CONCLUSION These results suggest that muscle size may account for a greater proportion of the growth and development-related differences in strength among males, while females may be more affected by changes in muscle activation. Regardless of sex, changes in muscle size and neuromuscular function influence strength increases during growth and development.
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Evaluation of Shoulder and Knee Isokinetic Strength Profile Among Elite Adolescent Badminton Players. J Sport Rehabil 2021; 30:717-724. [PMID: 33465761 DOI: 10.1123/jsr.2019-0483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2019] [Revised: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 10/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Badminton continues to be a highly competitive sport where training is introduced at an early age and load has intensified. This exposes players to a greater risk of injuries, in particular when assessing related training outcomes such as strength, agonist-antagonist ratio, and bilateral deficit among adolescents where age- and sex-associated growth and development should be considered. OBJECTIVE To evaluate strength profile of the upper and lower limbs among adolescent elite Malaysian badminton players. DESIGN Cross-sectional study. SETTING Laboratory. PARTICIPANTS Forty-eight asymptomatic athletes (24 males and 24 females) were grouped into early and late adolescence (13-14 y old and 15-17 y old, respectively). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S) Strength (absolute and normalized) of the external/internal rotators of the shoulder and flexor/extensor of the knee and strength derivatives, conventional strength ratio (CSR), dynamic control ratio (DCR), and bilateral deficits were measured. RESULTS Males showed greater strength in all strength indices (P < .05). The older group had greater strength compared to younger for most of the upper and lower limb indices (P < .05); these effects diminished when using normalized data. For females, there was no age group effect in the shoulder and knee strength. All players displayed lower shoulder and knee normative values for CSR and DCR. Dominant and non-dominant knee strength were comparable between sex and age groups. CONCLUSIONS For males, growth and maturation had a greater contribution to strength gained compared to training, whereas for females, growth, maturation, and training did not improve strength. The normalized data indicated that training did not improve all indices measured apart from external rotator strength in females. All players also displayed lower normative values of CSR and DCR. These results suggest that training in elite adolescent Malaysian badminton players lacks consideration of strength gain and injury risk factors.
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Body phenotypes and sexual maturation in Brazilian and US adolescents: evidence for a change in BMI category. Public Health Nutr 2020; 24:5387-5399. [PMID: 33183393 DOI: 10.1017/s1368980020004589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Our study aimed to describe body phenotypes (BP) estimated by multivariate analysis and their association with body mass. DESIGN BP were defined based on demographic variables, anthropometric data (body mass, height, skinfolds and circumferences), body composition (phase angle measured by bioelectrical impedance analysis), biochemical parameters (TAG, glucose, total cholesterol ratio/LDL, Hb and sexual maturation (pubic hair and breasts or gonads). ANOVA was performed to verify the differences between skin colour and the stages of pubertal development, BP, body composition, anthropometric and biochemical variables. SETTING Cities of São Paulo-SP, Piracicaba-SP and Florianópolis-SC from Brazil and the United States. PARTICIPANTS 9269 adolescents aged between 10 and 15 years old. RESULTS The composition of BP was similar in all surveys, which are: BP1 was composed by skinfolds, body mass and circumferences variables; BP2 by pubic hair, breast in girls or gonad in boys, height and age; BP3 by cholesterol, TAG and glucose; and BP4 by phase angle, Hb and glucose (negative loading). There was a strong correlation (r = 0·9, P < 0·001) between BP1 and BMI. CONCLUSION We highlighted independence observed between biochemical parameters, anthropometry, body composition and sexual maturation. BP may support the calculation of scores for diagnosis of obesity based on anthropometric variables and overcome ambiguity in the isolated use of BMI.
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Gillen ZM, Shoemaker ME, McKay BD, Bohannon NA, Gibson SM, Cramer JT. Peak Torque Explains More Unique Variability in Growth Measurements than Rate of Torque Development in Young Boys and Girls. J Strength Cond Res 2020; 34:2507-2514. [PMID: 32639374 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000003728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Gillen, ZM, Shoemaker, ME, McKay, BD, Bohannon, NA, Gibson, SM, and Cramer, JT. Peak torque explains more unique variability in growth measurements than rate of torque development in young boys and girls. J Strength Cond Res 34(9): 2507-2514, 2020-This study reported test-retest reliability and evaluated collinearity for isometric leg extension and flexion peak torque (PT) and rate of torque development (RTD) in young boys and girls. Measurements of growth included height, body mass, fat-free mass, maturity offset, and leg extensor and flexor muscle cross-sectional area. Maximal isometric contractions quantified PT and RTD. Intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs), SEM, coefficients of variation, and minimum detectable changes quantified test-retest reliability. Zero-order correlations and first-order partial correlations evaluated collinearity. Peak torque from leg extension and flexion exhibited ICCs ≥ 0.90, RTD from leg extension and flexion exhibited ICCs ≥ 0.38. Partialing out leg flexion PT reduced the relationships between leg extension PT and growth (rPText, growth.PTflex = 0.392-0.605). Partialing out leg extension PT eliminated the relationships between leg flexion PT and growth (rPTflex, growth.PText = 0.098-0.263). Partialing out leg extension RTD reduced the relationships between PT and growth (rPText, growth.RTDext = 0.516-0.775). Partialing out leg extension PT eliminated the relationships between RTD and growth (|rRTDext, growth.PText| = 0.001-0.148). Leg extension PT was more reliable and explained the most unique variability in growth among young boys and girls. In contrast, RTD was less reliable and was fully accounted for by PT, indicating that RTD may be an unnecessary measurement in studies of young boys and girls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary M Gillen
- Department of Nutrition and Health Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska
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Gillen ZM, Shoemaker ME, McKay BD, Bohannon NA, Gibson SM, Cramer JT. Muscle strength, size, and neuromuscular function before and during adolescence. Eur J Appl Physiol 2019; 119:1619-1632. [PMID: 31087141 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-019-04151-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2018] [Accepted: 04/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To compare measurements of muscle strength, size, and neuromuscular function among pre-adolescent and adolescent boys and girls with distinctly different strength capabilities. METHODS Fifteen boys (mean age ± confidence interval: 13.0 ± 1.0 years) and 13 girls (12.9 ± 1.1 years) were categorized as low strength (LS, n = 14) or high strength (HS, n = 14) based on isometric maximal voluntary contraction strength of the leg extensors. Height (HT), seated height, and weight (WT) determined maturity offset, while percent body fat and fat-free mass (FFM) were estimated from skinfold measurements. Quadriceps femoris muscle cross-sectional area (CSA) was assessed from ultrasound images. Isometric ramp contractions of the leg extensors were performed while surface electromyographic amplitude (EMGRMS) and mechanomyographic amplitude (MMGRMS) were recorded for the vastus lateralis (VL). Neuromuscular efficiency from the EMG and MMG signals (NMEEMG and NMEMMG, respectively) and log-transformed EMG and MMG vs. torque relationships were also used to examine neuromuscular responses. RESULTS HS was 99-117% stronger, 2.3-2.8 years older, 14.0-15.7 cm taller, 20.9-22.3 kg heavier, 2.3-2.4 years more biologically mature, and exhibited 39-43% greater CSA than LS (p ≤ 0.001). HS exhibited 74-81% higher NMEEMG than LS (p ≤ 0.022), while HS girls exhibited the highest NMEMMG (p ≤ 0.045). Even after scaling for HT, WT, CSA, and FFM, strength was still 36-90% greater for HS than LS (p ≤ 0.031). The MMGRMS patterns in the LS group displayed more type I motor unit characteristics. CONCLUSIONS Neuromuscular adaptations likely influence strength increases from pre-adolescence to adolescence, particularly when examining large, force-producing muscles and large strength differences explained by biological maturity, rather than simply age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary M Gillen
- Department of Nutrition and Health Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, 211 Ruth Leverton Hall, Lincoln, NE, 68583, USA
| | - Marni E Shoemaker
- Department of Nutrition and Health Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, 211 Ruth Leverton Hall, Lincoln, NE, 68583, USA
| | - Brianna D McKay
- Department of Nutrition and Health Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, 211 Ruth Leverton Hall, Lincoln, NE, 68583, USA
| | - Nicholas A Bohannon
- Department of Nutrition and Health Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, 211 Ruth Leverton Hall, Lincoln, NE, 68583, USA
| | - Sydney M Gibson
- Department of Nutrition and Health Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, 211 Ruth Leverton Hall, Lincoln, NE, 68583, USA
| | - Joel T Cramer
- Department of Nutrition and Health Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, 211 Ruth Leverton Hall, Lincoln, NE, 68583, USA.
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Cunha GDS, Vaz MA, Herzog W, Geremia JM, Leites GT, Reischak-Oliveira Á. Maturity status effects on torque and muscle architecture of young soccer players. J Sports Sci 2019; 38:1286-1295. [PMID: 30896284 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2019.1589908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated the effects of maturity status on knee extensor torque and vastus lateralis architecture of young soccer players. Thirty-four males aged 13-18 years were divided into two groups: pubescent (PUB, n = 15) and postpubescent (POSP, n = 19). Torque by angle interaction was established for absolute [F(2.649, 84.771) = 9.066, p < 0.05] and relative to body mass [F(2.704, 86.533) = 4.050, p < 0.05] isometric torque with the POSP group showing greater values. Muscle volume torque-angle relationship was similar between groups. Absolute, relative to body mass, and relative to muscle volume concentric and eccentric torque-velocity relationship showed a non-significant interaction but a significant group effect in favour the POSP group for absolute and concentric torque relative to body mass. Torque-angle and torque-velocity relationship normalized by body mass allometric exponents showed a non-significant interactions and group effects. Muscle thickness (3.6 ± 0.6 vs. 3.8 ± 0.6 cm), fascicle length (8.3 ± 1.4 vs. 8.9 ± 1.6 cm) and pennation angle (15.0 ± 2.3 vs. 14.3 ± 3.2 degrees) was similar between PUB and POSP groups, respectively. Maturity status did not show a significant effect on muscle architecture and on isometric and dynamic torques when allometrically normalized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovani Dos Santos Cunha
- School of Physical Education, Physiotherapy and Dance, Exercise Research Laboratory, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul , Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Marco Aurélio Vaz
- School of Physical Education, Physiotherapy and Dance, Exercise Research Laboratory, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul , Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Walter Herzog
- Faculty of Kinesiology and Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, University of Calgary , Calgary, Canada
| | - Jeam Marcel Geremia
- Center for Physical Education and Sports, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria , Santa Maria, Brazil
| | - Gabriela Tomedi Leites
- School of Physical Education, Physiotherapy and Dance, Exercise Research Laboratory, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul , Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Álvaro Reischak-Oliveira
- School of Physical Education, Physiotherapy and Dance, Exercise Research Laboratory, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul , Porto Alegre, Brazil
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Cumpian-Silva J, Rinaldi AEM, Mazzeti CMDS, Conde WL. [Body phenotypes in adolescence and sexual maturation]. CAD SAUDE PUBLICA 2018. [PMID: 29538500 DOI: 10.1590/0102-311x00057217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The study aims to describe body phenotypes estimated by multivariate technique for the assessment of nutritional status in adolescence during the process of sexual maturation. The sample consisted of 833 schoolchildren 10 to 15 years of age, selected by complex sampling in Piracicaba, São Paulo State, Brazil. Body phenotypes were defined by principal components analysis (PCA) based on anthropometric data (body mass, height, skinfolds, and waist circumference), body composition (phase angle measurement by bioelectric impedance), biochemical parameters (triglycerides, glucose, total/LDL cholesterol ratio, hemoglobin), and sexual maturation (self-classification of stages of pubic hair and breasts or genitals). Body phenotypes were: P1adiposity, characterized by a positive association with the variables skinfolds, body mass, and waist circumference; P2puberty, characterized by positive association with stages of pubic hair and breasts in girls or genitals in boys, height, and age; P3biochemical, characterized by positive association with cholesterol, triglycerides, and glucose; and P4muscular, characterized by positive association with phase angle and hemoglobin and negative association with glucose. Only P1adiposity showed a strong association with body mass index, and there was independence between P1adiposity and P2puberty. Our results highlight the independence between biochemical parameters, anthropometry, body composition, and sexual maturation. Body phenotypes can provide the basis for calculating scores on likelihood of obesity based on anthropometric variables and overcoming ambiguity with the use of body mass.
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Sekine Y, Hirose N. Cross-sectional comparison of age-related changes in the quadriceps femoris in Japanese basketball players. Int J Adolesc Med Health 2017; 32:/j/ijamh.ahead-of-print/ijamh-2017-0117/ijamh-2017-0117.xml. [PMID: 29168968 DOI: 10.1515/ijamh-2017-0117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2017] [Accepted: 09/24/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Background This study examines age-related changes in the quadriceps femoris (QF), subdivided into the vastus medialis oblique (VMO), vastus medialis (VM), rectus femoris (RF), vastus intermedius (VI) and vastus lateralis (VL) in basketball players. Subjects Seventy male basketball players were divided into four groups according to age (12-13, 14-15, 16-17, and 18-20 years). Methods Ultrasonography was used to measure muscle architecture of the VMO, VM, RF, VI and VL. We created cubic approximate expressions and calculated inflexion points to evaluate peak growth age of each muscle head. Results Significant interactions were observed for all QF parts (p < 0.01-0.001). Muscle thickness (MT) in all QF parts was significantly lower in 12-13-year olds than in 18-20-year olds (p < 0.01-0.001). Significant differences were recognised between 12-13 and 16-17-year olds in VM (p < 0.001), RF (p < 0.001) and VL (p = 0.007). MT was significantly lower in 14-15-year olds than in 16-17-year olds in the VM (p = 0.007) and RF (p = 0.026) and in 18-20 year olds in the VM (p < 0.001), RF (p = 0.036) and VI (p < 0.001). Peak growth age was estimated for each QF part (VMO, 155.0 months; VM, 187.8 months; RF, 212.2 months, VI, 188.9 months; VL, 181.1 months). Conclusion QF parts have different growth rates due to differing functions in each muscle head.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuta Sekine
- Nippon Sport Science University, Faculty of Sport Science, 7-1-1, Fukasawa, Setagaya-ku, 158-0081, Tokyo, Japan
- Waseda University, Graduate School of Sport Sciences, 2-579-15, Mikajima, Tokorozawa, 359-1192, Saitama, Japan
| | - Norikazu Hirose
- Waseda University, Institute of Sport Sciences, Saitama, Japan
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