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Gao S, Huang S, Xu Y, Wang B, Cheng P, Lu Y, Gilson E, Ye J. Role of the telomeric factor TRF2 in post-hypoxic brain damages. Redox Biol 2024; 75:103278. [PMID: 39128227 PMCID: PMC11369364 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2024.103278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2024] [Accepted: 07/20/2024] [Indexed: 08/13/2024] Open
Abstract
The neuronal excitotoxicity that follows reoxygenation after a hypoxic period may contribute to epilepsy, Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease and various disorders that are related to inadequate supplement of oxygen in neurons. Therefore, counteracting the deleterious effects of post-hypoxic stress is an interesting strategy to treat a large spectrum of neurodegenerative diseases. Here, we show that the expression of the key telomere protecting protein Trf2 decreases in the brain of mice submitted to a post-hypoxic stress. Moreover, downregulating the expression of Terf2 in hippocampal neural cells of unchallenged mice triggers an excitotoxicity-like phenotype including glutamate overexpression and behavioral alterations while overexpressing Terf2 in hippocampal neural cells of mice subjected to a post-hypoxic treatment prevents brain damages. Moreover, Terf2 overexpression in culture neurons counteracts the oxidative stress triggered by glutamate. Finally, we provide evidence that the effect of Terf2 downregulation on excitotoxicity involves Sirt3 repression leading to mitochondrial dysfunction. We propose that increasing the level of Terf2 expression is a potential strategy to reduce post-hypoxic stress damages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuaiyun Gao
- Department of Geriatrics, Medical Center on Aging of Shanghai Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China; Pôle Sino-Français de Recherches en Sciences du Vivant et Génomique, International Research Project Cancer, Aging and Hematology, RuiJin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine/CNRS/INSERM/University Côte d'Azur, Shanghai, China; The State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Sheng Huang
- Department of Geriatrics, Medical Center on Aging of Shanghai Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China; Pôle Sino-Français de Recherches en Sciences du Vivant et Génomique, International Research Project Cancer, Aging and Hematology, RuiJin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine/CNRS/INSERM/University Côte d'Azur, Shanghai, China; The State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Yiwen Xu
- Department of Geriatrics, Medical Center on Aging of Shanghai Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China; Pôle Sino-Français de Recherches en Sciences du Vivant et Génomique, International Research Project Cancer, Aging and Hematology, RuiJin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine/CNRS/INSERM/University Côte d'Azur, Shanghai, China; The State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Bo Wang
- Department of Geriatrics, Medical Center on Aging of Shanghai Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China; Pôle Sino-Français de Recherches en Sciences du Vivant et Génomique, International Research Project Cancer, Aging and Hematology, RuiJin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine/CNRS/INSERM/University Côte d'Azur, Shanghai, China; The State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Peng Cheng
- Department of Geriatrics, Medical Center on Aging of Shanghai Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China; Pôle Sino-Français de Recherches en Sciences du Vivant et Génomique, International Research Project Cancer, Aging and Hematology, RuiJin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine/CNRS/INSERM/University Côte d'Azur, Shanghai, China; The State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Yiming Lu
- Department of Geriatrics, Medical Center on Aging of Shanghai Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China; Pôle Sino-Français de Recherches en Sciences du Vivant et Génomique, International Research Project Cancer, Aging and Hematology, RuiJin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine/CNRS/INSERM/University Côte d'Azur, Shanghai, China; The State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, Shanghai, 200025, China; Department of Emergency, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China.
| | - Eric Gilson
- Pôle Sino-Français de Recherches en Sciences du Vivant et Génomique, International Research Project Cancer, Aging and Hematology, RuiJin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine/CNRS/INSERM/University Côte d'Azur, Shanghai, China; University Côte d'Azur, Inserm, CNRS, IRCAN, Nice, France; Department of Medical Genetics, IHU RespirERA, CHU, Nice, France.
| | - Jing Ye
- Department of Geriatrics, Medical Center on Aging of Shanghai Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China; Pôle Sino-Français de Recherches en Sciences du Vivant et Génomique, International Research Project Cancer, Aging and Hematology, RuiJin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine/CNRS/INSERM/University Côte d'Azur, Shanghai, China; The State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, Shanghai, 200025, China; Department of Emergency, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China.
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Trostchansky A, Alarcon M. An Overview of Two Old Friends Associated with Platelet Redox Signaling, the Protein Disulfide Isomerase and NADPH Oxidase. Biomolecules 2023; 13:biom13050848. [PMID: 37238717 DOI: 10.3390/biom13050848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2022] [Revised: 12/30/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress participates at the baseline of different non-communicable pathologies such as cardiovascular diseases. Excessive formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), above the signaling levels necessary for the correct function of organelles and cells, may contribute to the non-desired effects of oxidative stress. Platelets play a relevant role in arterial thrombosis, by aggregation triggered by different agonists, where excessive ROS formation induces mitochondrial dysfunction and stimulate platelet activation and aggregation. Platelet is both a source and a target of ROS, thus we aim to analyze both the platelet enzymes responsible for ROS generation and their involvement in intracellular signal transduction pathways. Among the proteins involved in these processes are Protein Disulphide Isomerase (PDI) and NADPH oxidase (NOX) isoforms. By using bioinformatic tools and information from available databases, a complete bioinformatic analysis of the role and interactions of PDI and NOX in platelets, as well as the signal transduction pathways involved in their effects was performed. We focused the study on analyzing whether these proteins collaborate to control platelet function. The data presented in the current manuscript support the role that PDI and NOX play on activation pathways necessary for platelet activation and aggregation, as well as on the platelet signaling imbalance produced by ROS production. Our data could be used to design specific enzyme inhibitors or a dual inhibition for these enzymes with an antiplatelet effect to design promising treatments for diseases involving platelet dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrés Trostchansky
- Departamento de Bioquímica and Center for Free Radical and Biomedical Research, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, Montevideo 11800, Uruguay
| | - Marcelo Alarcon
- Thrombosis Research Center, Universidad de Talca, Talca 3460000, Chile
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Immunohematology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad de Talca, Talca 3460000, Chile
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Xue T, Sun Q, Zhang Y, Wu X, Shen H, Li X, Wu J, Li H, Wang Z, Chen G. Phosphorylation at S548 as a Functional Switch of Sterile Alpha and TIR Motif-Containing 1 in Cerebral Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury in Rats. Mol Neurobiol 2021; 58:453-469. [PMID: 32968873 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-020-02132-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Sterile alpha and Toll/interleukin-1 receptor motif-containing 1 (SARM1) is a pro-degenerative molecule in Wallerian degeneration, which is mainly expressed in brain/neurons and colocalized with mitochondria and microtubules. The aim of this study was to determine the role of SARM1 in cerebral ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury and the underlying mechanisms. In vivo, a middle cerebral artery occlusion/reperfusion (MCAO/R) model in adult male Sprague Dawley rats (250-300 g) was established, and in vitro, cultured primary neurons were subjected to oxygen-glucose deprivation/reoxygenation (OGD/R) to imitate I/R injury. Overexpression lentiviruses encoding wild-type SARM1 and SARM1 with serine 548 alanine mutation (S548A) were constructed and administered to rats by intra-penumbral injection. First, the potential role of SARM1 in cerebral I/R injury was confirmed by the increased protein levels of SARM1 within penumbra tissue, especially in neurons. Second, there was an increase in the phosphorylation ratio of p-SARM1(S548)/SARM1 at 2 h after MCAO/R. Third, on the basis of site-specific mutagenesis, we identified S548 as a key site for SARM1 phosphorylation in I/R conditions. Fourth, SARM1 (S548A) overexpression reduced infarct size, neuronal death, and neurobehavioral dysfunction, while wild-type SARM1 overexpression had the opposite effects. Finally, we found that SARM1 phosphorylation at the S548 site switched SARM1 function from promoting mitochondrial transport to inhibiting mitochondrial transport along axons after I/R injury. Restriction of SARM1 phosphorylation at S548 may be a promising intervention target for I/R injury; thus, exogenous administration of SARM1 (S548A) may be a novel strategy for improving neurological outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Xue
- Department of Neurosurgery & Brain and Nerve Research Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Qing Sun
- Department of Neurosurgery & Brain and Nerve Research Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Yijie Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery & Brain and Nerve Research Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Xin Wu
- Department of Neurosurgery & Brain and Nerve Research Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Haitao Shen
- Department of Neurosurgery & Brain and Nerve Research Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Xiang Li
- Department of Neurosurgery & Brain and Nerve Research Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Jiang Wu
- Department of Neurosurgery & Brain and Nerve Research Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Haiying Li
- Department of Neurosurgery & Brain and Nerve Research Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, China.
| | - Zhong Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery & Brain and Nerve Research Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, China.
| | - Gang Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery & Brain and Nerve Research Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
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Wang J, Liu Y, Shen H, Li H, Wang Z, Chen G. Nox2 and Nox4 Participate in ROS-Induced Neuronal Apoptosis and Brain Injury During Ischemia-Reperfusion in Rats. ACTA NEUROCHIRURGICA. SUPPLEMENT 2020; 127:47-54. [PMID: 31407062 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-04615-6_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previously studies have shown that Nox2 and Nox4, as members of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase (NADPH oxidase, Nox), participate in brain damage caused by ischemia-reperfusion (I/R). The aim of this study is to investigate the effects of specific chemical inhibitors of Nox2 and Nox4 on cerebral I/R-induced brain injury in rats. METHODS At 0.5 h before MCAO surgery, the rats were pretreated with vehicle, Nox2 inhibitor (gp91ds-tat), and Nox4 inhibitor (GKT137831), respectively. After reperfusion for 24 h, the infarct sizes of brain tissues in rats in various groups are determined. The penumbra (ischemic) tissues are collected to measure ROS levels, neuronal apoptosis, and degeneration, as well as the integrity of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) in brain tissues of rats. RESULTS gp91ds-tat and GKT137831 pretreatment significantly reduced the infarct sizes in brain tissues of rats, effectively suppressed I/R-induced increase in ROS levels, neuronal apoptosis and degeneration, and obviously alleviated BBB damage. CONCLUSION Under cerebral I/R conditions, Nox2 inhibitor (gp91ds-tat) and Nox4 inhibitor (GKT137831) can effectively play a protective role in the brain tissues of rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinjin Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery and Brain and Nerve Research Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China.,Department of Neurosurgery, Jiangsu Shengze Hospital, Suzhou, China
| | - Yin Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery and Brain and Nerve Research Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China.,Department of Neurosurgery, Suzhou Municipal Hospital, Suzhou, China
| | - Haitao Shen
- Department of Neurosurgery and Brain and Nerve Research Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Haiying Li
- Department of Neurosurgery and Brain and Nerve Research Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Zhong Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery and Brain and Nerve Research Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China.
| | - Gang Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery and Brain and Nerve Research Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
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Liu H, Song T, Lv T, Zhao X, Shao Y, Li C, Zhang W. Cu2+ regulated sulfonamides resistance gene (sul) via reactive oxygen species induced ArcA in a pathogenic Vibrio splendidus. ANN MICROBIOL 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s13213-019-01475-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
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Li X, Li J, Qian J, Zhang D, Shen H, Li X, Li H, Chen G. Loss of Ribosomal RACK1 (Receptor for Activated Protein Kinase C 1) Induced by Phosphorylation at T50 Alleviates Cerebral Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury in Rats. Stroke 2019; 50:162-171. [PMID: 30580718 DOI: 10.1161/strokeaha.118.022404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Background and Purpose- RACK1 (receptor for activated protein kinase C 1) is an integral component of ribosomes with neuroprotective functions. The goal of this study was to determine the role of RACK1 in cerebral ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury and the underlying mechanisms. Methods- A middle cerebral artery occlusion/reperfusion model in adult male Sprague Dawley rats (250-280 g) was established, and cultured neurons were exposed to oxygen-glucose deprivation/reoxygenation to mimic I/R injury in vitro. Expression vectors encoding wild-type RACK1 and RACK1 with T50A mutation (T50A) were constructed and administered to rats by intracerebroventricular injection. Results- The potential role of RACK1 in cerebral I/R injury was confirmed by the decreased protein levels of RACK1 within penumbra tissue, especially of neurons. Second, there was an increase in the phosphorylation ratio of RACK1 at the threonine/serine residues at 1.5 hours after middle cerebral artery occlusion onset. Third, based on site-specific mutagenesis, we identified T50 as a key site for RACK1 phosphorylation during I/R. Fourth, wild-type RACK1 overexpression reduced infarct size, neuronal death, neuronal tissue loss, and neurobehavioral dysfunction, while RACK1 (T50A) overexpression exerted opposite effects. Finally, we found that RACK1 phosphorylation at T50 induced a loss of ribosomal RACK1, which switched RACK1 from beclin-1 translation inhibition to autophagy induction following I/R. Conclusions- RACK1 phosphorylation may be a potential intervention target for neurons during I/R; thus, exogenous supplementation of RACK1 may be a novel approach for ameliorating I/R injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Li
- From the Department of Neurosurgery & Brain and Nerve Research Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Jinquan Li
- From the Department of Neurosurgery & Brain and Nerve Research Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Jinhong Qian
- From the Department of Neurosurgery & Brain and Nerve Research Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Dongping Zhang
- From the Department of Neurosurgery & Brain and Nerve Research Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Haitao Shen
- From the Department of Neurosurgery & Brain and Nerve Research Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Xiang Li
- From the Department of Neurosurgery & Brain and Nerve Research Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Haiying Li
- From the Department of Neurosurgery & Brain and Nerve Research Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Gang Chen
- From the Department of Neurosurgery & Brain and Nerve Research Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
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He W, Wang Q, Gu L, Zhong L, Liu D. NOX4 rs11018628 polymorphism associates with a decreased risk and better short-term recovery of ischemic stroke. Exp Ther Med 2018; 16:5258-5264. [PMID: 30542483 PMCID: PMC6257675 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2018.6874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2018] [Accepted: 10/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) play an important role in our susceptibility to disease, the severity of illness and the way our body responds to treatment. This study evaluated the impact of three polymorphisms on the susceptibility and functional outcome of ischemic stroke (IS). Three hundred and eight patients and 300 healthy volunteers were enrolled. Polymorphisms of NOX4 rs11018628, MTHFR rs1801133 and NEIL3 rs12645561 were detected in both groups. Smoking (P<0.001), drinking (P<0.001), hypertension (P<0.001) and diabetes (P=0.006), as traditional vascular risk factors for IS, were confirmed in our study. Logistic regression analyses with adjustment for age, sex, smoking, drinking, diabetes, hypertension and total cholesterol showed that the variant genotypes of NOX4 rs11018628 were associated with a significantly decreased risk (Dominant model: OR=0.32, 95% CI=0.22–0.48, P<0.001) and a better short-term recovery of IS (Dominant model: OR=0.57, 95% CI=0.35–0.95, P=0.029). This study demonstrates that the NOX4 rs11018628 SNP is associated with decreased risk in developing IS and better short-term recovery of patients. This suggests that the genetic variant of NOX4 rs11018628 may contribute to the etiology of IS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei He
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, The Affiliated Jiangyin People's Hospital of Southeast University Medical College, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214400, P.R. China
| | - Qingguang Wang
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Jiangyin People's Hospital of Southeast University Medical College, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214400, P.R. China
| | - Lujun Gu
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Jiangyin Fifth People's Hospital, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214400, P.R. China
| | - Lingling Zhong
- Department of Neurology, Huai'an First People's Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Huai'an, Jiangsu 223001, P.R. China
| | - Dinghua Liu
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Jiangyin People's Hospital of Southeast University Medical College, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214400, P.R. China
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Chen R, Lai UH, Zhu L, Singh A, Ahmed M, Forsyth NR. Reactive Oxygen Species Formation in the Brain at Different Oxygen Levels: The Role of Hypoxia Inducible Factors. Front Cell Dev Biol 2018; 6:132. [PMID: 30364203 PMCID: PMC6192379 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2018.00132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2018] [Accepted: 09/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypoxia inducible factor (HIF) is the master oxygen sensor within cells and is central to the regulation of cell responses to varying oxygen levels. HIF activation during hypoxia ensures optimum ATP production and cell integrity, and is associated both directly and indirectly with reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation. HIF activation can either reduce ROS formation by suppressing the function of mitochondrial tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA cycle), or increase ROS formation via NADPH oxidase (NOX), a target gene of HIF pathway. ROS is an unavoidable consequence of aerobic metabolism. In normal conditions (i.e., physioxia), ROS is produced at minimal levels and acts as a signaling molecule subject to the dedicated balance between ROS production and scavenging. Changes in oxygen concentrations affect ROS formation. When ROS levels exceed defense mechanisms, ROS causes oxidative stress. Increased ROS levels can also be a contributing factor to HIF stabilization during hypoxia and reoxygenation. In this review, we systemically review HIF activation and ROS formation in the brain during hypoxia and hypoxia/reoxygenation. We will then explore the literature describing how changes in HIF levels might provide pharmacological targets for effective ischaemic stroke treatment. HIF accumulation in the brain via HIF prolyl hydroxylase (PHD) inhibition is proposed as an effective therapy for ischaemia stroke due to its antioxidation and anti-inflammatory properties in addition to HIF pro-survival signaling. PHD is a key regulator of HIF levels in cells. Pharmacological inhibition of PHD increases HIF levels in normoxia (i.e., at 20.9% O2 level). Preconditioning with HIF PHD inhibitors show a neuroprotective effect in both in vitro and in vivo ischaemia stroke models, but post-stroke treatment with PHD inhibitors remains debatable. HIF PHD inhibition during reperfusion can reduce ROS formation and activate a number of cellular survival pathways. Given agents targeting individual molecules in the ischaemic cascade (e.g., antioxidants) fail to be translated in the clinic setting, thus far, HIF pathway targeting and thereby impacting entire physiological networks is a promising drug target for reducing the adverse effects of ischaemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruoli Chen
- School of Pharmacy, Keele University, Staffordshire, United Kingdom.,Institute for Science and Technology in Medicine, Keele University, Staffordshire, United Kingdom
| | - U Hin Lai
- School of Pharmacy, Keele University, Staffordshire, United Kingdom
| | - Lingling Zhu
- Department of Brain Protection and Plasticity, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ayesha Singh
- School of Pharmacy, Keele University, Staffordshire, United Kingdom.,Institute for Science and Technology in Medicine, Keele University, Staffordshire, United Kingdom
| | - Muhammad Ahmed
- Institute for Science and Technology in Medicine, Keele University, Staffordshire, United Kingdom.,College of Pharmacy, University of Mosul, Mosul, Iraq
| | - Nicholas R Forsyth
- Institute for Science and Technology in Medicine, Keele University, Staffordshire, United Kingdom
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Rana AK, Singh D. Targeting glycogen synthase kinase-3 for oxidative stress and neuroinflammation: Opportunities, challenges and future directions for cerebral stroke management. Neuropharmacology 2018; 139:124-136. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2018.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2018] [Revised: 05/02/2018] [Accepted: 07/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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10
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Ye ZN, Wu LY, Liu JP, Chen Q, Zhang XS, Lu Y, Zhou ML, Li W, Zhang ZH, Xia DY, Zhuang Z, Hang CH. Inhibition of leukotriene B4 synthesis protects against early brain injury possibly via reducing the neutrophil-generated inflammatory response and oxidative stress after subarachnoid hemorrhage in rats. Behav Brain Res 2017; 339:19-27. [PMID: 29133197 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2017.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2017] [Revised: 11/06/2017] [Accepted: 11/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Leukotriene B4 (LTB4) is a highly potent neutrophil chemoattractant and neutrophils induces inflammatory response and oxidative stress when they recruit to and infiltrate in the injuried/inflamed site, such as the brain parenchyma after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). This study is to investigate the potential effects of inhibition of LTB4 synthesis on neutrophil recruitment, inflammatory response and oxidative stress, as well as early brain injury (EBI) in rats after SAH. A pre-chiasmatic cistern SAH model of rats was used in this experiment. SC 57461A was used to inhibit LTB4 synthesis via intracerebroventricular injection. The brain tissues of temporal lobe after SAH were analyzed. Neuronal injury, brain edema and neurological function were evaluated to investigate the development of EBI. We found that inhibition of LTB4 synthesis after SAH could reduce the level of myeloperoxidase, alleviate the inflammatory response and oxidative stress, and reduce neuronal death in the brain parenchyma, and ameliorate brain edema and neurological behavior impairment at 24h after SAH. These results suggest that inhibition of LTB4 synthesis might alleviate EBI after SAH possibly via reducing the neutrophil-generated inflammatory response and oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen-Nan Ye
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China; Department of Neurosurgery, Jinling Hospital, Clinical College of Medicine, Southern Medical University (Guangzhou), Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Ling-Yun Wu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Jing-Peng Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Qiang Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Jinling Hospital, Clinical College of Medicine, Southern Medical University (Guangzhou), Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Xiang-Sheng Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Yue Lu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Meng-Liang Zhou
- Department of Neurosurgery, Jinling Hospital, School of Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Wei Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Zi-Huan Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Zhongdu Hospital, Bengbu, Anhui Province, China
| | - Da-Yong Xia
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wannan Medical College, 2 West Zheshan Road, Wuhu, Anhui Province, China
| | - Zong Zhuang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China.
| | - Chun-Hua Hang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China.
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Wang Z, Bu J, Yao X, Liu C, Shen H, Li X, Li H, Chen G. Phosphorylation at S153 as a Functional Switch of Phosphatidylethanolamine Binding Protein 1 in Cerebral Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury in Rats. Front Mol Neurosci 2017; 10:358. [PMID: 29163033 PMCID: PMC5671526 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2017.00358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2017] [Accepted: 10/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to estimate the role of phosphatidylethanolamine binding protein 1 (PEBP1) in cerebral ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury and the underlying mechanisms. Middle cerebral artery occlusion/reperfusion (MCAO/R) model in adult male Sprague Dawley rats (250-280 g) were established and cultured neurons were exposed to oxygen-glucose deprivation/reoxygenation (OGD/R) to mimic I/R injury in vitro. Expression vectors encoding wild-type PEBP1 and PEBP1 with Ser153Ala mutation (S153A), PEBP1 specific siRNAs, and human recombinant PEBP1 (rhPEBP1) were administered intracerebroventricularly. Endogenous PEBP1 level and its phosphorylation at Ser153 were increased within penumbra tissue and cultured neurons after I/R, accompanied by decreased interaction between PEBP1 and Raf-1. There was a trend toward increased Raf-1/MEK/ERK/NF-κB signaling pathway and phosphatidylcholine-phospholipase C (PC-PLC) activity after I/R, which was enhanced by wild-type PEBP1overexpression and rhPEBP1 treatment and inhibited by PEBP1 (S153A) overexpression. And PEBP1 (S153A) overexpression increased its interaction with Raf-1, reduced infarct size, neuronal death and inflammation, and improved neurological function after I/R, while wild-type PEBP1overexpression exerted opposite effects, suggesting that phosphorylation at Ser153 may exert as a functional switch of PEBP1 by switching PEBP1 from Raf-1 inhibition to PC-PLC activation following I/R. Compared with PEBP1 knockdown, PEBP1 (S153A) overexpression exerted a better rescue effect on I/R injury, which further proved that PEBP1 may be a good protein gone bad with phosphorylation at S153 as a functional switch following I/R. Collectively, our findings suggest that PEBP1 contributed to neuronal death and inflammation after I/R. Selective inhibition of PEBP1 phosphorylation may be a novel approach to ameliorate I/R injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhong Wang
- Nerve Research Laboratory, Department of Neurosurgery and Brain, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Jiyuan Bu
- Nerve Research Laboratory, Department of Neurosurgery and Brain, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Xiyang Yao
- Nerve Research Laboratory, Department of Neurosurgery and Brain, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Chenglin Liu
- Nerve Research Laboratory, Department of Neurosurgery and Brain, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Haitao Shen
- Nerve Research Laboratory, Department of Neurosurgery and Brain, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Xiang Li
- Nerve Research Laboratory, Department of Neurosurgery and Brain, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Haiying Li
- Nerve Research Laboratory, Department of Neurosurgery and Brain, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Gang Chen
- Nerve Research Laboratory, Department of Neurosurgery and Brain, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
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NADPH Oxidase-Related Pathophysiology in Experimental Models of Stroke. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18102123. [PMID: 29019942 PMCID: PMC5666805 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18102123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2017] [Revised: 10/05/2017] [Accepted: 10/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Several experimental studies have indicated that nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidases (Nox) exert detrimental effects on ischemic brain tissue; Nox-knockout mice generally exhibit resistance to damage due to experimental stroke following middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO). Furthermore, our previous MCAO study indicated that infarct size and blood-brain barrier breakdown are enhanced in mice with pericyte-specific overexpression of Nox4, relative to levels observed in controls. However, it remains unclear whether Nox affects the stroke outcome directly by increasing oxidative stress at the site of ischemia, or indirectly by modifying physiological variables such as blood pressure or cerebral blood flow (CBF). Because of technical problems in the measurement of physiological variables and CBF, it is often difficult to address this issue in mouse models due to their small body size; in our previous study, we examined the effects of Nox activity on focal ischemic injury in a novel congenic rat strain: stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rats with loss-of-function in Nox. In this review, we summarize the current literature regarding the role of Nox in focal ischemic injury and discuss critical issues that should be considered when investigating Nox-related pathophysiology in animal models of stroke.
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Wang Z, Zhou F, Dou Y, Tian X, Liu C, Li H, Shen H, Chen G. Melatonin Alleviates Intracerebral Hemorrhage-Induced Secondary Brain Injury in Rats via Suppressing Apoptosis, Inflammation, Oxidative Stress, DNA Damage, and Mitochondria Injury. Transl Stroke Res 2017; 9:74-91. [PMID: 28766251 PMCID: PMC5750335 DOI: 10.1007/s12975-017-0559-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 207] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2017] [Revised: 07/20/2017] [Accepted: 07/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) is a cerebrovascular disease with high mortality and morbidity, and the effective treatment is still lacking. We designed this study to investigate the therapeutic effects and mechanisms of melatonin on the secondary brain injury (SBI) after ICH. An in vivo ICH model was induced via autologous whole blood injection into the right basal ganglia in Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats. Primary rat cortical neurons were treated with oxygen hemoglobin (OxyHb) as an in vitro ICH model. The results of the in vivo study showed that melatonin alleviated severe brain edema and behavior disorders induced by ICH. Indicators of blood-brain barrier (BBB) integrity, DNA damage, inflammation, oxidative stress, apoptosis, and mitochondria damage showed a significant increase after ICH, while melatonin reduced their levels. Meanwhile, melatonin promoted further increasing of expression levels of antioxidant indicators induced by ICH. Microscopically, TUNEL and Nissl staining showed that melatonin reduced the numbers of ICH-induced apoptotic cells. Inflammation and DNA damage indicators exhibited an identical pattern compared to those above. Additionally, the in vitro study demonstrated that melatonin reduced the apoptotic neurons induced by OxyHb and protected the mitochondrial membrane potential. Collectively, our investigation showed that melatonin ameliorated ICH-induced SBI by impacting apoptosis, inflammation, oxidative stress, DNA damage, brain edema, and BBB damage and reducing mitochondrial membrane permeability transition pore opening, and melatonin may be a potential therapeutic agent of ICH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhong Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery & Brain and Nerve Research Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, 188 Shizi Street, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, 215006, China
| | - Feng Zhou
- Department of Neurosurgery & Brain and Nerve Research Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, 188 Shizi Street, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, 215006, China
| | - Yang Dou
- Department of Neurosurgery & Brain and Nerve Research Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, 188 Shizi Street, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, 215006, China
| | - Xiaodi Tian
- Department of Neurosurgery & Brain and Nerve Research Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, 188 Shizi Street, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, 215006, China
| | - Chenglin Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery & Brain and Nerve Research Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, 188 Shizi Street, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, 215006, China
| | - Haiying Li
- Department of Neurosurgery & Brain and Nerve Research Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, 188 Shizi Street, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, 215006, China
| | - Haitao Shen
- Department of Neurosurgery & Brain and Nerve Research Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, 188 Shizi Street, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, 215006, China.
| | - Gang Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery & Brain and Nerve Research Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, 188 Shizi Street, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, 215006, China.
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15
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Casas AI, Dao VTV, Daiber A, Maghzal GJ, Di Lisa F, Kaludercic N, Leach S, Cuadrado A, Jaquet V, Seredenina T, Krause KH, López MG, Stocker R, Ghezzi P, Schmidt HHHW. Reactive Oxygen-Related Diseases: Therapeutic Targets and Emerging Clinical Indications. Antioxid Redox Signal 2015; 23:1171-85. [PMID: 26583264 PMCID: PMC4657512 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2015.6433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Enhanced levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) have been associated with different disease states. Most attempts to validate and exploit these associations by chronic antioxidant therapies have provided disappointing results. Hence, the clinical relevance of ROS is still largely unclear. RECENT ADVANCES We are now beginning to understand the reasons for these failures, which reside in the many important physiological roles of ROS in cell signaling. To exploit ROS therapeutically, it would be essential to define and treat the disease-relevant ROS at the right moment and leave physiological ROS formation intact. This breakthrough seems now within reach. CRITICAL ISSUES Rather than antioxidants, a new generation of protein targets for classical pharmacological agents includes ROS-forming or toxifying enzymes or proteins that are oxidatively damaged and can be functionally repaired. FUTURE DIRECTIONS Linking these target proteins in future to specific disease states and providing in each case proof of principle will be essential for translating the oxidative stress concept into the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana I Casas
- 1 Department of Pharmacology, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University , Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - V Thao-Vi Dao
- 1 Department of Pharmacology, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University , Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Andreas Daiber
- 2 2nd Medical Department, Molecular Cardiology, University Medical Center , Mainz, Germany
| | - Ghassan J Maghzal
- 3 Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, and School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales , Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Fabio Di Lisa
- 4 Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova , Italy .,5 Neuroscience Institute , CNR, Padova, Italy
| | | | - Sonia Leach
- 6 Brighton and Sussex Medical School , Falmer, United Kingdom
| | - Antonio Cuadrado
- 7 Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), ISCIII, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas "Alberto Sols" UAM-CSIC, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Paz (IdiPaz), Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Autonomous University of Madrid , Madrid, Spain
| | - Vincent Jaquet
- 8 Department of Pathology and Immunology, Medical School, University of Geneva , Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Tamara Seredenina
- 8 Department of Pathology and Immunology, Medical School, University of Geneva , Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Karl H Krause
- 8 Department of Pathology and Immunology, Medical School, University of Geneva , Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Manuela G López
- 9 Teofilo Hernando Institute, Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine. Autonomous University of Madrid , Madrid, Spain
| | - Roland Stocker
- 3 Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, and School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales , Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Pietro Ghezzi
- 6 Brighton and Sussex Medical School , Falmer, United Kingdom
| | - Harald H H W Schmidt
- 1 Department of Pharmacology, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University , Maastricht, the Netherlands
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Yao H, Ferdaus MZ, Zahid HM, Ohara H, Nakahara T, Nabika T. Focal Ischemic Injury with Complex Middle Cerebral Artery in Stroke-Prone Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats with Loss-Of-Function in NADPH Oxidases. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0138551. [PMID: 26389812 PMCID: PMC4577106 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0138551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2015] [Accepted: 08/31/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
By means of introgressing a loss-of-function mutation in the p22phox gene from the Matsumoto Eosinophilia Shinshu (MES) rat to stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRSP), we constructed the SHRSP-based congenic strain lacking the P22PHOX expression (i.e., lacking NADPH oxidases [NOX] activities) (SHRSP.MES-Cybames/Izm; hereafter referred to as SP.MES). To examine the effects of Nox activities on the focal ischemic injury or stroke, we performed middle cerebral artery (MCA) occlusion in this new congenic strain; the distal MCA was occluded by 561-nm laser-driven photothrombosis. Resting mean arterial blood pressure was significantly lower in SP.MES when compared with the control PM0/SHRSP (150±11 mmHg vs. 166±11 mmHg). Cerebral blood flow decreased to 37±13% in SP.MES and 35±17% in PM0/SHRSP at 10 min after MCA occlusion (not significant). Infarct volume determined at 24 h after MCA occlusion in SP.MES was 89±39 mm3, which was not significantly different from 83±35 mm3 in PM0/SHRSP. The distal MCA pattern was more complex in SP.MES (median 3, IQR 3–5) than PM0/SHRSP (median 2, IQR 1–3) (p = 0.001). Because more complex distal MCA is known to produce larger infarction after distal MCA occlusion in SHR, we adjusted for the branching pattern in an ANCOVA. The adjusted mean of infarct volume was significantly smaller in SP.MES compared with that in PM0/SHRSP (67 [95% CI 46 to 87] mm3 vs. 100 [95% CI 82 to 118] mm3, p = 0.032). Elimination of the P22PHOX expression induced complex distal MCA, which would suggest the presence of ‘loss of complexity’ induced by enhanced oxidative stress in SHRSP; infarct size in SP.MES—when adjusted for distal MCA complexity—was significantly attenuated compared with that in PM0/SHRSP. Therefore, the present results suggest that Nox is harmful for ischemic brain tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Yao
- Laboratory for Neurochemistry, National Hospital Organization Hizen Psychiatric Center, Saga, Japan
| | | | - Hasan Md Zahid
- Department of Functional Pathology, Shimane University School of Medicine, Izumo, Japan
| | - Hiroki Ohara
- Department of Functional Pathology, Shimane University School of Medicine, Izumo, Japan
| | - Tatsuo Nakahara
- Laboratory for Neurochemistry, National Hospital Organization Hizen Psychiatric Center, Saga, Japan
| | - Toru Nabika
- Department of Functional Pathology, Shimane University School of Medicine, Izumo, Japan
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Wong JK, Chen L, Huang Y, Sehba FA, Friedel RH, Zou H. Attenuation of Cerebral Ischemic Injury in Smad1 Deficient Mice. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0136967. [PMID: 26317208 PMCID: PMC4552810 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0136967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2015] [Accepted: 08/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Stroke results in brain tissue damage from ischemia and oxidative stress. Molecular regulators of the protective versus deleterious cellular responses after cerebral ischemia remain to be identified. Here, we show that deletion of Smad1, a conserved transcription factor that mediates canonical bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signaling, results in neuroprotection in an ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) stroke model. Uninjured mice with conditional deletion of Smad1 in the CNS (Smad1 cKO) displayed upregulation of the reactive astrocyte marker GFAP and hypertrophic morphological changes in astrocytes compared to littermate controls. Additionally, cultured Smad1-/- astrocytes exhibited an enhanced antioxidant capacity. When subjected to I/R injury by transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (tMCAO), Smad1 cKO mice showed enhanced neuronal survival and improved neurological recovery at 7 days post-stroke. This neuroprotective phenotype is associated with attenuated reactive astrocytosis and neuroinflammation, along with reductions in oxidative stress, p53 induction, and apoptosis. Our data suggest that Smad1-mediated signaling pathway is involved in stroke pathophysiology and may present a new potential target for stroke therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamie K Wong
- Fishberg Department of Neuroscience, Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, United States of America
| | - Lei Chen
- Fishberg Department of Neuroscience, Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, United States of America
| | - Yong Huang
- Fishberg Department of Neuroscience, Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, United States of America
| | - Fatima A Sehba
- Department of Neurosurgery, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, United States of America
| | - Roland H Friedel
- Fishberg Department of Neuroscience, Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, United States of America; Department of Neurosurgery, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, United States of America
| | - Hongyan Zou
- Fishberg Department of Neuroscience, Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, United States of America; Department of Neurosurgery, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, United States of America
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Kleikers PWM, Hooijmans C, Göb E, Langhauser F, Rewell SSJ, Radermacher K, Ritskes-Hoitinga M, Howells DW, Kleinschnitz C, HHW Schmidt H. A combined pre-clinical meta-analysis and randomized confirmatory trial approach to improve data validity for therapeutic target validation. Sci Rep 2015; 5:13428. [PMID: 26310318 PMCID: PMC4550831 DOI: 10.1038/srep13428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2015] [Accepted: 07/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Biomedical research suffers from a dramatically poor translational success. For example, in ischemic stroke, a condition with a high medical need, over a thousand experimental drug targets were unsuccessful. Here, we adopt methods from clinical research for a late-stage pre-clinical meta-analysis (MA) and randomized confirmatory trial (pRCT) approach. A profound body of literature suggests NOX2 to be a major therapeutic target in stroke. Systematic review and MA of all available NOX2(-/y) studies revealed a positive publication bias and lack of statistical power to detect a relevant reduction in infarct size. A fully powered multi-center pRCT rejects NOX2 as a target to improve neurofunctional outcomes or achieve a translationally relevant infarct size reduction. Thus stringent statistical thresholds, reporting negative data and a MA-pRCT approach can ensure biomedical data validity and overcome risks of bias.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pamela WM. Kleikers
- Department of Pharmacology, CARIM, Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Maastricht University, The Netherlands
| | - Carlijn Hooijmans
- SYRCLE at Central Animal Laboratory, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Eva Göb
- Neurologische Klinik und Poliklinik der Universitätsklinik Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Friederike Langhauser
- Neurologische Klinik und Poliklinik der Universitätsklinik Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Sarah SJ. Rewell
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Austin Health, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Kim Radermacher
- Department of Pharmacology, CARIM, Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Maastricht University, The Netherlands
| | - Merel Ritskes-Hoitinga
- SYRCLE at Central Animal Laboratory, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - David W. Howells
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Austin Health, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | | | - Harald HHW Schmidt
- Department of Pharmacology, CARIM, Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Maastricht University, The Netherlands
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Altenhöfer S, Radermacher KA, Kleikers PWM, Wingler K, Schmidt HHHW. Evolution of NADPH Oxidase Inhibitors: Selectivity and Mechanisms for Target Engagement. Antioxid Redox Signal 2015; 23:406-27. [PMID: 24383718 PMCID: PMC4543484 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2013.5814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 384] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Oxidative stress, an excess of reactive oxygen species (ROS) production versus consumption, may be involved in the pathogenesis of different diseases. The only known enzymes solely dedicated to ROS generation are nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidases with their catalytic subunits (NOX). After the clinical failure of most antioxidant trials, NOX inhibitors are the most promising therapeutic option for diseases associated with oxidative stress. RECENT ADVANCES Historical NADPH oxidase inhibitors, apocynin and diphenylene iodonium, are un-specific and not isoform selective. Novel NOX inhibitors stemming from rational drug discovery approaches, for example, GKT137831, ML171, and VAS2870, show improved specificity for NADPH oxidases and moderate NOX isoform selectivity. Along with NOX2 docking sequence (NOX2ds)-tat, a peptide-based inhibitor, the use of these novel small molecules in animal models has provided preliminary in vivo evidence for a pathophysiological role of specific NOX isoforms. CRITICAL ISSUES Here, we discuss whether novel NOX inhibitors enable reliable validation of NOX isoforms' pathological roles and whether this knowledge supports translation into pharmacological applications. Modern NOX inhibitors have increased the evidence for pathophysiological roles of NADPH oxidases. However, in comparison to knockout mouse models, NOX inhibitors have limited isoform selectivity. Thus, their use does not enable clear statements on the involvement of individual NOX isoforms in a given disease. FUTURE DIRECTIONS The development of isoform-selective NOX inhibitors and biologicals will enable reliable validation of specific NOX isoforms in disease models other than the mouse. Finally, GKT137831, the first NOX inhibitor in clinical development, is poised to provide proof of principle for the clinical potential of NOX inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Altenhöfer
- Department of Pharmacology, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University , Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Kim A Radermacher
- Department of Pharmacology, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University , Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Pamela W M Kleikers
- Department of Pharmacology, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University , Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Kirstin Wingler
- Department of Pharmacology, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University , Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Harald H H W Schmidt
- Department of Pharmacology, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University , Maastricht, the Netherlands
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Khanna S, Briggs Z, Rink C. Inducible glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase as a therapeutic target against ischemic stroke. Antioxid Redox Signal 2015; 22:175-86. [PMID: 25343301 PMCID: PMC4281871 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2014.6106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Glutamate serves multi-faceted (patho)physiological functions in the central nervous system as the most abundant excitatory neurotransmitter and under pathological conditions as a potent neurotoxin. Regarding the latter, elevated extracellular glutamate is known to play a central role in ischemic stroke brain injury. RECENT ADVANCES Glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase (GOT) has emerged as a new therapeutic target in protecting against ischemic stroke injury. Oxygen-sensitive induction of GOT expression and activity during ischemic stroke lowers glutamate levels at the stroke site while sustaining adenosine triphosphate levels in brain. The energy demands of the brain are among the highest of all organs underscoring the need to quickly mobilize alternative carbon skeletons for metabolism in the absence of glucose during ischemic stroke. Recent work builds on the important observation of Hans Krebs that GOT-mediated metabolism of glutamate generates tri-carboxylic acid (TCA) cycle intermediates in brain tissue. Taken together, outcomes suggest GOT may enable the transformative switch of otherwise excitotoxic glutamate into life-sustaining TCA cycle intermediates during ischemic stroke. CRITICAL ISSUES Neuroprotective strategies that focus solely on blocking mechanisms of glutamate-mediated excitotoxicity have historically failed in clinical trials. That GOT can enable glutamate to assume the role of a survival factor represents a paradigm shift necessary to develop the overall significance of glutamate in stroke biology. FUTURE DIRECTIONS Ongoing efforts are focused to develop the therapeutic significance of GOT in stroke-affected brain. Small molecules that target induction of GOT expression and activity in the ischemic penumbra are the focus of ongoing studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Savita Khanna
- Department of Surgery, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center , Columbus, Ohio
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Dong Y, Wang H, Chen Z. Alpha-Lipoic Acid Attenuates Cerebral Ischemia and Reperfusion Injury via Insulin Receptor and PI3K/Akt-Dependent Inhibition of NADPH Oxidase. Int J Endocrinol 2015; 2015:903186. [PMID: 26294909 PMCID: PMC4532939 DOI: 10.1155/2015/903186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2014] [Revised: 02/14/2015] [Accepted: 02/17/2015] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Alpha-lipoic acid (ALA) has various pharmacological effects such as antioxidative, anti-inflammatory, and antiapoptotic properties. In the present study, administration of ALA (40 mg/kg, i.p.) for 3 days resulted in a significant decrease in neuronal deficit score and infarct volume and a significant increase in grip time and latency time in Morris water maze at 48 h after middle cerebral artery occlusion and reperfusion (MCAO/R) in rats. ALA also reduced the increased TUNEL-positive cells rate and the enhanced caspase-3 activity induced by MCAO/R. However, the underlying mechanisms remain poorly understood. In this study, we found that ALA could activate insulin receptor and PI3K/Akt signaling pathways, inhibit the expression and activity of NADPH oxidase, and subsequently suppress the generation of superoxide and the augment of oxidative stress indicators including MDA, protein carbonylation, and 8-OHdG. In conclusion, ALA attenuates cerebral ischemia and reperfusion injury via insulin receptor and PI3K/Akt-dependent inhibition of NADPH oxidase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinhua Dong
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Fourth Centre Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300140, China
- *Yinhua Dong:
| | - Hongxin Wang
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Fourth Centre Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300140, China
| | - Zefeng Chen
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Fourth Centre Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300140, China
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Li H, Wang Y, Feng D, Liu Y, Xu M, Gao A, Tian F, Zhang L, Cui Y, Wang Z, Chen G. Alterations in the time course of expression of the Nox family in the brain in a rat experimental cerebral ischemia and reperfusion model: effects of melatonin. J Pineal Res 2014; 57:110-9. [PMID: 24867613 DOI: 10.1111/jpi.12148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2014] [Accepted: 05/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury induces the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), which results in a poor prognosis for ischemic stroke patients. This study was designed to evaluate the time course of expression of the Nox family, a major source of ROS, and whether melatonin, a potent scavenger of ROS, influences these parameters in a rat model of cerebral I/R caused by middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO). After 2-hr occlusion, the filament was withdrawn to allow reperfusion. At 0, 3, 6, 12, 24, and 48 hr after reperfusion, brain tissue samples were obtained for assays. Among the Nox family, the mRNA and protein levels of Nox2 and Nox4 were increased both in the ischemic hemisphere and contralateral counterpart in the experimental I/R rats at 0 hr after reperfusion, peaked at 3 hr, and then returned to the basal level at 24 hr. Double-immunofluorescence staining further confirmed the expressions of Nox2 and Nox4 in three major types of brain cells, including neurons, astrocytes, and endothelial cells. In addition, melatonin (5 mg/kg) or its vehicle was injected intraperitoneally at 0.5 hr before MCAO. Compared with I/R + vehicle group, melatonin pretreatment diminished the increased expression of Nox2 and Nox4, reduced ROS levels, and inhibited cell apoptosis. Our findings suggested that the inhibition of Nox2 and Nox4 expressions by melatonin may essentially contribute to its antioxidant and anti-apoptotic effects during brain I/R.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiying Li
- Department of Neurosurgery & Brain and Nerve Research Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
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Oxidative Stress and the Use of Antioxidants in Stroke. Antioxidants (Basel) 2014; 3:472-501. [PMID: 26785066 PMCID: PMC4665418 DOI: 10.3390/antiox3030472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 174] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2014] [Revised: 05/08/2014] [Accepted: 05/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Transient or permanent interruption of cerebral blood flow by occlusion of a cerebral artery gives rise to an ischaemic stroke leading to irreversible damage or dysfunction to the cells within the affected tissue along with permanent or reversible neurological deficit. Extensive research has identified excitotoxicity, oxidative stress, inflammation and cell death as key contributory pathways underlying lesion progression. The cornerstone of treatment for acute ischaemic stroke remains reperfusion therapy with recombinant tissue plasminogen activator (rt-PA). The downstream sequelae of events resulting from spontaneous or pharmacological reperfusion lead to an imbalance in the production of harmful reactive oxygen species (ROS) over endogenous anti-oxidant protection strategies. As such, anti-oxidant therapy has long been investigated as a means to reduce the extent of injury resulting from ischaemic stroke with varying degrees of success. Here we discuss the production and source of these ROS and the various strategies employed to modulate levels. These strategies broadly attempt to inhibit ROS production or increase scavenging or degradation of ROS. While early clinical studies have failed to translate success from bench to bedside, the combination of anti-oxidants with existing thrombolytics or novel neuroprotectants may represent an avenue worthy of clinical investigation. Clearly, there is a pressing need to identify new therapeutic alternatives for the vast majority of patients who are not eligible to receive rt-PA for this debilitating and devastating disease.
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Kalogeris T, Bao Y, Korthuis RJ. Mitochondrial reactive oxygen species: a double edged sword in ischemia/reperfusion vs preconditioning. Redox Biol 2014; 2:702-14. [PMID: 24944913 PMCID: PMC4060303 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2014.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 510] [Impact Index Per Article: 51.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2014] [Revised: 05/23/2014] [Accepted: 05/27/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Reductions in the blood supply produce considerable injury if the duration of ischemia is prolonged. Paradoxically, restoration of perfusion to ischemic organs can exacerbate tissue damage and extend the size of an evolving infarct. Being highly metabolic organs, the heart and brain are particularly vulnerable to the deleterious effects of ischemia/reperfusion (I/R). While the pathogenetic mechanisms contributing to I/R-induced tissue injury and infarction are multifactorial, the relative importance of each contributing factor remains unclear. However, an emerging body of evidence indicates that the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) by mitochondria plays a critical role in damaging cellular components and initiating cell death. In this review, we summarize our current understanding of the mechanisms whereby mitochondrial ROS generation occurs in I/R and contributes to myocardial infarction and stroke. In addition, mitochondrial ROS have been shown to participate in preconditioning by several pharmacologic agents that target potassium channels (e.g., ATP-sensitive potassium (mKATP) channels or large conductance, calcium-activated potassium (mBKCa) channels) to activate cell survival programs that render tissues and organs more resistant to the deleterious effects of I/R. Finally, we review novel therapeutic approaches that selectively target mROS production to reduce postischemic tissue injury, which may prove efficacious in limiting myocardial dysfunction and infarction and abrogating neurocognitive deficits and neuronal cell death in stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theodore Kalogeris
- Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, School of Medicine, Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, 1 Hospital Drive, Columbia, MO 65212-0001, United States of America
| | - Yimin Bao
- Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, School of Medicine, Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, 1 Hospital Drive, Columbia, MO 65212-0001, United States of America
| | - Ronald J Korthuis
- Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, School of Medicine, Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, 1 Hospital Drive, Columbia, MO 65212-0001, United States of America
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Meng X, Wang M, Wang X, Sun G, Ye J, Xu H, Sun X. Suppression of NADPH oxidase- and mitochondrion-derived superoxide by Notoginsenoside R1 protects against cerebral ischemia–reperfusion injury through estrogen receptor-dependent activation of Akt/Nrf2 pathways. Free Radic Res 2014; 48:823-38. [DOI: 10.3109/10715762.2014.911853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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26
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Radermacher KA, Wingler K, Langhauser F, Altenhöfer S, Kleikers P, Hermans JJR, Hrabě de Angelis M, Kleinschnitz C, Schmidt HHHW. Neuroprotection after stroke by targeting NOX4 as a source of oxidative stress. Antioxid Redox Signal 2013; 18:1418-27. [PMID: 22937798 PMCID: PMC3603500 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2012.4797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Stroke, a leading cause of death and disability, poses a substantial burden for patients, relatives, and our healthcare systems. Only one drug is approved for treating stroke, and more than 30 contraindications exclude its use in 90% of all patients. Thus, new treatments are urgently needed. In this review, we discuss oxidative stress as a pathomechanism of poststroke neurodegeneration and the inhibition of its source, type 4 nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase (NOX4), as a conceptual breakthrough in stroke therapy. RECENT ADVANCES Among potential sources of reactive oxygen species (ROS), the NOXes stand out as the only enzyme family that is solely dedicated to forming ROS. In rodents, three cerebrovascular NOXes exist: the superoxide-forming NOX1 and 2 and the hydrogen peroxide-forming NOX4. Studies using NOX1 knockout mice gave conflicting results, which overall do not point to a role for this isoform. Several reports find NOX2 to be relevant in stroke, albeit to variable and moderate degrees. In our hands, NOX4 is, by far, the major source of oxidative stress and neurodegeneration on ischemic stroke. CRITICAL ISSUES We critically discuss the tools that have been used to validate the roles of NOX in stroke. We also highlight the relevance of different animal models and the need for advanced quality control in preclinical stroke research. FUTURE DIRECTIONS The development of isoform-specific NOX inhibitors presents a precious tool for further clarifying the role and drugability of NOX homologues. This could pave the avenue for the first clinically effective neuroprotectant applied poststroke, and even beyond this, stroke could provide a proof of principle for antioxidative stress therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kim A Radermacher
- Department of Pharmacology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
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27
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Abstract
Oxidative stress has emerged as a key deleterious factor in brain ischemia and reperfusion. Malfunction of the oxidative respiratory chain in mitochondria combines with the activation of cytoplasmic oxidases to generate a burst of reactive oxygen species that cannot be neutralised by the cell's antioxidant mechanisms. As a result, oxidative stress contributes directly to necrosis and apoptosis through a number of pathways in ischemic tissue. Pharmacological intervention with antioxidants or enhancers of endogenous antioxidant molecules is proving to be difficult due to the speed and scope of the oxidative impact. Additionally, the knowledge that neuronal fate in ischemic stroke is tightly linked to other brain cells like endothelial cells and astrocytes has shifted the focus of study from isolated neurons to the neurovascular unit. For this reason, recent efforts have been directed towards understanding the sources of oxidative stress in ischemic stroke and attempting to block the generation of oxygen radicals.
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Kleikers PWM, Wingler K, Hermans JJR, Diebold I, Altenhöfer S, Radermacher KA, Janssen B, Görlach A, Schmidt HHHW. NADPH oxidases as a source of oxidative stress and molecular target in ischemia/reperfusion injury. J Mol Med (Berl) 2012; 90:1391-406. [PMID: 23090009 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-012-0963-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2012] [Revised: 09/26/2012] [Accepted: 09/28/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Ischemia/reperfusion injury (IRI) is crucial in the pathology of major cardiovascular diseases, such as stroke and myocardial infarction. Paradoxically, both the lack of oxygen during ischemia and the replenishment of oxygen during reperfusion can cause tissue injury. Clinical outcome is also determined by a third, post-reperfusion phase characterized by tissue remodeling and adaptation. Increased levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) have been suggested to be key players in all three phases. As a second paradox, ROS seem to play a double-edged role in IRI, with both detrimental and beneficial effects. These Janus-faced effects of ROS may be linked to the different sources of ROS or to the different types of ROS that exist and may also depend on the phase of IRI. With respect to therapeutic implications, an untargeted application of antioxidants may not differentiate between detrimental and beneficial ROS, which might explain why this approach is clinically ineffective in lowering cardiovascular mortality. Under some conditions, antioxidants even appear to be harmful. In this review, we discuss recent breakthroughs regarding a more targeted and promising approach to therapeutically modulate ROS in IRI. We will focus on NADPH oxidases and their catalytic subunits, NOX, as they represent the only known enzyme family with the sole function to produce ROS. Similar to ROS, NADPH oxidases may play a dual role as different NOX isoforms may mediate detrimental or protective processes. Unraveling the precise sequence of events, i.e., determining which role the individual NOX isoforms play in the various phases of IRI, may provide the crucial molecular and mechanistic understanding to finally effectively target oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pamela W M Kleikers
- Vascular Drug Discovery Group, Department of Pharmacology and Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Maastricht University, Universiteitssingel 50, 6229 ER Maastricht, The Netherlands.
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29
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Neuroprotection for stroke: current status and future perspectives. Int J Mol Sci 2012; 13:11753-11772. [PMID: 23109881 PMCID: PMC3472773 DOI: 10.3390/ijms130911753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2012] [Revised: 09/06/2012] [Accepted: 09/07/2012] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuroprotection aims to prevent salvageable neurons from dying. Despite showing efficacy in experimental stroke studies, the concept of neuroprotection has failed in clinical trials. Reasons for the translational difficulties include a lack of methodological agreement between preclinical and clinical studies and the heterogeneity of stroke in humans compared to homogeneous strokes in animal models. Even when the international recommendations for preclinical stroke research, the Stroke Academic Industry Roundtable (STAIR) criteria, were followed, we have still seen limited success in the clinic, examples being NXY-059 and haematopoietic growth factors which fulfilled nearly all the STAIR criteria. However, there are a number of neuroprotective treatments under investigation in clinical trials such as hypothermia and ebselen. Moreover, promising neuroprotective treatments based on a deeper understanding of the complex pathophysiology of ischemic stroke such as inhibitors of NADPH oxidases and PSD-95 are currently evaluated in preclinical studies. Further concepts to improve translation include the investigation of neuroprotectants in multicenter preclinical Phase III-type studies, improved animal models, and close alignment between clinical trial and preclinical methodologies. Future successful translation will require both new concepts for preclinical testing and innovative approaches based on mechanistic insights into the ischemic cascade.
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