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Kapuruge EP, Jehanathan N, Rogers SP, Williams S, Chung Y, Borges CR. Tracking the Stability of Clinically Relevant Blood Plasma Proteins with Delta-S-Cys-Albumin-A Dilute-and-Shoot LC/MS-Based Marker of Specimen Exposure to Thawed Conditions. Mol Cell Proteomics 2022; 21:100420. [PMID: 36182099 PMCID: PMC9637815 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcpro.2022.100420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2022] [Revised: 08/12/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Biomolecular integrity can be compromised when blood plasma/serum (P/S) specimens are improperly handled. Compromised analytes can subsequently produce erroneous results-without any indication of having done so. We recently introduced an LC/MS-based marker of P/S exposure to thawed conditions called ΔS-Cys-Albumin which, aided by an established rate law, quantitatively tracks exposure of P/S to temperatures greater than their freezing point of -30 °C. The purposes of this study were to (1) evaluate ΔS-Cys-Albumin baseline values in gastrointestinal cancer patients and cancer-free control donors, (2) empirically assess the kinetic profiles of ΔS-Cys-Albumin at 23 °C, 4 °C, and -20 °C, and (3) empirically link ΔS-Cys-Albumin to the stability of clinically relevant proteins. ΔS-Cys-Albumin was measured at ≥ 9 different time points per exposure temperature in serum and K2EDTA plasma samples from 24 separate donors in aliquots kept separately at 23 °C, 4 °C, and -20 °C. Twenty-one clinically relevant plasma proteins were measured at four time points per temperature via a multiplexed immunoassay on the Luminex platform. Protein stability was assessed by mixed effects models. Coordinated shifts in stability between ΔS-Cys-Albumin and the unstable proteins were documented by repeated measures and Pearson correlations. Plasma ΔS-Cys-Albumin dropped from approximately 20% to under 5% within 96 h at 23 °C, 28 days at 4 °C, and 65 days at -20 °C. On average, 22% of the 21 proteins significantly changed in apparent concentration at each exposure temperature (p < 0.0008 with >10% shift). A linear inverse relationship was found between the percentage of proteins destabilized and ΔS-Cys-Albumin (r = -0.61; p < 0.0001)-regardless of the specific time/temperature of exposure. ΔS-Cys-Albumin tracks cumulative thawed-state exposure. These results now enable ΔS-Cys-Albumin to approximate the percentage of clinically relevant proteins that have been compromised by incidental plasma exposure to thawed-state conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erandi P. Kapuruge
- School of Molecular Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, USA,The Biodesign Institute at Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, USA
| | - Nilojan Jehanathan
- School of Molecular Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, USA,The Biodesign Institute at Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, USA
| | - Stephen P. Rogers
- The Biodesign Institute at Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, USA
| | - Stacy Williams
- The Biodesign Institute at Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, USA
| | - Yunro Chung
- The Biodesign Institute at Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, USA,College of Health Solutions, Arizona State University, Phoenix, Arizona, USA
| | - Chad R. Borges
- School of Molecular Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, USA,The Biodesign Institute at Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, USA,For correspondence: Chad R. Borges
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Casari I, Manfredi M, Metharom P, Falasca M. Dissecting lipid metabolism alterations in SARS-CoV-2. Prog Lipid Res 2021; 82:101092. [PMID: 33571544 PMCID: PMC7869689 DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2021.101092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Revised: 01/23/2021] [Accepted: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is the cause of the COVID-19 pandemic that has infected over a hundred million people globally. There have been more than two million deaths recorded worldwide, with no end in sight until a widespread vaccination will be achieved. Current research has centred on different aspects of the virus interaction with cell surface receptors, but more needs to be done to further understand its mechanism of action in order to develop a targeted therapy and a method to control the spread of the virus. Lipids play a crucial role throughout the viral life cycle, and viruses are known to exploit lipid signalling and synthesis to affect host cell lipidome. Emerging studies using untargeted metabolomic and lipidomic approaches are providing new insight into the host response to COVID-19 infection. Indeed, metabolomic and lipidomic approaches have identified numerous circulating lipids that directly correlate to the severity of the disease, making lipid metabolism a potential therapeutic target. Circulating lipids play a key function in the pathogenesis of the virus and exert an inflammatory response. A better knowledge of lipid metabolism in the host-pathogen interaction will provide valuable insights into viral pathogenesis and to the development of novel therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilaria Casari
- Metabolic Signalling Group, Curtin Medical School, Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia 6102, Australia
| | - Marcello Manfredi
- Department of Translational Medicine, University of Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy; Center for Translational Research on Autoimmune and Allergic Diseases, University of Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy
| | - Pat Metharom
- Platelet Research Group, Perth Blood Institute, West Perth, WA 6005, Australia; Western Australian Centre for Thrombosis and Haemostasis, Health Futures Institute, Murdoch University, Perth, WA 6150, Australia; Curtin Medical School, Curtin Health and Innovation Research Institute, Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, WA 6102, Australia
| | - Marco Falasca
- Metabolic Signalling Group, Curtin Medical School, Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia 6102, Australia.
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Frary CE, Blicher MK, Olesen TB, Stidsen JV, Greve SV, Vishram-Nielsen JKK, Rasmussen SL, Olsen MH, Pareek M. Circulating biomarkers for long-term cardiovascular risk stratification in apparently healthy individuals from the MONICA 10 cohort. Eur J Prev Cardiol 2019; 27:570-578. [DOI: 10.1177/2047487319885457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Aims The aim of this study was to examine whether high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP), N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP), and soluble urokinase plasminogen activator receptor (suPAR) carried incremental prognostic value in predicting cardiovascular morbidity and mortality beyond traditional risk factors in apparently healthy individuals. Methods and results This was a prospective population-based cohort study comprising 1951 subjects included in the 10-year follow-up of the MONItoring of trends and determinants in CArdiovascular disease (MONICA) study, between 1993 and 1994. The principal endpoint was death from cardiovascular causes. Secondary endpoints were death from any cause, coronary artery disease, heart failure, and cerebrovascular disease. Predictive capabilities of each of the three biomarkers were tested using Cox proportional-hazards regression, Harrell’s concordance index (C-index), and net reclassification improvement (NRI). Study participants were aged 41, 51, 61, or 71 years, and equally distributed between the two sexes. During a median follow-up of 18.5 years (interquartile range: 18.1–19.0), 177 (9.1%) subjects died from a cardiovascular cause. Hs-CRP (adjusted standardized hazard ratio (HR): 1.37, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.17–1.60), NT-proBNP (HR: 1.90, 95% CI: 1.58–2.29), and suPAR (HR: 1.35, 95% CI: 1.17–1.57) were all significantly associated with cardiovascular deaths after adjustment for age, sex, smoking status, systolic blood pressure, and total cholesterol ( p < 0.001 for all). Furthermore, all three biomarkers were significantly associated with significant NRI. However, only NT-proBNP significantly raised the C-index in predicting death from cardiovascular causes when added to the risk factors (C-index 0.860 versus 0.847; p = 0.02). Conclusions Hs-CRP, suPAR, and particularly NT-proBNP predicted cardiovascular death and may enhance prognostication beyond traditional risk factors in apparently healthy individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles Edward Frary
- Department of Endocrinology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
- Cardiology Section, Department of Internal Medicine, Holbaek Hospital, Holbaek, Denmark
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Sun D, Tiedt S, Yu B, Jian X, Gottesman RF, Mosley TH, Boerwinkle E, Dichgans M, Fornage M. A prospective study of serum metabolites and risk of ischemic stroke. Neurology 2019; 92:e1890-e1898. [PMID: 30867269 PMCID: PMC6550501 DOI: 10.1212/wnl.0000000000007279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2017] [Accepted: 12/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To identify promising blood-based biomarkers and novel etiologic pathways of disease risk, we applied an untargeted serum metabolomics profiling in a community-based prospective study of ischemic stroke (IS). METHODS In 3,904 men and women from the Atherosclerosis Risk In Communities study, Cox proportional hazard models were used to estimate the association of incident IS with the standardized level of 245 fasting serum metabolites individually, adjusting for age, sex, race, field center, batch, diabetes, hypertension, current smoking status, body mass index, and estimated glomerular filtration rate. Validation of results was carried out in an independent sample of 114 IS cases and 112 healthy controls. RESULTS Serum levels of 2 long-chain dicarboxylic acids, tetradecanedioate and hexadecanedioate, were strongly correlated (r = 0.88) and were associated with incident IS after adjusting for covariates (hazard ratio [95% confidence interval (CI)] 1.11 [1.06-1.16] and 1.12 [1.07-1.17], respectively; p < 0.0001). Analyses by IS subtypes suggested that these associations were specific to cardioembolic stroke (CES). Associations of tetradecanedioate and hexadecanedioate with IS were independently confirmed (odds ratio [95% CI] 1.76 [1.21; 2.56] and 1.60 [1.11; 2.32], respectively). CONCLUSION Two serum long-chain dicarboxylic acids, metabolic products of ω-oxidation of fatty acids, were associated with IS and CES independently of known risk factors. Pathways related to intracellular hexadecanedioate synthesis or those involved in its clearance from the circulation may mediate IS risk. These results highlight the potential of metabolomics to discover novel circulating biomarkers for stroke and to unravel novel pathways for IS and its subtypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daokun Sun
- From the Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, McGovern Medical School (D.S., X.J., M.F.), and School of Public Health (B.Y., E.B., M.F.), The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston; Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research (S.T., M.D.), Klinikum der Universität München, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität LMU, Munich, Germany; Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine (R.F.G.), Baltimore, MD; The University of Mississippi Medical Center (T.H.M.), Jackson; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE, Munich) (M.D.); and Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy) (S.T., M.D.), Germany
| | - Steffen Tiedt
- From the Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, McGovern Medical School (D.S., X.J., M.F.), and School of Public Health (B.Y., E.B., M.F.), The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston; Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research (S.T., M.D.), Klinikum der Universität München, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität LMU, Munich, Germany; Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine (R.F.G.), Baltimore, MD; The University of Mississippi Medical Center (T.H.M.), Jackson; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE, Munich) (M.D.); and Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy) (S.T., M.D.), Germany
| | - Bing Yu
- From the Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, McGovern Medical School (D.S., X.J., M.F.), and School of Public Health (B.Y., E.B., M.F.), The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston; Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research (S.T., M.D.), Klinikum der Universität München, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität LMU, Munich, Germany; Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine (R.F.G.), Baltimore, MD; The University of Mississippi Medical Center (T.H.M.), Jackson; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE, Munich) (M.D.); and Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy) (S.T., M.D.), Germany
| | - Xueqiu Jian
- From the Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, McGovern Medical School (D.S., X.J., M.F.), and School of Public Health (B.Y., E.B., M.F.), The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston; Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research (S.T., M.D.), Klinikum der Universität München, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität LMU, Munich, Germany; Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine (R.F.G.), Baltimore, MD; The University of Mississippi Medical Center (T.H.M.), Jackson; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE, Munich) (M.D.); and Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy) (S.T., M.D.), Germany
| | - Rebecca F Gottesman
- From the Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, McGovern Medical School (D.S., X.J., M.F.), and School of Public Health (B.Y., E.B., M.F.), The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston; Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research (S.T., M.D.), Klinikum der Universität München, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität LMU, Munich, Germany; Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine (R.F.G.), Baltimore, MD; The University of Mississippi Medical Center (T.H.M.), Jackson; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE, Munich) (M.D.); and Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy) (S.T., M.D.), Germany
| | - Thomas H Mosley
- From the Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, McGovern Medical School (D.S., X.J., M.F.), and School of Public Health (B.Y., E.B., M.F.), The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston; Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research (S.T., M.D.), Klinikum der Universität München, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität LMU, Munich, Germany; Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine (R.F.G.), Baltimore, MD; The University of Mississippi Medical Center (T.H.M.), Jackson; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE, Munich) (M.D.); and Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy) (S.T., M.D.), Germany
| | - Eric Boerwinkle
- From the Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, McGovern Medical School (D.S., X.J., M.F.), and School of Public Health (B.Y., E.B., M.F.), The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston; Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research (S.T., M.D.), Klinikum der Universität München, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität LMU, Munich, Germany; Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine (R.F.G.), Baltimore, MD; The University of Mississippi Medical Center (T.H.M.), Jackson; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE, Munich) (M.D.); and Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy) (S.T., M.D.), Germany
| | - Martin Dichgans
- From the Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, McGovern Medical School (D.S., X.J., M.F.), and School of Public Health (B.Y., E.B., M.F.), The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston; Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research (S.T., M.D.), Klinikum der Universität München, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität LMU, Munich, Germany; Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine (R.F.G.), Baltimore, MD; The University of Mississippi Medical Center (T.H.M.), Jackson; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE, Munich) (M.D.); and Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy) (S.T., M.D.), Germany
| | - Myriam Fornage
- From the Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, McGovern Medical School (D.S., X.J., M.F.), and School of Public Health (B.Y., E.B., M.F.), The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston; Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research (S.T., M.D.), Klinikum der Universität München, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität LMU, Munich, Germany; Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine (R.F.G.), Baltimore, MD; The University of Mississippi Medical Center (T.H.M.), Jackson; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE, Munich) (M.D.); and Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy) (S.T., M.D.), Germany.
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Autism spectrum disorders, endocrine disrupting compounds, and heavy metals in amniotic fluid: a case-control study. Mol Autism 2019; 10:1. [PMID: 30647876 PMCID: PMC6327542 DOI: 10.1186/s13229-018-0253-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2017] [Accepted: 12/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Evidence has indicated that some non-inherited factors such as exposure to environmental pollutants are associated with neurodevelopment disorders like autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Studies report that endocrine disrupting compounds (EDCs), including polychlorinated biphenyls, organochlorine pesticides, perfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS), and some metals, have adverse effects on the fetal neurodevelopment. The aim of this study was to measure the amniotic fluid (AF) levels of EDCs and metals as well as the receptor transactivities induced by AF and investigate the possible link between prenatal exposure to EDCs and heavy metals and ASD risk. Methods In this case-control study, we included AF samples of 75 ASD cases and 135 frequency-matched controls and measured the levels of the endogenous sex hormones, PFAS, and elements including heavy metals. The combined effect of endogenous hormones and EDCs on the receptor of estrogen (ER), androgen (AR), aryl hydrocarbon (AhR), and thyroid hormone-like activity were also determined and expressed as receptor ligand equivalents. We assessed the associations of AF levels of chemicals, sex hormones, and receptor activities with ASD risk using unconditional logistical regression analyses. To control for multiple comparisons, the false discovery rate (FDR) was used and q values less than 0.25 were designated as statistical significance. Results PFAS and metals were detectable in AF samples. The ASD cases had significantly lower AF levels of PFAS than controls, and the adjusted odds ratio (OR) was 0.410 (95% CI 0.174, 0.967; p = 0.042; FDR q value = 0.437) for perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS). The principal component, including PFAS congeners, copper, iron, and estrogenic activity, was significantly inversely associated with ASD risk (adjusted OR = 0.100; 95% CI 0.016, 0.630; p = 0.014; FDR q value = 0.098).Testosterone level in AF weakly associated with ASD risk (adjusted OR = 1.002; 95% CI 1.000, 1.004; p = 0.05). However, after multiple comparison correction, the association was not significant (FDR q value = 0.437). No significant associations between AF-induced receptor transactivities and ASD risk were observed. The adjusted OR was 2.176 (95%CI 0.115, 41.153) for the ratio of the combined androgenic activity to combined estrogenic activity. Conclusions The presence of PFAS and heavy metals in AF indicates that they can cross the placenta. The inverse association between levels of PFAS congeners in AF and ASD risk might relate to the weak estrogenic activities and anti-androgenic activities of PFAS.The observed tendency of positive association between the ratio of combined androgenic effect to the combined estrogenic effect and ASD risk needs further studies to explore whether EDCs together with endogenous hormones play a role in the development of ASD.
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Oben B, Cosemans C, Arijs I, Linsen L, Daniëls A, Declercq J, Maes B, Vanhees K, Froyen G, Rummens JL. Archival May-Grünwald-Giemsa-Stained Bone Marrow Smears Are an Eligible Source for Molecular DNA Research. Biopreserv Biobank 2018; 17:274-281. [PMID: 30412415 DOI: 10.1089/bio.2018.0062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Biobanking is increasingly important in studying complex heterogeneous diseases. Therefore, it is essential to ensure the sample quality after long-term storage for reliable downstream analyses. The Clinical Biobank of the Jessa Hospital and the University Biobank Limburg (UBiLim) hold a continuously growing collection of hematological samples, including May-Grünwald-Giemsa (MGG)- and Perls' Prussian Blue (PPB)-stained bone marrow (BM) smears, stored at room temperature (RT) for up to 20 years. In this study, we investigated the effect of short- and long-term storage on the quality of DNA and RNA extracted from these BM smears to assess their fitness-for-purpose in downstream molecular applications, including agarose gel electrophoresis, bio-analyzer analysis, quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR), and targeted next-generation sequencing (NGS). The RNA quality was very low for all samples, independent of storage time or staining method. The DNA from PPB-stained BM smears was already degraded after 1 year of storage and correspondingly could not be used for reliable downstream molecular analysis. In contrast, DNA extracted from MGG-stained BM smears stored for up to 10 years was able to generate high-quality data in qPCR and targeted NGS analyses. Longer storage periods (>15 years) of these samples revealed a high degree of degradation and a significant amount of DNA transitions and transversions. In conclusion, the DNA extracted from archival MGG-stained BM smears with a storage time up to at least 10 years was qualitatively good and fit for downstream analysis, including targeted NGS. This indicates that these samples are an eligible source for molecular DNA research and for studying complex diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bénedith Oben
- 1Department of Experimental Hematology, Jessa Hospital, Hasselt, Belgium.,2Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, Hasselt University, Hasselt, Belgium
| | - Charlotte Cosemans
- 1Department of Experimental Hematology, Jessa Hospital, Hasselt, Belgium.,2Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, Hasselt University, Hasselt, Belgium
| | - Ingrid Arijs
- 1Department of Experimental Hematology, Jessa Hospital, Hasselt, Belgium.,2Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, Hasselt University, Hasselt, Belgium
| | - Loes Linsen
- 1Department of Experimental Hematology, Jessa Hospital, Hasselt, Belgium.,2Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, Hasselt University, Hasselt, Belgium.,3University Biobank Limburg (UBiLim) and Clinical Biobank Jessa Hospital, Hasselt, Belgium
| | - Annick Daniëls
- 1Department of Experimental Hematology, Jessa Hospital, Hasselt, Belgium
| | - Jeroen Declercq
- 1Department of Experimental Hematology, Jessa Hospital, Hasselt, Belgium.,2Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, Hasselt University, Hasselt, Belgium
| | - Brigitte Maes
- 1Department of Experimental Hematology, Jessa Hospital, Hasselt, Belgium.,2Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, Hasselt University, Hasselt, Belgium.,4Department of Clinical Biology, Jessa Hospital, Hasselt, Belgium
| | - Kimberly Vanhees
- 2Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, Hasselt University, Hasselt, Belgium.,3University Biobank Limburg (UBiLim) and Clinical Biobank Jessa Hospital, Hasselt, Belgium
| | - Guy Froyen
- 1Department of Experimental Hematology, Jessa Hospital, Hasselt, Belgium.,2Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, Hasselt University, Hasselt, Belgium.,4Department of Clinical Biology, Jessa Hospital, Hasselt, Belgium
| | - Jean-Luc Rummens
- 1Department of Experimental Hematology, Jessa Hospital, Hasselt, Belgium.,2Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, Hasselt University, Hasselt, Belgium.,3University Biobank Limburg (UBiLim) and Clinical Biobank Jessa Hospital, Hasselt, Belgium.,4Department of Clinical Biology, Jessa Hospital, Hasselt, Belgium
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Burla B, Arita M, Arita M, Bendt AK, Cazenave-Gassiot A, Dennis EA, Ekroos K, Han X, Ikeda K, Liebisch G, Lin MK, Loh TP, Meikle PJ, Orešič M, Quehenberger O, Shevchenko A, Torta F, Wakelam MJO, Wheelock CE, Wenk MR. MS-based lipidomics of human blood plasma: a community-initiated position paper to develop accepted guidelines. J Lipid Res 2018; 59:2001-2017. [PMID: 30115755 PMCID: PMC6168311 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.s087163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 197] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2018] [Revised: 08/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Human blood is a self-regenerating lipid-rich biological fluid that is routinely collected in hospital settings. The inventory of lipid molecules found in blood plasma (plasma lipidome) offers insights into individual metabolism and physiology in health and disease. Disturbances in the plasma lipidome also occur in conditions that are not directly linked to lipid metabolism; therefore, plasma lipidomics based on MS is an emerging tool in an array of clinical diagnostics and disease management. However, challenges exist in the translation of such lipidomic data to clinical applications. These relate to the reproducibility, accuracy, and precision of lipid quantitation, study design, sample handling, and data sharing. This position paper emerged from a workshop that initiated a community-led process to elaborate and define a set of generally accepted guidelines for quantitative MS-based lipidomics of blood plasma or serum, with harmonization of data acquired on different instrumentation platforms across independent laboratories as an ultimate goal. We hope that other fields may benefit from and follow such a precedent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Burla
- Singapore Lipidomics Incubator (SLING), Life Sciences Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Makoto Arita
- Laboratory for Metabolomics, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Japan
- Cellular and Molecular Epigenetics Laboratory, Graduate School of Medical Life Science, Yokohama City University, Yokohama, Japan
- Division of Physiological Chemistry and Metabolism, Keio University Faculty of Pharmacy, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masanori Arita
- National Institute of Genetics, Shizuoka, Japan and RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Anne K Bendt
- Singapore Lipidomics Incubator (SLING), Life Sciences Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Amaury Cazenave-Gassiot
- Department of Biochemistry, YLL School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Edward A Dennis
- Departments of Pharmacology and Chemistry and Biochemistry, School of Medicine, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - Kim Ekroos
- Lipidomics Consulting Ltd., Esbo, Finland
| | - Xianlin Han
- Barshop Institute for Longevity and Aging Studies and Department of Medicine-Diabetes, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX
| | - Kazutaka Ikeda
- Laboratory for Metabolomics, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Japan
- Cellular and Molecular Epigenetics Laboratory, Graduate School of Medical Life Science, Yokohama City University, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Gerhard Liebisch
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Michelle K Lin
- Department of Biochemistry, YLL School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Tze Ping Loh
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, National University Hospital, Singapore
| | - Peter J Meikle
- Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Matej Orešič
- Turku Centre for Biotechnology, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland and School of Medical Sciences, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden
| | - Oswald Quehenberger
- Departments of Pharmacology and Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - Andrej Shevchenko
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Dresden, Germany
| | - Federico Torta
- Department of Biochemistry, YLL School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | | | - Craig E Wheelock
- Division of Physiological Chemistry 2, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Markus R Wenk
- Singapore Lipidomics Incubator (SLING), Life Sciences Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Biochemistry, YLL School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
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8
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Rasmussen IKB, Pareek M. The utility of cardiovascular biomarkers in patients with coronary artery disease. Int J Cardiol 2018; 257:317. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2017.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2017] [Accepted: 12/01/2017] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Cohort studies typically bank biospecimens for many years before assay and investigators do not know whether levels of analytes have degraded. METHODS We collected control samples from 22 nonstudy participants using the same enrollment criteria and specimen collection, processing, and storage protocols as The Sister Study. Serum samples were assayed for 21 analytes at collection and 6 years later. For each sample, the difference between the result at baseline and at 6 years was calculated for each analyte. RESULTS Some of the analytes experienced a marked decrease in concentration after 6 years of frozen storage in liquid nitrogen vapor, compared with their baseline value. The confidence interval for the mean paired difference excluded 0 for 8 of the 21 analytes tested (aspartate transaminase, total cholesterol, estradiol, glucose, high-density lipoprotein [HDL] cholesterol, luteinizing hormone, protein, and triglycerides). Two analytes, lactate dehydrogenase and sex hormone binding globulin, increased substantially in concentration over time (confidence interval excluded 0). For compounds substantially affected by storage time, the internal laboratory control variance was greater than the estimated mean percent change for HDL cholesterol and luteinizing hormone, indicating that extent of degradation for these analytes did not exceed technical variation. CONCLUSIONS Despite evidence for systematic changes over long-term storage, correlations between baseline and later measures were high with little relation between size of the correlation and estimated mean difference across time points. QC experiments to assess the impact of long-term storage on anticipated analytes of interest are important in planning cohort studies with banked samples.
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10
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Haid M, Muschet C, Wahl S, Römisch-Margl W, Prehn C, Möller G, Adamski J. Long-Term Stability of Human Plasma Metabolites during Storage at -80 °C. J Proteome Res 2017; 17:203-211. [PMID: 29064256 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.7b00518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Prolonged storage of biospecimen can lead to artificially altered metabolite concentrations and thus bias data analysis in metabolomics experiments. To elucidate the potential impact of long-term storage on the metabolite profile, a pooled human plasma sample was aliquoted and stored at -80 °C. During a time period of five years, 1012 of the aliquots were measured with the Biocrates AbsoluteIDQ p180 targeted-metabolomics assay at 193 time points. Modeling the concentration courses over time revealed that 55 out of 111 metabolites remained stable. The statistically significantly changed metabolites showed on average an increase or decrease of +13.7% or -14.5%, respectively. In detail, increased concentration levels were observed for amino acids (mean: + 15.4%), the sum of hexoses (+7.9%), butyrylcarnitine (+9.4%), and some phospholipids mostly with chain lengths exceeding 40 carbon atoms (mean: +18.0%). Lipids tended to exhibit decreased concentration levels with the following mean concentration changes: acylcarnitines, -12.1%; lysophosphatidylcholines, -15.1%; diacyl-phosphatidylcholines, -17.0%; acyl-alkyl-phosphatidylcholines, -13.3%; sphingomyelins, -14.8%. We conclude that storage of plasma samples at -80 °C for up to five years can lead to altered concentration levels of amino acids, acylcarnitines, glycerophospholipids, sphingomyelins, and the sum of hexoses. These alterations must be considered when analyzing metabolomics data from long-term epidemiological studies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Jerzy Adamski
- Lehrstuhl für Experimentelle Genetik, Technische Universität München , 85350 Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany.,German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
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11
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Morgan AR, O’Hagan C, Touchard S, Lovestone S, Paul Morgan B. Effects of freezer storage time on levels of complement biomarkers. BMC Res Notes 2017; 10:559. [PMID: 29110694 PMCID: PMC5674861 DOI: 10.1186/s13104-017-2885-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2016] [Accepted: 10/31/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is uncertainty regarding how stable complement analytes are during long-term storage at - 80 °C. As part of our work program we have measured 17 complement biomarkers (C1q, C1 inhibitor, C3, C3a, iC3b, C4, C5, C9, FB, FD, FH, FI, TCC, Bb, sCR1, sCR2, Clusterin) and the benchmark inflammatory marker C-reactive protein (CRP) in a large set of plasma samples (n = 720) that had been collected, processed and subsequently stored at - 80 °C over a period of 6.6-10.6 years, prior to laboratory analysis. The biomarkers were measured using solid-phase enzyme immunoassays with a combination of multiplex assays using the MesoScale Discovery Platform and single-plex enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs). As part of a post hoc analysis of extrinsic factors (co-variables) affecting the analyses we investigated the impact of freezer storage time on the values obtained for each complement analyte. RESULTS With the exception of five analytes (C4, C9, sCR2, clusterin and CRP), storage time was significantly correlated with measured plasma concentrations. For ten analytes: C3, FI, FB, FD, C5, sCR1, C3a, iC3b, Bb and TCC, storage time was positively correlated with concentration and for three analytes: FH, C1q, and C1 inhibitor, storage time was negatively correlated with concentration. CONCLUSIONS The results suggest that information on storage time should be regarded as an important co-variable and taken into consideration when analysing data to look for associations of complement biomarker levels and disease or other outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angharad R. Morgan
- Division of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Heath Park, CF14 4XN, Cardiff, UK
| | - Caroline O’Hagan
- Division of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Heath Park, CF14 4XN, Cardiff, UK
| | - Samuel Touchard
- Division of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Heath Park, CF14 4XN, Cardiff, UK
| | | | - B. Paul Morgan
- Division of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Heath Park, CF14 4XN, Cardiff, UK
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12
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Reference limits for chromogranin A, CYFRA 21-1, CA 125, CA 19-9 and carcinoembryonic antigen in patients with chronic kidney disease. Int J Biol Markers 2017; 32:e461-e466. [PMID: 28561881 PMCID: PMC6166266 DOI: 10.5301/ijbm.5000278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) may have increased plasma concentrations of some tumor markers even when no cancer is present. Previous studies have indicated that plasma concentrations of chromogranin A (CGA), cytokeratin 19 fragments (CYFRA 21-1), cancer antigen 125 (CA 125), cancer antigen 19-9 (CA 19-9) and carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) are higher in patients with CKD but without cancer, than in healthy individuals, and this can make interpretation of results more complicated. The aim of this study was to establish reference limits for these markers in patients with CKD not receiving dialysis and with no clinical evidence of cancer. METHODS We measured plasma concentrations in samples from 131 patients with CKD due to various etiologies and studied the association of tumor marker concentrations with estimated glomerular filtration rate (GFR) and other patient characteristics. RESULTS Estimated reference limits for plasma CA 125, CA 19-9 and CEA were approximately the same as for healthy populations. Serum concentrations of CGA and CYFRA 21-1 correlated strongly with estimated GFR, and GFR-dependent reference limits were estimated. CONCLUSIONS GFR-dependent reference limits for CGA and CYFRA 21-1 are reported in order to support interpretation of these markers in patients with CKD.
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13
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Nguyen TV, Reuter JM, Gaikwad NW, Rotroff DM, Kucera HR, Motsinger-Reif A, Smith CP, Nieman LK, Rubinow DR, Kaddurah-Daouk R, Schmidt PJ. The steroid metabolome in women with premenstrual dysphoric disorder during GnRH agonist-induced ovarian suppression: effects of estradiol and progesterone addback. Transl Psychiatry 2017; 7:e1193. [PMID: 28786978 PMCID: PMC5611719 DOI: 10.1038/tp.2017.146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2016] [Revised: 05/05/2017] [Accepted: 05/26/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Clinical evidence suggests that symptoms in premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD) reflect abnormal responsivity to ovarian steroids. This differential steroid sensitivity could be underpinned by abnormal processing of the steroid signal. We used a pharmacometabolomics approach in women with prospectively confirmed PMDD (n=15) and controls without menstrual cycle-related affective symptoms (n=15). All were medication-free with normal menstrual cycle lengths. Notably, women with PMDD were required to show hormone sensitivity in an ovarian suppression protocol. Ovarian suppression was induced for 6 months with gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)-agonist (Lupron); after 3 months all were randomized to 4 weeks of estradiol (E2) or progesterone (P4). After a 2-week washout, a crossover was performed. Liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry measured 49 steroid metabolites in serum. Values were excluded if >40% were below the limit of detectability (n=21). Analyses were performed with Wilcoxon rank-sum tests using false-discovery rate (q<0.2) for multiple comparisons. PMDD and controls had similar basal levels of metabolites during Lupron and P4-derived neurosteroids during Lupron or E2/P4 conditions. Both groups had significant increases in several steroid metabolites compared with the Lupron alone condition after treatment with E2 (that is, estrone-SO4 (q=0.039 and q=0.002, respectively) and estradiol-3-SO4 (q=0.166 and q=0.001, respectively)) and after treatment with P4 (that is, allopregnanolone (q=0.001 for both PMDD and controls), pregnanediol (q=0.077 and q=0.030, respectively) and cortexone (q=0.118 and q=0.157, respectively). Only sulfated steroid metabolites showed significant diagnosis-related differences. During Lupron plus E2 treatment, women with PMDD had a significantly attenuated increase in E2-3-sulfate (q=0.035) compared with control women, and during Lupron plus P4 treatment a decrease in DHEA-sulfate (q=0.07) compared with an increase in controls. Significant effects of E2 addback compared with Lupron were observed in women with PMDD who had significant decreases in DHEA-sulfate (q=0.065) and pregnenolone sulfate (q=0.076), whereas controls had nonsignificant increases (however, these differences did not meet statistical significance for a between diagnosis effect). Alterations of sulfotransferase activity could contribute to the differential steroid sensitivity in PMDD. Importantly, no differences in the formation of P4-derived neurosteroids were observed in this otherwise highly selected sample of women studied under controlled hormone exposures.
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Affiliation(s)
- T V Nguyen
- Behavioral Endocrinology Branch, NIMH IRP/NIH/HHS, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Obstetrics-Gynecology, McGill University Health Center, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - J M Reuter
- Behavioral Endocrinology Branch, NIMH IRP/NIH/HHS, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - N W Gaikwad
- Department of Nutrition and Environmental Toxicology, West Coast Metabolomics Center, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - D M Rotroff
- Department of Biostatistics, Bioinformatics Research Center, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
- Department of Statistics, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - H R Kucera
- Department of Nutrition and Environmental Toxicology, West Coast Metabolomics Center, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - A Motsinger-Reif
- Department of Biostatistics, Bioinformatics Research Center, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
- Department of Statistics, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - C P Smith
- Department of Biostatistics, Bioinformatics Research Center, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
- Department of Statistics, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - L K Nieman
- Diabetes, Endocrine and Obesity Branch, NIDDK, NIH, DHSS, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - D R Rubinow
- Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - R Kaddurah-Daouk
- Department of Psychiatry, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
- Duke Institute for Brain Sciences, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - P J Schmidt
- Behavioral Endocrinology Branch, NIMH IRP/NIH/HHS, Bethesda, MD, USA
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14
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Pareek M, Bhatt DL, Vaduganathan M, Biering-Sørensen T, Qamar A, Diederichsen AC, Møller JE, Hindersson P, Leósdóttir M, Magnusson M, Nilsson PM, Olsen MH. Single and multiple cardiovascular biomarkers in subjects without a previous cardiovascular event. Eur J Prev Cardiol 2017. [PMID: 28644092 DOI: 10.1177/2047487317717065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Aims To assess the incremental value of biomarkers, including N-terminal prohormone of brain natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP), high-sensitivity troponin T (hs-TnT), high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP), interleukin-6 (IL-6), growth differentiation factor 15 (GDF-15), and procollagen type 1 N-terminal propeptide (P1NP), in predicting incident cardiovascular events and mortality among asymptomatic individuals from the general population, beyond traditional risk factors, including fasting glucose and renal function (cystatin C), medication use, and echocardiographic measures. Methods and results Prospective population-based cohort study of 1324 subjects without a previous cardiovascular event, who underwent baseline echocardiography and biomarker assessment between 2002 and 2006. The clinical endpoint was the composite of myocardial infarction, invasively treated stable/unstable ischemic heart disease, heart failure, stroke, or all-cause mortality. Predictive capabilities were evaluated using Cox proportional-hazards regression, Harrell's concordance index (C-index), and net reclassification improvement. Median age was 66 (interquartile range: 60-70) years, and 413 (31%) were female. During median 8.6 (interquartile range: 8.1-9.2) follow-up years, 368 (28%) composite events occurred. NT-proBNP, hs-TnT, GDF-15, and IL-6 were significantly associated with outcome, independently of traditional risk factors, medications, and echocardiography ( p < 0.05 for all). Separate addition of NT-proBNP and GDF-15 to traditional risk factors, medications, and echocardiographic measurements provided significant improvements in discriminative ability (NT-proBNP: C-index 0.714 vs. 0.703, p = 0.03; GDF-15: C-index 0.721 vs. 0.703, p = 0.02). Both biomarkers remained significant predictors of outcome upon inclusion in the same model ( p < 0.05 for both). Conclusions NT-proBNP and GDF-15 each enhance prognostication beyond traditional risk factors, glucose levels, renal function, and echocardiography in individuals without known cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manan Pareek
- 1 Brigham and Women's Hospital Heart & Vascular Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA.,2 Cardiovascular and Metabolic Preventive Clinic, Department of Endocrinology, Centre for Individualized Medicine in Arterial Diseases (CIMA), Odense University Hospital, Denmark.,3 Cardiology Section, Department of Internal Medicine, Holbæk Hospital, Denmark
| | - Deepak L Bhatt
- 1 Brigham and Women's Hospital Heart & Vascular Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA
| | - Muthiah Vaduganathan
- 1 Brigham and Women's Hospital Heart & Vascular Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA
| | - Tor Biering-Sørensen
- 1 Brigham and Women's Hospital Heart & Vascular Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA.,4 Department of Cardiology, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Arman Qamar
- 1 Brigham and Women's Hospital Heart & Vascular Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA
| | | | | | - Peter Hindersson
- 6 Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Regional Hospital of Northern Jutland, Hjørring, Denmark
| | - Margrét Leósdóttir
- 7 Department of Cardiology, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden.,8 Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Martin Magnusson
- 7 Department of Cardiology, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden.,8 Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Peter M Nilsson
- 8 Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Michael H Olsen
- 3 Cardiology Section, Department of Internal Medicine, Holbæk Hospital, Denmark
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15
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Needham BL, Hicken MT, Govia IO, Mitchell C, Abdou CM. Maternal Social Disadvantage and Newborn Telomere Length in Archived Dried Blood Spots from the Michigan Neonatal Biobank. BIODEMOGRAPHY AND SOCIAL BIOLOGY 2017; 63:221-235. [PMID: 29035107 DOI: 10.1080/19485565.2017.1300520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Telomeres are the protective caps at the ends of eukaryotic chromosomes. Short telomere length is associated with morbidity and mortality among adults and may mark the biological impact of social experiences. Using archived dried blood spots from the Michigan Neonatal Biobank, this study examined markers of maternal social disadvantage (educational attainment, receipt of public assistance, marital status, and race/ethnicity) from linked birth certificates as predictors of telomere length at birth in a sample of 192 singleton neonates born to non-Hispanic black, non-Hispanic white, and Latina mothers aged 20-35 years. Consistent with two recent studies in newborns, but counter to the idea that maternal social disadvantage is associated with shorter offspring telomere length, we found that infants born to black mothers had longer telomeres than those born to white mothers (b = 0.12, SE = 0.06, p = .05). However, black/white differences in newborn telomere length varied by receipt of public assistance. Among newborns whose mothers received WIC and/or Medicaid, there were no significant black/white differences in telomere length (b = 0.09, SE = 0.08, p = .25). In contrast, among those whose mothers did not receive public assistance-just 6 out of 69 infants born to black mothers versus 41 out of 69 infants born to white mothers-we found that babies born to black mothers had longer telomere length than babies born to white mothers (b = 0.37, SE = 0.16, p = .03). The interaction between black race/ethnicity and receipt of public assistance did not reach the conventional threshold for statistical significance (b = -0.22, SE = 0.15, p = .13), suggesting that this finding may be due to chance. No other markers of maternal social disadvantage were related to infant telomere length. Although replication of these results in a larger sample with more infants born to black mothers with relatively high socioeconomic status is needed, this study offers preliminary support for the hypothesis that race/ethnic differences in newborn telomere length depend on social context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Belinda L Needham
- a Department of Epidemiology , University of Michigan , Ann Arbor , Michigan , USA
| | - Margaret T Hicken
- b Institute for Social Research , University of Michigan , Ann Arbor , Michigan , USA
| | - Ishtar O Govia
- c Epidemiology Research Unit, Tropical Medicine Research Institute , The University of the West Indies , Mona Campus , Kingston , Jamaica
| | - Colter Mitchell
- b Institute for Social Research , University of Michigan , Ann Arbor , Michigan , USA
| | - Cleopatra M Abdou
- d Leonard Davis School of Gerontology and Department of Psychology , University of Southern California , Los Angeles , California , USA
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16
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Baron-Cohen S, Auyeung B, Nørgaard-Pedersen B, Hougaard DM, Abdallah MW, Melgaard L, Cohen AS, Chakrabarti B, Ruta L, Lombardo MV. Elevated fetal steroidogenic activity in autism. Mol Psychiatry 2015; 20:369-76. [PMID: 24888361 PMCID: PMC4184868 DOI: 10.1038/mp.2014.48] [Citation(s) in RCA: 308] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2013] [Revised: 03/25/2014] [Accepted: 03/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Autism affects males more than females, giving rise to the idea that the influence of steroid hormones on early fetal brain development may be one important early biological risk factor. Utilizing the Danish Historic Birth Cohort and Danish Psychiatric Central Register, we identified all amniotic fluid samples of males born between 1993 and 1999 who later received ICD-10 (International Classification of Diseases, 10th Revision) diagnoses of autism, Asperger syndrome or PDD-NOS (pervasive developmental disorder not otherwise specified) (n=128) compared with matched typically developing controls. Concentration levels of Δ4 sex steroids (progesterone, 17α-hydroxy-progesterone, androstenedione and testosterone) and cortisol were measured with liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. All hormones were positively associated with each other and principal component analysis confirmed that one generalized latent steroidogenic factor was driving much of the variation in the data. The autism group showed elevations across all hormones on this latent generalized steroidogenic factor (Cohen's d=0.37, P=0.0009) and this elevation was uniform across ICD-10 diagnostic label. These results provide the first direct evidence of elevated fetal steroidogenic activity in autism. Such elevations may be important as epigenetic fetal programming mechanisms and may interact with other important pathophysiological factors in autism.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Baron-Cohen
- Autism Research Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK,Autism Research Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Douglas House, 18B Trumpington Road, Cambridge CB2 8AH, UK. E-mail:
| | - B Auyeung
- Autism Research Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK,Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - B Nørgaard-Pedersen
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Immunology, Statens Serum Institute Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - D M Hougaard
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Immunology, Statens Serum Institute Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - M W Abdallah
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Immunology, Statens Serum Institute Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark,Department of Child and Adolescent Neuropsychiatry, Rostock University Medical Centre, Rostock, Germany,Section for Epidemiology, Department of Public Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - L Melgaard
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Immunology, Statens Serum Institute Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - A S Cohen
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Immunology, Statens Serum Institute Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - B Chakrabarti
- Autism Research Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK,Centre for Integrative Neuroscience and Neurodynamics, School of Psychology and Clinical Language Sciences, University of Reading, Reading, UK
| | - L Ruta
- Autism Research Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK,Division of Child Neurology and Psychiatry, Stella Maris Scientific Institute, Pisa, Italy
| | - M V Lombardo
- Autism Research Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK,Department of Psychology, University of Cyprus, Nicosia, Cyprus,Centre for Applied Neuroscience, University of Cyprus, Nicosia, Cyprus
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17
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Biobanking for Rare Diseases – Impact on Personalised Medicine. Rare Dis 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/978-94-017-9214-1_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
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18
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Trudgen K, Khattar NH, Bensadoun E, Arnold S, Stromberg AJ, Hirschowitz EA. Autoantibody profiling for lung cancer screening longitudinal retrospective analysis of CT screening cohorts. PLoS One 2014; 9:e87947. [PMID: 24498409 PMCID: PMC3912196 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0087947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2013] [Accepted: 01/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Recommendations for lung cancer screening present a tangible opportunity to integrate predictive blood-based assays with radiographic imaging. This study compares performance of autoantibody markers from prior discovery in sample cohorts from two CT screening trials. One-hundred eighty non-cancer and 6 prevalence and 44 incidence cancer cases detected in the Mayo Lung Screening Trial were tested using a panel of six autoantibody markers to define a normal range and assign cutoff values for class prediction. A cutoff for minimal specificity and best achievable sensitivity were applied to 256 samples drawn annually for three years from 95 participants in the Kentucky Lung Screening Trial. Data revealed a discrepancy in quantile distribution between the two apparently comparable sample sets, which skewed the assay’s dynamic range towards specificity. This cutoff offered 43% specificity (102/237) in the control group and accurately classified 11/19 lung cancer samples (58%), which included 4/5 cancers at time of radiographic detection (80%), and 50% of occult cancers up to five years prior to diagnosis. An apparent ceiling in assay sensitivity is likely to limit the utility of this assay in a conventional screening paradigm. Pre-analytical bias introduced by sample age, handling or storage remains a practical concern during development, validation and implementation of autoantibody assays. This report does not draw conclusions about other logical applications for autoantibody profiling in lung cancer diagnosis and management, nor its potential when combined with other biomarkers that might improve overall predictive accuracy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kourtney Trudgen
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, United States of America
| | - Nada H. Khattar
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, United States of America
| | - Eric Bensadoun
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, United States of America
| | - Susanne Arnold
- Division of Medical Oncology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, United States of America
| | - Arnold J. Stromberg
- Department of Statistics, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, United States of America
| | - Edward A. Hirschowitz
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, United States of America
- Lexington Veteran’s Administration Medical Center, Lexington, Kentucky, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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19
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Ward ST, Weston CJ, Hepburn E, Damery S, Hejmadi RK, Morton DG, Middleton G, Ismail T, Adams DH. Evaluation of serum lysyl oxidase as a blood test for colorectal cancer. Eur J Surg Oncol 2013; 40:731-8. [PMID: 24246612 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejso.2013.10.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2013] [Revised: 10/21/2013] [Accepted: 10/26/2013] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
AIMS Lysyl oxidase (LOX) expression is elevated in colorectal cancer (CRC) tissue and associated with disease progression. A blood test may form a more acceptable diagnostic test for CRC although LOX has not previously been measured in the serum. We therefore sought to determine the clinical usefulness of a serum LOX test for CRC in a symptomatic population. METHODS Adult patients referred to a hospital colorectal clinic with bowel symptoms completed a questionnaire and provided a blood sample for serum LOX measurement. Associations between presenting symptoms, serum LOX concentrations and outcomes of investigations were tested by univariate and multivariate analyses to determine if serum LOX was clinically useful in the prediction of CRC. LOX expression in CRC and adjacent colon biopsies was evaluated by ELISA and immunohistochemistry. RESULTS Thirty-one cases of colorectal cancer and 16 high-risk polyps were identified from a total of 962 participants. There was no association between serum LOX concentration and the presence of CRC, high-risk polyps or cancers at any site. LOX expression was significantly increased in CRC tissue compared to adjacent colon. CONCLUSION Despite overexpression of LOX in CRC tissue, elevated serum levels could not be demonstrated. Serum LOX measurement is therefore not a clinically useful test for CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- S T Ward
- NIHR Biomedical Research Unit and Centre for Liver Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK; University Hospitals Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2WB, UK.
| | - C J Weston
- NIHR Biomedical Research Unit and Centre for Liver Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - E Hepburn
- NIHR Biomedical Research Unit and Centre for Liver Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK; University Hospitals Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2WB, UK
| | - S Damery
- NIHR Biomedical Research Unit and Centre for Liver Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - R K Hejmadi
- University Hospitals Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2WB, UK
| | - D G Morton
- NIHR Biomedical Research Unit and Centre for Liver Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK; University Hospitals Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2WB, UK
| | - G Middleton
- NIHR Biomedical Research Unit and Centre for Liver Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK; University Hospitals Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2WB, UK
| | - T Ismail
- University Hospitals Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2WB, UK
| | - D H Adams
- NIHR Biomedical Research Unit and Centre for Liver Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
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Abdallah MW, Larsen N, Grove J, Nørgaard-Pedersen B, Thorsen P, Mortensen EL, Hougaard DM. Amniotic fluid inflammatory cytokines: potential markers of immunologic dysfunction in autism spectrum disorders. World J Biol Psychiatry 2013; 14:528-38. [PMID: 22175527 DOI: 10.3109/15622975.2011.639803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of the study was to analyze cytokine profiles in amniotic fluid (AF) samples of children developing autism spectrum disorders (ASD) and controls, adjusting for maternal autoimmune disorders and maternal infections during pregnancy. METHODS AF samples of 331 ASD cases and 698 controls were analyzed for inflammatory cytokines using Luminex xMAP technology utilizing a historic birth cohort. Clinical data were retrieved from nationwide registers, and case-control differences in AF cytokine levels were assessed using chi-square tests, logistic and tobit regression models. RESULTS Overall, individuals with ASD had significantly elevated AF levels of TNF-α and TNF-β compared to controls. Analyzing individuals diagnosed only with ICD-10 codes yielded significantly elevated levels of IL-4, IL-10, TNF-α and TNF-β in ASD patients. Restricting analysis to infantile autism cases showed significantly elevated levels of IL-4, TNF-α and TNF-β compared to controls with no psychiatric comorbidities. Elevated levels of IL-6 and IL-5 were found in individuals with other childhood psychiatric disorders (OCPD) when compared to controls with no psychiatric comorbidities. CONCLUSIONS AF samples of individuals with ASD or OCPD showed differential cytokine profiles compared to frequency-matched controls. Further studies to examine the specificity of the reported cytokine profiles in ASD and OCPD are required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morsi W Abdallah
- Department of Epidemiology, Aarhus University Faculty of Health Sciences , Aarhus , Denmark
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Developments in biobanking workflow standardization providing sample integrity and stability. J Proteomics 2013; 95:38-45. [PMID: 23856607 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2013.06.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2013] [Revised: 06/22/2013] [Accepted: 06/29/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Recommendations and outlines for standardization in biobanking processes are presented by a research team with long-term experience in clinical studies. These processes have important bearing on the use of samples in developing assays. These measurements are useful to document states of health and disease that are beneficial for academic research, commercial healthcare, drug development industry and government regulating agencies. There is a need for increasing awareness within proteomic and genomic communities regarding the basic concepts of collecting, storing and utilizing clinical samples. Quality control and sample suitability for analysis need to be documented and validated to ensure data integrity and establish contexts for interpretation of results. Standardized methods in proteomics and genomics are required to be practiced throughout the community allowing datasets to be comparable and shared for analysis. For example, sample processing of thousands of clinical samples, performed in 384 high-density sample tube systems in a fully automated workflow, preserves sample content and is presented showing validation criteria. Large studies will be accompanied by biological and molecular information with corresponding clinical records from patients and healthy donors. These developments position biobanks of human patient samples as an increasingly recognized major asset in disease research, future drug development and within patient care. BIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE The current manuscript is of major relevance to the proteomic and genomic fields, as it outlines the standardization aspects of biobanking and the requirements that are needed to run future clinical studies that will benefit the patients where OMICS science will play a major role. A global view of the field is given where best practice and conventional acceptances are presented along with ongoing large-scale biobanking projects. The authors represent broadly stakeholders that cover the academic, pharma, biotech and healthcare fields with extensive experience and deliveries. This contribution will be a milestone paper to the proteomic and genomic scientists to present data in the future that will have impact to the life science area. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Standardization and Quality Control in Proteomics.
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Abdallah MW, Mortensen EL, Greaves-Lord K, Larsen N, Bonefeld-Jørgensen EC, Nørgaard-Pedersen B, Hougaard DM, Grove J. Neonatal levels of neurotrophic factors and risk of autism spectrum disorders. Acta Psychiatr Scand 2013; 128:61-9. [PMID: 23039165 DOI: 10.1111/acps.12020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/04/2012] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine levels of 3 neurotrophic factors (NTFs): Brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), Neurotrophin-4 (NT-4), and transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) in dried blood spot samples of neonates diagnosed with autism spectrum disorders (ASD) later in life and frequency-matched controls. METHOD Biologic samples were retrieved from the Danish Newborn Screening Biobank. NTFs for 414 ASD cases and 820 controls were measured using Luminex technology. Associations were analyzed with continuous measures (Tobit regression) as well as dichotomized at the lower and upper 10th percentiles cutoff points derived from the controls' distributions (logistic regression). RESULTS ASD cases were more likely to have BDNF levels falling in the lower 10th percentile (odds ratios [OR], 1.53 [95% confidence intervals (CI), 1.04-2.24], P-value = 0.03). Similar pattern was seen for TGF-β in females with ASD (OR, 2.36 [95% CI, 1.05-5.33], P-value = 0.04). For NT-4, however, ASD cases diagnosed with ICD-10 only were less likely to have levels in upper 10th percentile compared with controls (OR, 0.22 [95% CI, 0.05-0.98], P-value = 0.05). CONCLUSION Results cautiously indicate decreased NTFs levels during neonatal period in ASD. This may contribute to the pathophysiology of ASD through impairments of neuroplasticity. Further research is required to confirm our results and to examine the potential therapeutic effects of NTFs in ASD.
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Affiliation(s)
- M W Abdallah
- Section for Epidemiology, HEALTH, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.
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Yüzbaşıoğlu A, Özgüç M. Biobanking: sample acquisition and quality assurance for 'omics' research. N Biotechnol 2013. [PMID: 23183539 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbt.2012.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
After the human genome sequence has been solved using random individuals through the Human Genome Project (HGP), rapid advances in whole genome sequencing technologies with effective use at a reasonable cost, is moving the genomics research field to an era of 'personal genomes'. Biobanks in this context have played an important role by providing high quality biological samples for genomics and functional genomics research. Here we are describing biobanking and the importance of governance in biobanking activity for reliable and reproducible high throughput 'omics' data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayşe Yüzbaşıoğlu
- Hacettepe University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Biology & DNA/Cell Bank for Rare Diseases, Sıhhiye, Ankara, Turkey
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Abdallah MW, Larsen N, Grove J, Bonefeld-Jørgensen EC, Nørgaard-Pedersen B, Hougaard DM, Mortensen EL. Neonatal chemokine levels and risk of autism spectrum disorders: findings from a Danish historic birth cohort follow-up study. Cytokine 2012; 61:370-6. [PMID: 23267761 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2012.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2011] [Revised: 10/13/2012] [Accepted: 11/22/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
A potential role of chemokines in the pathophysiology of Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASDs) has been previously suggested. In a recent study we examined levels of three inflammatory chemokines (MCP-1, MIP-1α and RANTES) in samples of amniotic fluid of children diagnosed later in life with ASD and controls frequency-matched to cases on gender and year of birth. In this follow-up study, levels of the same chemokines were analyzed postnatally in dried blood spot samples from the same subjects utilizing the Danish Newborn Screening Biobank. Crude estimates showed decreased levels of RANTES. In the adjusted estimates, no differences were found in levels of the three examined chemokines in ASD cases compared to controls. Our findings may cautiously suggest an altered cell-mediated immunity during the early neonatal period in ASD. Further research is needed to examine the relationship between maternal/fetal and neonatal chemokine levels and their role in ASD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morsi W Abdallah
- Section for Epidemiology, Aarhus University HEALTH, Bartholins Allé 2, Aarhus C 8000, Denmark.
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Abdallah MW, Pearce BD, Larsen N, Greaves-Lord K, Nørgaard-Pedersen B, Hougaard DM, Mortensen EL, Grove J. Amniotic fluid MMP-9 and neurotrophins in autism spectrum disorders: an exploratory study. Autism Res 2012; 5:428-33. [PMID: 23008271 DOI: 10.1002/aur.1254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2012] [Accepted: 08/27/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Evidence suggests that some developmental disorders, such as autism spectrum disorders (ASDs), are caused by errors in brain plasticity. Given the important role of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and neurotrophins (NTs) in neuroplasticity, amniotic fluid samples for 331 ASD cases and 698 frequency-matched controls were analyzed for levels of MMP-9, brain-derived neurotrophic factor, NT-4 and transforming growth factor-β utilizing a Danish historic birth cohort and Danish nationwide health registers. Laboratory measurements were performed using an in-house multiplex sandwich immunoassay Luminex xMAP method, and measurements were analyzed using tobit and logistic regression. Results showed elevated levels of MMP-9 in ASD cases compared with controls (crude and adjusted tobit regression P-values: 0.01 and 0.06). Our results highlight the importance of exploring the biologic impact of MMP-9 and potential therapeutic roles of its inhibitors in ASD and may indicate that neuroplastic impairments in ASD may present during pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morsi W Abdallah
- Section for Epidemiology, Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus C, Denmark.
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Abdallah MW, Larsen N, Grove J, Nørgaard-Pedersen B, Thorsen P, Mortensen EL, Hougaard DM. Amniotic fluid chemokines and autism spectrum disorders: an exploratory study utilizing a Danish Historic Birth Cohort. Brain Behav Immun 2012; 26:170-6. [PMID: 21933705 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2011.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2011] [Revised: 08/17/2011] [Accepted: 09/02/2011] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Elevated levels of chemokines have been reported in plasma and brain tissue of individuals with Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD). The aim of this study was to examine chemokine levels in amniotic fluid (AF) samples of individuals diagnosed with ASD and their controls. MATERIAL AND METHODS A Danish Historic Birth Cohort (HBC) kept at Statens Serum Institute, Copenhagen was utilized. Using data from Danish nation-wide health registers, a case-control study design of 414 cases and 820 controls was adopted. Levels of MCP-1, MIP-1α and RANTES were analyzed using Luminex xMAP technology. Case-control differences were assessed as dichotomized at below the 10th percentile or above the 90th percentile cut-off points derived from the control biomarker distributions (logistic regression) or continuous measures (tobit regression). RESULTS AND CONCLUSION AF volume for 331 cases and 698 controls was sufficient for Luminex analysis. Including all individuals in the cohort yielded no significant differences in chemokine levels in cases versus controls. Logistic regression analyses, performed on individuals diagnosed using ICD-10 only, showed increased risk for ASD with elevated MCP-1 (elevated 90th percentile adjusted OR: 2.32 [95% CI: 1.17-4.61]) compared to controls. An increased risk for infantile autism with elevated MCP-1 was also found (adjusted OR: 2.28 [95% CI: 1.16-4.48]). Elevated levels of MCP-1 may decipher an etiologic immunologic dysfunction or play rather an indirect role in the pathophysiology of ASD. Further studies to confirm its role and to identify the potential pathways through which MCP-1 may contribute to the development of ASD are necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morsi W Abdallah
- Department of Epidemiology, Aarhus University School of Public Health, Aarhus, Denmark.
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