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Ullah I, Wang X, Li H. Novel and experimental therapeutics for the management of motor and non-motor Parkinsonian symptoms. Neurol Sci 2024; 45:2979-2995. [PMID: 38388896 DOI: 10.1007/s10072-023-07278-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2023] [Accepted: 12/14/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND : Both motor and non-motor symptoms of Parkinson's disease (PD) have a substantial detrimental influence on the patient's quality of life. The most effective treatment remains oral levodopa. All currently known treatments just address the symptoms; they do not completely reverse the condition. METHODOLOGY In order to find literature on the creation of novel treatment agents and their efficacy for PD patients, we searched PubMed, Google Scholar, and other online libraries. RESULTS According to the most recent study on Parkinson's disease (PD), a great deal of work has been done in both the clinical and laboratory domains, and some current scientists have even been successful in developing novel therapies for PD patients. CONCLUSION The quality of life for PD patients has increased as a result of recent research, and numerous innovative medications are being developed for PD therapy. In the near future, we will see positive outcomes regarding PD treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inam Ullah
- School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Xin Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China.
| | - Hongyu Li
- School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China.
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Holden H, Venkatesh S, Budrow C, Nezaria S, Coyle M, Centner A, Lipari N, McManus G, Bishop C. The effects of L-DOPA on gait abnormalities in a unilateral 6-OHDA rat model of Parkinson's disease. Physiol Behav 2024; 281:114563. [PMID: 38723388 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2024.114563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2024] [Revised: 04/04/2024] [Accepted: 04/19/2024] [Indexed: 05/27/2024]
Abstract
Parkinson's Disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative movement disorder characterized by dopamine (DA) cell loss in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNc). As PD progresses, patients display disruptions in gait such as changes in posture, bradykinesia, and shortened stride. DA replacement via L-DOPA alleviates many PD symptoms, though its effects on gait are not well demonstrated. This study aimed to assess the relationship between DA lesion, gait, and deficit-induced reversal with L-DOPA. To do so, Sprague-Dawley rats (N = 25, 14 males, 11 females) received unilateral medial forebrain bundle (MFB) DA lesions with 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA). An automated gait analysis system assessed spatiotemporal gait parameters pre- and post-lesion, and after various doses of L-DOPA (0, 3, or 6 mg/kg; s.c.). The forepaw adjusting steps (FAS) test was implemented to evaluate lesion efficacy while the abnormal involuntary movements (AIMs) scale monitored the emergence of L-DOPA-induced dyskinesia (LID). High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) assessed changes in brain monoamines on account of lesion and treatment. Results revealed lesion-induced impairments in gait, inclusive of max-contact area and step-sequence alterations that were not reversible with L-DOPA. However, the emergence of AIMs were observed at higher doses. Post-mortem, 6-OHDA lesions induced a loss of striatal DA and norepinephrine (NE), while prefrontal cortex (PFC) displayed noticeable reduction in NE but not DA. Our findings indicate that hemiparkinsonian rats display measurable gait disturbances similar to PD patients that are not rescued by DA replacement. Furthermore, non-DA mechanisms such as attention-related NE in PFC may contribute to altered gait and may constitute a novel target for its treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah Holden
- Department of Psychology, Binghamton University, Binghamton, NY, USA
| | - Shruti Venkatesh
- Department of Psychology, Binghamton University, Binghamton, NY, USA
| | - Carla Budrow
- Department of Psychology, Binghamton University, Binghamton, NY, USA
| | - Sareen Nezaria
- Department of Psychology, Binghamton University, Binghamton, NY, USA
| | - Michael Coyle
- Department of Psychology, Binghamton University, Binghamton, NY, USA
| | - Ashley Centner
- Department of Psychology, Binghamton University, Binghamton, NY, USA
| | - Natalie Lipari
- Department of Psychology, Binghamton University, Binghamton, NY, USA
| | - Grace McManus
- Department of Psychology, Binghamton University, Binghamton, NY, USA
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McKay JL, Nye J, Goldstein FC, Sommerfeld B, Smith Y, Weinshenker D, Factor SA. Levodopa responsive freezing of gait is associated with reduced norepinephrine transporter binding in Parkinson's disease. Neurobiol Dis 2023; 179:106048. [PMID: 36813207 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2023.106048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Revised: 02/15/2023] [Accepted: 02/16/2023] [Indexed: 02/23/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Freezing of gait (FOG) is a major cause of falling in Parkinson's disease (PD) and can be responsive or unresponsive to levodopa. Pathophysiology is poorly understood. OBJECTIVE To examine the link between noradrenergic systems, the development of FOG in PD and its responsiveness to levodopa. METHODS We examined norepinephrine transporter (NET) binding via brain positron emission tomography (PET) to evaluate changes in NET density associated with FOG using the high affinity selective NET antagonist radioligand [11C]MeNER (2S,3S)(2-[α-(2-methoxyphenoxy)benzyl]morpholine) in 52 parkinsonian patients. We used a rigorous levodopa challenge paradigm to characterize PD patients as non-freezing (NO-FOG, N = 16), levodopa responsive freezing (OFF-FOG, N = 10), and levodopa-unresponsive freezing (ONOFF-FOG, N = 21), and also included a non-PD FOG group, primary progressive freezing of gait (PP-FOG, N = 5). RESULTS Linear mixed models identified significant reductions in whole brain NET binding in the OFF-FOG group compared to the NO-FOG group (-16.8%, P = 0.021) and regionally in the frontal lobe, left and right thalamus, temporal lobe, and locus coeruleus, with the strongest effect in right thalamus (P = 0.038). Additional regions examined in a post hoc secondary analysis including the left and right amygdalae confirmed the contrast between OFF-FOG and NO-FOG (P = 0.003). A linear regression analysis identified an association between reduced NET binding in the right thalamus and more severe New FOG Questionnaire (N-FOG-Q) score only in the OFF-FOG group (P = 0.022). CONCLUSION This is the first study to examine brain noradrenergic innervation using NET-PET in PD patients with and without FOG. Based on the normal regional distribution of noradrenergic innervation and pathological studies in the thalamus of PD patients, the implications of our findings suggest that noradrenergic limbic pathways may play a key role in OFF-FOG in PD. This finding could have implications for clinical subtyping of FOG as well as development of therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Lucas McKay
- Jean & Paul Amos Parkinson's Disease & Movement Disorders Program, Department of Neurology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA; Department of Biomedical Informatics, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA; Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Tech and Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
| | - Jonathan Nye
- Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Felicia C Goldstein
- Neuropsychology Program, Department of Neurology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
| | - Barbara Sommerfeld
- Jean & Paul Amos Parkinson's Disease & Movement Disorders Program, Department of Neurology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
| | - Yoland Smith
- Jean & Paul Amos Parkinson's Disease & Movement Disorders Program, Department of Neurology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA; Emory National Primate Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
| | - David Weinshenker
- Department of Human Genetics, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Stewart A Factor
- Jean & Paul Amos Parkinson's Disease & Movement Disorders Program, Department of Neurology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA.
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Ahmad MH, Rizvi MA, Ali M, Mondal AC. Neurobiology of depression in Parkinson's disease: Insights into epidemiology, molecular mechanisms and treatment strategies. Ageing Res Rev 2023; 85:101840. [PMID: 36603690 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2022.101840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2022] [Revised: 12/25/2022] [Accepted: 12/31/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is characterized mainly by motor dysfunctions due to the progressive loss of dopaminergic neurons. However, PD patients experience a multitude of debilitating non-motor symptoms, including depression, which may have deleteriously detrimental effects on life. Depression is multifactorial and exhibits a bimodal progression in PD, but its underlying molecular mechanisms are poorly understood. Studies demonstrating the pathophysiology of depression in PD and the specific treatment strategies for depression-like symptoms in PD patients are largely lacking, often underrated, under-recognized and, consequently, inadequately/under-treated. Nevertheless, reports suggest that the incidence of depression is approximately 20-30% of PD patients and may precede the onset of motor symptoms. Diagnosing depression in PD becomes difficult due to the clinical overlap in symptomatology between the two diseases, and the nigrostriatal dysfunction alone is insufficient to explain depressive symptoms in PD. Therefore, the current study provides an overview of the molecular mechanisms underlying the development of depression in PD and new insights into developing current antidepressant strategies to treat depression in PD. This review will identify and understand the molecular pathological mechanisms of depression in PD that will fundamentally help tailoring therapeutic interventions for depressive symptoms in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mir Hilal Ahmad
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology, School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, India; Genome Biology Lab, Department of Biosciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi 110025, India
| | - Moshahid Alam Rizvi
- Genome Biology Lab, Department of Biosciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi 110025, India
| | - Mansoor Ali
- Cancer Biology Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Amal Chandra Mondal
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology, School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, India.
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Jing XZ, Yuan XZ, Luo X, Zhang SY, Wang XP. An Update on Nondopaminergic Treatments for Motor and Non-motor Symptoms of Parkinson's Disease. Curr Neuropharmacol 2023; 21:1806-1826. [PMID: 35193486 PMCID: PMC10514518 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x20666220222150811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2021] [Revised: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 02/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Nondopaminergic neurotransmitters such as adenosine, norepinephrine, serotonin, glutamate, and acetylcholine are all involved in Parkinson's disease (PD) and promote its symptoms. Therefore, nondopaminergic receptors are key targets for developing novel preparations for the management of motor and non-motor symptoms in PD, without the potential adverse events of dopamine replacement therapy. We reviewed English-written articles and ongoing clinical trials of nondopaminergic treatments for PD patients till 2014 to summarize the recent findings on nondopaminergic preparations for the treatment of PD patients. The most promising research area of nondopaminergic targets is to reduce motor complications caused by traditional dopamine replacement therapy, including motor fluctuations and levodopa-induced dyskinesia. Istradefylline, Safinamide, and Zonisamide were licensed for the management of motor fluctuations in PD patients, while novel serotonergic and glutamatergic agents to improve motor fluctuations are still under research. Sustained- release agents of Amantadine were approved for treating levodopa induced dyskinesia (LID), and serotonin 5HT1B receptor agonist also showed clinical benefits to LID. Nondopaminergic targets were also being explored for the treatment of non-motor symptoms of PD. Pimavanserin was approved globally for the management of hallucinations and delusions related to PD psychosis. Istradefylline revealed beneficial effect on daytime sleepiness, apathy, depression, and lower urinary tract symptoms in PD subjects. Droxidopa may benefit orthostatic hypotension in PD patients. Safinamide and Zonisamide also showed clinical efficacy on certain non-motor symptoms of PD patients. Nondopaminergic drugs are not expected to replace dopaminergic strategies, but further development of these drugs may lead to new approaches with positive clinical implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Zhong Jing
- Department of Neurology, TongRen Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiang-Zhen Yuan
- Department of Neurology, Weifang People's Hospital, Weifang, Shandong, China
| | - Xingguang Luo
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Shu-Yun Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Weifang People's Hospital, Weifang, Shandong, China
| | - Xiao-Ping Wang
- Department of Neurology, TongRen Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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Recent Development of Nano-Carbon Material in Pharmaceutical Application: A Review. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27217578. [PMID: 36364403 PMCID: PMC9654677 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27217578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2022] [Revised: 10/21/2022] [Accepted: 11/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Carbon nanomaterials have attracted researchers in pharmaceutical applications due to their outstanding properties and flexible dimensional structures. Carbon nanomaterials (CNMs) have electrical properties, high thermal surface area, and high cellular internalization, making them suitable for drug and gene delivery, antioxidants, bioimaging, biosensing, and tissue engineering applications. There are various types of carbon nanomaterials including graphene, carbon nanotubes, fullerenes, nanodiamond, quantum dots and many more that have interesting applications in the future. The functionalization of the carbon nanomaterial surface could modify its chemical and physical properties, as well as improve drug loading capacity, biocompatibility, suppress immune response and have the ability to direct drug delivery to the targeted site. Carbon nanomaterials could also be fabricated into composites with proteins and drugs to reduce toxicity and increase effectiveness in the pharmaceutical field. Thus, carbon nanomaterials are very effective for applications in pharmaceutical or biomedical systems. This review will demonstrate the extraordinary properties of nanocarbon materials that can be used in pharmaceutical applications.
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Closing the loop for patients with Parkinson disease: where are we? Nat Rev Neurol 2022; 18:497-507. [PMID: 35681103 DOI: 10.1038/s41582-022-00674-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/12/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Although levodopa remains the most efficacious symptomatic therapy for Parkinson disease (PD), management of levodopa treatment during the advanced stages of the disease is extremely challenging. This difficulty is a result of levodopa's short half-life, a progressive narrowing of the therapeutic window, and major inter-patient and intra-patient variations in the dose-response relationship. Therefore, a suitable alternative to repeated oral administration of levodopa is being sought. Recent research efforts have focused on the development of novel levodopa delivery strategies and wearable physical sensors that track symptoms and disease progression. However, the need for methods to monitor the levels of levodopa present in the body in real time has been overlooked. Advances in chemical sensor technology mean that the development of wearable and mobile biosensors for continuous or frequent levodopa measurements is now possible. Such levodopa monitoring could help to deliver personalized and timely medication dosing to alleviate treatment-related fluctuations in the symptoms of PD. Therefore, with the aim of optimizing therapeutic management of PD and improving the quality of life of patients, we share our vision of a future closed-loop autonomous wearable 'sense-and-act' system. This system consists of a network of physical and chemical sensors coupled with a levodopa delivery device and is guided by effective big data fusion algorithms and machine learning methods.
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Hoffmeister JD, Kelm-Nelson CA, Ciucci MR. Manipulation of vocal communication and anxiety through pharmacologic modulation of norepinephrine in the Pink1-/- rat model of Parkinson disease. Behav Brain Res 2022; 418:113642. [PMID: 34755639 PMCID: PMC8671235 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2021.113642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2021] [Revised: 10/21/2021] [Accepted: 10/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Vocal deficits and anxiety are common, co-occurring, and interacting signs of Parkinson Disease (PD) that have a devastating impact on quality of life. Both manifest early in the disease process. Unlike hallmark motor signs of PD, neither respond adequately to dopamine replacement therapies, suggesting that their disease-specific mechanisms are at least partially extra-dopaminergic. Because noradrenergic dysfunction is also a defining feature of PD, especially early in the disease progression, drug therapies targeting norepinephrine are being trialed for treatment of motor and non-motor impairments in PD. Research assessing the effects of noradrenergic manipulation on anxiety and vocal impairment in PD, however, is sparse. In this pre-clinical study, we quantified the influence of pharmacologic manipulation of norepinephrine on vocal impairment and anxiety in Pink1-/- rats, a translational model of PD that demonstrates both vocal deficits and anxiety. Ultrasonic vocalization acoustics, anxiety behavior, and limb motor activity were tested twice for each rat: after injection of saline and after one of three drugs. We hypothesized that norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (atomoxetine and reboxetine) and a β receptor antagonist (propranolol) would decrease vocal impairment and anxiety compared to saline, without affecting spontaneous motor activity. Our results demonstrated that atomoxetine and reboxetine decreased anxiety behavior. Atomoxetine also modulated ultrasonic vocalization acoustics, including an increase in vocal intensity, which is almost always reduced in animal models and patients with PD. Propranolol did not affect anxiety or vocalization. Drug condition did not influence spontaneous motor activity. These studies demonstrate relationships among vocal impairment, anxiety, and noradrenergic systems in the Pink1-/- rat model of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesse D Hoffmeister
- Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1975 Willow Drive, Madison, WI 53706, USA; Department of Surgery, Division of Otolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 600 Highland Avenue, Madison, WI 53792-7375, USA.
| | - Cynthia A Kelm-Nelson
- Department of Surgery, Division of Otolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 600 Highland Avenue, Madison, WI 53792-7375, USA.
| | - Michelle R Ciucci
- Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1975 Willow Drive, Madison, WI 53706, USA; Department of Surgery, Division of Otolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 600 Highland Avenue, Madison, WI 53792-7375, USA; Neuroscience Training Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 9531 WIMR II, 1111 Highland Avenue, Madison, WI 53705, USA.
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Behavioral and neurochemical interactions of the tricyclic antidepressant drug desipramine with L-DOPA in 6-OHDA-lesioned rats. Implications for motor and psychiatric functions in Parkinson's disease. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2022; 239:3633-3656. [PMID: 36178508 PMCID: PMC9584871 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-022-06238-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE The pharmacological effects of antidepressants in modulating noradrenergic transmission as compared to serotonergic transmission in a rat model of Parkinson's disease under chronic L-DOPA therapy are insufficiently explored. OBJECTIVES The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of the tricyclic antidepressant desipramine administered chronically alone or jointly with L-DOPA, on motor behavior and monoamine metabolism in selected brain structures of rats with the unilateral 6-OHDA lesion. METHODS The antiparkinsonian activities of L-DOPA and desipramine were assessed behaviorally using a rotation test and biochemically based on changes in the tissue concentrations of noradrenaline, dopamine and serotonin and their metabolites, evaluated separately for the ipsi- and contralateral motor (striatum, substantia nigra) and limbic (prefrontal cortex, hippocampus) structures of rat brain by HPLC method. RESULTS Desipramine administered alone did not induce rotational behavior, but in combination with L-DOPA, it increased the number of contralateral rotations more strongly than L-DOPA alone. Both L-DOPA and desipramine + L-DOPA significantly increased DA levels in the ipsilateral striatum, substantia nigra, prefrontal cortex and the ipsi- and contralateral hippocampus. The combined treatment also significantly increased noradrenaline content in the ipsi- and contralateral striatum, while L-DOPA alone decreased serotonin level on both sides of the hippocampus. CONCLUSIONS The performed analysis of the level of monoamines and their metabolites in the selected brain structures suggests that co-modulation of noradrenergic and dopaminergic transmission in Parkinson's disease by the combined therapy with desipramine + L-DOPA may have some positive implications for motor and psychiatric functions but further research is needed to exclude potential negative effects.
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Sirtuins and Autophagy in Age-Associated Neurodegenerative Diseases: Lessons from the C. elegans Model. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222212263. [PMID: 34830158 PMCID: PMC8619060 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222212263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2021] [Revised: 11/06/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Age-associated neurodegenerative diseases are known to have "impaired protein clearance" as one of the key features causing their onset and progression. Hence, homeostasis is the key to maintaining balance throughout the cellular system as an organism ages. Any imbalance in the protein clearance machinery is responsible for accumulation of unwanted proteins, leading to pathological consequences-manifesting in neurodegeneration and associated debilitating outcomes. Multiple processes are involved in regulating this phenomenon; however, failure to regulate the autophagic machinery is a critical process that hampers the protein clearing pathway, leading to neurodegeneration. Another important and widely known component that plays a role in modulating neurodegeneration is a class of proteins called sirtuins. These are class III histone deacetylases (HDACs) that are known to regulate various vital processes such as longevity, genomic stability, transcription and DNA repair. These enzymes are also known to modulate neurodegeneration in an autophagy-dependent manner. Considering its genetic relevance and ease of studying disease-related endpoints in neurodegeneration, the model system Caenorhabditis elegans has been successfully employed in deciphering various functional outcomes related to critical protein molecules, cell death pathways and their association with ageing. This review summarizes the vital role of sirtuins and autophagy in ageing and neurodegeneration, in particular highlighting the knowledge obtained using the C. elegans model system.
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Hoffmeister JD, Kelm-Nelson CA, Ciucci MR. Quantification of brainstem norepinephrine relative to vocal impairment and anxiety in the Pink1-/- rat model of Parkinson disease. Behav Brain Res 2021; 414:113514. [PMID: 34358571 PMCID: PMC8393386 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2021.113514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Revised: 07/23/2021] [Accepted: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Vocal communication impairment and anxiety are co-occurring and interacting signs of Parkinson Disease (PD) that are common, poorly understood, and under-treated. Both vocal communication and anxiety are influenced by the noradrenergic system. In light of this shared neural substrate and considering that noradrenergic dysfunction is a defining characteristic of PD, tandem investigation of vocal impairment and anxiety in PD relative to noradrenergic mechanisms is likely to yield insights into the underlying disease-specific causes of these impairments. In order to address this gap in knowledge, we assessed vocal impairment and anxiety behavior relative to brainstem noradrenergic markers in a genetic rat model of early-onset PD (Pink1-/-) and wild type controls (WT). We hypothesized that 1) brainstem noradrenergic markers would be disrupted in Pink1-/-, and 2) brainstem noradrenergic markers would be associated with vocal acoustic changes and anxiety level. Rats underwent testing of ultrasonic vocalization and anxiety (elevated plus maze) at 4, 8, and 12 months of age. At 12 months, brainstem norepinephrine markers were quantified with immunohistochemistry. Results demonstrated that vocal impairment and anxiety were increased in Pink1-/- rats, and increased anxiety was associated with greater vocal deficit in this model of PD. Further, brainstem noradrenergic markers including TH and α1 adrenoreceptor immunoreactivity in the locus coeruleus, and β1 adrenoreceptor immunoreactivity in vagal nuclei differed by genotype, and were associated with vocalization and anxiety behavior. These findings demonstrate statistically significant relationships among vocal impairment, anxiety, and brainstem norepinephrine in the Pink1-/- rat model of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesse D Hoffmeister
- Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1975 Willow Drive, Madison, WI, 53706, USA; Department of Surgery, Division of Otolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 600 Highland Avenue, Madison, WI, 53792-7375, USA.
| | - Cynthia A Kelm-Nelson
- Department of Surgery, Division of Otolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 600 Highland Avenue, Madison, WI, 53792-7375, USA.
| | - Michelle R Ciucci
- Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1975 Willow Drive, Madison, WI, 53706, USA; Department of Surgery, Division of Otolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 600 Highland Avenue, Madison, WI, 53792-7375, USA; Neuroscience Training Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 9531 WIMR II, 1111 Highland Avenue, Madison, WI, 53705, USA.
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Razali K, Othman N, Mohd Nasir MH, Doolaanea AA, Kumar J, Ibrahim WN, Mohamed Ibrahim N, Mohamed WMY. The Promise of the Zebrafish Model for Parkinson's Disease: Today's Science and Tomorrow's Treatment. Front Genet 2021; 12:655550. [PMID: 33936174 PMCID: PMC8082503 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2021.655550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The second most prevalent neurodegenerative disorder in the elderly is Parkinson's disease (PD). Its etiology is unclear and there are no available disease-modifying medicines. Therefore, more evidence is required concerning its pathogenesis. The use of the neurotoxin 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) is the basis of most animal models of PD. MPTP is metabolized by monoamine oxidase B (MAO B) to MPP + and induces the loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra in mammals. Zebrafish have been commonly used in developmental biology as a model organism, but owing to its perfect mix of properties, it is now emerging as a model for human diseases. Zebrafish (Danio rerio) are cheap and easy to sustain, evolve rapidly, breed transparent embryos in large amounts, and are readily manipulated by different methods, particularly genetic ones. Furthermore, zebrafish are vertebrate species and mammalian findings obtained from zebrafish may be more applicable than those derived from genetic models of invertebrates such as Drosophila melanogaster and Caenorhabditis elegans. The resemblance cannot be taken for granted, however. The goal of the present review article is to highlight the promise of zebrafish as a PD animal model. As its aminergic structures, MPTP mode of action, and PINK1 roles mimic those of mammalians, zebrafish seems to be a viable model for studying PD. The roles of zebrafish MAO, however, vary from those of the two types of MAO present in mammals. The benefits unique to zebrafish, such as the ability to perform large-scale genetic or drug screens, should be exploited in future experiments utilizing zebrafish PD models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khairiah Razali
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Kulliyyah of Medicine, International Islamic University Malaysia (IIUM), Kuantan, Malaysia
| | - Noratikah Othman
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Kulliyyah of Nursing, International Islamic University Malaysia (IIUM), Kuantan, Malaysia
| | - Mohd Hamzah Mohd Nasir
- Central Research and Animal Facility (CREAM), Kulliyyah of Science, International Islamic University Malaysia (IIUM), Kuantan, Malaysia
| | - Abd Almonem Doolaanea
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Kulliyyah of Pharmacy, International Islamic University Malaysia (IIUM), Kuantan, Malaysia
| | - Jaya Kumar
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, UKM Medical Centre (UKMMC), Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Wisam Nabeel Ibrahim
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, QU Health, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
- Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Research Unit, QU Health, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| | | | - Wael M. Y. Mohamed
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Kulliyyah of Medicine, International Islamic University Malaysia (IIUM), Kuantan, Malaysia
- Clinical Pharmacology Department, Menoufia Medical School, Menoufia University, Menoufia, Egypt
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Gonzalez-Latapi P, Bhowmick SS, Saranza G, Fox SH. Non-Dopaminergic Treatments for Motor Control in Parkinson's Disease: An Update. CNS Drugs 2020; 34:1025-1044. [PMID: 32785890 DOI: 10.1007/s40263-020-00754-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Glutamatergic, noradrenergic, serotonergic, and cholinergic systems play a critical role in the basal ganglia circuitry. Targeting these non-dopaminergic receptors remains a focus of ongoing research to improve Parkinson's disease (PD) motor symptoms, without the potential side effects of dopamine replacement therapy. This review updates advancements in non-dopaminergic treatments for motor control in PD since 2013. To date, no non-dopaminergic selective drug has shown significant long-term efficacy as monotherapy in PD. The largest area of development in non-dopaminergic targets has been for motor complications of dopamine replacement therapy (motor fluctuations and dyskinesia). For treatment of motor fluctuations, safinamide, zonisamide, and istradefylline are currently approved, and novel glutamatergic and serotonergic drugs are in development. Long-acting formulations of amantadine are approved for treating dyskinesia. Several non-dopaminergic drugs have failed to show anti-dyskinetic efficacy, while some are still in development. Non-dopaminergic targets are also being pursued to treat specific motor symptoms of PD. For example, CX-8998 (a calcium channel modulator) is being evaluated for PD tremor and rivastigmine may improve gait dysfunction in PD. Drug repurposing continues to be a key strategy for non-dopaminergic targets in PD, but the field needs to increase discovery and availability of such drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulina Gonzalez-Latapi
- Morton and Gloria Shulman Movement Disorders Clinic and the Edmond J. Safra Program in Parkinson's Disease, Toronto Western Hospital, Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, University Health Network, 399 Bathurst Street, Toronto, ON, M5T 2S8, Canada
| | - Suvorit Subhas Bhowmick
- Morton and Gloria Shulman Movement Disorders Clinic and the Edmond J. Safra Program in Parkinson's Disease, Toronto Western Hospital, Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, University Health Network, 399 Bathurst Street, Toronto, ON, M5T 2S8, Canada
| | - Gerard Saranza
- Morton and Gloria Shulman Movement Disorders Clinic and the Edmond J. Safra Program in Parkinson's Disease, Toronto Western Hospital, Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, University Health Network, 399 Bathurst Street, Toronto, ON, M5T 2S8, Canada
| | - Susan H Fox
- Morton and Gloria Shulman Movement Disorders Clinic and the Edmond J. Safra Program in Parkinson's Disease, Toronto Western Hospital, Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, University Health Network, 399 Bathurst Street, Toronto, ON, M5T 2S8, Canada. .,Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
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Abstract
Noradrenergic system of brain supplies the neurotransmitter noradrenalin throughout the brain through widespread efferent projections and play pivotal role in cognitive activities and could be involve in motor and non-motor symptoms of Parkinson's disease (PD) pathology. Profound loss of noradrenergic pathways has been reported in both Parkinson's and Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathology however their employment in therapeutics is still scarce. Therefore the present review is providing the various aspects for involvement on noradrenergic pathways in PD and AD pathology as well as the imaging of locus coeruleus as indicative diagnostic marker for disease. The present review is describing about the role of tiny nucleus locus coeruleus located noradrenergic pathways in said pathologies and discussing the past research as well as lacunas in this regard.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarika Singh
- Toxicology and Experimental Medicine Division, CDRI-CSIR, Lucknow, UP, India
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15
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Kou L, Duan Y, Wang P, Fu Y, Darabedian N, He Y, Jiang D, Chen D, Xiang J, Liu G, Zhou F. Norepinephrine-Fe(III)-ATP Ternary Complex and Its Relevance to Parkinson's Disease. ACS Chem Neurosci 2019; 10:2777-2785. [PMID: 31059226 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.9b00009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The aberrant autoxidation of norepinephrine (NE) in the presence of oxygen, which is accelerated by Fe(III), has been linked to the pathogenesis of the Parkinson's disease (PD). Adenosine triphosphate (ATP), as a neurotransmitter whose release can be stimulated by tissue damage and oxidative stress, is co-stored and often co-released with NE in presynaptic terminals. We have shown previously that ATP inhibits the iron-catalyzed dopamine oxidation, thereby decreasing the production of certain neurotoxins such as 6-hydroxydopamine. Whether ATP plays a similar role in Fe(III)-catalyzed NE oxidation and how it maintains the NE stability have not been investigated. Here, we studied the coordination in a ternary complex among NE, Fe(III), and ATP, and found that Fe(III) is coordinated as a octahedral center by NE and ATP. Voltammetry and mass spectrometry were employed to examine this ternary complex's modulation of the NE autoxidation. NE-Fe(III)-ATP plays a protective role to modulate the autoxidation and Fe(III)-catalyzed oxidation of NE. The ternary complex can be detected in the substantia nigra (SN), locus coeruleus (LC), and striatum regions of C57BL/6 wild-type mice. In contrast, the 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP)-induced PD mouse brains displayed a significant decrease of the ternary complex in the SN region and an increase in the LC and striatum areas. We posit that the ternary complex is produced by noradrenergic neurons as a protective regulator against neuronal damage and oxidative stress, contributing to the lower vulnerability of LC neurons with respect to that of SN neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Kou
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, P. R. China
| | - Yuemei Duan
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, P. R. China
| | - Pengcheng Wang
- Institute of Surface Analysis and Chemical Biology, University of Jinan, Jinan 250022, P. R. China
| | - Yaru Fu
- Institute of Surface Analysis and Chemical Biology, University of Jinan, Jinan 250022, P. R. China
| | - Nerek Darabedian
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089-0744, United States
| | - Yonghui He
- Key Laboratory of Chemistry in Ethnic Medicinal Resources, State Ethnic Affairs Commission & Ministry of Education, Yunnan Minzu University, Kunming 650031, P. R. China
| | - Dianlu Jiang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, California State University, Los Angeles, California 90032, United States
| | - Dinglong Chen
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, P. R. China
| | - Juan Xiang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, P. R. China
| | - Guokun Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, College of the Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Feimeng Zhou
- Institute of Surface Analysis and Chemical Biology, University of Jinan, Jinan 250022, P. R. China
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, California State University, Los Angeles, California 90032, United States
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Stimulation of noradrenergic transmission by reboxetine is beneficial for a mouse model of progressive parkinsonism. Sci Rep 2019; 9:5262. [PMID: 30918302 PMCID: PMC6437187 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-41756-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2018] [Accepted: 03/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative disorder and is characterized by motor deficits such as tremor, rigidity and bradykinesia. These symptoms are directly caused by the loss of dopaminergic neurons. However, a wealth of clinical evidence indicates that the dopaminergic system is not the only system affected in PD. Postmortem studies of brains from PD patients have revealed the degeneration of noradrenergic neurons in the locus coeruleus (LC) to the same or even greater extent than that observed in the dopaminergic neurons of substantia nigra (SN) and ventral tegmental area (VTA). Moreover, studies performed on rodent models suggest that enhancement of noradrenergic transmission may attenuate the PD-like phenotype induced by MPTP administration, a neurotoxin-based PD model. The aim of this study was to investigate whether chronic treatment with either of two compounds targeting the noradrenergic system (reboxetine or atipamezole) possess the ability to reduce the progression of a PD-like phenotype in a novel mouse model of progressive dopaminergic neurodegeneration induced by the genetic inhibition of rRNA synthesis in dopaminergic neurons, mimicking a PD-like phenotype. The results showed that reboxetine improved the parkinsonian phenotype associated with delayed progression of SN/VTA dopaminergic neurodegeneration and higher dopamine content in the striatum. Moreover, the alpha1-adrenergic agonist phenylephrine enhanced survival of TH+ neurons in primary cell cultures, supporting the putative neuroprotective effects of noradrenergic stimulation. Our results provide new insights regarding the possible influence of the noradrenergic system on dopaminergic neuron survival and strongly support the hypothesis regarding the neuroprotective role of noradrenaline.
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Lillethorup TP, Glud AN, Alstrup AKO, Noer O, Nielsen EHT, Schacht AC, Landeck N, Kirik D, Orlowski D, Sørensen JCH, Doudet DJ, Landau AM. Longitudinal monoaminergic PET imaging of chronic proteasome inhibition in minipigs. Sci Rep 2018; 8:15715. [PMID: 30356172 PMCID: PMC6200778 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-34084-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2018] [Accepted: 10/11/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Impairment of the ubiquitin proteasome system has been implicated in Parkinson’s disease. We used positron emission tomography to investigate longitudinal effects of chronic intracerebroventricular exposure to the proteasome inhibitor lactacystin on monoaminergic projections and neuroinflammation. Göttingen minipigs were implanted in the cisterna magna with a catheter connected to a subcutaneous injection port. Minipigs were imaged at baseline and after cumulative doses of 200 and 400 μg lactacystin, respectively. Main radioligands included [11C]-DTBZ (vesicular monoamine transporter type 2) and [11C]-yohimbine (α2-adrenoceptor). [11C]-DASB (serotonin transporter) and [11C]-PK11195 (activated microglia) became available later in the study and we present their results in a smaller subset of animals for information purposes only. Striatal [11C]-DTBZ binding potentials decreased significantly by 16% after 200 μg compared to baseline, but the decrease was not sustained after 400 μg (n = 6). [11C]-yohimbine volume of distribution increased by 18–25% in the pons, grey matter and the thalamus after 200 μg, which persisted at 400 μg (n = 6). In the later subset of minipigs, we observed decreased [11C]-DASB (n = 5) and increased [11C]-PK11195 (n = 3) uptake after 200 μg. These changes may mimic monoaminergic changes and compensatory responses in early Parkinson’s disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thea P Lillethorup
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and PET Center, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University and Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Andreas N Glud
- Center for Experimental Neuroscience (CENSE), Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Aage K O Alstrup
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and PET Center, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University and Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Ove Noer
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and PET Center, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University and Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Erik H T Nielsen
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and PET Center, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University and Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Anna C Schacht
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and PET Center, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University and Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Natalie Landeck
- Brain Repair and Imaging in Neural Systems (BRAINS) Unit, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Deniz Kirik
- Brain Repair and Imaging in Neural Systems (BRAINS) Unit, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Dariusz Orlowski
- Center for Experimental Neuroscience (CENSE), Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Jens Christian H Sørensen
- Center for Experimental Neuroscience (CENSE), Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Doris J Doudet
- Department of Medicine/Neurology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Anne M Landau
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and PET Center, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University and Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark. .,Translational Neuropsychiatry Unit, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.
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18
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Du JJ, Chen SD. Current Nondopaminergic Therapeutic Options for Motor Symptoms of Parkinson's Disease. Chin Med J (Engl) 2018; 130:1856-1866. [PMID: 28748860 PMCID: PMC5547839 DOI: 10.4103/0366-6999.211555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: The aim of this study was to summarize recent studies on nondopaminergic options for the treatment of motor symptoms in Parkinson's disease (PD). Data Sources: Papers in English published in PubMed, Cochrane, and Ovid Nursing databases between January 1988 and November 2016 were searched using the following keywords: PD, nondopaminergic therapy, adenosine, glutamatergic, adrenergic, serotoninergic, histaminic, and iron chelator. We also reviewed the ongoing clinical trials in the website of clinicaltrials.gov. Study Selection: Articles related to the nondopaminergic treatment of motor symptoms in PD were selected for this review. Results: PD is conventionally treated with dopamine replacement strategies, which are effective in the early stages of PD. Long-term use of levodopa could result in motor complications. Recent studies revealed that nondopaminergic systems such as adenosine, glutamatergic, adrenergic, serotoninergic, histaminic, and iron chelator pathways could include potential therapeutic targets for motor symptoms, including motor fluctuations, levodopa-induced dyskinesia, and gait disorders. Some nondopaminergic drugs, such as istradefylline and amantadine, are currently used clinically, while most such drugs are in preclinical testing stages. Transitioning of these agents into clinically beneficial strategies requires reliable evaluation since several agents have failed to show consistent results despite positive findings at the preclinical level. Conclusions: Targeting nondopaminergic transmission could improve some motor symptoms in PD, especially the discomfort of dyskinesia. Although nondopaminergic treatments show great potential in PD treatment as an adjunct therapy to levodopa, further investigation is required to ensure their success.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan-Juan Du
- Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurology, Ruijin Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Sheng-Di Chen
- Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurology, Ruijin Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
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20
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Adrenergic receptor-mediated modulation of striatal firing patterns. Neurosci Res 2016; 112:47-56. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2016.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2015] [Revised: 05/30/2016] [Accepted: 05/31/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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21
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Hamed SA, Abdellah MM. The relationship between valproate induced tremors and circulating neurotransmitters: a preliminary study. Int J Neurosci 2016; 127:236-242. [PMID: 27161592 DOI: 10.1080/00207454.2016.1181631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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22
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Moustafa AA, Phillips J, Kéri S, Misiak B, Frydecka D. On the Complexity of Brain Disorders: A Symptom-Based Approach. Front Comput Neurosci 2016; 10:16. [PMID: 26941635 PMCID: PMC4763073 DOI: 10.3389/fncom.2016.00016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2015] [Accepted: 02/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Mounting evidence shows that brain disorders involve multiple and different neural dysfunctions, including regional brain damage, change to cell structure, chemical imbalance, and/or connectivity loss among different brain regions. Understanding the complexity of brain disorders can help us map these neural dysfunctions to different symptom clusters as well as understand subcategories of different brain disorders. Here, we discuss data on the mapping of symptom clusters to different neural dysfunctions using examples from brain disorders such as major depressive disorder (MDD), Parkinson’s disease (PD), schizophrenia, posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and Alzheimer’s disease (AD). In addition, we discuss data on the similarities of symptoms in different disorders. Importantly, computational modeling work may be able to shed light on plausible links between various symptoms and neural damage in brain disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed A Moustafa
- School of Social Sciences and Psychology, Western Sydney UniversitySydney, NSW, Australia; Marcs Institute for Brain and Behavior, Western Sydney UniversitySydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Joseph Phillips
- School of Social Sciences and Psychology, Western Sydney University Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Szabolcs Kéri
- Nyírö Gyula Hospital, National Institute of Psychiatry and Addictions Budapest, Hungary
| | - Blazej Misiak
- Department and Clinic of Psychiatry, Wroclaw Medical UniversityWroclaw, Poland; Department of Genetics, Wroclaw Medical UniversityWroclaw, Poland
| | - Dorota Frydecka
- Department and Clinic of Psychiatry, Wroclaw Medical University Wroclaw, Poland
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Tekin I, Carkaci-Salli N, Lewis MM, Mailman RB, Huang X, Vrana KE. The V81M variant of tyrosine hydroxylase is associated with more severe freezing of gait in Parkinson's disease. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 2015; 23:86-90. [PMID: 26732803 DOI: 10.1016/j.parkreldis.2015.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2015] [Revised: 12/10/2015] [Accepted: 12/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Many of the symptoms and signs of Parkinson's disease (PD) arise from the death of midbrain dopamine neurons that utilize tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) as the rate-limiting enzyme in catecholamine biosynthesis. METHODS We investigated whether the presence of a common TH polymorphism affects the clinical outcomes in 101 PD subjects. We further examined the effect of this polymorphism on the purified recombinant enzyme. RESULTS PD subjects homozygous for the common V81M polymorphism, have higher overall freezing of gait scores after controlling for disease duration, although this polymorphism does not associate with the occurrence of PD or FOG. In vitro functional assays on pure recombinant wild type TH and V81M TH revealed that the Km of the mutant enzyme for tyrosine was twice that of the wild-type. This polymorphism, however, did not change the stability of the enzyme, nor did it affect the Vmax or Km for the co-substrate BH4. CONCLUSION The data suggest that presence of a homozygous V81M polymorphism is associated with more severe FOG, possibly due to lower catecholamine synthetic capacity. Further studies are warranted to investigate the role of subtle changes in catecholamine availability in the development of FOG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Izel Tekin
- Department of Pharmacology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Nurgul Carkaci-Salli
- Department of Pharmacology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Mechelle M Lewis
- Department of Pharmacology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, PA, USA; Department of Neurology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Richard B Mailman
- Department of Pharmacology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, PA, USA; Department of Neurology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Xuemei Huang
- Department of Pharmacology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, PA, USA; Department of Neurology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, PA, USA; Departments of Radiology and Neurosurgery, Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, and Kinesiology, Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Kent E Vrana
- Department of Pharmacology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, PA, USA.
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Weingarten CP, Sundman MH, Hickey P, Chen NK. Neuroimaging of Parkinson's disease: Expanding views. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2015; 59:16-52. [PMID: 26409344 PMCID: PMC4763948 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2015.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2015] [Revised: 09/07/2015] [Accepted: 09/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Advances in molecular and structural and functional neuroimaging are rapidly expanding the complexity of neurobiological understanding of Parkinson's disease (PD). This review article begins with an introduction to PD neurobiology as a foundation for interpreting neuroimaging findings that may further lead to more integrated and comprehensive understanding of PD. Diverse areas of PD neuroimaging are then reviewed and summarized, including positron emission tomography, single photon emission computed tomography, magnetic resonance spectroscopy and imaging, transcranial sonography, magnetoencephalography, and multimodal imaging, with focus on human studies published over the last five years. These included studies on differential diagnosis, co-morbidity, genetic and prodromal PD, and treatments from L-DOPA to brain stimulation approaches, transplantation and gene therapies. Overall, neuroimaging has shown that PD is a neurodegenerative disorder involving many neurotransmitters, brain regions, structural and functional connections, and neurocognitive systems. A broad neurobiological understanding of PD will be essential for translational efforts to develop better treatments and preventive strategies. Many questions remain and we conclude with some suggestions for future directions of neuroimaging of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carol P Weingarten
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University School of Medicine, United States.
| | - Mark H Sundman
- Brain Imaging and Analysis Center, Duke University Medical Center, United States
| | - Patrick Hickey
- Department of Neurology, Duke University School of Medicine, United States
| | - Nan-kuei Chen
- Brain Imaging and Analysis Center, Duke University Medical Center, United States; Department of Radiology, Duke University School of Medicine, United States
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Loavenbruck A, Sandroni P. Neurogenic orthostatic hypotension: roles of norepinephrine deficiency in its causes, its treatment, and future research directions. Curr Med Res Opin 2015; 31:2095-104. [PMID: 26373628 DOI: 10.1185/03007995.2015.1087988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although a diversity of neurotransmitters and hormones participate in controlling blood pressure, norepinephrine released from postganglionic sympathetic nerve terminals is an important mediator of the rapid regulation of cardiovascular function required for homeostasis of cerebral perfusion. Hence, neurogenic orthostatic hypotension (NOH) often represents a deficiency of noradrenergic responsiveness to postural change. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS PubMed searches with 'orthostatic hypotension' and 'norepinephrine' as conjoint search terms and no restriction on language or date, so as to survey the pathophysiologic and clinical relevance of norepinephrine deficiency for current NOH interventions and for future directions in treatment and research. RESULTS Norepinephrine deficiency in NOH can arise peripherally, due to cardiovascular sympathetic denervation (as in pure autonomic failure, Parkinson's disease, and a variety of neuropathies), or centrally, due to a failure of viscerosensory signals to generate adequate sympathetic traffic to intact sympathetic nerve endings (as in multiple system atrophy). Nonpharmacologic countermeasures such as pre-emptive water intake may yield blood-pressure increases exceeding those achieved pharmacologically. For patients with symptomatic NOH unresponsive to such strategies, a variety of pharmacologic interventions have been administered off-label on the basis of drug mechanisms expected to increase blood pressure via blood-volume expansion or vasoconstriction. Two pressor agents have received FDA approval: the sympathomimetic midodrine and more recently the norepinephrine prodrug droxidopa. CONCLUSIONS Pressor agents are important for treating symptomatic NOH in patients unresponsive to lifestyle changes alone. However, the dysautonomia underlying NOH often permits blood-pressure excursions toward both hypotension and hypertension. Future research should aim to shed light on the resulting management issues, and should also explore the possibility of pharmacotherapy selectively targeting orthostatic blood-pressure decreases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Loavenbruck
- a a Department of Neurology , University of Minnesota , Minneapolis , MN , USA
| | - Paola Sandroni
- b b Department of Neurology , Mayo Clinic , Rochester , MN , USA
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26
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Espay AJ, LeWitt PA, Kaufmann H. Norepinephrine deficiency in Parkinson's disease: The case for noradrenergic enhancement. Mov Disord 2014; 29:1710-9. [PMID: 25297066 DOI: 10.1002/mds.26048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 168] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2014] [Revised: 09/02/2014] [Accepted: 09/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Alberto J. Espay
- Gardner Family Center for Parkinson's Disease and Movement Disorders; Department of Neurology; University of Cincinnati; Cincinnati Ohio USA
| | - Peter A. LeWitt
- Departments of Neurology; Henry Ford Hospital and Wayne State University School of Medicine; West Bloomfield Michigan USA
| | - Horacio Kaufmann
- Dysautonomia Center; Department of Neurology; NYU School of Medicine; New York New York USA
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Mustapic M, Maihofer AX, Mahata M, Chen Y, Baker DG, O'Connor DT, Nievergelt CM. The catecholamine biosynthetic enzyme dopamine β-hydroxylase (DBH): first genome-wide search positions trait-determining variants acting additively in the proximal promoter. Hum Mol Genet 2014; 23:6375-84. [PMID: 24986918 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddu332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Dopamine beta-hydroxylase (DBH) is the biosynthetic enzyme catalyzing formation of norepinephrine. Changes in DBH expression or activity have been implicated in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular and neuropsychiatric disorders. Genetic determination of DBH enzymatic activity and its secretion are only incompletely understood. We began with a genome-wide association search for loci contributing to DBH activity in human plasma. Initially, in a population sample of European ancestry, we identified the proximal DBH promoter as a region harboring three common trait-determining variants (top hit rs1611115, P = 7.2 × 10(-51)). We confirmed their effects on transcription and showed that the three variants each acted additively on gene expression. Results were replicated in a population sample of Native American descent (top hit rs1611115, P = 4.1 × 10(-15)). Jointly, DBH variants accounted for 57% of DBH trait variation. We further identified a genome-wide significant SNP at the LOC338797 locus on chromosome 12 as trans-quantitative trait locus (QTL) (rs4255618, P = 4.62 × 10(-8)). Conditional analyses on DBH identified a third genomic region contributing to DBH variation: a likely cis-QTL adjacent to DBH in SARDH (rs7040170, P = 1.31 × 10(-14)) on chromosome 9q. We conclude that three common SNPs in the DBH promoter act additively to control phenotypic variation in DBH levels, and that two additional novel loci (SARDH and LOC338797) may also contribute to the expression of this catecholamine biosynthetic trait. Identification of DBH variants with strong effects makes it possible to take advantage of Mendelian randomization approaches to test causal effects of this intermediate trait on disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maja Mustapic
- Department of Psychiatry and Department of Medicine, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Zagreb HR-10000, Croatia
| | | | - Manjula Mahata
- Department of Medicine, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Yuqing Chen
- Department of Medicine, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Dewleen G Baker
- Department of Psychiatry and VA San Diego Healthcare System, VA Center of Excellence for Stress and Mental Health (CESAMH), La Jolla, CA 92161, USA and
| | - Daniel T O'Connor
- Department of Medicine, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Caroline M Nievergelt
- Department of Psychiatry and VA San Diego Healthcare System, VA Center of Excellence for Stress and Mental Health (CESAMH), La Jolla, CA 92161, USA and
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Ostock CY, Lindenbach D, Goldenberg AA, Kampton E, Bishop C. Effects of noradrenergic denervation by anti-DBH-saporin on behavioral responsivity to L-DOPA in the hemi-parkinsonian rat. Behav Brain Res 2014; 270:75-85. [PMID: 24837745 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2014.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2014] [Revised: 04/30/2014] [Accepted: 05/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Dopamine (DA) replacement with l-DOPA remains the most effective pharmacotherapy for motor symptoms of Parkinson's disease (PD) including tremor, postural instability, akinesia, and bradykinesia. Prolonged L-DOPA use frequently leads to deleterious side effects including involuntary choreic and dystonic movements known as L-DOPA induced dyskinesias (LID). DA loss in PD is frequently accompanied by concomitant noradrenergic (NE) denervation of the locus coeruleus (LC); however, the effects of NE loss on L-DOPA efficacy and LID remain controversial and are often overlooked in traditional animal models of PD. The current investigation examined the role of NE loss in L-DOPA therapy by employing the NE specific neurotoxin anti-DA-beta hydroxylase saporin (αDBH) in a rat model of PD. Rats received unilateral 6-hydroxydopamine lesions of the medial forebrain bundle to deplete nigral DA and intraventricular injection of vehicle (DA lesioned rats) or αDBH (DANE lesioned rats) to destroy NE neurons bilaterally. Results indicated that αDBH infusion drastically reduced NE neuron markers within the LC compared to rats that received vehicle treatment. Behaviorally, this loss did not alter the development or expression of L-DOPA- or DA agonist-induced dyskinesia. However, rats with additional NE lesions were less responsive to L-DOPA's pro-motor effects. Indeed, DANE lesioned animals rotated less and showed less attenuation of parkinsonian stepping deficits following high doses of L-DOPA than DA lesioned animals. These findings suggest that severe NE loss may reduce L-DOPA treatment efficacy and demonstrate that degradation of the NE system is an important consideration when evaluating L-DOPA effects in later stage PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corinne Y Ostock
- Behavioral Neuroscience Program, Department of Psychology, Binghamton University, Binghamton, NY, USA.
| | - David Lindenbach
- Behavioral Neuroscience Program, Department of Psychology, Binghamton University, Binghamton, NY, USA.
| | - Adam A Goldenberg
- Behavioral Neuroscience Program, Department of Psychology, Binghamton University, Binghamton, NY, USA.
| | - Elias Kampton
- Behavioral Neuroscience Program, Department of Psychology, Binghamton University, Binghamton, NY, USA.
| | - Christopher Bishop
- Behavioral Neuroscience Program, Department of Psychology, Binghamton University, Binghamton, NY, USA.
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Muralidharan V, Balasubramani PP, Chakravarthy VS, Lewis SJG, Moustafa AA. A computational model of altered gait patterns in parkinson's disease patients negotiating narrow doorways. Front Comput Neurosci 2014; 7:190. [PMID: 24409137 PMCID: PMC3885812 DOI: 10.3389/fncom.2013.00190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2013] [Accepted: 12/21/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
We present a computational model of altered gait velocity patterns in Parkinson's Disease (PD) patients. PD gait is characterized by short shuffling steps, reduced walking speed, increased double support time and sometimes increased cadence. The most debilitating symptom of PD gait is the context dependent cessation in gait known as freezing of gait (FOG). Cowie et al. (2010) and Almeida and Lebold (2010) investigated FOG as the changes in velocity profiles of PD gait, as patients walked through a doorway with variable width. The former reported a sharp dip in velocity, a short distance from the doorway that was greater for narrower doorways. They compared the gait performance in PD freezers at ON and OFF dopaminergic medication. In keeping with this finding, the latter also reported the same for ON medicated PD freezers and non-freezers. In the current study, we sought to simulate these gait changes using a computational model of Basal Ganglia based on Reinforcement Learning, coupled with a spinal rhythm mimicking central pattern generator (CPG) model. In the model, a simulated agent was trained to learn a value profile over a corridor leading to the doorway by repeatedly attempting to pass through the doorway. Temporal difference error in value, associated with dopamine signal, was appropriately constrained in order to reflect the dopamine-deficient conditions of PD. Simulated gait under PD conditions exhibited a sharp dip in velocity close to the doorway, with PD OFF freezers showing the largest decrease in velocity compared to PD ON freezers and controls. PD ON and PD OFF freezers both showed sensitivity to the doorway width, with narrow door producing the least velocity/ stride length. Step length variations were also captured with PD freezers producing smaller steps and larger step-variability than PD non-freezers and controls. In addition this model is the first to explain the non-dopamine dependence for FOG giving rise to several other possibilities for its etiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vignesh Muralidharan
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Madras Chennai, India
| | | | | | - Simon J G Lewis
- Parkinson's Disease Research Clinic, Brain and Mind Research Institute, The University of Sydney Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Ahmed A Moustafa
- Marcs Institute for Brain and Behaviour and School of Social Sciences and Psychology, University of Western Sydney Sydney, NSW, Australia
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Pamphlett R. Uptake of environmental toxicants by the locus ceruleus: a potential trigger for neurodegenerative, demyelinating and psychiatric disorders. Med Hypotheses 2013; 82:97-104. [PMID: 24315447 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2013.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2013] [Revised: 11/05/2013] [Accepted: 11/14/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Damage to the locus ceruleus, with a subsequent decrease of CNS noradrenaline, occurs in a wide range of neurodegenerative, demyelinating and psychiatric disorders. The cause of the initial locus ceruleus damage remains unknown. Recently, inorganic mercury was found to enter human locus ceruleus neurons selectively. This has led to the formulation of a new hypothesis as to the cause of these disorders. HYPOTHESIS Toxicants enter locus ceruleus neurons selectively, aided by the extensive exposure these neurons have to CNS capillaries, as well as by stressors that upregulate locus ceruleus activity. The resulting noradrenaline dysfunction affects a wide range of CNS cells and can trigger a number of neurodegenerative (Alzheimer's, Parkinson's and motor neuron disease), demyelinating (multiple sclerosis), and psychiatric (major depression and bipolar disorder) conditions. CONCLUSIONS This hypothesis proposes that environmental toxicants entering the locus ceruleus can give rise to a variety of CNS disorders. Proposals are made for experiments to gain further evidence for this hypothesis. If it is shown that toxicants in the locus ceruleus are responsible for these conditions, attempts can be made to prevent the toxicant exposures or to remove the toxicants from the nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roger Pamphlett
- The Stacey Motor Neuron Disease Laboratory, Department of Pathology, Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Australia.
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Marin C, Bonastre M, Mengod G, Cortés R, Rodríguez-Oroz MC, Obeso JA. Subthalamic 6-OHDA-induced lesion attenuates levodopa-induced dyskinesias in the rat model of Parkinson's disease. Exp Neurol 2013; 250:304-12. [PMID: 24140562 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2013.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2013] [Revised: 09/27/2013] [Accepted: 10/02/2013] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The subthalamic nucleus (STN) receives direct dopaminergic innervation from the substantia nigra pars compacta that degenerates in Parkinson's disease. The present study aimed to investigate the role of dopaminergic denervation of STN in the origin of levodopa-induced dyskinesias. Rats were distributed in four groups which were concomitantly lesioned with 6-OHDA or vehicle (sham) in the STN and in the medial forebrain bundle (MFB) as follows: a) MFB-sham plus STN-sham, b) MFB-sham plus STN-lesion, c) MFB-lesion plus STN-sham, and d) MFB-lesion plus STN-lesion. Four weeks after lesions, animals were treated with levodopa (6mg/kg with 15mg/kg benserazide i.p.) twice daily for 22 consecutive days. Abnormal involuntary movements were measured. In situ hybridization was performed measuring the expression of striatal preproenkephalin, preprodynorphin, STN cytochrome oxidase (CO) and nigral GAD67 mRNAs. STN 6-OHDA denervation did not induce dyskinesias in levodopa-treated MFB-sham animals but attenuated axial (p<0.05), limb (p<0.05) and orolingual (p<0.01) dyskinesias in rats with a concomitant lesion of the nigrostriatal pathway. The attenuation of dyskinesias was associated with a decrease in the ipsilateral STN CO mRNA levels (p<0.05). No significant differences between MFB-lesion plus STN-sham and MFB-lesion plus STN-lesion groups in the extent of STN dopaminergic denervation were observed. Moreover, intrasubthalamic microinfusion of dopamine in the MFB-lesion plus STN-lesion group triggered orolingual (p<0.01), but not axial or limb, dyskinesias. These results suggest that dopaminergic STN innervation influences the expression of levodopa-induced dyskinesias but also the existence of non dopaminergic-mediated mechanisms. STN noradrenergic depletion induced by 6-OHDA in the STN needs to be taken in account as a possible mechanism explaining the attenuation of dyskinesias in the combined lesion group.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Marin
- INGENIO, IRCE, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS-CELLEX), Barcelona, Spain; Centro de Investigación en Redes sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Spain.
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Anderson G, Maes M. Neurodegeneration in Parkinson's disease: interactions of oxidative stress, tryptophan catabolites and depression with mitochondria and sirtuins. Mol Neurobiol 2013; 49:771-83. [PMID: 24085563 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-013-8554-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2013] [Accepted: 09/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The biological underpinnings to the etiology and course of neurodegeneration in Parkinson's disease are an area of extensive research that has yet to produce an early biological marker or disease-slowing or preventative treatment. Recent conceptualizations of Parkinson's disease have integrated immuno-inflammation and oxidative and nitrosative stress occurring in depression, somatization and peripheral inflammation into the course of Parkinson's disease. We review the data showing the importance of immuno-inflammatory processes and oxidative and nitrosative stress in such classically conceived 'comorbidities', suggesting that lifetime, prodromal and concurrent depression and somatization may be intricately involved in the etiology and course of Parkinson's disease, rather than psychiatric comorbidities. This produces a longer term developmental perspective of Parkinson's disease, which incorporates tryptophan catabolites (TRYCATs), lipid peroxidation, sirtuins, cyclic adenosine monophosphate, aryl hydrocarbon receptor, and circadian genes. This integrates wider bodies of data pertaining to neuronal loss in Parkinson's disease, emphasizing how these interact with susceptibility genes to drive changes in mitochondria, blood-brain barrier permeability and intercellular signalling. We review this data here in the context of neurodegeneration in Parkinson's disease and to the future directions indicated for slowing disease progression.
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Chen S, Zheng JC. Translational Neurodegeneration, a platform to share knowledge and experience in translational study of neurodegenerative diseases. Transl Neurodegener 2012; 1:1. [PMID: 23211032 PMCID: PMC3506994 DOI: 10.1186/2047-9158-1-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2012] [Accepted: 01/13/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Shengdi Chen
- Department of Neurology & Institute of Neurology, Rui Jin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
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