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Santana TP, Gasparino E, de Souza Khatlab A, Pereira AMFE, Barbosa LT, Fernandes RPM, Lamont SJ, Del Vesco AP. Effects of maternal methionine supplementation on the response of Japanese quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica) chicks to heat stress. J Anim Sci 2023; 101:skad042. [PMID: 36734330 PMCID: PMC10103070 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skad042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2022] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
This study investigated the hypothesis that methionine supplementation of Japanese quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica) hens can reduce the effects of oxidative stress and improve the performance of the offspring exposed to heat stress during growth. For that, the quail hens were fed with three diets related to the methionine supplementation: methionine-deficient diet (Md); diet supplemented with the recommended methionine level (Met1); and diet supplemented with methionine above the recommended level (Met2). Their chicks were identified, weighed, and housed according to the maternal diet group from 1 to 14 d of age. On 15 d of age, chicks were weighed and divided into two groups: thermoneutral ambient (constant temperature of 23 °C) and intermittent heat stress ambient (daily exposure to 34 °C for 6 h). Methionine-supplemented (Met1 and Met2) hens had higher egg production, better feed conversion ratio, higher hatchability of total and fertile eggs, and offspring with higher body weight. Supplemented (Met1 and Met2) hens showed greater expression of glutathione synthase (GSS) and methionine sulfoxide reductase A (MSRA) genes, greater total antioxidant capacity, and lower lipid peroxidation in the liver. The offspring of hens fed the Met2 diet had lower death rate (1 to 14 d), higher weight on 15 d of age, weight gain, and better feed conversion ratio from 1 to 14 d of age. Among chicks reared under heat stress, the progeny of methionine-supplemented hens had higher weight on 35 d, weight gain, expression of GSS, MSRA, and thermal shock protein 70 (HSP70) genes, and total antioxidant capacity in the liver, as well as lower heterophil/lymphocyte ratio. Positive correlations between expression of glutathione peroxidase 7 (GPX7) and MSRA genes in hens and offspring were observed. Our results show that maternal methionine supplementation contributes to offspring development and performance in early stages and that, under conditions of heat stress during growth, chicks from methionine-supplemented hens respond better to hot environmental conditions than chicks from nonsupplemented hens. Supplementation of quail hens diets with methionine promoted activation of different metabolic pathways in offspring subjected to stress conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thaís Pacheco Santana
- Animal Science Department, Federal University of Sergipe, 49100-000 São Cristóvão, Sergipe, Brazil
| | - Eliane Gasparino
- Animal Science Department, State University of Maringá, 87020-900 Maringá, Paraná, Brazil
| | | | | | - Leandro Teixeira Barbosa
- Animal Science Department, Federal University of Sergipe, 49100-000 São Cristóvão, Sergipe, Brazil
| | | | - Susan J Lamont
- Animal Science Department, Iowa State University, Iowa State University, Iowa 50011, USA
| | - Ana Paula Del Vesco
- Animal Science Department, Federal University of Sergipe, 49100-000 São Cristóvão, Sergipe, Brazil
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Molecular mechanisms regulating spermatogenesis in vertebrates: Environmental, metabolic, and epigenetic factor effects. Anim Reprod Sci 2022; 246:106896. [PMID: 34893378 DOI: 10.1016/j.anireprosci.2021.106896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2021] [Revised: 11/27/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The renewal of the natural resources is one of the most concerning aspects of modern farming. In animal production, there are many barriers breeders and researchers have to overcome to develop new practices to improve reproductive potential and hasten sexual maturation of the commercially viable species, while maintaining meat quality and sustainability. With the utilization of molecular biology techniques, there have been relevant advances in the knowledge of spermatogenesis, especially in mammals, resulting in new possibilities to control male fertility and the selection of desirable characteristics. Most of these discoveries have not been implemented in animal production. In this review, recent studies are highlighted on the molecular pathways involved in spermatogenesis in the context of animal production. There is also exploration of the interaction between environmental factors and spermatogenesis and how this knowledge may revolutionize animal production techniques. Furthermore, new insights are described about the inheritance of desired characteristics in mammals and there is a review of nefarious actions of pollutants, nutrition, and metabolism on reproductive potential in subsequent generations. Even though there are these advances in knowledge base, results from recent studies indicate there are previously unrecognized environmental effects on spermatogenesis. The molecular mechanisms underlying this interaction are not well understood. Research in spermatogenesis, therefore, remains pivotal as a pillar of animal production sustainability.
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Baker EC, Earnhardt AL, Cilkiz KZ, Collins HC, Littlejohn BP, Cardoso RC, Ghaffari N, Long CR, Riggs PK, Randel RD, Welsh TH, Riley DG. DNA methylation patterns and gene expression from amygdala tissue of mature Brahman cows exposed to prenatal stress. Front Genet 2022; 13:949309. [PMID: 35991551 PMCID: PMC9389044 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2022.949309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Accepted: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Prenatal stress can alter postnatal performance and temperament of cattle. These phenotypic effects may result from changes in gene expression caused by stress-induced epigenetic alterations. Specifically, shifts in gene expression caused by DNA methylation within the brain’s amygdala can result in altered behavior because it regulates fear, stress response and aggression in mammals Thus, the objective of this experiment was to identify DNA methylation and gene expression differences in the amygdala tissue of 5-year-old prenatally stressed (PNS) Brahman cows compared to control cows. Pregnant Brahman cows (n = 48) were transported for 2-h periods at 60 ± 5, 80 ± 5, 100 ± 5, 120 ± 5, and 140 ± 5 days of gestation. A non-transported group (n = 48) were controls (Control). Amygdala tissue was harvested from 6 PNS and 8 Control cows at 5 years of age. Overall methylation of gene body regions, promoter regions, and cytosine-phosphate-guanine (CpG) islands were compared between the two groups. In total, 202 genes, 134 promoter regions, and 133 CpG islands exhibited differential methylation (FDR ≤ 0.15). Following comparison of gene expression in the amygdala between the PNS and Control cows, 2 differentially expressed genes were identified (FDR ≤ 0.15). The minimal differences observed could be the result of natural changes of DNA methylation and gene expression as an animal ages, or because this degree of transportation stress was not severe enough to cause lasting effects on the offspring. A younger age may be a more appropriate time to assess methylation and gene expression differences produced by prenatal stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilie C. Baker
- Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
| | - Audrey L. Earnhardt
- Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
- Texas A&M AgriLife Research, College Station, TX, United States
- Texas A&M AgriLife Research, Overton, TX, United States
| | - Kubra Z. Cilkiz
- Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
| | - Haley C. Collins
- Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
| | - Brittni P. Littlejohn
- Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
- Texas A&M AgriLife Research, Overton, TX, United States
| | - Rodolfo C. Cardoso
- Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
| | - Noushin Ghaffari
- Department of Computer Science, Prairie View A&M University, Prairie View, TX, United States
| | - Charles R. Long
- Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
- Texas A&M AgriLife Research, Overton, TX, United States
| | - Penny K. Riggs
- Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
| | - Ronald D. Randel
- Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
- Texas A&M AgriLife Research, Overton, TX, United States
| | - Thomas H. Welsh
- Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
- Texas A&M AgriLife Research, College Station, TX, United States
| | - David G. Riley
- Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
- *Correspondence: David G. Riley,
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Masroor S, Aalam MT, Khan O, Tanuj GN, Gandham RK, Dhara SK, Gupta PK, Mishra BP, Dutt T, Singh G, Sajjanar BK. Effect of acute heat shock on stress gene expression and DNA methylation in zebu (Bos indicus) and crossbred (Bos indicus × Bos taurus) dairy cattle. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF BIOMETEOROLOGY 2022; 66:1797-1809. [PMID: 35796826 DOI: 10.1007/s00484-022-02320-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2022] [Revised: 05/15/2022] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Environmental temperature is one of the major factors to affect health and productivity of dairy cattle. Gene expression networks within the cells and tissues coordinate stress response, metabolism, and milk production in dairy cattle. Epigenetic DNA methylations were found to mediate the effect of environment by regulating gene expression patterns. In the present study, we compared three Indian native zebu cattle, Bos indicus (Sahiwal, Tharparkar, and Hariana) and one crossbred Bos indicus × Bos taurus (Vrindavani) for stress gene expression and differences in the DNA methylation patterns. The results indicated acute heat shock to cultured PBMC affected their proliferation, stress gene expression, and DNA methylation. Interestingly, expressions of HSP70, HSP90, and STIP1 were found more pronounced in zebu cattle than the crossbred cattle. However, no significant changes were observed in global DNA methylation due to acute heat shock, even though variations were observed in the expression patterns of DNA methyltransferases (DNMT1, DNMT3a) and demethylases (TET1, TET2, and TET3) genes. The treatment 5-AzaC (5-azacitidine) that inhibit DNA methylation in proliferating PBMC caused significant increase in heat shock-induced HSP70 and STIP1 expression indicating that hypomethylation facilitated stress gene expression. Further targeted analysis DNA methylation in the promoter regions revealed no significant differences for HSP70, HSP90, and STIP1. However, there was a significant hypomethylation for BDNF in both zebu and crossbred cattle. Similarly, NR3C1 promoter region showed hypomethylation alone in crossbred cattle. Overall, the results indicated that tropically adapted zebu cattle had comparatively higher expression of stress genes than the crossbred cattle. Furthermore, DNA methylation may play a role in regulating expression of certain genes involved in stress response pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sana Masroor
- Veterinary Biotechnology Division, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly-243122, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Mohd Tanzeel Aalam
- Veterinary Biotechnology Division, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly-243122, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Owais Khan
- Veterinary Biotechnology Division, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly-243122, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Gunturu Narasimha Tanuj
- Veterinary Biotechnology Division, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly-243122, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Ravi Kumar Gandham
- Veterinary Biotechnology Division, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly-243122, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Sujoy K Dhara
- Veterinary Biotechnology Division, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly-243122, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Praveen K Gupta
- Veterinary Biotechnology Division, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly-243122, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Bishnu Prasad Mishra
- ICAR-National Bureau of Animal Genetic Resources, Haryana, Karnal, 132001, India
| | - Triveni Dutt
- Veterinary Biotechnology Division, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly-243122, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Gynendra Singh
- Physiology and Climatology Division, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar Bareilly, 243122, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Basavaraj K Sajjanar
- Veterinary Biotechnology Division, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly-243122, Uttar Pradesh, India.
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Andrieux C, Petit A, Collin A, Houssier M, Métayer-Coustard S, Panserat S, Pitel F, Coustham V. Early Phenotype Programming in Birds by Temperature and Nutrition: A Mini-Review. FRONTIERS IN ANIMAL SCIENCE 2022. [DOI: 10.3389/fanim.2021.755842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Early development is a critical period during which environmental influences can have a significant impact on the health, welfare, robustness and performance of livestock. In oviparous vertebrates, such as birds, embryonic development takes place entirely in the egg. This allows the effects of environmental cues to be studied directly on the developing embryo. Interestingly, beneficial effects have been identified in several studies, leading to innovative procedures to improve the phenotype of the animals in the long term. In this review, we discuss the effects of early temperature and dietary programming strategies that both show promising results, as well as their potential transgenerational effects. The timing, duration and intensity of these procedures are critical to ensure that they produce beneficial effects without affecting animal survival or final product quality. For example, cyclic increases in egg incubation temperature have been shown to improve temperature tolerance and promote muscular growth in chickens or fatty liver production in mule ducks. In ovo feeding has also been successfully used to enhance digestive tract maturation, optimize chick development and growth, and thus obtain higher quality chicks. In addition, changes in the nutritional availability of methyl donors, for example, was shown to influence offspring phenotype. The molecular mechanisms behind early phenotype programming are still under investigation and are probably epigenetic in nature as shown by recent work in chickens.
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Laporta J. ADSA Foundation Scholar Award: Early-life exposure to hyperthermia: Productive and physiological outcomes, costs, and opportunities. J Dairy Sci 2021; 104:11337-11347. [PMID: 34419283 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2021-20722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Global rising temperature is a considerable threat to livestock production and an impediment to animal welfare. In fact, the 5 warmest years on record have occurred since 2016. Although the effect of heat stress on lactating cattle is well recognized and extensively studied, it is increasingly evident that rising temperatures will affect dairy cattle of all ages and lactation states. However, the extent and consequences of this effect are less understood and often overlooked in the literature and dairy industry. Early-life experiences, such as exposure to hyperthermia, can have life-long implications for health and productivity. This review highlights the body of work surrounding the effects of heat-stress exposure in young dairy cattle, including the prenatal fetus (in utero), postnatal calves (preweaning), and growing heifers, which are all categories that are typically not considered for heat-stress abatement on farm. Insights into the physiological and molecular mechanisms that might explain the adverse phenotypic outcomes of heat-stress exposure at different stages of development are also discussed. The estimated economic loss of in utero hyperthermia is addressed, and the ties between biological findings and opportunities for the application of cooling management interventions on farm are also presented. Our research highlights the importance of heat-stress abatement strategies for dry-pregnant cows to ensure optimal multigenerational productivity and showcases the benefits of cooling neonatal calves and growing heifers. Understanding the implications of heat stress at all life stages from a physiological, molecular, economic, and welfare perspective will lead to the development of novel and refined practices and interventions to help overcome the long-lasting effects of climate change in the dairy industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jimena Laporta
- Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, University of Wisconsin, Madison 53706.
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7
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Wang K, Wu P, Wang S, Ji X, Chen D, Xiao W, Gu Y, Zeng Y, Xu X, Tang G. Differential DNA methylation analysis reveals key genes in Chinese Qingyu and Landrace pigs. Genome 2021; 65:1-8. [PMID: 34242523 DOI: 10.1139/gen-2021-0006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The Chinese Qingyu pig is a typical domestic fatty pig breed and an invaluable indigenous genetic resource in China. Compared with the Landrace pig, the Qingyu pig has unique meat characteristics, including muscle development, intramuscular fat, and other meat quality traits. At present, few studies have explored epigenetic differences due to DNA methylation between the Qingyu pig and the Landrace pig. In this study, 30 Qingyu pigs and 31 Landrace pigs were subjected to reduced representation bisulfite sequencing (RRBS). Genome-wide differential DNA methylation analysis was conducted. Six genomic regions, including regions on Sus scrofa chromosome (SSC) 1: 266.09-274.23 Mb, SSC5: 0.88-10.68 Mb, SSC8: 41.23-48.51 Mb, SSC12: 45.43-54.38 Mb, SSC13: 202.15-207.95 Mb, and SSC14: 126.43-139.85 Mb, were regarded as key regions that may be associated with phenotypic differences between the Qingyu pig and the Landrace pig. Furthermore, according to further analysis, five differentially methylated genes (ADCY1, FUBP3, GRIN2B, KIT, and PIK3R6) were identified as key candidate genes that might be associated with meat characteristics. Our findings provide new insights into the differences in DNA methylation between the Qingyu pig and the Landrace pig. These results enrich the epigenetic research of the Chinese Qingyu pig.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Wang
- Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Pingxian Wu
- Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Shujie Wang
- Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Xiang Ji
- Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Dong Chen
- Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Weihang Xiao
- Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Yiren Gu
- Sichuan Animal Science Academy, Chengdu, 610066, Sichuan, China
| | - Yangshuang Zeng
- Sichuan Animal Husbandry Station, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Xu Xu
- Sichuan Animal Husbandry Station, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Guoqing Tang
- Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China
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8
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Do Transgenerational Epigenetic Inheritance and Immune System Development Share Common Epigenetic Processes? J Dev Biol 2021; 9:jdb9020020. [PMID: 34065783 PMCID: PMC8162332 DOI: 10.3390/jdb9020020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Revised: 05/02/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Epigenetic modifications regulate gene expression for development, immune response, disease, and other processes. A major role of epigenetics is to control the dynamics of chromatin structure, i.e., the condensed packaging of DNA around histone proteins in eukaryotic nuclei. Key epigenetic factors include enzymes for histone modifications and DNA methylation, non-coding RNAs, and prions. Epigenetic modifications are heritable but during embryonic development, most parental epigenetic marks are erased and reset. Interestingly, some epigenetic modifications, that may be resulting from immune response to stimuli, can escape remodeling and transmit to subsequent generations who are not exposed to those stimuli. This phenomenon is called transgenerational epigenetic inheritance if the epigenetic phenotype persists beyond the third generation in female germlines and second generation in male germlines. Although its primary function is likely immune response for survival, its role in the development and functioning of the immune system is not extensively explored, despite studies reporting transgenerational inheritance of stress-induced epigenetic modifications resulting in immune disorders. Hence, this review draws from studies on transgenerational epigenetic inheritance, immune system development and function, high-throughput epigenetics tools to study those phenomena, and relevant clinical trials, to focus on their significance and deeper understanding for future research, therapeutic developments, and various applications.
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Wang M, Ibeagha-Awemu EM. Impacts of Epigenetic Processes on the Health and Productivity of Livestock. Front Genet 2021; 11:613636. [PMID: 33708235 PMCID: PMC7942785 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2020.613636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The dynamic changes in the epigenome resulting from the intricate interactions of genetic and environmental factors play crucial roles in individual growth and development. Numerous studies in plants, rodents, and humans have provided evidence of the regulatory roles of epigenetic processes in health and disease. There is increasing pressure to increase livestock production in light of increasing food needs of an expanding human population and environment challenges, but there is limited related epigenetic data on livestock to complement genomic information and support advances in improvement breeding and health management. This review examines the recent discoveries on epigenetic processes due to DNA methylation, histone modification, and chromatin remodeling and their impacts on health and production traits in farm animals, including bovine, swine, sheep, goat, and poultry species. Most of the reports focused on epigenome profiling at the genome-wide or specific genic regions in response to developmental processes, environmental stressors, nutrition, and disease pathogens. The bulk of available data mainly characterized the epigenetic markers in tissues/organs or in relation to traits and detection of epigenetic regulatory mechanisms underlying livestock phenotype diversity. However, available data is inadequate to support gainful exploitation of epigenetic processes for improved animal health and productivity management. Increased research effort, which is vital to elucidate how epigenetic mechanisms affect the health and productivity of livestock, is currently limited due to several factors including lack of adequate analytical tools. In this review, we (1) summarize available evidence of the impacts of epigenetic processes on livestock production and health traits, (2) discuss the application of epigenetics data in livestock production, and (3) present gaps in livestock epigenetics research. Knowledge of the epigenetic factors influencing livestock health and productivity is vital for the management and improvement of livestock productivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengqi Wang
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Sherbrooke Research and Development Centre, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
- Department of Animal Science, Laval University, Quebec, QC, Canada
| | - Eveline M. Ibeagha-Awemu
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Sherbrooke Research and Development Centre, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
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Mathews AT, Banks CM, Trott JF, Sainz RD, Farmer C, Pendergast II, Hovey RC. Metoclopramide induces preparturient, low-level hyperprolactinemia to increase milk production in primiparous sows. Domest Anim Endocrinol 2021; 74:106517. [PMID: 32739764 DOI: 10.1016/j.domaniend.2020.106517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2020] [Revised: 05/25/2020] [Accepted: 06/24/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Inadequate milk production by sows often limits the growth of piglets. A successful lactation requires prolactin (PRL)-induced differentiation of the alveolar epithelium within the mammary glands of sows between days 90-110 of gestation. We hypothesized that induction of late gestational hyperprolactinemia in primiparous sows by oral administration of the dopamine antagonist metoclopramide (MET) would enhance mammary epithelial differentiation, milk yield, and piglet growth rate and that these effects would carry over into a subsequent lactation. Twenty-six gilts were assigned to receive either MET (n = 13, 0.8 mg/kg) or vehicle (CON, n = 13) twice daily from days 90-110 of gestation. The same sows were followed into their second lactation without additional treatment. On day 90 of gestation, circulating PRL concentrations peaked 45 min after feeding MET (P < 0.001) and then returned to baseline 3 h later. This response occurred daily out to day 104 of gestation (P < 0.05). Compared with CON, MET-treated gilts had enlarged alveoli on gestation day 110 (P < 0.05). Treatment with MET did not affect feed intake, body weight, or body fatness during pregnancy or lactation. Piglets born to MET-treated sows had both increased body weights and average daily gain on lactation days 14 and 21 (P < 0.05). Milk intake by piglets was estimated from deuterium oxide dilution. Although milk intake by piglets nursing MET sows was not statistically different from those nursing CON sows on day 21 of lactation (P = 0.18), there was a greater increase in milk consumption by piglets born to MET-treated sows between days 9 and 21 of lactation than for those in CON litters (P < 0.001). In one group of second parity sows (n = 11) that were treated with MET during their first gestation, milk yield increased by 21% during their second lactation (P < 0.05) in association with a 14% decline in body fatness across lactation compared with a 7% decline in CON sows (P < 0.05). These findings demonstrate that MET-induced hyperprolactinemia in primiparous sows during late pregnancy can increase milk yield and piglet growth rate, setting the stage for further large-scale studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- A T Mathews
- Department of Animal Science, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - C M Banks
- Department of Animal Science, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - J F Trott
- Department of Animal Science, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - R D Sainz
- Department of Animal Science, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - C Farmer
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Sherbrooke R & D Centre, Sherbrooke, QC J1M 0C8, Canada
| | - I I Pendergast
- Department of Animal Science, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - R C Hovey
- Department of Animal Science, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
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11
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Šimić G, Vukić V, Kopić J, Krsnik Ž, Hof PR. Molecules, Mechanisms, and Disorders of Self-Domestication: Keys for Understanding Emotional and Social Communication from an Evolutionary Perspective. Biomolecules 2020; 11:E2. [PMID: 33375093 PMCID: PMC7822183 DOI: 10.3390/biom11010002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2020] [Revised: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 12/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The neural crest hypothesis states that the phenotypic features of the domestication syndrome are due to a reduced number or disruption of neural crest cells (NCCs) migration, as these cells differentiate at their final destinations and proliferate into different tissues whose activity is reduced by domestication. Comparing the phenotypic characteristics of modern and prehistoric man, it is clear that during their recent evolutionary past, humans also went through a process of self-domestication with a simultaneous prolongation of the period of socialization. This has led to the development of social abilities and skills, especially language, as well as neoteny. Disorders of neural crest cell development and migration lead to many different conditions such as Waardenburg syndrome, Hirschsprung disease, fetal alcohol syndrome, DiGeorge and Treacher-Collins syndrome, for which the mechanisms are already relatively well-known. However, for others, such as Williams-Beuren syndrome and schizophrenia that have the characteristics of hyperdomestication, and autism spectrum disorders, and 7dupASD syndrome that have the characteristics of hypodomestication, much less is known. Thus, deciphering the biological determinants of disordered self-domestication has great potential for elucidating the normal and disturbed ontogenesis of humans, as well as for the understanding of evolution of mammals in general.
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Affiliation(s)
- Goran Šimić
- Department of Neuroscience, Croatian Institute for Brain Research, University of Zagreb Medical School, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (V.V.); (J.K.); (Ž.K.)
| | - Vana Vukić
- Department of Neuroscience, Croatian Institute for Brain Research, University of Zagreb Medical School, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (V.V.); (J.K.); (Ž.K.)
| | - Janja Kopić
- Department of Neuroscience, Croatian Institute for Brain Research, University of Zagreb Medical School, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (V.V.); (J.K.); (Ž.K.)
| | - Željka Krsnik
- Department of Neuroscience, Croatian Institute for Brain Research, University of Zagreb Medical School, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (V.V.); (J.K.); (Ž.K.)
| | - Patrick R. Hof
- Nash Family Department of Neuroscience, Friedman Brain Institute, and Ronald M. Loeb Center for Alzheimer’s disease, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA;
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12
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Barrera-Redondo J, Piñero D, Eguiarte LE. Genomic, Transcriptomic and Epigenomic Tools to Study the Domestication of Plants and Animals: A Field Guide for Beginners. Front Genet 2020; 11:742. [PMID: 32760427 PMCID: PMC7373799 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2020.00742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
In the last decade, genomics and the related fields of transcriptomics and epigenomics have revolutionized the study of the domestication process in plants and animals, leading to new discoveries and new unresolved questions. Given that some domesticated taxa have been more studied than others, the extent of genomic data can range from vast to nonexistent, depending on the domesticated taxon of interest. This review is meant as a rough guide for students and academics that want to start a domestication research project using modern genomic tools, as well as for researchers already conducting domestication studies that are interested in following a genomic approach and looking for alternate strategies (cheaper or more efficient) and future directions. We summarize the theoretical and technical background needed to carry out domestication genomics, starting from the acquisition of a reference genome and genome assembly, to the sampling design for population genomics, paleogenomics, transcriptomics, epigenomics and experimental validation of domestication-related genes. We also describe some examples of the aforementioned approaches and the relevant discoveries they made to understand the domestication of the studied taxa.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Luis E. Eguiarte
- Departamento de Ecología Evolutiva, Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
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13
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Laporta J, Ferreira FC, Ouellet V, Dado-Senn B, Almeida AK, De Vries A, Dahl GE. Late-gestation heat stress impairs daughter and granddaughter lifetime performance. J Dairy Sci 2020; 103:7555-7568. [PMID: 32534930 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2020-18154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2020] [Accepted: 04/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Records of late-gestation heat stress studies conducted over 10 consecutive years in Florida were pooled and analyzed to test the hypothesis that maternal hyperthermia during late gestation impairs performance of the offspring across multiple generations and lactations, ultimately impeding the profitability of the US dairy sector. Dry-pregnant multiparous dams were actively cooled (CL; shade of a freestall barn, fans and water soakers, n = 196) or not (HT; shade only, n = 198) during the last 46 d of gestation, concurrent with the entire dry period. After data mining, records of 156 daughters (F1) that were born either to CL (CLF1, n = 77) or HT dams (HTF1, n = 79) and 45 granddaughters (F2) that were born either to CLF1 (CLF2, n = 24) or HTF1 (HTF2, n = 21) were used in the analysis. Life events and daily milk yield for 3 lactations of daughters and granddaughters were obtained. Milk yield, reproductive performance, and productive life data were analyzed using MIXED and GLIMMIX procedures, and lifespan was analyzed using PHREG and LIFETEST procedures of SAS (SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC). Milk production of HTF1 was reduced in their first (2.2 kg/d), second (2.3 kg/d), and third lactations (6.5 kg/d) compared with CLF1. More HTF1 were culled before first calving, and the productive life and lifespan of HTF1 were reduced relative to CLF1 (4.9 and 11.7 mo, respectively). The granddaughters (HTF2) born to HTF1 produced less milk in their first lactation (1.3 kg/d) relative to granddaughters (CLF2) born to CLF1. More HTF2 were culled before first breeding relative to CLF2; however, productive life and lifespan were not different between HTF2 and CLF2 animals. An economic analysis was then performed based on the number of heat stress days, dry cows per state, and the aforementioned impairments on daughters' lifespans and milk production. Collectively in the United States, the economic losses for additional heifer rearing cost, reduced productive life, and reduced milk yield of the F1 offspring were estimated at $134, $90, and $371 million per year, respectively. In summary, late-gestation heat stress exerts carryover effects on at least 2 generations. Providing heat abatement to dry-pregnant dams is important to rescue milk loss of the dam and to prevent losses in their progeny.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Laporta
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville 32611.
| | - F C Ferreira
- Veterinary Medicine Teaching and Research Center, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Tulare 93274
| | - V Ouellet
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville 32611
| | - B Dado-Senn
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville 32611
| | - A K Almeida
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville 32611
| | - A De Vries
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville 32611
| | - G E Dahl
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville 32611
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McFadden JW, Girard CL, Tao S, Zhou Z, Bernard JK, Duplessis M, White HM. Symposium review: One-carbon metabolism and methyl donor nutrition in the dairy cow. J Dairy Sci 2020; 103:5668-5683. [PMID: 32278559 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2019-17319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2019] [Accepted: 02/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The present review focuses on methyl donor metabolism and nutrition in the periparturient and lactating dairy cow. Methyl donors are involved in one-carbon metabolism, which includes the folate and Met cycles. These cycles work in unison to support lipid, nucleotide, and protein synthesis, as well as methylation reactions and the maintenance of redox status. A key feature of one-carbon metabolism is the multi-step conversion of tetrahydrofolate to 5-methyltetrahyrofolate. Homocysteine and 5-methyltetrahyrofolate are utilized by vitamin B12-dependent Met synthase to couple the folate and Met cycles and generate Met. Methionine may also be remethylated from choline-derived betaine under the action of betaine hydroxymethyltransferase. Regardless, Met is converted within the Met cycle to S-adenosylmethionine, which is universally utilized in methyl-group transfer reactions including the synthesis of phosphatidylcholine. Homocysteine may also enter the transsulfuration pathway to generate glutathione or taurine for scavenging of reactive oxygen metabolites. In the transition cow, a high demand exists for compounds with a labile methyl group. Limited methyl group supply may contribute to inadequate hepatic phosphatidylcholine synthesis and hepatic triglyceride export, systemic oxidative stress, and compromised milk production. To minimize the perils associated with methyl donor deficiency, the peripartum cow relies on de novo methylneogenesis from tetrahydrofolate. In addition, dietary supplementation of rumen-protected folic acid, vitamin B12, Met, choline, and betaine are potential nutritional approaches to target one-carbon pools and improve methyl donor balance in transition cows. Such strategies have merit considering research demonstrating their ability to improve milk production efficiency, milk protein synthesis, hepatic health, and immune response. This review aims to summarize the current understanding of folic acid, vitamin B12, Met, choline, and betaine utilization in the dairy cow. Methyl donor co-supplementation, fatty acid feeding strategies that may optimize methyl donor supplementation efficacy, and potential epigenetic mechanisms are also considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- J W McFadden
- Department of Animal Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853.
| | - C L Girard
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Sherbrooke Research and Development Centre, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada J1M 0C8
| | - S Tao
- Department of Animal and Dairy Science, University of Georgia, Tifton 31793
| | - Z Zhou
- Department of Animal Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing 48824
| | - J K Bernard
- Department of Animal and Dairy Science, University of Georgia, Tifton 31793
| | - M Duplessis
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Sherbrooke Research and Development Centre, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada J1M 0C8
| | - H M White
- Department of Dairy Science, University of Wisconsin, Madison 53706
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15
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Thompson RP, Nilsson E, Skinner MK. Environmental epigenetics and epigenetic inheritance in domestic farm animals. Anim Reprod Sci 2020; 220:106316. [PMID: 32094003 DOI: 10.1016/j.anireprosci.2020.106316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2019] [Revised: 02/13/2020] [Accepted: 02/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Epigenetics refers to molecular factors and processes around DNA that can affect genome activity and gene expression independent of DNA sequence. Epigenetic mechanisms drive developmental processes and have also been shown to be tied to disease development. Many epigenetic studies have been done using plants, rodent, and human models, but fewer have focused on domestic livestock species. The goal of this review is to present current epigenetic findings in livestock species (cattle, pigs, sheep and poultry). Much of this research examined epigenetic effects following exposure to toxicants, nutritional changes or infectious disease in those animals directly exposed, or in the offspring they produced. A limited number of studies in domestic animals have examined epigenetic transgenerational inheritance in the absence of continued exposures. One example used a porcine model to investigate the effect that feeding males a diet supplemented with micronutrients had on liver DNA methylation and muscle mass in grand-offspring (the transgenerational F2 generation). Further research into how epigenetic mechanisms affect the health and production traits of domestic livestock and their offspring is important to elucidate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan P Thompson
- Center for Reproductive Biology, School of Biological Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
| | - Eric Nilsson
- Center for Reproductive Biology, School of Biological Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
| | - Michael K Skinner
- Center for Reproductive Biology, School of Biological Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA.
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16
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Gauvin MC, Pillai SM, Reed SA, Stevens JR, Hoffman ML, Jones AK, Zinn SA, Govoni KE. Poor maternal nutrition during gestation in sheep alters prenatal muscle growth and development in offspring. J Anim Sci 2020; 98:skz388. [PMID: 31875422 PMCID: PMC6981092 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skz388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2019] [Accepted: 12/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Poor maternal nutrition during gestation can have immediate and life-long negative effects on offspring growth and health. In livestock, this leads to reduced product quality and increased costs of production. Based on previous evidence that both restricted- and overfeeding during gestation decrease offspring muscle growth and alter metabolism postnatally, we hypothesized that poor maternal nutrition during gestation would reduce the growth and development of offspring muscle prenatally, reduce the number of myogenic progenitor cells, and result in changes in the global expression of genes involved in prenatal muscle development and function. Ewes were fed a control (100% NRC)-, restricted (60% NRC)-, or overfed (140% NRC) diet beginning on day 30 of gestation until days 45, 90, and 135 of gestation or until parturition. At each time point fetuses and offspring (referred to as CON, RES, and OVER) were euthanized and longissimus dorsi (LM), semitendinosus (STN), and triceps brachii (TB) were collected at each time point for histological and RNA-Seq analysis. In fetuses and offspring, we did not observe an effect of diet on cross-sectional area (CSA), but CSA increased over time (P < 0.05). At day 90, RES and OVER had reduced secondary:primary muscle fiber ratios in LM (P < 0.05), but not in STN and TB. However, in STN and TB percent PAX7-positive cells were decreased compared with CON (P < 0.05). Maternal diet altered LM mRNA expression of 20 genes (7 genes downregulated in OVER and 2 downregulated in RES compared with CON; 5 downregulated in OVER compared with RES; false discovery rate (FDR)-adj. P < 0.05). A diet by time interaction was not observed for any genes in the RNA-Seq analysis; however, 2,205 genes were differentially expressed over time between days 90 and 135 and birth (FDR-adj. P < 0.05). Specifically, consistent with increased protein accretion, changes in muscle function, and increased metabolic activity during myogenesis, changes in genes involved in cell cycle, metabolic processes, and protein synthesis were observed during fetal myogenesis. In conclusion, poor maternal nutrition during gestation contributes to altered offspring muscle growth during early fetal development which persists throughout the fetal stage. Based on muscle-type-specific effects of maternal diet, it is important to evaluate more than one type of muscle to fully elucidate the effects of maternal diet on offspring muscle development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary C Gauvin
- Department of Animal Science, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT
| | - Sambhu M Pillai
- Department of Animal Science, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT
| | - Sarah A Reed
- Department of Animal Science, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT
| | - John R Stevens
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Utah State University, Logan, UT
| | - Maria L Hoffman
- Department of Animal Science, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT
| | - Amanda K Jones
- Department of Animal Science, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT
| | - Steven A Zinn
- Department of Animal Science, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT
| | - Kristen E Govoni
- Department of Animal Science, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT
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David I, Canario L, Combes S, Demars J. Intergenerational Transmission of Characters Through Genetics, Epigenetics, Microbiota, and Learning in Livestock. Front Genet 2019; 10:1058. [PMID: 31737041 PMCID: PMC6834772 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2019.01058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2019] [Accepted: 10/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Evolutionary biologists studying wild species have demonstrated that genetic and non-genetic sources of information are inherited across generations and are therefore responsible for phenotypic resemblance between relatives. Although it has been postulated that non-genetic sources of inheritance are important in natural selection, they are not taken into account for livestock selection that is based on genetic inheritance only. According to the natural selection theory, the contribution of non-genetic inheritance may be significant for the transmission of characters. If this theory is confirmed in livestock, not considering non-genetic means of transmission in selection schemes might prevent achieving maximum progress in the livestock populations being selected. The present discussion paper reviews the different mechanisms of genetic and non-genetic inheritance reported in the literature as occurring in livestock species. Non-genetic sources of inheritance comprise information transmitted via physical means, such as epigenetic and microbiota inheritance, and those transmitted via learning mechanisms: behavioral, cultural and ecological inheritance. In the first part of this paper we review the evidence that suggests that both genetic and non-genetic information contribute to inheritance in livestock (i.e. transmitted from one generation to the next and causing phenotypic differences between individuals) and discuss how the environment may influence non-genetic inherited factors. Then, in a second step, we consider methods for favoring the transmission of non-genetic inherited factors by estimating and selecting animals on their extended transmissible value and/or introducing favorable non-genetic factors via the animals’ environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingrid David
- GenPhySE, Université de Toulouse, INRA, ENVT, Castanet Tolosan, France
| | - Laurianne Canario
- GenPhySE, Université de Toulouse, INRA, ENVT, Castanet Tolosan, France
| | - Sylvie Combes
- GenPhySE, Université de Toulouse, INRA, ENVT, Castanet Tolosan, France
| | - Julie Demars
- GenPhySE, Université de Toulouse, INRA, ENVT, Castanet Tolosan, France
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18
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David I, Ricard A. A Unified Model for Inclusive Inheritance in Livestock Species. Genetics 2019; 212:1075-1099. [PMID: 31209104 PMCID: PMC6707455 DOI: 10.1534/genetics.119.302375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2019] [Accepted: 06/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
For years, animal selection in livestock species has been performed by selecting animals based on genetic inheritance. However, evolutionary studies have reported that nongenetic information that drives natural selection can also be inherited across generations (epigenetic, microbiota, environmental inheritance). In response to this finding, the concept of inclusive heritability, which combines all sources of information inherited across generations, was developed. To better predict the transmissible potential of each animal by taking into account these diverse sources of inheritance and improve selection in livestock species, we propose the "transmissibility model." Similarly to the animal model, this model uses pedigree and phenotypic information to estimate variance components and predict the transmissible potential of an individual, but differs by estimating the path coefficients of inherited information from parent to offspring instead of using a set value of 0.5 for both the sire and the dam (additive genetic relationship matrix). We demonstrated the structural identifiability of the transmissibility model, and performed a practical identifiability and power study of the model. We also performed simulations to compare the performances of the animal and transmissibility models for estimating the covariances between relatives and predicting the transmissible potential under different combinations of sources of inheritance. The transmissibility model provided similar results to the animal model when inheritance was of genetic origin only, but outperformed the animal model for estimating the covariances between relatives and predicting the transmissible potential when the proportion of inheritance of nongenetic origin was high or when the sire and dam path coefficients were very different.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingrid David
- GenPhySE, INRA, Université de Toulouse, INPT, ENVT, 31326 Castanet Tolosan, France
| | - Anne Ricard
- GABI, INRA, AgroParisTech, Université Paris Saclay, Département Sciences du Vivant, UMR 1313, 78352 Jouy-en-Josas, France
- Institut Français du Cheval et de l'Equitation, Département Recherche et Innovation, 61310 Exmes, France
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19
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Te Pas MFW, Park W, Srikanth K, Kemp S, Kim JM, Lim D, Park JE. Transcriptomic profiles of muscle, heart, and spleen in reaction to circadian heat stress in Ethiopian highland and lowland male chicken. Cell Stress Chaperones 2019; 24:175-194. [PMID: 30565091 PMCID: PMC6363629 DOI: 10.1007/s12192-018-0954-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2018] [Revised: 11/14/2018] [Accepted: 11/24/2018] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Temperature stress impacts both welfare and productivity of livestock. Global warming is expected to increase the impact, especially in tropical areas. We investigated the biological mechanisms regulated by temperature stress due to the circadian temperature cycle in temperature adapted and non-adapted chicken under tropical conditions. We studied transcriptome profiles of heart, breast muscle, and spleen tissues of Ethiopian lowland chicken adapted to high circadian temperatures and non-adapted Ethiopian highland chicken under lowland conditions at three points during the day: morning, noon, and evening. Functional annotations and network analyses of genes differentially expressed among the time points of the day indicate major differences in the reactions of the tissues to increasing and decreasing temperatures, and also the two chickens lines differ. However, epigenetic changes of chromatin methylation and histone (de)acetylation seemed to be central regulatory mechanisms in all tissues in both chicken lines. Finally, all tissues showed differentially expressed genes between morning and evening times indicating biological mechanisms that need to change during the night to reach morning levels again the next day.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marinus F W Te Pas
- Wageningen UR Livestock Research, Animal Breeding and Genomics, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Woncheoul Park
- Department of Animal Biotechnology and Environment, Rural Development Administration, National Institute of Animal Science, Wanju, 55365, Republic of Korea
| | - Krishnamoorthy Srikanth
- Department of Animal Biotechnology and Environment, Rural Development Administration, National Institute of Animal Science, Wanju, 55365, Republic of Korea
| | - Steve Kemp
- Animal Biosciences, International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Jun-Mo Kim
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong, Gyeonggi-do, 17546, Republic of Korea
| | - Dajeong Lim
- Department of Animal Biotechnology and Environment, Rural Development Administration, National Institute of Animal Science, Wanju, 55365, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Eun Park
- Department of Animal Biotechnology and Environment, Rural Development Administration, National Institute of Animal Science, Wanju, 55365, Republic of Korea.
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Morgan HL, Watkins AJ. Transgenerational Impact of Environmental Change. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2019; 1200:71-89. [PMID: 31471795 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-23633-5_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The ability to adapt to changing environmental conditions is critical for any species to survive. Many environmental changes occur too rapidly for an organism's genome to adapt in time. Accordingly, being able to modify either its own phenotype, or the phenotype of its offspring to better suit future anticipated environmental conditions could afford an organism a significant advantage. However, a range of animal models and human epidemiological data sets are now showing that environmental factors such as changes in the quality or quantity of an individual's diet, temperature, stress or exposure to pollutants can all adversely affect the quality of parental gametes, the development of the preimplantation embryo and the health and wellbeing of offspring over multiple generations. This chapter will examine transgenerational effects of both maternal and paternal environmental factors on offspring development and wellbeing in both human and animal model studies. Changes in the epigenetic status of either parental or grand-parental gametes provide one candidate mechanism through which the impacts of environmental experience can be passed from one generation to another. This chapter will therefore also focus on the impact of parental and grand-parental diet on epigenetic transgenerational inheritance and offspring phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah L Morgan
- Division of Child Health, Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Adam J Watkins
- Division of Child Health, Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK.
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Paiva JT, De Resende MDV, Resende RT, Oliveira HR, Silva HT, Caetano GC, Calderano AA, Lopes PS, Viana JMS, Silva FF. A note on transgenerational epigenetics affecting egg quality traits in meat-type quail. Br Poult Sci 2018; 59:624-628. [PMID: 30141691 DOI: 10.1080/00071668.2018.1514582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
1. The aim of the following experiment was to estimate transgenerational epigenetic variance for egg quality traits using genealogical and phenotypic information in meat-type quail. Measured traits included egg length (EL) and width (EWD), albumen weight (AW), shell weight (SW), yolk weight (YW) and egg weight (EW). 2. A total of 391 birds were evaluated for egg quality by collecting a sample of one egg per bird, during three consecutive days, starting on the 14th d of production. Analyses were performed using mixed models including the random epigenetic effect. Variance components were estimated by the restricted maximum likelihood method. A grid-search for values for the auto-recursive parameter (λ) was used in the variance components estimation. This parameter is directly related to the reset (v) and epigenetic transmissibility (1 - v) coefficients. 3. The epigenetic effect was not significant for any of the egg quality traits evaluated. Direct heritability estimates for egg quality traits ranged in magnitude from 0.06 to 0.33, whereby the higher estimates were found for AW and SW. Epigenetic heritability estimates were low and close to zero (ranging from 0.00 to 0.07) for all evaluated traits. 4. The current breeding strategies accounting for additive genetic effect seem to be suitable for egg quality traits in meat-type quail.
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Affiliation(s)
- J T Paiva
- a Department of Animal Science , Universidade Federal de Viçosa , Viçosa , Brazil
| | - M D V De Resende
- b Department of Forestry , Universidade Federal de Viçosa , Viçosa , Brazil.,c EMBRAPA Forestry Research , Colombo , Brazil
| | - R T Resende
- b Department of Forestry , Universidade Federal de Viçosa , Viçosa , Brazil
| | - H R Oliveira
- a Department of Animal Science , Universidade Federal de Viçosa , Viçosa , Brazil
| | - H T Silva
- a Department of Animal Science , Universidade Federal de Viçosa , Viçosa , Brazil
| | - G C Caetano
- a Department of Animal Science , Universidade Federal de Viçosa , Viçosa , Brazil
| | - A A Calderano
- a Department of Animal Science , Universidade Federal de Viçosa , Viçosa , Brazil
| | - P S Lopes
- a Department of Animal Science , Universidade Federal de Viçosa , Viçosa , Brazil
| | - J M S Viana
- d Department of General Biology , Universidade Federal de Viçosa , Viçosa , Brazil
| | - F F Silva
- a Department of Animal Science , Universidade Federal de Viçosa , Viçosa , Brazil
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Abstract
Epidemiological studies in humans and animal models (including ruminants and horses) have highlighted the critical role of nutrition on developmental programming. Indeed, it has been demonstrated that the nutritional environment during the periconceptional period and foetal development can altered the postnatal performance of the resultant offspring. This nutritional programming can be exerted by maternal and paternal lineages and can affect offspring beyond the F1 generation. Alterations in epigenetic mechanisms have been proposed as the causative link behind the programming trajectories observed in the offspring. Although a clear cause-effect relationship between epigenetic modifications during early development and later offspring phenotype has not been demonstrated in livestock species, strong associations have been reported for some epigenetic marks (e.g. messenger RNA) that are worth exploring as possible predictors of future offspring phenotype. In this review, we shortly describe the main epigenetic mechanisms studied so far in mammals (i.e. mainly in the mouse) thought to be associated with developmental programming, and discuss the few studies available in mammalian herbivores (e.g. cattle) showing the effect of nutrition on epigenetic marks and the associated phenotype. Clearly, there is a need to develop research on nutritional strategies capable of modulating the epigenetic machinery with positive influence on the phenotype of livestock herbivores. This type of research is needed to alleviate the challenges currently faced by the livestock industry (e.g. impaired fertility of high-yielding dairy cows). This in turn will have a positive influence on animal welfare and productivity of livestock enterprises.
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Paiva JT, de Resende MDV, Resende RT, de Oliveira HR, Silva HT, Caetano GC, Lopes PS, Silva FF. Transgenerational epigenetic variance for body weight in meat quails. J Anim Breed Genet 2018; 135:178-185. [PMID: 29878492 DOI: 10.1111/jbg.12329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2018] [Accepted: 04/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
We aimed to estimate transgenerational epigenetic variance for body weight using genealogical and phenotypic information in meat quails. Animals were individually weighted from 1 week after hatching, with weight records at 7, 14, 21, 28, 35 and 42 days of age (BW7, BW14, BW21, BW28, BW35 and BW42, respectively). Single-trait genetic analyses were performed using mixed models with random epigenetic effects. Variance components were estimated by the restricted maximum likelihood method. A grid search for values of autorecursive parameter (λ) ranging from 0 to 0.5 was used in the variance component estimation. This parameter is directly related to the reset coefficient (ν) and the epigenetic coefficient of transmissibility (1-ν). The epigenetic effect was only significant for BW7. Direct heritability estimates for body weight ranged in magnitude (from 0.15 to 0.26), with the highest estimate for BW7. Epigenetic heritability was 0.10 for BW7, and close to zero for the other body weights. The inclusion of the epigenetic effect in the model helped to explain the residual and non-Mendelian variability of initial body weight in meat quails.
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Affiliation(s)
- J T Paiva
- Department of Animal Science, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - M D V de Resende
- Department of Forestry, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil.,EMBRAPA Forestry Research, Colombo, Paraná, Brazil
| | - R T Resende
- Department of Forestry, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - H R de Oliveira
- Department of Animal Science, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - H T Silva
- Department of Animal Science, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - G C Caetano
- Department of Animal Science, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - P S Lopes
- Department of Animal Science, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - F F Silva
- Department of Animal Science, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
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Alteration of Hepatic Gene Expression along with the Inherited Phenotype of Acquired Fatty Liver in Chicken. Genes (Basel) 2018; 9:genes9040199. [PMID: 29642504 PMCID: PMC5924541 DOI: 10.3390/genes9040199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2018] [Revised: 03/17/2018] [Accepted: 03/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Fatty liver is a widespread disease in chickens that causes a decrease in egg production and even death. The characteristics of the inherited phenotype of acquired fatty liver and the molecular mechanisms underlying it, however, are largely unknown. In the current study, fatty liver was induced in 3 breeds by a high-fat (HF) diet and a methionine choline-deficient (MCD) diet. The results showed that the dwarf Jingxing-Huang (JXH) chicken was more susceptible to fatty liver compared with the layer White Leghorns (WL) and local Beijing-You (BJY) breeds. In addition, it was found that the paternal fatty livers induced by HF diet in JXH chickens were inherited. Compared to birds without fatty liver in the control group, both offsprings and their sires with fatty livers in the paternal group exhibited altered hepatic gene expression profiles, including upregulation of several key genes involved in fatty acid metabolism, lipid metabolism and glucose metabolism (ACACA, FASN, SCD, ACSL5, FADS2, FABP1, APOA4 and ME1). This study uniquely revealed that acquired fatty liver in cocks can be inherited. The hepatic gene expression profiles were altered in chickens with the inherited phenotype of acquired paternal fatty liver and several genes could be candidate biomarkers.
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Engmann O. Dairy cows - an opportunity in the research field of non-genetic inheritance? ENVIRONMENTAL EPIGENETICS 2018; 4:dvy014. [PMID: 30034822 PMCID: PMC6049035 DOI: 10.1093/eep/dvy014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2018] [Revised: 03/04/2018] [Accepted: 04/25/2018] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
More than 1 billion cattle are raised annually for meat and milk production. Dairy cows are repeatedly impregnated and separated from their calves, usually within the first 24 h after birth. Here, I suggest that dairy cows undergo a procedure comparable to the 'Maternal separation combined with unpredictable maternal stress' paradigm (MSUS), which is used to study the non-genetic inheritance (NGI) of phenotypes in rodents. I discuss what research on dairy cows may bring to the research field of NGI. The resulting research findings are likely to have benefits to our understanding of MSUS, NGI and consumer safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivia Engmann
- Brain Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine, University of Zurich, Winterthurer Strasse 190, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
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26
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Guerrero-Bosagna C, Morisson M, Liaubet L, Rodenburg TB, de Haas EN, Košťál Ľ, Pitel F. Transgenerational epigenetic inheritance in birds. ENVIRONMENTAL EPIGENETICS 2018; 4:dvy008. [PMID: 29732172 PMCID: PMC5920295 DOI: 10.1093/eep/dvy008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2018] [Revised: 03/02/2018] [Accepted: 03/12/2018] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
While it has been shown that epigenetics accounts for a portion of the variability of complex traits linked to interactions with the environment, the real contribution of epigenetics to phenotypic variation remains to be assessed. In recent years, a growing number of studies have revealed that epigenetic modifications can be transmitted across generations in several animal species. Numerous studies have demonstrated inter- or multi-generational effects of changing environment in birds, but very few studies have been published showing epigenetic transgenerational inheritance in these species. In this review, we mention work conducted in parent-to-offspring transmission analyses in bird species, with a focus on the impact of early stressors on behaviour. We then present recent advances in transgenerational epigenetics in birds, which involve germline linked non-Mendelian inheritance, underline the advantages and drawbacks of working on birds in this field and comment on future directions of transgenerational studies in bird species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Guerrero-Bosagna
- Avian Behavioural Genomics and Physiology Group, IFM Biology, Linköping University, Linköping 58 183, Sweden
| | - Mireille Morisson
- GenPhySE, Université de Toulouse, INRA, ENVT, F-31326 Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Laurence Liaubet
- GenPhySE, Université de Toulouse, INRA, ENVT, F-31326 Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - T Bas Rodenburg
- Behavioural Ecology Group, Wageningen University, 6700 AH Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Elske N de Haas
- Behavioural Ecology Group, Wageningen University, 6700 AH Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Ľubor Košťál
- Centre of Biosciences, Slovak Academy of Sciences, 840 05 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Frédérique Pitel
- GenPhySE, Université de Toulouse, INRA, ENVT, F-31326 Castanet-Tolosan, France
- Correspondence address. GenPhySE, INRA, 31326 Castanet-Tolosan, France. Tel:+33 561 28 54 35. E-mail:
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Cavalieri V, Spinelli G. Environmental epigenetics in zebrafish. Epigenetics Chromatin 2017; 10:46. [PMID: 28982377 PMCID: PMC5629768 DOI: 10.1186/s13072-017-0154-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2017] [Accepted: 09/27/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
It is widely accepted that the epigenome can act as the link between environmental cues, both external and internal, to the organism and phenotype by converting the environmental stimuli to phenotypic responses through changes in gene transcription outcomes. Environmental stress endured by individual organisms can also enforce epigenetic variations in offspring that had never experienced it directly, which is termed transgenerational inheritance. To date, research in the environmental epigenetics discipline has used a wide range of both model and non-model organisms to elucidate the various epigenetic mechanisms underlying the adaptive response to environmental stimuli. In this review, we discuss the advantages of the zebrafish model for studying how environmental toxicant exposures affect the regulation of epigenetic processes, especially DNA methylation, which is the best-studied epigenetic mechanism. We include several very recent studies describing the state-of-the-art knowledge on this topic in zebrafish, together with key concepts in the function of DNA methylation during vertebrate embryogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincenzo Cavalieri
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Functional Genomics, Department of Biological, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies (STEBICEF), University of Palermo, Viale delle Scienze Edificio 16, 90128, Palermo, Italy. .,Zebrafish Laboratory, Advanced Technologies Network (ATeN) Center, University of Palermo, Viale delle Scienze Edificio 18, 90128, Palermo, Italy.
| | - Giovanni Spinelli
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Functional Genomics, Department of Biological, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies (STEBICEF), University of Palermo, Viale delle Scienze Edificio 16, 90128, Palermo, Italy.
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Assessing elements of an extended evolutionary synthesis for plant domestication and agricultural origin research. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017; 114:6429-6437. [PMID: 28576881 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1703658114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of agricultural societies, one of the most transformative events in human and ecological history, was made possible by plant and animal domestication. Plant domestication began 12,000-10,000 y ago in a number of major world areas, including the New World tropics, Southwest Asia, and China, during a period of profound global environmental perturbations as the Pleistocene epoch ended and transitioned into the Holocene. Domestication is at its heart an evolutionary process, and for many prehistorians evolutionary theory has been foundational in investigating agricultural origins. Similarly, geneticists working largely with modern crops and their living wild progenitors have documented some of the mechanisms that underwrote phenotypic transformations from wild to domesticated species. Ever-improving analytic methods for retrieval of empirical data from archaeological sites, together with advances in genetic, genomic, epigenetic, and experimental research on living crop plants and wild progenitors, suggest that three fields of study currently little applied to plant domestication processes may be necessary to understand these transformations across a range of species important in early prehistoric agriculture. These fields are phenotypic (developmental) plasticity, niche construction theory, and epigenetics with transgenerational epigenetic inheritance. All are central in a controversy about whether an Extended Evolutionary Synthesis is needed to reconceptualize how evolutionary change occurs. An exploration of their present and potential utility in domestication study shows that all three fields have considerable promise in elucidating important issues in plant domestication and in agricultural origin and dispersal research and should be increasingly applied to these issues.
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Ji Y, Wu Z, Dai Z, Wang X, Li J, Wang B, Wu G. Fetal and neonatal programming of postnatal growth and feed efficiency in swine. J Anim Sci Biotechnol 2017; 8:42. [PMID: 28484595 PMCID: PMC5420136 DOI: 10.1186/s40104-017-0173-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2016] [Accepted: 04/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Maternal undernutrition or overnutrition during pregnancy alters organ structure, impairs prenatal and neonatal growth and development, and reduces feed efficiency for lean tissue gains in pigs. These adverse effects may be carried over to the next generation or beyond. This phenomenon of the transgenerational impacts is known as fetal programming, which is mediated by stable and heritable alterations of gene expression through covalent modifications of DNA and histones without changes in DNA sequences (namely, epigenetics). The mechanisms responsible for the epigenetic regulation of protein expression and functions include chromatin remodeling; DNA methylation (occurring at the 5´-position of cytosine residues within CpG dinucleotides); and histone modifications (acetylation, methylation, phosphorylation, and ubiquitination). Like maternal malnutrition, undernutrition during the neonatal period also reduces growth performance and feed efficiency (weight gain:feed intake; also known as weight-gain efficiency) in postweaning pigs by 5-10%, thereby increasing the days necessary to reach the market body-weight. Supplementing functional amino acids (e.g., arginine and glutamine) and vitamins (e.g., folate) play a key role in activating the mammalian target of rapamycin signaling and regulating the provision of methyl donors for DNA and protein methylation. Therefore, these nutrients are beneficial for the dietary treatment of metabolic disorders in offspring with intrauterine growth restriction or neonatal malnutrition. The mechanism-based strategies hold great promise for the improvement of the efficiency of pork production and the sustainability of the global swine industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193 China
| | - Zhenlong Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193 China
| | - Zhaolai Dai
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193 China
| | - Xiaolong Wang
- Henan Yinfa Animal Husbandry Co., Ltd., Xinzheng, Henan 451100 China
| | - Ju Li
- Henan Yinfa Animal Husbandry Co., Ltd., Xinzheng, Henan 451100 China
| | - Binggen Wang
- Henan Yinfa Animal Husbandry Co., Ltd., Xinzheng, Henan 451100 China
| | - Guoyao Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193 China.,Department of Animal Science and Center for Animal Genomics, Texas A&M University, Room 212, College Station, TX 77843 USA
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Leroux S, Gourichon D, Leterrier C, Labrune Y, Coustham V, Rivière S, Zerjal T, Coville JL, Morisson M, Minvielle F, Pitel F. Embryonic environment and transgenerational effects in quail. Genet Sel Evol 2017; 49:14. [PMID: 28125975 PMCID: PMC5270212 DOI: 10.1186/s12711-017-0292-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2016] [Accepted: 01/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Environmental exposures, for instance to chemicals, are known to impact plant and animal phenotypes on the long term, sometimes across several generations. Such transgenerational phenotypes were shown to be promoted by epigenetic alterations such as DNA methylation, an epigenetic mark involved in the regulation of gene expression. However, it is yet unknown whether transgenerational epigenetic inheritance of altered phenotypes exists in birds. The purpose of this study was to develop an avian model to investigate whether changes to the embryonic environment had a transgenerational effect that could alter the phenotypes of third-generation offspring. Given its impact on the mammalian epigenome and the reproductive system in birds, genistein was used as an environment stressor. Results We compared several third-generation phenotypes of two quail “epilines”, which were obtained from genistein-injected eggs (Epi+) or from untreated eggs (Epi−) from the same founders. A “mirrored” crossing strategy was used to minimize between-line genetic variability by maintaining similar ancestor contributions across generations in each line. Three generations after genistein treatment, a significant difference in the sexual maturity of the females, which, after three generations, could not be attributed to direct maternal effects, was observed between the lines, with Epi+ females starting to lay eggs later. Adult body weight was significantly affected by genistein treatment applied in a previous generation, and a significant interaction between line and sex was observed for body weight at 3 weeks. Behavioral traits, such as evaluating the birds’ reaction to social isolation, were also significantly affected by genistein treatment. Yet, global methylation analyses revealed no significant difference between the epilines. Conclusions These findings demonstrate that embryonic environment affects the phenotype of offspring three generations later in quail. While one cannot rule out the existence of some initial genetic variability between the lines, the mirrored animal design should have minimized its effects, and thus, the observed differences in animals of the third generation may be attributed, at least partly, to transgenerational epigenetic phenomena. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12711-017-0292-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Leroux
- GenPhySE, Université de Toulouse, INRA, INPT, ENVT, 31326, Castanet Tolosan, France
| | | | - Christine Leterrier
- UMR INRA PRC, 37380, Nouzilly, France.,CNRS, 37380, Nouzilly, France.,UFR Tours, 37380, Nouzilly, France.,IFCE, 37380, Nouzilly, France
| | - Yann Labrune
- GenPhySE, Université de Toulouse, INRA, INPT, ENVT, 31326, Castanet Tolosan, France
| | | | | | - Tatiana Zerjal
- GABI, INRA, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, 78350, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Jean-Luc Coville
- GABI, INRA, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, 78350, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Mireille Morisson
- GenPhySE, Université de Toulouse, INRA, INPT, ENVT, 31326, Castanet Tolosan, France
| | - Francis Minvielle
- GABI, INRA, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, 78350, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Frédérique Pitel
- GenPhySE, Université de Toulouse, INRA, INPT, ENVT, 31326, Castanet Tolosan, France.
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32
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Thomson JM. Impacts of environment on gene expression and epigenetic modification in grazing animals. J Anim Sci 2016. [DOI: 10.2527/jas.2016-0556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
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Loor JJ, Vailati-Riboni M, McCann JC, Zhou Z, Bionaz M. TRIENNIAL LACTATION SYMPOSIUM: Nutrigenomics in livestock: Systems biology meets nutrition. J Anim Sci 2016; 93:5554-74. [PMID: 26641165 DOI: 10.2527/jas.2015-9225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The advent of high-throughput technologies to study an animal's genome, proteome, and metabolome (i.e., "omics" tools) constituted a setback to the use of reductionism in livestock research. More recent development of "next-generation sequencing" tools was instrumental in allowing in-depth studies of the microbiome in the rumen and other sections of the gastrointestinal tract. Omics, along with bioinformatics, constitutes the foundation of modern systems biology, a field of study widely used in model organisms (e.g., rodents, yeast, humans) to enhance understanding of the complex biological interactions occurring within cells and tissues at the gene, protein, and metabolite level. Application of systems biology concepts is ideal for the study of interactions between nutrition and physiological state with tissue and cell metabolism and function during key life stages of livestock species, including the transition from pregnancy to lactation, in utero development, or postnatal growth. Modern bioinformatic tools capable of discerning functional outcomes and biologically meaningful networks complement the ever-increasing ability to generate large molecular, microbial, and metabolite data sets. Simultaneous visualization of the complex intertissue adaptations to physiological state and nutrition can now be discerned. Studies to understand the linkages between the microbiome and the absorptive epithelium using the integrative approach are emerging. We present examples of new knowledge generated through the application of functional analyses of transcriptomic, proteomic, and metabolomic data sets encompassing nutritional management of dairy cows, pigs, and poultry. Published work to date underscores that the integrative approach across and within tissues may prove useful for fine-tuning nutritional management of livestock. An important goal during this process is to uncover key molecular players involved in the organismal adaptations to nutrition.
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Huang YZ, Zhang ZJ, He H, Cao XK, Song CC, Liu KP, Lan XY, Lei CZ, Qi XL, Bai YY, Chen H. Correlation between ZBED6 Gene Upstream CpG Island methylation and mRNA expression in cattle. Anim Biotechnol 2016; 28:104-111. [DOI: 10.1080/10495398.2016.1212060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Zhen Huang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Zi-Jing Zhang
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Science, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou Henan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hua He
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiu-Kai Cao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Cheng-Chuang Song
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Kun-Peng Liu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Xian-Yong Lan
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Chu-Zhao Lei
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Xing-Lei Qi
- Bureau of Animal Husbandry of Biyang County, Biyang, Henan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yue-Yu Bai
- Animal Health Supervision in Henan Province, Zhengzhou, Henan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hong Chen
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
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Triantaphyllopoulos KA, Ikonomopoulos I, Bannister AJ. Epigenetics and inheritance of phenotype variation in livestock. Epigenetics Chromatin 2016. [PMID: 27446239 DOI: 10.1186/s13072‐016‐0081‐5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Epigenetic inheritance plays a crucial role in many biological processes, such as gene expression in early embryo development, imprinting and the silencing of transposons. It has recently been established that epigenetic effects can be inherited from one generation to the next. Here, we review examples of epigenetic mechanisms governing animal phenotype and behaviour, and we discuss the importance of these findings in respect to animal studies, and livestock in general. Epigenetic parameters orchestrating transgenerational effects, as well as heritable disorders, and the often-overlooked areas of livestock immunity and stress, are also discussed. We highlight the importance of nutrition and how it is linked to epigenetic alteration. Finally, we describe how our understanding of epigenetics is underpinning the latest cancer research and how this can be translated into directed efforts to improve animal health and welfare.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kostas A Triantaphyllopoulos
- Department of Animal Breeding and Husbandry, Faculty of Animal Science and Aquaculture, School of Agricultural Production, Infrastructure and Environment, Agricultural University of Athens, 75 Iera Odos St., 11855 Athens, Greece
| | - Ioannis Ikonomopoulos
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology of Farm Animals, Faculty of Animal Science and Aquaculture, School of Agricultural Production, Infrastructure and Environment, Agricultural University of Athens, 75 Iera Odos St., 11855 Athens, Greece
| | - Andrew J Bannister
- Wellcome Trust/Cancer Research UK Gurdon Institute, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge, CB2 1QN UK
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36
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Triantaphyllopoulos KA, Ikonomopoulos I, Bannister AJ. Epigenetics and inheritance of phenotype variation in livestock. Epigenetics Chromatin 2016; 9:31. [PMID: 27446239 PMCID: PMC4955263 DOI: 10.1186/s13072-016-0081-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2016] [Accepted: 07/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Epigenetic inheritance plays a crucial role in many biological processes, such as gene expression in early embryo development, imprinting and the silencing of transposons. It has recently been established that epigenetic effects can be inherited from one generation to the next. Here, we review examples of epigenetic mechanisms governing animal phenotype and behaviour, and we discuss the importance of these findings in respect to animal studies, and livestock in general. Epigenetic parameters orchestrating transgenerational effects, as well as heritable disorders, and the often-overlooked areas of livestock immunity and stress, are also discussed. We highlight the importance of nutrition and how it is linked to epigenetic alteration. Finally, we describe how our understanding of epigenetics is underpinning the latest cancer research and how this can be translated into directed efforts to improve animal health and welfare.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kostas A. Triantaphyllopoulos
- />Department of Animal Breeding and Husbandry, Faculty of Animal Science and Aquaculture, School of Agricultural Production, Infrastructure and Environment, Agricultural University of Athens, 75 Iera Odos St., 11855 Athens, Greece
| | - Ioannis Ikonomopoulos
- />Department of Anatomy and Physiology of Farm Animals, Faculty of Animal Science and Aquaculture, School of Agricultural Production, Infrastructure and Environment, Agricultural University of Athens, 75 Iera Odos St., 11855 Athens, Greece
| | - Andrew J. Bannister
- />Wellcome Trust/Cancer Research UK Gurdon Institute, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge, CB2 1QN UK
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Bradford BJ, Yuan K, Ylioja C. Managing complexity: Dealing with systemic crosstalk in bovine physiology. J Dairy Sci 2016; 99:4983-4996. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2015-10271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2015] [Accepted: 10/11/2015] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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Janowitz Koch I, Clark MM, Thompson MJ, Deere-Machemer KA, Wang J, Duarte L, Gnanadesikan GE, McCoy EL, Rubbi L, Stahler DR, Pellegrini M, Ostrander EA, Wayne RK, Sinsheimer JS, vonHoldt BM. The concerted impact of domestication and transposon insertions on methylation patterns between dogs and grey wolves. Mol Ecol 2016; 25:1838-55. [PMID: 27112634 PMCID: PMC4849173 DOI: 10.1111/mec.13480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2015] [Revised: 11/09/2015] [Accepted: 11/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The process of domestication can exert intense trait-targeted selection on genes and regulatory regions. Specifically, rapid shifts in the structure and sequence of genomic regulatory elements could provide an explanation for the extensive, and sometimes extreme, variation in phenotypic traits observed in domesticated species. Here, we explored methylation differences from >24 000 cytosines distributed across the genomes of the domesticated dog (Canis familiaris) and the grey wolf (Canis lupus). PCA and model-based cluster analyses identified two primary groups, domestic vs. wild canids. A scan for significantly differentially methylated sites (DMSs) revealed species-specific patterns at 68 sites after correcting for cell heterogeneity, with weak yet significant hypermethylation typical of purebred dogs when compared to wolves (59% and 58%, P < 0.05, respectively). Additionally, methylation patterns at eight genes significantly deviated from neutrality, with similar trends of hypermethylation in purebred dogs. The majority (>66%) of differentially methylated regions contained or were associated with repetitive elements, indicative of a genotype-mediated trend. However, DMSs were also often linked to functionally relevant genes (e.g. neurotransmitters). Finally, we utilized known genealogical relationships among Yellowstone wolves to survey transmission stability of methylation marks, from which we found a substantial fraction that demonstrated high heritability (both H(2) and h(2 ) > 0.99). These analyses provide a unique epigenetic insight into the molecular consequences of recent selection and radiation of our most ancient domesticated companion, the dog. These findings suggest selection has acted on methylation patterns, providing a new genomic perspective on phenotypic diversification in domesticated species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilana Janowitz Koch
- Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, 08544, USA
| | - Michelle M Clark
- Department of Biostatistics, UCLA Fielding School of Public Health, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Michael J Thompson
- Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | | | - Jun Wang
- Department of Biological Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, 48085, USA
| | - Lionel Duarte
- Department of Biostatistics, UCLA Fielding School of Public Health, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | | | - Eskender L McCoy
- Yale School of Management, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA
| | - Liudmilla Rubbi
- Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Daniel R Stahler
- Yellowstone Center for Resources, National Park Service, Yellowstone National Park, WY, 82190, USA
| | - Matteo Pellegrini
- Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Elaine A Ostrander
- National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Robert K Wayne
- Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Janet S Sinsheimer
- Department of Biostatistics, UCLA Fielding School of Public Health, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
- Department of Human Genetics and Biomathematics, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Bridgett M vonHoldt
- Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, 08544, USA
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Stachowiak M, Szczerbal I, Switonski M. Genetics of Adiposity in Large Animal Models for Human Obesity-Studies on Pigs and Dogs. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2016; 140:233-70. [PMID: 27288831 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pmbts.2016.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The role of domestic mammals in the development of human biomedical sciences has been widely documented. Among these model species the pig and dog are of special importance. Both are useful for studies on the etiology of human obesity. Genome sequences of both species are known and advanced genetic tools [eg, microarray SNP for genome wide association studies (GWAS), next generation sequencing (NGS), etc.] are commonly used in such studies. In the domestic pig the accumulation of adipose tissue is an important trait, which influences meat quality and fattening efficiency. Numerous quantitative trait loci (QTLs) for pig fatness traits were identified, while gene polymorphisms associated with these traits were also described. The situation is different in dog population. Generally, excessive accumulation of adipose tissue is considered, similar to humans, as a complex disease. However, research on the genetic background of canine obesity is still in its infancy. Between-breed differences in terms of adipose tissue accumulation are well known in both animal species. In this review we show recent advances of studies on adipose tissue accumulation in pigs and dogs, and their potential importance for studies on human obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Stachowiak
- Department of Genetics, Animal Breeding, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Poznań, Poland
| | - I Szczerbal
- Department of Genetics, Animal Breeding, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Poznań, Poland
| | - M Switonski
- Department of Genetics, Animal Breeding, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Poznań, Poland.
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Abadjieva D, Kistanova E. Tribulus terrestris Alters the Expression of Growth Differentiation Factor 9 and Bone Morphogenetic Protein 15 in Rabbit Ovaries of Mothers and F1 Female Offspring. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0150400. [PMID: 26928288 PMCID: PMC4771171 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0150400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2016] [Accepted: 02/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Although previous research has demonstrated the key role of the oocyte-derived factors, bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) 15 and growth differentiation factor (GDF) 9, in follicular development and ovulation, there is a lack of knowledge on the impact of external factors, which females are exposed to during folliculogenesis, on their expression. The present study investigated the effect of the aphrodisiac Tribulus terrestris on the GDF9 and BMP15 expression in the oocytes and cumulus cells at mRNA and protein levels during folliculogenesis in two generations of female rabbits. The experiment was conducted with 28 New Zealand rabbits. Only the diet of the experimental mothers group was supplemented with a dry extract of T. terrestris for the 45 days prior to insemination. The expression of BMP15 and GDF9 genes in the oocytes and cumulus cells of mothers and F1 female offspring was analyzed using real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). The localization of the GDF9 and BMP15 proteins in the ovary tissues was determined by immunohistochemical analysis. The BMP15 and GDF9 transcripts were detected in the oocytes and cumulus cells of rabbits from all groups. T. terrestris caused a decrease in the BMP15 mRNA level in the oocytes and an increase in the cumulus cells. The GDF9 mRNA level increased significantly in both oocytes and cumulus cells. The downregulated expression of BMP15 in the treated mothers' oocytes was inherited in the F1 female offspring born to treated mothers. BMP15 and GDF9 show a clearly expressed sensitivity to the bioactive compounds of T. terrestris.
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Affiliation(s)
- Desislava Abadjieva
- Institute of Biology and Immunology of Reproduction, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Elena Kistanova
- Institute of Biology and Immunology of Reproduction, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, Bulgaria
- * E-mail:
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Bhandari RK. Medaka as a model for studying environmentally induced epigenetic transgenerational inheritance of phenotypes. ENVIRONMENTAL EPIGENETICS 2016; 2:dvv010. [PMID: 29492282 PMCID: PMC5804509 DOI: 10.1093/eep/dvv010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2015] [Revised: 11/24/2015] [Accepted: 12/08/2015] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Ability of environmental stressors to induce transgenerational diseases has been experimentally demonstrated in plants, worms, fish, and mammals, indicating that exposures affect not only human health but also fish and ecosystem health. Small aquarium fish have been reliable model to study genetic and epigenetic basis of development and disease. Additionally, fish can also provide better, economic opportunity to study transgenerational inheritance of adverse health and epigenetic mechanisms. Molecular mechanisms underlying germ cell development in fish are comparable to those in mammals and humans. This review will provide a short overview of long-term effects of environmental chemical contaminant exposure in various models, associated epigenetic mechanisms, and a perspective on fish as model to study environmentally induced transgenerational inheritance of altered phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramji K Bhandari
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of Missouri-Columbia, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
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Ibeagha-Awemu EM, Zhao X. Epigenetic marks: regulators of livestock phenotypes and conceivable sources of missing variation in livestock improvement programs. Front Genet 2015; 6:302. [PMID: 26442116 PMCID: PMC4585011 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2015.00302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2015] [Accepted: 09/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Improvement in animal productivity has been achieved over the years through careful breeding and selection programs. Today, variations in the genome are gaining increasing importance in livestock improvement strategies. Genomic information alone, however, explains only a part of the phenotypic variance in traits. It is likely that a portion of the unaccounted variance is embedded in the epigenome. The epigenome encompasses epigenetic marks such as DNA methylation, histone tail modifications, chromatin remodeling, and other molecules that can transmit epigenetic information such as non-coding RNA species. Epigenetic factors respond to external or internal environmental cues such as nutrition, pathogens, and climate, and have the ability to change gene expression leading to emergence of specific phenotypes. Accumulating evidence shows that epigenetic marks influence gene expression and phenotypic outcome in livestock species. This review examines available evidence of the influence of epigenetic marks on livestock (cattle, sheep, goat, and pig) traits and discusses the potential for consideration of epigenetic markers in livestock improvement programs. However, epigenetic research activities on farm animal species are currently limited partly due to lack of recognition, funding and a global network of researchers. Therefore, considerable less attention has been given to epigenetic research in livestock species in comparison to extensive work in humans and model organisms. Elucidating therefore the epigenetic determinants of animal diseases and complex traits may represent one of the principal challenges to use epigenetic markers for further improvement of animal productivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eveline M. Ibeagha-Awemu
- Dairy and Swine Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food CanadaSherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | - Xin Zhao
- Department of Animal Science, McGill University, Ste-Anne-De-BellevueQC, Canada
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Stegemann R, Buchner DA. Transgenerational inheritance of metabolic disease. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2015; 43:131-140. [PMID: 25937492 PMCID: PMC4626440 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2015.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2015] [Revised: 04/20/2015] [Accepted: 04/22/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Metabolic disease encompasses several disorders including obesity, type 2 diabetes, and dyslipidemia. Recently, the incidence of metabolic disease has drastically increased, driven primarily by a worldwide obesity epidemic. Transgenerational inheritance remains controversial, but has been proposed to contribute to human metabolic disease risk based on a growing number of proof-of-principle studies in model organisms ranging from Caenorhabditis elegans to Mus musculus to Sus scrofa. Collectively, these studies demonstrate that heritable risk is epigenetically transmitted from parent to offspring over multiple generations in the absence of a continued exposure to the triggering stimuli. A diverse assortment of initial triggers can induce transgenerational inheritance including high-fat or high-sugar diets, low-protein diets, various toxins, and ancestral genetic variants. Although the mechanistic basis underlying the transgenerational inheritance of disease risk remains largely unknown, putative molecules mediating transmission include small RNAs, histone modifications, and DNA methylation. Due to the considerable impact of metabolic disease on human health, it is critical to better understand the role of transgenerational inheritance of metabolic disease risk to open new avenues for therapeutic intervention and improve upon the current methods for clinical diagnoses and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Stegemann
- Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, United States
| | - David A Buchner
- Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, United States; Department of Biological Chemistry, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, United States.
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