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Lee G, Moon SH, Kim JH, Jeong DY, Choi J, Choi JY, Lee HY. Multimodal Imaging Approach for Tumor Treatment Response Evaluation in the Era of Immunotherapy. Invest Radiol 2024:00004424-990000000-00234. [PMID: 39018248 DOI: 10.1097/rli.0000000000001096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/19/2024]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Immunotherapy is likely the most remarkable advancement in lung cancer treatment during the past decade. Although immunotherapy provides substantial benefits, their therapeutic responses differ from those of conventional chemotherapy and targeted therapy, and some patients present unique immunotherapy response patterns that cannot be judged under the current measurement standards. Therefore, the response monitoring of immunotherapy can be challenging, such as the differentiation between real response and pseudo-response. This review outlines the various tumor response patterns to immunotherapy and discusses methods for quantifying computed tomography (CT) and 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography (PET) in the field of lung cancer. Emerging technologies in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and non-FDG PET tracers are also explored. With immunotherapy responses, the role for imaging is essential in both anatomical radiological responses (CT/MRI) and molecular changes (PET imaging). Multiple aspects must be considered when assessing treatment responses using CT and PET. Finally, we introduce multimodal approaches that integrate imaging and nonimaging data, and we discuss future directions for the assessment and prediction of lung cancer responses to immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geewon Lee
- From the Department of Radiology and Center for Imaging Science, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea (G.L., D.Y.J., J.C., H.Y.L.); Department of Radiology and Medical Research Institute, Pusan National University Hospital, Pusan National University School of Medicine, Busan, South Korea (G.L.); Department of Nuclear Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea (S.H.M., J.Y.C.); Industrial Biomaterial Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, South Korea (J.H.K.); Department of Digital Health, SAIHST, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, South Korea (J.C.); and Department of Health Sciences and Technology, SAIHST, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, South Korea (H.Y.L.)
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Anderson TM, Chang BH, Huang AC, Xu X, Yoon D, Shang CG, Mick R, Schubert E, McGettigan S, Kreider K, Xu W, Wherry EJ, Schuchter LM, Amaravadi RK, Mitchell TC, Farwell MD. FDG PET/CT Imaging 1 Week after a Single Dose of Pembrolizumab Predicts Treatment Response in Patients with Advanced Melanoma. Clin Cancer Res 2024; 30:1758-1767. [PMID: 38263597 PMCID: PMC11062839 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-23-2390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2023] [Revised: 10/31/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/25/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE Immunologic response to anti-programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) therapy can occur rapidly with T-cell responses detectable in as little as one week. Given that activated immune cells are FDG avid, we hypothesized that an early FDG PET/CT obtained approximately 1 week after starting pembrolizumab could be used to visualize a metabolic flare (MF), with increased tumor FDG activity due to infiltration by activated immune cells, or a metabolic response (MR), due to tumor cell death, that would predict response. PATIENTS AND METHODS Nineteen patients with advanced melanoma scheduled to receive pembrolizumab were prospectively enrolled. FDG PET/CT imaging was performed at baseline and approximately 1 week after starting treatment. FDG PET/CT scans were evaluated for changes in maximum standardized uptake value (SUVmax) and thresholds were identified by ROC analysis; MF was defined as >70% increase in tumor SUVmax, and MR as >30% decrease in tumor SUVmax. RESULTS An MF or MR was identified in 6 of 11 (55%) responders and 0 of 8 (0%) nonresponders, with an objective response rate (ORR) of 100% in the MF-MR group and an ORR of 38% in the stable metabolism (SM) group. An MF or MR was associated with T-cell reinvigoration in the peripheral blood and immune infiltration in the tumor. Overall survival at 3 years was 83% in the MF-MR group and 62% in the SM group. Median progression-free survival (PFS) was >38 months (median not reached) in the MF-MR group and 2.8 months (95% confidence interval, 0.3-5.2) in the SM group (P = 0.017). CONCLUSIONS Early FDG PET/CT can identify metabolic changes in melanoma metastases that are potentially predictive of response to pembrolizumab and significantly correlated with PFS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas M. Anderson
- Department of Radiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Bryan H. Chang
- Department of Radiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Alexander C. Huang
- Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
- Abramson Cancer Center, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Institute for Immunology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy at University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Xiaowei Xu
- Abramson Cancer Center, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Daniel Yoon
- Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Catherine G. Shang
- Department of Radiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Rosemarie Mick
- Abramson Cancer Center, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy at University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Informatics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Erin Schubert
- Department of Radiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Suzanne McGettigan
- Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
- Abramson Cancer Center, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Kristin Kreider
- Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
- Abramson Cancer Center, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Wei Xu
- Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
- Abramson Cancer Center, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - E. John Wherry
- Institute for Immunology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy at University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Lynn M. Schuchter
- Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
- Abramson Cancer Center, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Ravi K. Amaravadi
- Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
- Abramson Cancer Center, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Tara C. Mitchell
- Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
- Abramson Cancer Center, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Michael D. Farwell
- Department of Radiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
- Abramson Cancer Center, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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Knopf P, Stowbur D, Hoffmann SHL, Fransen MF, Schwenck J, Pichler BJ, Kneilling M. Preclinical Identification Of Tumor-Draining Lymph Nodes Using a Multimodal Non-invasive In vivo Imaging Approach. Mol Imaging Biol 2023; 25:606-618. [PMID: 36600172 PMCID: PMC10172276 DOI: 10.1007/s11307-022-01797-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2022] [Revised: 11/21/2022] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Resection of the tumor-draining lymph -node (TDLN) represents a standard method to identify metastasis for several malignancies. Interestingly, recent preclinical studies indicate that TDLN resection diminishes the efficacy of immune checkpoint inhibitor-based cancer immunotherapies. Thus, accurate preclinical identification of TDLNs is pivotal to uncovering the underlying immunological mechanisms. Therefore, we validated preclinically, and clinically available non-invasive in vivo imaging approaches for precise TDLN identification. PROCEDURES For visualization of the lymphatic drainage into the TDLNs by non-invasive in vivo optical imaging, we injected the optical imaging contrast agents Patent Blue V (582.7 g mol-1) and IRDye® 800CW polyethylene glycol (PEG; 25,000-60,000 g mol-1), subcutaneously (s.c.) in close proximity to MC38 adenocarcinomas at the right flank of experimental mice. For determination of the lymphatic drainage and the glucose metabolism in TDLNs by non-invasive in vivo PET/magnetic resonance imaging (PET/MRI), we injected the positron emission tomography (PET) tracer (2-deoxy-2[18F]fluoro-D-glucose (18F-FDG) [181.1 g mol-1]) in a similar manner. For ex vivo cross-correlation, we isolated TDLNs and contralateral nontumor-draining lymph nodes (NTDLNs) and performed optical imaging, biodistribution, and autoradiography analysis. RESULTS The clinically well-established Patent Blue V was superior for intraoperative macroscopic identification of the TDLNs compared with IRDye® 800CW PEG but was not sensitive enough for non-invasive in vivo detection by optical imaging. Ex vivo Patent Blue V biodistribution analysis clearly identified the right accessory axillary and the proper axillary lymph node (LN) as TDLNs, whereas ex vivo IRDye® 800CW PEG completely failed. In contrast, functional non-invasive in vivo 18F-FDG PET/MRI identified a significantly elevated uptake exclusively within the ipsilateral accessory axillary TDLN of experimental mice and was able to differentiate between the accessory axillary and the proper LN. Ex vivo biodistribution and autoradiography confirmed our in vivo 18F-FDG PET/MRI results. CONCLUSIONS When taken together, our results demonstrate the feasibility of 18F-FDG-PET/MRI as a valid method for non-invasive in vivo, intraoperative, and ex vivo identification of the lymphatic drainage and glucose metabolism within the TDLNs. In addition, using Patent Blue V provides additive value for the macroscopic localization of the lymphatic drainage both visually and by ex vivo optical imaging analysis. Thus, both methods are valuable, easy to implement, and cost-effective for preclinical identification of the TDLN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Knopf
- Werner Siemens Imaging Center, Department of Preclinical Imaging and Radiopharmacy, Eberhard Karls University, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Dimitri Stowbur
- Werner Siemens Imaging Center, Department of Preclinical Imaging and Radiopharmacy, Eberhard Karls University, Tübingen, Germany.,Cluster of Excellence iFIT (EXC 2180) "Image Guided and Functionally Instructed Tumor Therapies", 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Sabrina H L Hoffmann
- Werner Siemens Imaging Center, Department of Preclinical Imaging and Radiopharmacy, Eberhard Karls University, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Marieke F Fransen
- Department of Immunohematology and Blood Transfusion, Leiden University Medical Center (LUMC), Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Johannes Schwenck
- Werner Siemens Imaging Center, Department of Preclinical Imaging and Radiopharmacy, Eberhard Karls University, Tübingen, Germany.,Cluster of Excellence iFIT (EXC 2180) "Image Guided and Functionally Instructed Tumor Therapies", 72076, Tübingen, Germany.,Department of Nuclear Medicine and Clinical Molecular Imaging, Eberhard Karls University, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Bernd J Pichler
- Werner Siemens Imaging Center, Department of Preclinical Imaging and Radiopharmacy, Eberhard Karls University, Tübingen, Germany.,Cluster of Excellence iFIT (EXC 2180) "Image Guided and Functionally Instructed Tumor Therapies", 72076, Tübingen, Germany.,German Cancer Consortium (DKTK) and German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Manfred Kneilling
- Werner Siemens Imaging Center, Department of Preclinical Imaging and Radiopharmacy, Eberhard Karls University, Tübingen, Germany. .,Cluster of Excellence iFIT (EXC 2180) "Image Guided and Functionally Instructed Tumor Therapies", 72076, Tübingen, Germany. .,Department of Dermatology, Eberhard Karls University, Tübingen, Germany.
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4
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Lau P, Zhang G, Zhao S, Liang L, Zhang H, Zhou G, Hung MC, Chen X, Liu H. Sphingosine kinase 1 promotes tumor immune evasion by regulating the MTA3-PD-L1 axis. Cell Mol Immunol 2022; 19:1153-1167. [PMID: 36050478 PMCID: PMC9508236 DOI: 10.1038/s41423-022-00911-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) exhibits considerable benefits in malignancies, but its overall response rate is limited. Previous studies have shown that sphingosine kinases (SPHKs) are critical in the tumor microenvironment (TME), but their role in immunotherapy is unclear. We performed integrative analyses including bioinformatics analysis, functional study, and clinical validation to investigate the role of SPHK1 in tumor immunity. Functionally, we demonstrated that the inhibition of SPHK1 significantly suppressed tumor growth by promoting antitumor immunity in immunocompetent melanoma mouse models and tumor T-cell cocultures. A mechanistic analysis revealed that MTA3 functions as the downstream target of SPHK1 in transcriptionally regulating tumor PD-L1. Preclinically, we found that anti-PD-1 monoclonal antibody (mAb) treatment significantly rescued tumor SPHK1 overexpression or tumor MTA3 overexpression-mediated immune evasion. Significantly, we identified SPHK1 and MTA3 as biological markers for predicting the efficacy of anti-PD-1 mAb therapy in melanoma patients. Our findings revealed a novel role for SPHK1 in tumor evasion mediated by regulating the MTA3-PD-L1 axis, identified SPHK1 and MTA3 as predictors for assessing the efficacy of PD-1 mAb treatment, and provided a therapeutic possibility for the treatment of melanoma patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Poyee Lau
- Department of Dermatology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- National Engineering Research Center of Personalized Diagnostic and Therapeutic Technology, Changsha, China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Skin Cancer and Psoriasis, Changsha, China
- Hunan Engineering Research Center of Skin Health and Disease, Changsha, China
| | - Guanxiong Zhang
- Department of Dermatology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- National Engineering Research Center of Personalized Diagnostic and Therapeutic Technology, Changsha, China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Skin Cancer and Psoriasis, Changsha, China
- Hunan Engineering Research Center of Skin Health and Disease, Changsha, China
| | - Shuang Zhao
- Department of Dermatology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- National Engineering Research Center of Personalized Diagnostic and Therapeutic Technology, Changsha, China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Skin Cancer and Psoriasis, Changsha, China
- Hunan Engineering Research Center of Skin Health and Disease, Changsha, China
| | - Long Liang
- Department of Dermatology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Medical Genetics & School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410078, China
| | - Hailun Zhang
- Department of Research and Development, Beijing GAP Biotechnology Co., Ltd, Beijing, 102600, China
| | - Guowei Zhou
- Department of Dermatology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- National Engineering Research Center of Personalized Diagnostic and Therapeutic Technology, Changsha, China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Skin Cancer and Psoriasis, Changsha, China
- Hunan Engineering Research Center of Skin Health and Disease, Changsha, China
| | - Mien-Chie Hung
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Research Center for Cancer Biology and Center for Molecular Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan, China
- Department of Biotechnology, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan, China
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, the University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Xiang Chen
- Department of Dermatology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.
- National Engineering Research Center of Personalized Diagnostic and Therapeutic Technology, Changsha, China.
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Skin Cancer and Psoriasis, Changsha, China.
- Hunan Engineering Research Center of Skin Health and Disease, Changsha, China.
- Xiangya Clinical Research Center for Cancer Immunotherapy, Central South University, Changsha, China.
| | - Hong Liu
- Department of Dermatology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.
- National Engineering Research Center of Personalized Diagnostic and Therapeutic Technology, Changsha, China.
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Skin Cancer and Psoriasis, Changsha, China.
- Hunan Engineering Research Center of Skin Health and Disease, Changsha, China.
- Xiangya Clinical Research Center for Cancer Immunotherapy, Central South University, Changsha, China.
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Wang S, Liu F, Wang P, Wen L, Wang Z, Guo Q, Zhu H, Yang Z. 124I Radiolabeled Basiliximab for CD25-Targeted Immuno-PET Imaging of Activated T Cells. Mol Pharm 2022; 19:2629-2637. [PMID: 35704773 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.2c00330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Activated T cells played critical roles in immunotherapy and adoptive T cell therapy, and a non-invasive imaging strategy can provide us useful information concerning the transportation, accumulation, and homing of T cells in vivo. In this paper, by utilizing the long half-life radionuclide iodine-124 (124I) and CD25 specific monoclonal antibody Basiliximab, we have fabricated a novel probe, namely, 124I-Basiliximab, which was highly promising in the immuno-PET imaging of T cells. In vitro, 124I-Basiliximab had superior affinity to CD25 protein (Kd = 5.31 nM) and exhibited much higher accumulation in CD25 high-expression lymphoma cell line Karpas299 than that in CD25-negative cell line Daudi. In vivo, 124I-Basiliximab was excreted slowly from the body of mice, rendering it a relatively high effective dose (0.393 mSv/MBq) when applied in the immuno-PET imaging. In Karpas299 tumor xenograft, 124I-Basiliximab probe was observed to accumulate in the tumor quickly after tracer administration, with the optimal image acquired at 24 h post-injection. More importantly, PHA-activated hPBMC had much higher uptake of 124I-Basiliximab, indicating the potential utility of 124I-Basiliximab to discriminate activated hPBMC from its non-activated status. In summary, 124I-Basiliximab was fabricated for the first time, which can be applied in CD25-targeted immuno-PET imaging of activated T cells in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuailiang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education/Beijing), NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Radiopharmaceuticals, Department of Nuclear Medicine, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, Beijing 100142, China.,Institute of Medical Technology, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Futao Liu
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education/Beijing), NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Radiopharmaceuticals, Department of Nuclear Medicine, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, Beijing 100142, China
| | - Pei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education/Beijing), NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Radiopharmaceuticals, Department of Nuclear Medicine, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, Beijing 100142, China
| | - Li Wen
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education/Beijing), NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Radiopharmaceuticals, Department of Nuclear Medicine, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, Beijing 100142, China
| | - Zilei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education/Beijing), NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Radiopharmaceuticals, Department of Nuclear Medicine, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, Beijing 100142, China
| | - Qian Guo
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education/Beijing), NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Radiopharmaceuticals, Department of Nuclear Medicine, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, Beijing 100142, China
| | - Hua Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education/Beijing), NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Radiopharmaceuticals, Department of Nuclear Medicine, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, Beijing 100142, China
| | - Zhi Yang
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education/Beijing), NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Radiopharmaceuticals, Department of Nuclear Medicine, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, Beijing 100142, China.,Institute of Medical Technology, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China
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6
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Stairiker CJ, Pfister SX, Hendrickson E, Yang W, Xie T, Lee C, Zhang H, Dillon C, Thomas GD, Salek-Ardakani S. EZH2 Inhibition Compromises α4-1BB-Mediated Antitumor Efficacy by Reducing the Survival and Effector Programming of CD8 + T Cells. Front Immunol 2021; 12:770080. [PMID: 34925340 PMCID: PMC8683156 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.770080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Enhancer of Zeste Homolog 2 (EZH2) inhibitors (EZH2i) are approved to treat certain cancer types. Previous studies have suggested the potential to combine EZH2i with immune checkpoint blockade targeting coinhibitory receptors like PD-(L)1 and CTLA-4, but whether it can also enhance the activity of agents targeting costimulatory receptors is not known. Here, we explore the combination between EZH2i and an agonist antibody targeting the T cell costimulatory receptor 4-1BB (α4-1BB). Our data show that EZH2i compromise the efficacy of α4-1BB in both CT26 colon carcinoma and in an in vivo protein immunization model. We link this to reduced effector survival and increased BIM expression in CD8+ T cells upon EZH2i treatment. These data support the requirement of EZH2 function in 4-1BB-mediated CD8+ T cell expansion and effector programming and emphasize the consideration that must be given when combining such antitumoral therapies.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/immunology
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/pharmacology
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/drug effects
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cell Survival/drug effects
- Cell Survival/genetics
- Cell Survival/immunology
- Enhancer of Zeste Homolog 2 Protein/antagonists & inhibitors
- Enhancer of Zeste Homolog 2 Protein/immunology
- Enhancer of Zeste Homolog 2 Protein/metabolism
- Enzyme Inhibitors/pharmacology
- Gene Expression Regulation/drug effects
- Gene Expression Regulation/immunology
- Humans
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Neoplasms, Experimental/genetics
- Neoplasms, Experimental/immunology
- Neoplasms, Experimental/prevention & control
- Tumor Burden/drug effects
- Tumor Burden/genetics
- Tumor Burden/immunology
- Tumor Necrosis Factor Receptor Superfamily, Member 9/agonists
- Tumor Necrosis Factor Receptor Superfamily, Member 9/immunology
- Tumor Necrosis Factor Receptor Superfamily, Member 9/metabolism
- Mice
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher J. Stairiker
- Cancer Immunology Discovery, Worldwide Research, Development Medical, Pfizer Inc., San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Sophia Xiao Pfister
- Cancer Immunology Discovery, Worldwide Research, Development Medical, Pfizer Inc., San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Eleanore Hendrickson
- Translational Sciences, Worldwide Research, Development Medical, Pfizer Inc., San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Wenjing Yang
- Computational Biology, Worldwide Research, Development Medical, Pfizer Inc., San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Tao Xie
- Computational Biology, Worldwide Research, Development Medical, Pfizer Inc., San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Catherine Lee
- Translational Sciences, Worldwide Research, Development Medical, Pfizer Inc., San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Haikuo Zhang
- Translational Sciences, Worldwide Research, Development Medical, Pfizer Inc., San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Christopher Dillon
- Translational Sciences, Worldwide Research, Development Medical, Pfizer Inc., San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Graham D. Thomas
- Cancer Immunology Discovery, Worldwide Research, Development Medical, Pfizer Inc., San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Shahram Salek-Ardakani
- Cancer Immunology Discovery, Worldwide Research, Development Medical, Pfizer Inc., San Diego, CA, United States
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7
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Ma C, Ma X, Jiang B, Pan H, Liao X, Zhang L, Li W, Luo Y, Shen Z, Cheng X, Lian M, Wang Z. A novel inactivated whole-cell Pseudomonas aeruginosa vaccine that acts through the cGAS-STING pathway. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2021; 6:353. [PMID: 34593766 PMCID: PMC8484301 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-021-00752-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2021] [Revised: 07/15/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection continues to be a major threat to global public health, and new safe and efficacious vaccines are needed for prevention of infections caused by P. aeruginosa. X-ray irradiation has been used to prepare whole-cell inactivated vaccines against P. aeruginosa infection. However, the immunological mechanisms of X-ray-inactivated vaccines are still unclear and require further investigation. Our previous study found that an X-ray-inactivated whole-cell vaccine could provide protection against P. aeruginosa by boosting T cells. The aim of the present study was to further explore the immunological mechanisms of the vaccine. Herein, P. aeruginosa PAO1, a widely used laboratory strain, was utilized to prepare the vaccine, and we found nucleic acids and 8-hydroxyguanosine in the supernatant of X-ray-inactivated PAO1 (XPa). By detecting CD86, CD80, and MHCII expression, we found that XPa fostered dentritic cell (DC) maturation by detecting. XPa stimulated the cGAS-STING pathway as well as Toll-like receptors in DCs in vitro, and DC finally underwent apoptosis and pyroptosis after XPa stimulation. In addition, DC stimulated by XPa induced CD8+ T-cell proliferation in vitro and generated immunologic memory in vivo. Moreover, XPa vaccination induced both Th1 and Th2 cytokine responses in mice and reduced the level of inflammatory factors during infection. XPa protected mice in pneumonia models from infection with PAO1 or multidrug-resistant clinical isolate W9. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) mice immunized with XPa could resist PAO1 infection. Therefore, a new mechanism of an X-ray-inactivated whole-cell vaccine against P. aeruginosa infection was discovered in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cuicui Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Xiao Ma
- National Institutes for Food and Drug Control (NIFDC), Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Boguang Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Hailong Pan
- Department of Quality Management, China National Biotec Group Company Limited, Beijing, 100020, China
| | - Xueyuan Liao
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Li Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Wenfang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Yingjie Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Zhixue Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Xingjun Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Mao Lian
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Zhenling Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, Chengdu, 610041, China.
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Iyalomhe O, Farwell MD. Immune PET Imaging. Radiol Clin North Am 2021; 59:875-886. [PMID: 34392924 PMCID: PMC8371717 DOI: 10.1016/j.rcl.2021.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) PET/CT is sensitive to metabolic, immune-related, and structural changes that can occur in tumors in cancer immunotherapy. Unique mechanisms of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) occasionally make response evaluation challenging, because tumors and inflammatory changes are both FDG avid. These response patterns and sequelae of ICI immunotherapy, such as immune-related adverse events, are discussed. Immune-specific PET imaging probes at preclinical stage or in early clinical trials, which may help guide clinical management of cancer patients treated with immunotherapy and likely have applications outside of oncology for other diseases in which the immune system plays a role, are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Osigbemhe Iyalomhe
- Department of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Michael D. Farwell
- Department of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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9
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Kim SH, Singh R, Han C, Cho E, Kim YI, Lee DG, Kim YH, Kim SS, Shin DH, You HJ, Lee HW, Kwon BS, Choi BK. Chronic activation of 4-1BB signaling induces granuloma development in tumor-draining lymph nodes that is detrimental to subsequent CD8 + T cell responses. Cell Mol Immunol 2021; 18:1956-1968. [PMID: 32868911 PMCID: PMC8322392 DOI: 10.1038/s41423-020-00533-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2020] [Accepted: 08/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The antitumor capabilities of agonistic anti-4-1BB mAbs have made them an attractive target for tumor immunotherapy. However, the adverse side effects associated with agonist antibodies have hindered their clinical development. Here, we aimed to study the immune-related adverse events of repeated doses and long-term use of agonistic anti-4-1BB mAbs. We show that chronic activation of 4-1BB signals induced the accumulation of IFN-γ-producing PD-1+CD8+ T cells in the secondary lymphoid organs of tumor-bearing mice by increasing the number of dividing CD8+ T cells, which was beneficial for suppressing tumor growth in the early phase of anti-4-1BB induction. However, repeated exposure to anti-4-1BB mAbs led to granuloma development in tumor-draining lymph nodes (TDLNs) of mice due to recruitment and accumulation of macrophages via the CD8+ T cell-IFN-γ axis. This was accompanied by excessive lymph node swelling, which impaired the sequential activation of CD8+ T cells. Our data provide insights into the immune-related adverse events of long-term agonist 4-1BB antibody dosing, which should be considered during the clinical development of immunomodulating therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seon-Hee Kim
- Division of Tumor Immunology, National Cancer Center, Goyang, 10408, Republic of Korea
| | - Rohit Singh
- Division of Tumor Immunology, National Cancer Center, Goyang, 10408, Republic of Korea
| | - Chungyong Han
- Division of Tumor Immunology, National Cancer Center, Goyang, 10408, Republic of Korea
| | - Eunjung Cho
- Division of Tumor Immunology, National Cancer Center, Goyang, 10408, Republic of Korea
| | - Yu I Kim
- Graduate School of Cancer Science and Policy, National Cancer Center, Goyang, 10408, Republic of Korea
| | - Don G Lee
- Biomedicine Production Branch, Program for Immunotherapy Research, Goyang, 10408, Republic of Korea
| | - Young H Kim
- Division of Tumor Immunology, National Cancer Center, Goyang, 10408, Republic of Korea
- Eutilex Institute for Biomedical Research, Eutilex, Co., Ltd., Seoul, 08594, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Soo Kim
- Division of Convergence Technology, National Cancer Center, Goyang, 10408, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Hoon Shin
- Division of Translational Science, National Cancer Center, Goyang, 10408, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye Jin You
- Division of Translational Science, National Cancer Center, Goyang, 10408, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeon-Woo Lee
- Institute of Oral Biology, School of Dentistry, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Byoung S Kwon
- Eutilex Institute for Biomedical Research, Eutilex, Co., Ltd., Seoul, 08594, Republic of Korea
- Department of Medicine, Tulane University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, 70112, USA
| | - Beom K Choi
- Biomedicine Production Branch, Program for Immunotherapy Research, Goyang, 10408, Republic of Korea.
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10
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Immuno-OpenPET: a novel approach for early diagnosis and image-guided surgery for small resectable pancreatic cancer. Sci Rep 2020; 10:4143. [PMID: 32157106 PMCID: PMC7064510 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-61056-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2019] [Accepted: 02/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer (PC) has a poor prognosis owing to difficulties in the diagnosis of resectable PC at early stages. Several clinical studies have indicated that the detection and surgery of small resectable PC (<1 cm) can significantly improve survival; however, imaging diagnosis and accurate resection of small PC remain challenging. Here, we report the feasibility of "immuno-OpenPET" as a novel approach enabling not only early diagnosis but also image-guided surgery, using a small (<1 cm) resectable PC orthotopic xenograft mouse model. For immuno-OpenPET, we utilized our original OpenPET system, which enables high-resolution positron emission tomography (PET) imaging with depth-of-interaction detectors, as well as real-time image-guided surgery, by arranging the detectors to create an open space for surgery and accelerating the image reconstruction process by graphics processing units. For immuno-OpenPET, 64Cu-labeled anti-epidermal growth factor receptor antibody cetuximab was intraperitoneally administered into mice. It clearly identified PC tumors ≥3 mm. In contrast, neither OpenPET with intravenous-administered 64Cu-cetuximab nor intraperitoneal/intravenous-administered 18F-FDG (a traditional PET probe) could detect PC in this model. Immuno-OpenPET-guided surgery accurately resected small PC in mice and achieved significantly prolonged survival. This technology could provide a novel diagnostic and therapeutic strategy for small resectable PC to improve patient survival.
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Abstract
Positron emission tomography (PET) is a powerful noninvasive imaging technique able to measure distinct biological processes in vivo by administration of a radiolabeled probe. Whole-body measurements track the probe accumulation providing a means to measure biological changes such as metabolism, cell location, or tumor burden. PET can also be applied to both preclinical and clinical studies providing three-dimensional information. For immunotherapies (in particular understanding T cell responses), PET can be utilized for spatial and longitudinal tracking of T lymphocytes. Although PET has been utilized clinically for over 30 years, the recent development of additional PET radiotracers have dramatically expanded the use of PET to detect endogenous or adoptively transferred T cells in vivo. Novel probes have identified changes in T cell quantity, location, and function. This has enabled investigators to track T cells outside of the circulation and in hematopoietic organs such as spleen, lymph nodes, and bone marrow, or within tumors. In this review, we cover advances in PET detection of the antitumor T cell response and areas of focus for future studies.
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12
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Tavaré R, Escuin-Ordinas H, Mok S, McCracken MN, Zettlitz KA, Salazar FB, Witte ON, Ribas A, Wu AM. An Effective Immuno-PET Imaging Method to Monitor CD8-Dependent Responses to Immunotherapy. Cancer Res 2015; 76:73-82. [PMID: 26573799 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-15-1707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 225] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2015] [Accepted: 10/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The rapidly advancing field of cancer immunotherapy is currently limited by the scarcity of noninvasive and quantitative technologies capable of monitoring the presence and abundance of CD8(+) T cells and other immune cell subsets. In this study, we describe the generation of (89)Zr-desferrioxamine-labeled anti-CD8 cys-diabody ((89)Zr-malDFO-169 cDb) for noninvasive immuno-PET tracking of endogenous CD8(+) T cells. We demonstrate that anti-CD8 immuno-PET is a sensitive tool for detecting changes in systemic and tumor-infiltrating CD8 expression in preclinical syngeneic tumor immunotherapy models including antigen-specific adoptive T-cell transfer, agonistic antibody therapy (anti-CD137/4-1BB), and checkpoint blockade antibody therapy (anti-PD-L1). The ability of anti-CD8 immuno-PET to provide whole body information regarding therapy-induced alterations of this dynamic T-cell population provides new opportunities to evaluate antitumor immune responses of immunotherapies currently being evaluated in the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Tavaré
- Crump Institute for Molecular Imaging, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California. Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California.
| | - Helena Escuin-Ordinas
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology-Oncology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Stephen Mok
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Melissa N McCracken
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Kirstin A Zettlitz
- Crump Institute for Molecular Imaging, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California. Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Felix B Salazar
- Crump Institute for Molecular Imaging, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California. Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Owen N Witte
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California. Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California. Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California. Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Antoni Ribas
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California. Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology-Oncology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California. Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California. Surgery, Division of Surgical Oncology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California. Institute for Molecular Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Anna M Wu
- Crump Institute for Molecular Imaging, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California. Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California. Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California.
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13
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Wei WZ, Jones RF, Juhasz C, Gibson H, Veenstra J. Evolution of animal models in cancer vaccine development. Vaccine 2015; 33:7401-7407. [PMID: 26241945 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2015.07.075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2015] [Accepted: 07/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Advances in cancer vaccine development are facilitated by animal models reflecting key features of human cancer and its interface with host immunity. Several series of transplantable preneoplastic and neoplastic mouse mammary lesions have been used to delineate mechanisms of anti-tumor immunity. Mimicking immune tolerance to tumor-associated antigens (TAA) such as HER2/neu, transgenic mice developing spontaneous mammary tumors are strong model systems for pre-clinical vaccine testing. In these models, HER2 DNA vaccines are easily administered, well-tolerated, and induce both humoral and cellular immunity. Although engineered mouse strains have advanced cancer immunotherapy, basic shortcomings remain. For example, multiple mouse strains have to be tested to recapitulate genetic regulation of immune tolerance in humans. Outbred domestic felines more closely parallel humans in the natural development of HER2 positive breast cancer and their varying genetic background. Electrovaccination with heterologous HER2 DNA induces robust adaptive immune responses in cats. Importantly, homologous feline HER2 DNA with a single amino acid substitution elicits unique antibodies to feline mammary tumor cells, unlocking a new vaccine principle. As an alternative approach to targeted vaccination, non-surgical tumor ablation such as cryoablation induces anti-tumor immunity via in situ immunization, particularly when combined with toll-like receptor (TLR) agonist. As strategies for vaccination advance, non-invasive monitoring of host response becomes imperative. As an example, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and positron emission tomography (PET) scanning following administration of tryptophan metabolism tracer [11C]-alpha-methyl-tryptophan (AMT) provides non-invasive imaging of both tumor growth and metabolic activities. Because AMT is a substrate of indoleamine-pyrrole 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO), an enzyme that produces the immune regulatory molecule kynurenine, AMT imaging can provide novel insight of host response. In conclusion, new feline models improve the predictive power of cancer immunotherapy and real-time PET imaging enables mechanistic monitoring of host immunity. Strategic utilization of these new tools will expedite cancer vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Zen Wei
- Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201, United States.
| | - Richard F Jones
- Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201, United States
| | - Csaba Juhasz
- Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201, United States
| | - Heather Gibson
- Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201, United States
| | - Jesse Veenstra
- Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201, United States
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14
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Chen S, Lee LF, Fisher TS, Jessen B, Elliott M, Evering W, Logronio K, Tu GH, Tsaparikos K, Li X, Wang H, Ying C, Xiong M, VanArsdale T, Lin JC. Combination of 4-1BB agonist and PD-1 antagonist promotes antitumor effector/memory CD8 T cells in a poorly immunogenic tumor model. Cancer Immunol Res 2014; 3:149-60. [PMID: 25387892 DOI: 10.1158/2326-6066.cir-14-0118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 201] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Immunotherapies targeting the programmed death 1 (PD-1) coinhibitory receptor have shown great promise for a subset of patients with cancer. However, robust and safe combination therapies are still needed to bring the benefit of cancer immunotherapy to broader patient populations. To search for an optimal strategy of combinatorial immunotherapy, we have compared the antitumor activity of the anti-4-1BB/anti-PD-1 combination with that of the anti-PD-1/anti-LAG-3 combination in the poorly immunogenic B16F10 melanoma model. Pronounced tumor inhibition occurred only in animals receiving anti-PD-1 and anti-4-1BB concomitantly, while combining anti-PD-1 with anti-LAG-3 led to a modest degree of tumor suppression. The activity of the anti-4-1BB/anti-PD-1 combination was dependent on IFNγ and CD8(+) T cells. Both 4-1BB and PD-1 proteins were elevated on the surface of CD8(+) T cells by anti-4-1BB/anti-PD-1 cotreatment. In the tumor microenvironment, an effective antitumor immune response was induced as indicated by the increased CD8(+)/Treg ratio and the enrichment of genes such as Cd3e, Cd8a, Ifng, and Eomes. In the spleen, the combination treatment shaped the immune system to an effector/memory phenotype and increased the overall activity of tumor-specific CD8(+) CTLs, reflecting a long-lasting systemic antitumor response. Furthermore, combination treatment in C57BL/6 mice showed no additional safety signals, and only minimally increased severity of the known toxicity relative to 4-1BB agonist alone. Therefore, in the absence of any cancer vaccine, anti-4-1BB/anti-PD-1 combination therapy is sufficient to elicit a robust antitumor effector/memory T-cell response in an aggressive tumor model and is therefore a candidate for combination trials in patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shihao Chen
- Rinat Laboratories, Pfizer Inc., South San Francisco, California.
| | - Li-Fen Lee
- Rinat Laboratories, Pfizer Inc., South San Francisco, California
| | | | - Bart Jessen
- Drug Safety R&D, Pfizer Inc., San Diego, California
| | - Mark Elliott
- Oncology Research Unit, Pfizer Inc., San Diego, California
| | | | - Kathryn Logronio
- Rinat Laboratories, Pfizer Inc., South San Francisco, California
| | - Guang Huan Tu
- Rinat Laboratories, Pfizer Inc., South San Francisco, California
| | | | - Xiaoai Li
- Rinat Laboratories, Pfizer Inc., South San Francisco, California
| | - Hui Wang
- Oncology Research Unit, Pfizer Inc., San Diego, California
| | - Chi Ying
- Rinat Laboratories, Pfizer Inc., South San Francisco, California
| | - Mengli Xiong
- Rinat Laboratories, Pfizer Inc., South San Francisco, California
| | | | - John C Lin
- Rinat Laboratories, Pfizer Inc., South San Francisco, California.
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