1
|
Irazoqui JM, Santiago GM, Mainez ME, Amadio AF, Eberhardt MF. Enzymes for production of whey protein hydrolysates and other value-added products. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2024; 108:354. [PMID: 38819482 PMCID: PMC11142983 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-024-13117-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2023] [Revised: 03/08/2024] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 06/01/2024]
Abstract
Whey is a byproduct of dairy industries, the aqueous portion which separates from cheese during the coagulation of milk. It represents approximately 85-95% of milk's volume and retains much of its nutrients, including functional proteins and peptides, lipids, lactose, minerals, and vitamins. Due to its composition, mainly proteins and lactose, it can be considered a raw material for value-added products. Whey-derived products are often used to supplement food, as they have shown several physiological effects on the body. Whey protein hydrolysates are reported to have different activities, including antihypertensive, antioxidant, antithrombotic, opioid, antimicrobial, cytomodulatory, and immuno-modulatory. On the other hand, galactooligosaccharides obtained from lactose can be used as prebiotic for beneficial microorganisms for the human gastrointestinal tract. All these compounds can be obtained through physicochemical, microbial, or enzymatic treatments. Particularly, enzymatic processes have the advantage of being highly selective, more stable than chemical transformations, and less polluting, making that the global enzyme market grow at accelerated rates. The sources and different products associated with the most used enzymes are particularly highlighted in this review. Moreover, we discuss metagenomics as a tool to identify novel proteolytic enzymes, from both cultivable and uncultivable microorganisms, which are expected to have new interesting activities. Finally enzymes for the transformation of whey sugar are reviewed. In this sense, carbozymes with ß-galactosidase activity are capable of lactose hydrolysis, to obtain free monomers, and transgalactosylation for prebiotics production. KEY POINTS: • Whey can be used to obtain value-added products efficiently through enzymatic treatments • Proteases transform whey proteins into biopeptides with physiological activities • Lactose can be transformed into prebiotic compounds using ß-galactosidases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- José Matías Irazoqui
- Instituto de Investigación de La Cadena Láctea (CONICET-INTA), 2300, Rafaela, Argentina
| | | | | | - Ariel Fernando Amadio
- Instituto de Investigación de La Cadena Láctea (CONICET-INTA), 2300, Rafaela, Argentina
| | | |
Collapse
|
2
|
Lv B, Zhao X, Guo Y, Li S, Sun M. Serine protease CrKP43 interacts with MAPK and regulates fungal development and mycoparasitism in Clonostachys chloroleuca. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0244823. [PMID: 37831480 PMCID: PMC10715147 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.02448-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2023] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/14/2023] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Mycoparasites play important roles in the biocontrol of plant fungal diseases, during which they secret multiple hydrolases such as serine proteases to degrade their fungal hosts. In this study, we demonstrated that the serine protease CrKP43 was involved in C. chloroleuca development and mycoparasitism with the regulation of Crmapk. To the best of our knowledge, it is the first report on the functions and regulatory mechanisms of serine proteases in C. chloroleuca. Our findings will provide new insight into the regulatory mechanisms of serine proteases in mycoparasites and contribute to clarifying the mechanisms underlying mycoparasitism of C. chloroleuca, which will facilitate the development of highly efficient fungal biocontrol agents as well.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Binna Lv
- Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xue Zhao
- Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yan Guo
- Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Shidong Li
- Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Manhong Sun
- Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Irazoqui JM, Eberhardt MF, Santiago GM, Amadio AF. Characterization of novel proteases identified by metagenomic analysis from dairy stabilization ponds. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2023:10.1007/s00253-023-12591-4. [PMID: 37231159 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-023-12591-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Revised: 05/05/2023] [Accepted: 05/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Cheese whey is the main by-product of dairy industries. It is used as a raw material for other value-added products, like whey protein concentrate. By using enzymes, this product can be further treated to obtain new higher value products, like whey protein hydrolysates. Proteases (EC: 3.4) represent a large segment of industrial enzymes, since they are used in several industries, including food. In this work, we describe three novel enzymes identified using a metagenomic approach. Metagenomic DNA from dairy industry stabilization ponds were sequenced, and the predicted genes were compared against the MEROPS database, focusing on families commercially used to produce whey protein hydrolysates. From a total of 849 candidates, 10 were selected for cloning and expression and three showed activities with both the chromogenic substrate, azocasein, and whey proteins. Particularly, Pr05, an enzyme from the yet uncultured phylum Patescibacteria, showed activity that is comparable to a commercial protease. All these novel enzymes could represent an alternative for dairy industries to produce value-added products from industrial by-products. KEY POINTS: • Over 19,000 proteases were predicted in a sequence-based metagenomic analysis. • Three proteases were successfully expressed and showed activity with whey proteins. • The enzyme Pr05 showed hydrolysis profiles of interest for food industry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- José Matías Irazoqui
- Instituto de Investigación de La Cadena Láctea (CONICET-INTA), 2300, Rafaela, Argentina
| | | | | | - Ariel Fernando Amadio
- Instituto de Investigación de La Cadena Láctea (CONICET-INTA), 2300, Rafaela, Argentina
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Nelli A, Venardou B, Skoufos I, Voidarou C(C, Lagkouvardos I, Tzora A. An Insight into Goat Cheese: The Tales of Artisanal and Industrial Gidotyri Microbiota. Microorganisms 2023; 11:microorganisms11010123. [PMID: 36677415 PMCID: PMC9863150 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11010123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2022] [Revised: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 12/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to determine for the first time the microbiota in artisanal-type and industrial-type Gidotyri cheeses and investigate the influence of the cheese-making practices on their composition using culture-independent techniques. The microbiota present in artisanal with commercial starters (Artisanal_CS, n = 15), artisanal with in-house starters (Artisanal_IHS, n = 10) and industrial (Ind., n = 9) Gidotyri cheese samples were analyzed using a targeted metagenomic approach (16S rRNA gene). The Ind. Gidotyri cheese microbiota were less complex, dominated by the Streptococcaceae family (91%) that was more abundant compared to the artisanal Gidotyri cheeses (p < 0.05). Artisanal cheeses were more diverse compositionally with specific bacterial species being prevalent to each subtype. Particularly, Loigolactobacillus coryniformis (OTU 175), Secundilactobacillus malefermentans (OTU 48), and Streptococcus parauberis (OTU 50) were more prevalent in Artisanal_IHS cheeses compared to Artisanal_CS (p ≤ 0.001) and Ind. (p < 0.01) Gidotyri cheeses. Carnobacterium maltaromaticum (OTU 23) and Enterobacter hormaechei subsp. hoffmannii (OTU 268) were more prevalent in Artisanal_CS cheeses compared to Artisanal_IHS cheeses (p < 0.05) and Ind. cheeses (p < 0.05). Hafnia alvei (OTU 13) and Acinetobacter colistiniresistens (OTU 111) tended to be more prevalent in Artisanal_CS compared to the other two cheese groups (p < 0.10). In conclusion, higher microbial diversity was observed in the artisanal-type Gidotyri cheeses, with possible bacterial markers specific to each subtype identified with potential application to traceability of the manufacturing processes’ authenticity and cheese quality.
Collapse
|
5
|
Ariaeenejad S, Kavousi K, Mamaghani ASA, Ghasemitabesh R, Hosseini Salekdeh G. Simultaneous hydrolysis of various protein-rich industrial wastes by a naturally evolved protease from tannery wastewater microbiota. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 815:152796. [PMID: 34986419 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.152796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2021] [Revised: 12/23/2021] [Accepted: 12/27/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Elimination of protein-rich waste materials is one of the vital environmental protection requirements. Using of non-naturally occurring chemicals for their remediation properties can potentially induce new pollutants. Therefore, enzymes encoded in the genomes of microorganisms evolved in the same environment can be considered suitable alternatives to chemicals. Identification of efficient proteases that can hydrolyze recalcitrant, protein-rich wastes produced by various industrial processes has been widely welcomed as an eco-friendly waste management strategy. In this direction, we attempted to screen a thermo-halo-alkali-stable metagenome-derived protease (PersiProtease1) from tannery wastewater. The PersiProtease1 exhibited high pH stability over a wide range and at 1 h in pH 11.0 maintained 87.59% activity. The enzyme possessed high thermal stability while retaining 76.64% activity after 1 h at 90 °C. Moreover, 65.34% of the initial activity of the enzyme remained in the presence of 6 M NaCl, showing tolerance against high salinity. The presence of various metal ions, inhibitors, and organic solvents did not remarkably inhibit the activity of the discovered protease. The PersiProtease1 was extracted from the tannery wastewater microbiota and efficiently applied for biodegradation of real sample tannery wastewater protein, chicken feathers, whey protein, dehairing sheepskins, and waste X-ray films. PersiProtease1 proved its enormous potential in simultaneous biodegradation of solid and liquid protein-rich industrial wastes based on the results.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shohreh Ariaeenejad
- Department of Systems and Synthetic Biology, Agricultural Biotechnology Research Institute of Iran (ABRII), Agricultural Research Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Karaj, Iran.
| | - Kaveh Kavousi
- Laboratory of Complex Biological Systems and Bioinformatics (CBB), Department of Bioinformatics, Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics (IBB), University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Atefeh Sheykh Abdollahzadeh Mamaghani
- Department of Systems and Synthetic Biology, Agricultural Biotechnology Research Institute of Iran (ABRII), Agricultural Research Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Karaj, Iran
| | - Rezvaneh Ghasemitabesh
- Department of Systems and Synthetic Biology, Agricultural Biotechnology Research Institute of Iran (ABRII), Agricultural Research Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Karaj, Iran
| | - Ghasem Hosseini Salekdeh
- Department of Systems and Synthetic Biology, Agricultural Biotechnology Research Institute of Iran (ABRII), Agricultural Research Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Karaj, Iran; Department of Molecular Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney 2109, NSW, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Singh N, Singh V, Singh MP. Microbial degradation of lignocellulosic biomass for bioenergy production: A metagenomic-based approach. BIOCATAL BIOTRANSFOR 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/10242422.2022.2056451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nidhi Singh
- Centre of Bioinformatics, University of Allahabad, Allahabad, India
- School of Biochemical Engineering, IIT (BHU), Varanasi, India
| | - Veer Singh
- Centre of Biotechnology, University of Allahabad, Allahabad, India
| | - Mohan P. Singh
- Centre of Biotechnology, University of Allahabad, Allahabad, India
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
|
8
|
Mahmoud A, Kotb E, Alqosaibi AI, Al-Karmalawy AA, Al-Dhuayan IS, Alabkari H. In vitro and in silico characterization of alkaline serine protease from Bacillus subtilis D9 recovered from Saudi Arabia. Heliyon 2021; 7:e08148. [PMID: 34703922 PMCID: PMC8524146 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e08148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2021] [Revised: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 10/06/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, we have isolated and characterized proteolytic soil bacteria and their alkaline protease. Based on 16S rRNA sequence analysis, 12 isolates with the highest protease activity were classified as B. subtilis and B. cereus groups. B. subtilis D9 isolate showing the highest protease activity was selected for in vitro and in silico analysis for its ِِAKD9 protease. The enzyme has a molecular mass of 48 kDa, exhibiting optimal activity at 50 °C pH 9.5, and showed high stability till 65 °C and pH 8–11 for 1 h. Fe3+ stimulated, but Zn2+ and Hg2+ strongly inhibited the protease activity. Also, the maximum inhibition with PMSF indicated serine protease-type of AKD9 protease. AkD9 alkaline serine protease gene showed high sequence similarity and close phylogenetic relationship with AprX serine protease of B. subtilis isolates. Functional prediction of AKD9 resulted in the detection of subtilase domain, peptidase_S8 family, and subtilase active sites. Moreover, prediction of physicochemical properties indicated that AKD9 serine protease is hydrophilic, thermostable, and alkali-halo stable. Secondary structure prediction revealed the dominance of the coils enhances AKD9 activity and stability under saline and alkaline conditions. Based on molecular docking, AKD9 showed very promising binding affinities towards casein substrate with expected intrinsic proteolytic activities matching our obtained in vitro results. In conclusion, AKD9 alkaline serine protease seems to be a significant candidate for industrial applications because of its stability, hydrophilicity, enhanced thermostability, and alkali-halo stability.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amal Mahmoud
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, P.O. Box 1982, 31441, Dammam, Saudi Arabia.,Basic & Applied Scientific Research Center, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, P.O. Box 1982, 31441, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - Essam Kotb
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, P.O. Box 1982, 31441, Dammam, Saudi Arabia.,Basic & Applied Scientific Research Center, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, P.O. Box 1982, 31441, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - Amany I Alqosaibi
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, P.O. Box 1982, 31441, Dammam, Saudi Arabia.,Basic & Applied Scientific Research Center, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, P.O. Box 1982, 31441, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed A Al-Karmalawy
- Department of Pharmaceutical Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Horus University-Egypt, New Damietta 34518, Egypt
| | - Ibtesam S Al-Dhuayan
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, P.O. Box 1982, 31441, Dammam, Saudi Arabia.,Basic & Applied Scientific Research Center, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, P.O. Box 1982, 31441, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hameedah Alabkari
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, P.O. Box 1982, 31441, Dammam, Saudi Arabia.,Basic & Applied Scientific Research Center, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, P.O. Box 1982, 31441, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Isolation and biochemical characterization of a novel serine protease identified from solid tannery waste metagenome. Biologia (Bratisl) 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s11756-021-00832-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
|
10
|
Gurunathan R, Huang B, Ponnusamy VK, Hwang JS, Dahms HU. Novel recombinant keratin degrading subtilisin like serine alkaline protease from Bacillus cereus isolated from marine hydrothermal vent crabs. Sci Rep 2021; 11:12007. [PMID: 34099743 PMCID: PMC8185006 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-90375-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2020] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Microbial secondary metabolites from extreme environments like hydrothermal vents are a promising source for industrial applications. In our study the protease gene from Bacillus cereus obtained from shallow marine hydrothermal vents in the East China Sea was cloned, expressed and purified. The protein sequence of 38 kDa protease SLSP-k was retrieved from mass spectrometry and identified as a subtilisin serine proteinase. The novel SLSP-k is a monomeric protein with 38 amino acid signal peptides being active over wide pH (7-11) and temperature (40-80 °C) ranges, with maximal hydrolytic activities at pH 10 and at 50 °C temperature. The hydrolytic activity is stimulated by Ca2+, Co2+, Mn2+, and DTT. It is inhibited by Fe2+, Cd2+, Cu2+, EDTA, and PMSF. The SLSP-k is stable in anionic, non-anionic detergents, and solvents. The ability to degrade keratin in chicken feather and hair indicates that this enzyme is suitable for the degradation of poultry waste without the loss of nutritionally essential amino acids which otherwise are lost in hydrothermal processing. Therefore, the proteinase is efficient in environmental friendly bioconversion of animal waste into fertilizers or value added products such as secondary animal feedstuffs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Revathi Gurunathan
- Department of Medicinal and Applied Chemistry, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung City, 807, Taiwan
- Department of Biomedical Science and Environmental Biology, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung City, 807, Taiwan
| | - Bin Huang
- Department of Biomedical Science and Environmental Biology, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung City, 807, Taiwan
- Regenerative Medicine and Cell Therapy Research Center, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung City, 80708, Taiwan
| | - Vinoth Kumar Ponnusamy
- Department of Medicinal and Applied Chemistry, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung City, 807, Taiwan
- Research Center for Environmental Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung City, 807, Taiwan
| | - Jiang-Shiou Hwang
- Institute of Marine Biology, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung, 20224, Taiwan.
- Center of Excellence for Ocean Engineering, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung, 20224, Taiwan.
- Center of Excellence for the Oceans, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung, 20224, Taiwan.
| | - Hans-Uwe Dahms
- Department of Biomedical Science and Environmental Biology, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung City, 807, Taiwan.
- Research Center for Environmental Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung City, 807, Taiwan.
- Department of Marine Biotechnology and Resources, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung City, 804, Taiwan.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Priya P, Aneesh B, Harikrishnan K. Genomics as a potential tool to unravel the rhizosphere microbiome interactions on plant health. J Microbiol Methods 2021; 185:106215. [PMID: 33839214 DOI: 10.1016/j.mimet.2021.106215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2020] [Revised: 04/05/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Intense agricultural practices to meet rising food demands have caused ecosystem perturbations. For sustainable crop production, biological agents are gaining attention, but exploring their functional potential on a multi-layered complex ecosystem like the rhizosphere is challenging. This review explains the significance of genomics as a culture-independent molecular tool to understand the diversity and functional significance of the rhizosphere microbiome for sustainable agriculture. It discusses the recent significant studies in the rhizosphere environment carried out using evolving techniques like metagenomics, metatranscriptomics, and metaproteomics, their challenges, constraints infield application, and prospective solutions. The recent advances in techniques such as nanotechnology for the development of bioformulations and visualization techniques contemplating environmental safety were also discussed. The need for development of metagenomic data sets of regionally important crops, their plant microbial interactions and agricultural practices for narrowing down significant data from huge databases have been suggested. The role of taxonomical and functional diversity of soil microbiota in understanding soil suppression and part played by the microbial metabolites in the process have been analyzed and discussed in the context of 'omics' approach. 'Omics' studies have revealed important information about microbial diversity, their responses to various biotic and abiotic stimuli, and the physiology of disease suppression. This can be translated to crop sustainability and combinational approaches with advancing visualization and analysis methodologies fix the existing knowledge gap to a huge extend. With improved data processing and standardization of the methods, details of plant-microbe interactions can be successfully decoded to develop sustainable agricultural practices.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P Priya
- Environmental Biology Lab, Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India.
| | - B Aneesh
- Department of Marine Biology, Microbiology and Biochemistry, School of Marine Sciences Cochin University of Science and Technology, Cochin, Kerala, India.
| | - K Harikrishnan
- Environmental Biology Lab, Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Two-step functional screen on multiple proteinaceous substrates reveals temperature-robust proteases with a broad-substrate range. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2021; 105:3195-3209. [PMID: 33770243 PMCID: PMC8053189 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-021-11235-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2020] [Revised: 02/15/2021] [Accepted: 03/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Abstract To support the bio-based industry in development of environment-friendly processes and products, an optimal toolbox of biocatalysts is key. Although functional screen of (meta)genomic libraries may potentially contribute to identifying new enzymes, the discovery of new enzymes meeting industry compliance demands is still challenging. This is particularly noticeable in the case of proteases, for which the reports of metagenome-derived proteases with industrial applicability are surprisingly limited. Indeed, proteolytic clones have been typically assessed by its sole activity on casein or skim milk and limited to mild screening conditions. Here, we demonstrate the use of six industry-relevant animal and plant by-products, namely bone, feather, blood meals, gelatin, gluten, and zein, as complementary substrates in functional screens and show the utility of temperature as a screening parameter to potentially discover new broad-substrate range and robust proteases for the biorefinery industry. By targeting 340,000 clones from two libraries of pooled isolates of mesophilic and thermophilic marine bacteria and two libraries of microbial communities inhabiting marine environments, we identified proteases in four of eleven selected clones that showed activity against all substrates herein tested after prolonged incubation at 55 °C. Following sequencing, in silico analysis and recombinant expression in Escherichia coli, one functional protease, 58% identical at sequence level to previously reported homologs, was found to readily hydrolyze highly insoluble zein at temperatures up to 50 °C and pH 9–11. It is derived from a bacterial group whose ability to degrade zein was unknown. This study reports a two-step screen resulting in identification of a new marine metagenome-derived protease with zein-hydrolytic properties at common biomass processing temperatures that could be useful for the modern biorefinery industry. Key points • A two-step multi-substrate strategy for discovery of robust proteases. • Feasible approach for shortening enzyme optimization to industrial demands. • A new temperature-tolerant protease efficiently hydrolyzes insoluble zein. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s00253-021-11235-9.
Collapse
|
13
|
Structural-genetic insight and optimization of protease production from a novel strain of Aeromonas veronii CMF, a gut isolate of Chrysomya megacephala. Arch Microbiol 2021; 203:2961-2977. [PMID: 33772325 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-021-02282-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2020] [Revised: 03/14/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Structural-genetic characterization of protease producing genes and enzymes from microbial sources are seldom appreciated despite having its substantial utilization in protein engineering or genetic manipulation for biotechnological applications. Aeromonas veronii CMF, a mesophilic bacterium isolated from the gut of Chrysomya megacephala, was found to exhibited significant level of protease activity. For the revelation of genetic potential in relation to protease production, whole genome of this organism was sequenced and analysed while structure-function of different protease enzyme was predicated using various in silico analysis. The 4.5 mb CMF genome was found to encompass various types of protease and mostly they are neutral in nature. Enzyme production was highest in an optimum pH and temperature of 6.0 (32.09 ± 1.015 U/ml) and 35ºC (41.65 ± 1.152 U/ml), respectively. Other culture parameters for optimum production of protease were determined to be inoculum size (1%), incubation period (72 h), shaking condition (125 rpm), carbon and nitrogen source [2% lactose (92.21 ± 3.16 U/ml) and 0.5% urea (163.62 ± 4.31 U/ml), respectively] and effect of surfactants [0.02 mg/ml Tween 80 (174.72 ± 4.48 U/ml)]. Furthermore, A. veronii CMF exhibited significant enzyme production like serine protease (15.22 ± 0.563 U/ml), aspartate protease (33.16 ± 0.762 U/ml) and collagenase (17.26 ± 0.626 U/ml). Genomic information and results of physio-biochemical assays indicate its cost-effective potential use in different enzyme-industry.
Collapse
|
14
|
Holstein JM, Gylstorff C, Hollfelder F. Cell-free Directed Evolution of a Protease in Microdroplets at Ultrahigh Throughput. ACS Synth Biol 2021; 10:252-257. [PMID: 33502841 PMCID: PMC7901014 DOI: 10.1021/acssynbio.0c00538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
![]()
Compartmentalization
of single genes in water-in-oil emulsion droplets
is a powerful approach to create millions of reactors for enzyme library
selections. When these droplets are formed at ultrahigh throughput
in microfluidic devices, their perfect monodispersity allows quantitative
enzyme assays with a high precision readout. However, despite its
potential for high quality cell-free screening experiments, previous
demonstrations of enrichment have never been successfully followed
up by actual enzyme library selections in monodisperse microfluidic
droplets. Here we develop a three-step workflow separating three previously
incompatible steps that thus far could not be carried out at once:
first droplet-compartmentalized DNA is amplified by rolling circle
amplification; only after completion of this step are reagents for in vitro protein expression and, finally, substrate added
via picoinjection. The segmented workflow is robust enough to allow
the first in vitro evolution in droplets, improving
the protease Savinase that is toxic to E. coli for
higher activity and identifying a 5-fold faster enzyme.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Josephin M. Holstein
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, 80 Tennis Court Road, Cambridge, CB2 1GA, U.K
| | - Christian Gylstorff
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, 80 Tennis Court Road, Cambridge, CB2 1GA, U.K
| | - Florian Hollfelder
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, 80 Tennis Court Road, Cambridge, CB2 1GA, U.K
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Wang K, Liu X, Qi T, Hui Y, Yan H, Qu L, Lan X, Pan C. Whole-genome sequencing to identify candidate genes for litter size and to uncover the variant function in goats (Capra hircus). Genomics 2020; 113:142-150. [PMID: 33276007 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygeno.2020.11.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Revised: 10/28/2020] [Accepted: 11/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
To select candidate genes for goat prolificacy, we managed six multi- and six single-kid female goats at the same feeding level and in the same management mode over a 4-year period. These goats showed stable differences in litter size over five continuous parturition records. Whole-genome re-sequencing was used in all 12 to select candidate genes, namely, AURKA, ENDOG, SOX2, RORA, GJA10, RXFP2, CDC25C, and NANOS3, by the strength of their differentiation signals. Most of the selected genes were enriched in the coiled coil process and ovarian development, which suggests that the coiled coil process has a potential regulatory effect on fecundity. Detection of the distribution of variants and association analyses with litter size in 400 goats showed that NANOS3 exon mutations may lead to a transformation of the protein structure. The variation in CDC25C, ENDOG, and NANOS3 showed a significant association with litter size. These results can contribute to the improvement of reproduction traits in the artificial breeding of goats.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ke Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Shaanxi Province, Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling 712100, PR China
| | - Xinfeng Liu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Shaanxi Province, Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling 712100, PR China
| | - Tang Qi
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Shaanxi Province, Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling 712100, PR China
| | - Yiqing Hui
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Shaanxi Province, Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling 712100, PR China
| | - Hailong Yan
- Department of Neurology, Institute of Brain Science, Medical School, Shanxi Datong University, Datong 037000, China
| | - Lei Qu
- Life Science Research Center, Yulin University, Shaanxi Provincial Engineering and Technology Research Center of Cashmere Goats, Yulin 719000, China
| | - Xianyong Lan
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Shaanxi Province, Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling 712100, PR China.
| | - Chuanying Pan
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Shaanxi Province, Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling 712100, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Sun J, Li P, Liu Z, Huang W, Mao X. A novel thermostable serine protease from a metagenomic library derived from marine sediments in the East China Sea. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2020; 104:9229-9238. [PMID: 32965562 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-020-10879-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2020] [Revised: 08/07/2020] [Accepted: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Thermal activity and stability are important characteristics for proteases applied in the detergent, pharmaceutical, food, and other green industries. With the intent to discover thermostable novel proteases, we constructed a fosmid metagenomic library from marine sediments in the East China Sea and isolated a clone endowed with high proteolytic activity from this library. Sequence analysis of the positive subclones allowed the identification of a coding region of 1254 bp related to protease activity. The unrooted phylogenetic tree and alignment results revealed that the sequence might be derived from Anaerolineaceae bacterium and encodes a new member of the peptidase S8A subfamily with the typical catalytic triad Asp119/His150/Ser325. The fusion protein, named pF1AL2, was expressed in Escherichia coli and showed a molecular weight of 35 kDa. pF1AL2 was active in the pH range of 5.0-11.0 with an optimal pH at 10.0 and had high stability under alkaline conditions, retaining more than 95% of its activity after 24 h at pH 11.0. The optimal temperature of pF1AL2 was 80 °C, and it retained nearly 80% of its activity after 6 h at 70 °C, showing great thermal activity and stability. In addition, the enzyme had great salt tolerance (the residual activity when kept in 3 M NaCl was 40%). Its thermal activity and stability, along with its halotolerance and pH-tolerance, indicate the high potential value of pF1AL2 in industrial applications. The exploitation of pF1AL2 could lay the foundation for the development and utilization of proteases with special features from marine resources by a metagenomic strategy. KEY POINTS: • A novel protease, pF1AL2, from marine sediments, was screened out by a metagenomic strategy. • The protease pF1AL2 analyzed in silico, cloned, and characterized. • pF1AL2 had an optimal temperature of 80 °C and retained nearly 80% of activity after 6 h at 70 °C. • pF1AL2 had great tolerance for high-temperature and acid, alkaline, and high salt environments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jianan Sun
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Ping Li
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Zhen Liu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Wencan Huang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Xiangzhao Mao
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China. .,Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts of Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266237, China.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Li F, Dong J, Lv X, Wen Y, Chen S. Recombinant expression and characterization of two glycoside hydrolases from extreme alklinphilic bacterium Cellulomonas bogoriensis 69B4 T. AMB Express 2020; 10:44. [PMID: 32157462 PMCID: PMC7064699 DOI: 10.1186/s13568-020-00979-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2020] [Accepted: 02/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Two novel glycoside hydrolases were cloned from the genomic DNA of alklinphilic bacterium Cellulomonas bogoriensis 69B4T and functionally expressed in Escherichia coli. The two enzymes shared less than 73% of identities with other known glycosidases and belonged to glycoside hydrolase families 5 and 9. Recombinant Cel5A exhibited optimum activity at pH 5.0 and at a temperature of 70 °C, and Cel9A showed optimum activity at pH 7.0 and at a temperature of 60 °C. The two enzymes exhibited activity at alkaline pH 11 and were stable over a wide range of pH. The maximum activities of Cel5A and Cel9A were observed in 0.5 M NaCl and 1 M KCl, respectively. In addition, these two enzymes exhibited excellent halostability with residual activities of more than 70% after pre-incubation for 6 days in 5 M NaCl or 4 M KCl. Substrate specificity analysis revealed that Cel5A and Cel9A specifically cleaved the β-1,4-glycosidic linkage in cellulose with the highest activity on carboxymethyl cellulose sodium (78.3 and 145.3 U/mg, respectively). Cel5A is an endoglucanase, whereas Cel9A exhibits endo and exo activities. As alkali-activated, thermo-tolerant, and salt-tolerant cellulases, Cel5A and Cel9A are promising candidates for further research and industrial applications.
Collapse
|
18
|
Razzaq A, Shamsi S, Ali A, Ali Q, Sajjad M, Malik A, Ashraf M. Microbial Proteases Applications. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2019; 7:110. [PMID: 31263696 PMCID: PMC6584820 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2019.00110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 170] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2019] [Accepted: 05/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of chemicals around the globe in different industries has increased tremendously, affecting the health of people. The modern world intends to replace these noxious chemicals with environmental friendly products for the betterment of life on the planet. Establishing enzymatic processes in spite of chemical processes has been a prime objective of scientists. Various enzymes, specifically microbial proteases, are the most essentially used in different corporate sectors, such as textile, detergent, leather, feed, waste, and others. Proteases with respect to physiological and commercial roles hold a pivotal position. As they are performing synthetic and degradative functions, proteases are found ubiquitously, such as in plants, animals, and microbes. Among different producers of proteases, Bacillus sp. are mostly commercially exploited microbes for proteases. Proteases are successfully considered as an alternative to chemicals and an eco-friendly indicator for nature or the surroundings. The evolutionary relationship among acidic, neutral, and alkaline proteases has been analyzed based on their protein sequences, but there remains a lack of information that regulates the diversity in their specificity. Researchers are looking for microbial proteases as they can tolerate harsh conditions, ways to prevent autoproteolytic activity, stability in optimum pH, and substrate specificity. The current review focuses on the comparison among different proteases and the current problems faced during production and application at the industrial level. Deciphering these issues would enable us to promote microbial proteases economically and commercially around the world.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Abdul Razzaq
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Key Laboratory of Biological and Genetic Breeding of Cotton, The Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, China
| | - Sadia Shamsi
- School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition, The Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
| | - Arfan Ali
- 1-FB, Genetics, Four Brothers Group, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Qurban Ali
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Sajjad
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Arif Malik
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Ashraf
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Calderon D, Peña L, Suarez A, Villamil C, Ramirez-Rojas A, Anzola JM, García-Betancur JC, Cepeda ML, Uribe D, Del Portillo P, Mongui A. Recovery and functional validation of hidden soil enzymes in metagenomic libraries. Microbiologyopen 2019; 8:e00572. [PMID: 30851083 PMCID: PMC6460280 DOI: 10.1002/mbo3.572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2017] [Revised: 11/01/2017] [Accepted: 11/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The vast microbial diversity on the planet represents an invaluable source for identifying novel activities with potential industrial and therapeutic application. In this regard, metagenomics has emerged as a group of strategies that have significantly facilitated the analysis of DNA from multiple environments and has expanded the limits of known microbial diversity. However, the functional characterization of enzymes, metabolites, and products encoded by diverse microbial genomes is limited by the inefficient heterologous expression of foreign genes. We have implemented a pipeline that combines NGS and Sanger sequencing as a way to identify fosmids within metagenomic libraries. This strategy facilitated the identification of putative proteins, subcloning of targeted genes and preliminary characterization of selected proteins. Overall, the in silico approach followed by the experimental validation allowed us to efficiently recover the activity of previously hidden enzymes derived from agricultural soil samples. Therefore, the methodology workflow described herein can be applied to recover activities encoded by environmental DNA from multiple sources.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dayana Calderon
- Molecular Biotechnology Research Group, Corporación CorpoGen, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Luis Peña
- Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology - Hans Knöll Institute, Friedrich-Schiller Universität, Jena, Germany
| | - Angélica Suarez
- Molecular Biotechnology Research Group, Corporación CorpoGen, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Carolina Villamil
- Molecular Biotechnology Research Group, Corporación CorpoGen, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Adan Ramirez-Rojas
- Molecular Biotechnology Research Group, Corporación CorpoGen, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Juan M Anzola
- Computational Biology, Corporación CorpoGen, Bogotá, Colombia
| | | | - Martha L Cepeda
- Molecular Biotechnology Research Group, Corporación CorpoGen, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Daniel Uribe
- Biotechnology Institute, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá, Colombia
| | | | - Alvaro Mongui
- Molecular Biotechnology Research Group, Corporación CorpoGen, Bogotá, Colombia.,Department of Biological Sciences, Universidad de los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Ngara TR, Zhang H. Recent Advances in Function-based Metagenomic Screening. GENOMICS PROTEOMICS & BIOINFORMATICS 2018; 16:405-415. [PMID: 30597257 PMCID: PMC6411959 DOI: 10.1016/j.gpb.2018.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2017] [Revised: 01/05/2018] [Accepted: 01/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Metagenomes from uncultured microorganisms are rich resources for novel enzyme genes. The methods used to screen the metagenomic libraries fall into two categories, which are based on sequence or function of the enzymes. The sequence-based approaches rely on the known sequences of the target gene families. In contrast, the function-based approaches do not involve the incorporation of metagenomic sequencing data and, therefore, may lead to the discovery of novel gene sequences with desired functions. In this review, we discuss the function-based screening strategies that have been used in the identification of enzymes from metagenomes. Because of its simplicity, agar plate screening is most commonly used in the identification of novel enzymes with diverse functions. Other screening methods with higher sensitivity are also employed, such as microtiter plate screening. Furthermore, several ultra-high-throughput methods were developed to deal with large metagenomic libraries. Among these are the FACS-based screening, droplet-based screening, and the in vivo reporter-based screening methods. The application of these novel screening strategies has increased the chance for the discovery of novel enzyme genes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tanyaradzwa Rodgers Ngara
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, MOE Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Houjin Zhang
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, MOE Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics, Wuhan 430074, China.
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Shamim K, Sharma J, Mutnale M, Dubey SK, Mujawar S. Characterization of a metagenomic serine metalloprotease and molecular docking studies. Process Biochem 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2018.05.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
|
22
|
Westmann CA, Alves LDF, Silva-Rocha R, Guazzaroni ME. Mining Novel Constitutive Promoter Elements in Soil Metagenomic Libraries in Escherichia coli. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:1344. [PMID: 29973927 PMCID: PMC6019500 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.01344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2018] [Accepted: 05/31/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Although functional metagenomics has been widely employed for the discovery of genes relevant to biotechnology and biomedicine, its potential for assessing the diversity of transcriptional regulatory elements of microbial communities has remained poorly explored. Here, we experimentally mined novel constitutive promoter sequences in metagenomic libraries by combining a bi-directional reporter vector, high-throughput fluorescence assays and predictive computational methods. Through the expression profiling of fluorescent clones from two independent soil sample libraries, we have analyzed the regulatory dynamics of 260 clones with candidate promoters as a set of active metagenomic promoters in the host Escherichia coli. Through an in-depth analysis of selected clones, we were able to further explore the architecture of metagenomic fragments and to report the presence of multiple promoters per fragment with a dominant promoter driving the expression profile. These approaches resulted in the identification of 33 novel active promoters from metagenomic DNA originated from very diverse phylogenetic groups. The in silico and in vivo analysis of these individual promoters allowed the generation of a constitutive promoter consensus for exogenous sequences recognizable by E. coli in metagenomic studies. The results presented here demonstrates the potential of functional metagenomics for exploring environmental bacterial communities as a source of novel regulatory genetic parts to expand the toolbox for microbial engineering.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cauã A Westmann
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, FMRP, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Luana de Fátima Alves
- Department of Biology, FFCLRP, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil.,Department of Biochemistry, FMRP, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Rafael Silva-Rocha
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, FMRP, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Pawar VA, Prajapati AS, Akhani RC, Patel DH, Subramanian RB. Molecular and biochemical characterization of a thermostable keratinase from Bacillus altitudinis RBDV1. 3 Biotech 2018; 8:107. [PMID: 29430368 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-018-1130-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2017] [Accepted: 01/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
A thermostable keratinase designated as KBALT was purified from Bacillus altitudinis RBDV1 from a poultry farm in Gujarat, India. The molecular weight of the native KBALT (nKBALT) purified using ammonium sulfate and ion exchange and gel permeation chromatography with a 40% yield and 80-fold purification was estimated to be ~ 43 kDa. The gene for KBALT was successfully cloned, sequenced and expressed in Escherichia coli. Recombinant KBALT (rKBALT) when purified using a single step Ni-NTA His affinity chromatography achieved a yield of 38.20% and a 76.4-fold purification. Comparison of the deduced amino acid sequence of rKBALT with known proteases of Bacillus species and inhibitory effect of PMSF suggest that rKBALT was a subtilisin-like serine protease. Both native and rKBALT exhibited higher activity at 85 °C and pH 8.0 in the presence of Mg2+, Mn2+, Zn2+, Ba2+ and Fe3+ metal ions. Interestingly, 70% of their activity was retained at temperatures ranging from 35 to > 95 °C. The keratinolytic activity of both nKBALT and rKBALT was enhanced in the presence of reducing agents. They exhibited broad substrate specificity towards various protein substrates. KBALT was determined for its kinetic properties by calculating its Km (0.61 mg/ml) and Vmax (1673 U/mg/min) values. These results suggest KBALT as a robust and promising contender for enzymatic processing of keratinous wastes in waste processing plants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vishakha A Pawar
- 1P. G. Department Of Biosciences, Satellite Campus, Sardar Patel Maidaan, Bakrol-Vadtal Road, Sardar Patel University, P.O. Box No. 39, Vallabh Vidyanagar, Gujarat 388120 India
| | - Anil S Prajapati
- 1P. G. Department Of Biosciences, Satellite Campus, Sardar Patel Maidaan, Bakrol-Vadtal Road, Sardar Patel University, P.O. Box No. 39, Vallabh Vidyanagar, Gujarat 388120 India
| | - Rekha C Akhani
- 2Department of Biochemistry, P. D. Patel Institute of Applied Sciences, Charotar University of Science and Technology, Changa, Anand, Gujarat India
| | - Darshan H Patel
- 2Department of Biochemistry, P. D. Patel Institute of Applied Sciences, Charotar University of Science and Technology, Changa, Anand, Gujarat India
| | - R B Subramanian
- 1P. G. Department Of Biosciences, Satellite Campus, Sardar Patel Maidaan, Bakrol-Vadtal Road, Sardar Patel University, P.O. Box No. 39, Vallabh Vidyanagar, Gujarat 388120 India
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Yadav SK. Technological advances and applications of hydrolytic enzymes for valorization of lignocellulosic biomass. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2017; 245:1727-1739. [PMID: 28552567 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2017.05.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2017] [Revised: 05/10/2017] [Accepted: 05/11/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Hydrolytic enzymes are indispensable tools in the production of various foodstuffs, drugs, and consumables owing to their applications in almost every industrial process nowadays. One of the foremost areas of interest involving the use of hydrolytic enzymes is in the transformation of lignocellulosic biomass into value added products. However, limitations of the processes due to inadequate enzyme activity and stability with a narrow range of pH and temperature optima often limit their effective usage. The innovative technologies, involving manipulation of enzyme activity and stability through mutagenesis, genetic engineering and metagenomics lead to a major leap in all the fields using hydrolytic enzymes. This article provides recent advancement towards the isolation and use of microbes for lignocellulosic biomass utilisation, microbes producing the hydrolytic enzymes, the modern age technologies used to manipulate and enhance the hydrolytic enzyme activity and the applications of such enzymes in value added products development from lignocellulosic biomass.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sudesh Kumar Yadav
- Center of Innovative and Applied Bioprocessing (CIAB), Knowledge City, Sector-81, Mohali, India.
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Gong BL, Mao RQ, Xiao Y, Jia ML, Zhong XL, Liu Y, Xu PL, Li G. Improvement of enzyme activity and soluble expression of an alkaline protease isolated from oil-polluted mud flat metagenome by random mutagenesis. Enzyme Microb Technol 2017; 106:97-105. [DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2017.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2016] [Revised: 06/19/2017] [Accepted: 06/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
|
26
|
Metagenome Analysis: a Powerful Tool for Enzyme Bioprospecting. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2017; 183:636-651. [PMID: 28815469 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-017-2568-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2017] [Accepted: 07/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Microorganisms are found throughout every corner of nature, and vast number of microorganisms is difficult to cultivate by classical microbiological techniques. The advent of metagenomics has revolutionized the field of microbial biotechnology. Metagenomics allow the recovery of genetic material directly from environmental niches without any cultivation techniques. Currently, metagenomic tools are widely employed as powerful tools to isolate and identify enzymes with novel biocatalytic activities from the uncultivable component of microbial communities. The employment of next-generation sequencing techniques for metagenomics resulted in the generation of large sequence data sets derived from various environments, such as soil, the human body and ocean water. This review article describes the state-of-the-art techniques and tools in metagenomics and discusses the potential of metagenomic approaches for the bioprospecting of industrial enzymes from various environmental samples. We also describe the unusual novel enzymes discovered via metagenomic approaches and discuss the future prospects for metagenome technologies.
Collapse
|
27
|
Khalafalla AI, Al Eknah MM, Abdelaziz M, Ghoneim IM. A study on some reproductive disorders in dromedary camel herds in Saudi Arabia with special references to uterine infections and abortion. Trop Anim Health Prod 2017; 49:967-974. [PMID: 28364266 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-017-1284-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2016] [Accepted: 03/23/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Dromedary camels complaining from conception failure or abortion were investigated and their herders interviewed in Al Ahsa province, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA) during 2013 and 2015. The most important reproductive disorder according to the responders is uterine infection (60.2%) followed by obesity (22.3%) then physiological conditions (hormonal disturbances; 7.8%), adhesions (3.9%) and repeat breeders (2.9%). Of the camel herders, 78.6% reported previous occurrence of abortion in their herds and 46% reported abortion cases in the last season (2015/2016), while 21.4% reported no history of abortion. Most of the responders (97.1%) do not call a veterinarian for cases of abortion in their herds and 53.4% do not discard aborted materials. The majority of the herders (76.7%) deny that handling aborted materials or touching vaginal fluids can result in human infection, or replied they do not know. Uterine swab samples were collected and tested by PCR for seven potential pathogens and sera tested for antibodies against bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) and Brucella. Five pathogens were identified in infected uterine samples, namely Coxiella burnetii (36%), Campylobacter spp. (27%), Brucella spp. (17%), Salmonella spp. (13%), and Chlamydia spp. (7%). Sero-prevalence of Brucella and BVDV was 8.2 and 29.1% in overall sera, respectively, and varies with regard to the region. The findings of the present study demonstrate that reproductive disorders dominated by uterine infections and abortions are widespread in dromedary camels in KSA.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Abdelmalik I Khalafalla
- Camel Research Centre, King Faisal University, Al Ahsa, 31982, Saudi Arabia.
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Khartoum, P.O. Box 32, Shambat, Sudan.
- Veterinary Laboratories Division, Animal Wealth Sector, Abu Dhabi Food Control Authority, Abu Dhabi, P.O. Box 52150, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates.
| | - Marzook M Al Eknah
- Camel Research Centre, King Faisal University, Al Ahsa, 31982, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mahmoud Abdelaziz
- Department of Animal and Fishery Production Science, College of Agricultural and Food Sciences, King Faisal University, Al Ahsa, 31982, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Ibrahim M Ghoneim
- Department of Clinical Studies, College of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Resources, King Faisal University, Al Ahsa, 31982, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Devi SG, Fathima AA, Sanitha M, Iyappan S, Curtis WR, Ramya M. Expression and characterization of alkaline protease from the metagenomic library of tannery activated sludge. J Biosci Bioeng 2016; 122:694-700. [PMID: 27323930 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiosc.2016.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2016] [Revised: 05/24/2016] [Accepted: 05/30/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Metagenomics has the potential to facilitate the discovery of novel enzymes; however, to date, only a few alkaline proteases have been characterized from environmentally-sourced DNA. We report the identification and characterization of an alkaline serine protease designated as Prt1A from the metagenomic library of tannery activated sludge. Sequence analysis revealed that Prt1A is closely related to S8A family subtilisins with a catalytic triad of Asp143, His173, and Ser326. The putative protease gene (prt-1A) was subcloned in pET 28a (+) vector and overexpressed in Escherichia coli BL21(DE3)pLysS cells. This 38.8 KDa recombinant protease was purified to homogeneity by nickel affinity chromatography and exhibited optimal enzyme activity at elevated pH (11.0) and temperature (55°C). The enzyme activity was enhanced by the addition of 5 mM Ca2+ ions, and was stable in the presence of anionic detergent, oxidizing agent and various organic solvents. The enzyme displayed high affinity and catalytic efficiency for casein under standard assay conditions (Vmax = 279 U/mg/min, Km = 1.70 mg/mL) and was also compatible with commercial detergents. These results suggest that Prt1A protease could act as an efficient enzyme in various industrial applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Mary Sanitha
- Department of Genetic Engineering, SRM University, Tamilnadu 603203, India
| | - Sellamuthu Iyappan
- Department of Genetic Engineering, SRM University, Tamilnadu 603203, India
| | - Wayne R Curtis
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Mohandass Ramya
- Department of Genetic Engineering, SRM University, Tamilnadu 603203, India.
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Baweja M, Nain L, Kawarabayasi Y, Shukla P. Current Technological Improvements in Enzymes toward Their Biotechnological Applications. Front Microbiol 2016; 7:965. [PMID: 27379087 PMCID: PMC4909775 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.00965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2016] [Accepted: 06/03/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Enzymes from extremophiles are creating interest among researchers due to their unique properties and the enormous power of catalysis at extreme conditions. Since community demands are getting more intensified, therefore, researchers are applying various approaches viz. metagenomics to increase the database of extremophilic species. Furthermore, the innovations are being made in the naturally occurring enzymes utilizing various tools of recombinant DNA technology and protein engineering, which allows redesigning of the enzymes for its better fitment into the process. In this review, we discuss the biochemical constraints of psychrophiles during survival at the lower temperature. We summarize the current knowledge about the sources of such enzymes and their in vitro modification through mutagenesis to explore their biotechnological potential. Finally, we recap the microbial cell surface display to enhance the efficiency of the process in cost effective way.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mehak Baweja
- Enzyme Technology and Protein Bioinformatics Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak India
| | - Lata Nain
- Division of Microbiology, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi India
| | - Yutaka Kawarabayasi
- National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Tsukuba Japan
| | - Pratyoosh Shukla
- Enzyme Technology and Protein Bioinformatics Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak India
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Wani AH, Sharma M, Salwan R, Singh G, Chahota R, Verma S. Cloning, Expression, and Functional Characterization of Serine Protease Aprv2 from Virulent Isolate Dichelobacter nodosus of Indian Origin. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2016; 180:576-587. [PMID: 27168406 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-016-2117-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2015] [Accepted: 05/05/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
A gene encoding an extracellular protease from Dichelobacter nodosus was characterized and expressed in E. coli rosetta-gami (DE3). The nucleotide sequence analysis revealed an ORF of 1427 bp ecoding 475 amino acids long protein of calculated molecular weight 50.6 kDa and pI value 6.09. The phylogenetic analysis showed relatedness to subtilisin-like serine proteases of peptidase S8 family. The amino acid sequence analysis showed presence of N-terminal pre-peptide (1-23 aa), pro-peptide (24-160 aa), peptidase S8 domain (161-457 aa), and a C-terminal extension (458-475 aa). The gene harboring native signal peptide was expressed in pET-22b(+) for production of AprV2 recombinant protein. SDS-PAGE revealed the highest production of IPTG induced recombinant protein ∼37 kDa at 16 °C after 16 h. The purified protein after Ni-NTA affinity chromatography showed single protein band of ∼37 kDa which was also confirmed by the detection of blue coloured band of same size in Western blotting. The recombinant protein showed activity over broad temperature and pH range with optimum at 35 °C and pH 7.0. Similarly, the enzyme was stable over broad range 15-65 °C and 4-10 pH with maximum stability at 25 °C and pH 6. The activity of purified enzyme was also stimulated in the presence of Ca2+. The purified enzyme showed highest activity towards casein as compared to gelatin and BSA. These findings suggest AprV2 as an important candidate for industrial applications such as pharmaceuticals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aasim Habib Wani
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Dr. G.C. Negi-College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, CSK-Himachal Pradesh Agricultural University, Palampur, 176062, India
| | - Mandeep Sharma
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Dr. G.C. Negi-College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, CSK-Himachal Pradesh Agricultural University, Palampur, 176062, India
| | - Richa Salwan
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Dr. G.C. Negi-College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, CSK-Himachal Pradesh Agricultural University, Palampur, 176062, India
| | - Geetanjali Singh
- Department of Veterinary Physiology and Biochemistry, Dr. G.C. Negi-College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, CSK-Himachal Pradesh Agricultural University, Palampur, 176062, India
| | - Rajesh Chahota
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Dr. G.C. Negi-College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, CSK-Himachal Pradesh Agricultural University, Palampur, 176062, India
| | - Subhash Verma
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Dr. G.C. Negi-College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, CSK-Himachal Pradesh Agricultural University, Palampur, 176062, India.
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Extremophilic Proteases: Developments of Their Special Functions, Potential Resources and Biotechnological Applications. BIOTECHNOLOGY OF EXTREMOPHILES: 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-13521-2_14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
|
32
|
Metagenomics: Retrospect and Prospects in High Throughput Age. BIOTECHNOLOGY RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 2015:121735. [PMID: 26664751 PMCID: PMC4664791 DOI: 10.1155/2015/121735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2015] [Accepted: 10/26/2015] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, metagenomics has emerged as a powerful tool for mining of hidden microbial treasure in a culture independent manner. In the last two decades, metagenomics has been applied extensively to exploit concealed potential of microbial communities from almost all sorts of habitats. A brief historic progress made over the period is discussed in terms of origin of metagenomics to its current state and also the discovery of novel biological functions of commercial importance from metagenomes of diverse habitats. The present review also highlights the paradigm shift of metagenomics from basic study of community composition to insight into the microbial community dynamics for harnessing the full potential of uncultured microbes with more emphasis on the implication of breakthrough developments, namely, Next Generation Sequencing, advanced bioinformatics tools, and systems biology.
Collapse
|
33
|
Singh R, Chopra C, Gupta VK, Akhlaq B, Verma V, Rasool S. Purification and characterization of CHpro1, a thermotolerant, alkali-stable and oxidation-resisting protease of Chumathang hotspring. Sci Bull (Beijing) 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s11434-015-0834-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
34
|
Coughlan LM, Cotter PD, Hill C, Alvarez-Ordóñez A. Biotechnological applications of functional metagenomics in the food and pharmaceutical industries. Front Microbiol 2015; 6:672. [PMID: 26175729 PMCID: PMC4485178 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2015.00672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2015] [Accepted: 06/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Microorganisms are found throughout nature, thriving in a vast range of environmental conditions. The majority of them are unculturable or difficult to culture by traditional methods. Metagenomics enables the study of all microorganisms, regardless of whether they can be cultured or not, through the analysis of genomic data obtained directly from an environmental sample, providing knowledge of the species present, and allowing the extraction of information regarding the functionality of microbial communities in their natural habitat. Function-based screenings, following the cloning and expression of metagenomic DNA in a heterologous host, can be applied to the discovery of novel proteins of industrial interest encoded by the genes of previously inaccessible microorganisms. Functional metagenomics has considerable potential in the food and pharmaceutical industries, where it can, for instance, aid (i) the identification of enzymes with desirable technological properties, capable of catalyzing novel reactions or replacing existing chemically synthesized catalysts which may be difficult or expensive to produce, and able to work under a wide range of environmental conditions encountered in food and pharmaceutical processing cycles including extreme conditions of temperature, pH, osmolarity, etc; (ii) the discovery of novel bioactives including antimicrobials active against microorganisms of concern both in food and medical settings; (iii) the investigation of industrial and societal issues such as antibiotic resistance development. This review article summarizes the state-of-the-art functional metagenomic methods available and discusses the potential of functional metagenomic approaches to mine as yet unexplored environments to discover novel genes with biotechnological application in the food and pharmaceutical industries.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Paul D Cotter
- Teagasc Food Research Centre Cork, Ireland ; Alimentary Pharmabiotic Centre Cork, Ireland
| | - Colin Hill
- Alimentary Pharmabiotic Centre Cork, Ireland ; School of Microbiology, University College Cork Cork, Ireland
| | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Abstract
Metagenomics deals with the isolation of genetic material directly recovered from environmental samples. Metagenomics as an approach has emerged over the past two decades to elucidate a host of microbial communities inhabiting a specific niche with the goal of understanding their genetic diversity, population structure, and ecological role played by them. A number of new and novel molecules with significant functionalities and applications have been identified through this approach. In fact, many investigators are engaged in this field to unlock the untapped genetic resources with funding from governments sector. The sustainable economic future of modern industrialized societies requires the development of novel molecules, enzymes, processes, products, and applications. Metagenomics can also be applied to solve practical challenges in the field of medicine, agriculture, sustainability, and ecology. Metagenomics promises to provide new molecules and novel enzymes with diverse functions and enhanced features compared to the enzymes from the culturable microorganisms. Besides the application of metagenomics for unlocking novel biocatalysts from nature, it also has found applications in fields as diverse as bioremediation, personalized medicine, xenobiotic metabolism, and so forth.
Collapse
|
36
|
Morris LS, Marchesi JR. Current functional metagenomic approaches only expand the existing protease sequence space, but does not presently add any novelty to it. Curr Microbiol 2014; 70:19-26. [PMID: 25141963 DOI: 10.1007/s00284-014-0677-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2014] [Accepted: 07/03/2014] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Proteases are a fundamental function in many organisms and thus many ecosystems and yet they are rarely obtained in functional metagenomic screens. Here, we have isolated an active protease gene (M1-2; 613 amino acids) which resided in a 38.4 kb fosmid clone that showed a classical protease-positive phenotype. It was classified as a zinc-dependent metalloprotease, with the closest annotated sequence as a neutral protease from Collimonas fungivorans (62 % similarity and 72 % homology). Further characterisation showed that its optimum temperature and pH were 42 °C and 8.0, respectively. Activity was inhibited by EDTA, but inhibition started to be reversed by excess Zn(2+). A putative signal peptide was identified bioinformatically and this may be why this protease was successfully isolated using a functional metagenomic screen. Bioinformatic analysis shows that this does not represent a novel protease, but simply expands the current sequence space of known proteases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laura S Morris
- School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Museum Avenue, Cardiff, CF10 3AX, UK
| | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Biver S, Portetelle D, Vandenbol M. Characterization of a new oxidant-stable serine protease isolated by functional metagenomics. SPRINGERPLUS 2013; 2:410. [PMID: 24024096 PMCID: PMC3765597 DOI: 10.1186/2193-1801-2-410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2013] [Accepted: 08/26/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
A novel serine protease gene, SBcas3.3, was identified by functional screening of a forest-soil metagenomic library on agar plates supplemented with AZCL-casein. Overproduction in Escherichia coli revealed that the enzyme is produced as a 770-amino-acid precursor which is processed to a mature protease of ~55 kDa. The latter was purified by affinity chromatography for characterization with the azocasein substrate. The enzyme proved to be an alkaline protease showing maximal activity between pH 9 and 10 and at 50°C. Treatment with the chelating agent ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid irreversibly denatured the protease, whose stability was found to depend strictly on calcium ions. The enzyme appeared relatively resistant to denaturing and reducing agents, and its activity was enhanced in the presence of 10 ml/l nonionic detergent (Tween 20, Tween 80, or Triton X-100). Moreover, SBcas3.3 displayed oxidant stability, a feature particularly sought in the detergent and bleaching industries. SBcas3.3 was activated by hydrogen peroxide at concentrations up to 10 g/l and it still retained 30% of activity in 50 g/l H2O2.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Biver
- Unité de Microbiologie et Génomique, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, Université de Liège, Avenue Maréchal Juin 6, B-5030 Gembloux, Belgium
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Purification and characterization of a new alkaline serine protease from the thermophilic fungus Myceliophthora sp. Process Biochem 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2011.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
|