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Fowler A, Knaus KR, Khuu S, Khalilimeybodi A, Schenk S, Ward SR, Fry AC, Rangamani P, McCulloch AD. Network model of skeletal muscle cell signalling predicts differential responses to endurance and resistance exercise training. Exp Physiol 2024; 109:939-955. [PMID: 38643471 PMCID: PMC11140181 DOI: 10.1113/ep091712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2024] [Indexed: 04/22/2024]
Abstract
Exercise-induced muscle adaptations vary based on exercise modality and intensity. We constructed a signalling network model from 87 published studies of human or rodent skeletal muscle cell responses to endurance or resistance exercise in vivo or simulated exercise in vitro. The network comprises 259 signalling interactions between 120 nodes, representing eight membrane receptors and eight canonical signalling pathways regulating 14 transcriptional regulators, 28 target genes and 12 exercise-induced phenotypes. Using this network, we formulated a logic-based ordinary differential equation model predicting time-dependent molecular and phenotypic alterations following acute endurance and resistance exercises. Compared with nine independent studies, the model accurately predicted 18/21 (85%) acute responses to resistance exercise and 12/16 (75%) acute responses to endurance exercise. Detailed sensitivity analysis of differential phenotypic responses to resistance and endurance training showed that, in the model, exercise regulates cell growth and protein synthesis primarily by signalling via mechanistic target of rapamycin, which is activated by Akt and inhibited in endurance exercise by AMP-activated protein kinase. Endurance exercise preferentially activates inflammation via reactive oxygen species and nuclear factor κB signalling. Furthermore, the expected preferential activation of mitochondrial biogenesis by endurance exercise was counterbalanced in the model by protein kinase C in response to resistance training. This model provides a new tool for investigating cross-talk between skeletal muscle signalling pathways activated by endurance and resistance exercise, and the mechanisms of interactions such as the interference effects of endurance training on resistance exercise outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annabelle Fowler
- Department of BioengineeringUniversity of California SanDiegoLa JollaCaliforniaUSA
| | - Katherine R. Knaus
- Department of BioengineeringUniversity of California SanDiegoLa JollaCaliforniaUSA
| | - Stephanie Khuu
- Department of BioengineeringUniversity of California SanDiegoLa JollaCaliforniaUSA
| | - Ali Khalilimeybodi
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace EngineeringUniversity of California San DiegoLa JollaCaliforniaUSA
| | - Simon Schenk
- Department of Orthopaedic SurgeryUniversity of California San DiegoLa JollaCaliforniaUSA
| | - Samuel R. Ward
- Department of Orthopaedic SurgeryUniversity of California San DiegoLa JollaCaliforniaUSA
| | - Andrew C. Fry
- Department of Health, Sport and Exercise SciencesUniversity of KansasLawrenceKansasUSA
| | - Padmini Rangamani
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace EngineeringUniversity of California San DiegoLa JollaCaliforniaUSA
| | - Andrew D. McCulloch
- Department of BioengineeringUniversity of California SanDiegoLa JollaCaliforniaUSA
- Department of MedicineUniversity of California San DiegoLa JollaCaliforniaUSA
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Nunn AVW, Guy GW, Brysch W, Bell JD. Understanding Long COVID; Mitochondrial Health and Adaptation-Old Pathways, New Problems. Biomedicines 2022; 10:3113. [PMID: 36551869 PMCID: PMC9775339 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10123113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Revised: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Many people infected with the SARS-CoV-2 suffer long-term symptoms, such as "brain fog", fatigue and clotting problems. Explanations for "long COVID" include immune imbalance, incomplete viral clearance and potentially, mitochondrial dysfunction. As conditions with sub-optimal mitochondrial function are associated with initial severity of the disease, their prior health could be key in resistance to long COVID and recovery. The SARs virus redirects host metabolism towards replication; in response, the host can metabolically react to control the virus. Resolution is normally achieved after viral clearance as the initial stress activates a hormetic negative feedback mechanism. It is therefore possible that, in some individuals with prior sub-optimal mitochondrial function, the virus can "tip" the host into a chronic inflammatory cycle. This might explain the main symptoms, including platelet dysfunction. Long COVID could thus be described as a virally induced chronic and self-perpetuating metabolically imbalanced non-resolving state characterised by mitochondrial dysfunction, where reactive oxygen species continually drive inflammation and a shift towards glycolysis. This would suggest that a sufferer's metabolism needs to be "tipped" back using a stimulus, such as physical activity, calorie restriction, or chemical compounds that mimic these by enhancing mitochondrial function, perhaps in combination with inhibitors that quell the inflammatory response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alistair V. W. Nunn
- Research Centre for Optimal Health, Department of Life Sciences, University of Westminster, London W1W 6UW, UK
| | - Geoffrey W. Guy
- The Guy Foundation, Chedington Court, Beaminster, Dorset DT8 3HY, UK
| | | | - Jimmy D. Bell
- Research Centre for Optimal Health, Department of Life Sciences, University of Westminster, London W1W 6UW, UK
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Le Guen M, Chaté V, Hininger-Favier I, Laillet B, Morio B, Pieroni G, Schlattner U, Pison C, Dubouchaud H. A 9-wk docosahexaenoic acid-enriched supplementation improves endurance exercise capacity and skeletal muscle mitochondrial function in adult rats. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2016; 310:E213-24. [PMID: 26646102 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00468.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2014] [Accepted: 12/04/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Decline in skeletal muscle mass and function starts during adulthood. Among the causes, modifications of the mitochondrial function could be of major importance. Polyunsaturated fatty (ω-3) acids have been shown to play a role in intracellular functions. We hypothesize that docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) supplementation could improve muscle mitochondrial function that could contribute to limit the early consequences of aging on adult muscle. Twelve-month-old male Wistar rats were fed a low-polyunsaturated fat diet and were given DHA (DHA group) or placebo (control group) for 9 wk. Rats from the DHA group showed a higher endurance capacity (+56%, P < 0.05) compared with control animals. Permeabilized myofibers from soleus muscle showed higher O2 consumptions (P < 0.05) in the DHA group compared with the control group, with glutamate-malate as substrates, both in basal conditions (i.e., state 2) and under maximal conditions (i.e., state 3, using ADP), along with a higher apparent Km for ADP (P < 0.05). Calcium retention capacity of isolated mitochondria was lower in DHA group compared with the control group (P < 0.05). Phospho-AMPK/AMPK ratio and PPARδ mRNA content were higher in the DHA group compared with the control group (P < 0.05). Results showed that DHA enhanced endurance capacity in adult animals, a beneficial effect potentially resulting from improvement in mitochondrial function, as suggested by our results on permeabilized fibers. DHA supplementation could be of potential interest for the muscle function in adults and for fighting the decline in exercise tolerance with age that could imply energy-sensing pathway, as suggested by changes in phospho-AMPK/AMPK ratio.
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MESH Headings
- 3-Hydroxyacyl CoA Dehydrogenases/drug effects
- 3-Hydroxyacyl CoA Dehydrogenases/metabolism
- Animals
- Blotting, Western
- Calcium/metabolism
- Calorimetry, Indirect
- Cell Membrane/drug effects
- Cell Membrane/metabolism
- Cholesterol/metabolism
- Citrate (si)-Synthase/drug effects
- Citrate (si)-Synthase/metabolism
- Dietary Supplements
- Docosahexaenoic Acids/pharmacology
- Electron Transport/drug effects
- Exercise Tolerance/drug effects
- Hydrogen Peroxide/metabolism
- Male
- Mitochondria, Muscle/drug effects
- Mitochondria, Muscle/metabolism
- Muscle Fibers, Skeletal/drug effects
- Muscle Fibers, Skeletal/metabolism
- Muscle, Skeletal/drug effects
- Muscle, Skeletal/metabolism
- Oxygen Consumption/drug effects
- Phospholipids/metabolism
- Physical Conditioning, Animal
- Physical Endurance/drug effects
- RNA, Messenger/drug effects
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Rats
- Rats, Wistar
- Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Triglycerides/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Le Guen
- Université Grenoble Alpes, Laboratoire de Bioénergétique Fondamentale et Appliquée, U1055, Grenoble, France; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U1055, Grenoble, France
| | - Valérie Chaté
- Université Grenoble Alpes, Laboratoire de Bioénergétique Fondamentale et Appliquée, U1055, Grenoble, France; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U1055, Grenoble, France
| | - Isabelle Hininger-Favier
- Université Grenoble Alpes, Laboratoire de Bioénergétique Fondamentale et Appliquée, U1055, Grenoble, France; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U1055, Grenoble, France
| | - Brigitte Laillet
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Unité de Nutrition Humaine, UMR1019, Clermont-Ferrand, France; and Université d'Auvergne, Unité de Nutrition Humaine, UMR1019, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Béatrice Morio
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Unité de Nutrition Humaine, UMR1019, Clermont-Ferrand, France; and Université d'Auvergne, Unité de Nutrition Humaine, UMR1019, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | | | - Uwe Schlattner
- Université Grenoble Alpes, Laboratoire de Bioénergétique Fondamentale et Appliquée, U1055, Grenoble, France; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U1055, Grenoble, France
| | - Christophe Pison
- Université Grenoble Alpes, Laboratoire de Bioénergétique Fondamentale et Appliquée, U1055, Grenoble, France; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U1055, Grenoble, France
| | - Hervé Dubouchaud
- Université Grenoble Alpes, Laboratoire de Bioénergétique Fondamentale et Appliquée, U1055, Grenoble, France; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U1055, Grenoble, France;
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