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Kumar MA, Baba SK, Sadida HQ, Marzooqi SA, Jerobin J, Altemani FH, Algehainy N, Alanazi MA, Abou-Samra AB, Kumar R, Al-Shabeeb Akil AS, Macha MA, Mir R, Bhat AA. Extracellular vesicles as tools and targets in therapy for diseases. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2024; 9:27. [PMID: 38311623 PMCID: PMC10838959 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-024-01735-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2023] [Revised: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 12/24/2023] [Indexed: 02/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are nano-sized, membranous structures secreted into the extracellular space. They exhibit diverse sizes, contents, and surface markers and are ubiquitously released from cells under normal and pathological conditions. Human serum is a rich source of these EVs, though their isolation from serum proteins and non-EV lipid particles poses challenges. These vesicles transport various cellular components such as proteins, mRNAs, miRNAs, DNA, and lipids across distances, influencing numerous physiological and pathological events, including those within the tumor microenvironment (TME). Their pivotal roles in cellular communication make EVs promising candidates for therapeutic agents, drug delivery systems, and disease biomarkers. Especially in cancer diagnostics, EV detection can pave the way for early identification and offers potential as diagnostic biomarkers. Moreover, various EV subtypes are emerging as targeted drug delivery tools, highlighting their potential clinical significance. The need for non-invasive biomarkers to monitor biological processes for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes remains unfulfilled. Tapping into the unique composition of EVs could unlock advanced diagnostic and therapeutic avenues in the future. In this review, we discuss in detail the roles of EVs across various conditions, including cancers (encompassing head and neck, lung, gastric, breast, and hepatocellular carcinoma), neurodegenerative disorders, diabetes, viral infections, autoimmune and renal diseases, emphasizing the potential advancements in molecular diagnostics and drug delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mudasir A Kumar
- Watson-Crick Centre for Molecular Medicine, Islamic University of Science and Technology, Awantipora, Kashmir, 192122, India
| | - Sadaf K Baba
- Watson-Crick Centre for Molecular Medicine, Islamic University of Science and Technology, Awantipora, Kashmir, 192122, India
| | - Hana Q Sadida
- Department of Human Genetics-Precision Medicine in Diabetes, Obesity and Cancer Program, Sidra Medicine, Doha, Qatar
| | - Sara Al Marzooqi
- Department of Human Genetics-Precision Medicine in Diabetes, Obesity and Cancer Program, Sidra Medicine, Doha, Qatar
| | - Jayakumar Jerobin
- Qatar Metabolic Institute, Academic Health System, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
| | - Faisal H Altemani
- Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Prince Fahad Bin Sultan Chair for Biomedical Research, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, University of Tabuk, Tabuk, Saudi Arabia
| | - Naseh Algehainy
- Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Prince Fahad Bin Sultan Chair for Biomedical Research, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, University of Tabuk, Tabuk, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammad A Alanazi
- Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Prince Fahad Bin Sultan Chair for Biomedical Research, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, University of Tabuk, Tabuk, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdul-Badi Abou-Samra
- Qatar Metabolic Institute, Academic Health System, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
| | - Rakesh Kumar
- School of Biotechnology, Shri Mata Vaishno Devi University, Katra, India
| | - Ammira S Al-Shabeeb Akil
- Department of Human Genetics-Precision Medicine in Diabetes, Obesity and Cancer Program, Sidra Medicine, Doha, Qatar
| | - Muzafar A Macha
- Watson-Crick Centre for Molecular Medicine, Islamic University of Science and Technology, Awantipora, Kashmir, 192122, India
| | - Rashid Mir
- Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Prince Fahad Bin Sultan Chair for Biomedical Research, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, University of Tabuk, Tabuk, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Ajaz A Bhat
- Department of Human Genetics-Precision Medicine in Diabetes, Obesity and Cancer Program, Sidra Medicine, Doha, Qatar.
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Michael BNR, Mariaselvam CM, Kavadichanda CG, Negi VS. Synovial-fluid-derived microparticles express vimentin and GRP78 in their surface and exhibit an in vitro stimulatory effect on fibroblast-like synoviocytes in rheumatoid arthritis. Int J Rheum Dis 2023; 26:2183-2194. [PMID: 37695005 DOI: 10.1111/1756-185x.14912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Revised: 08/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 09/12/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To investigate the hypothesis that microparticles (MP) may be a source of autoantigens and drive disease progression in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) synovium. METHODS Synovial fluid (SF) was collected from the knee joints of 41 disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drug-naive RA patients and 30 osteoarthritis (OA) patients. Samples were stained with either anti-vimentin-AlexaFluor-488 or anti-glucose-regulated protein-78-Dylight-488 (GRP78) and Annexin-V-allophycocyanin for flow cytometry analysis. RA and OA fibroblast-like synoviocytes (FLS) were co-cultured with respective SF-derived MP in vitro for 24 h. Supernatant and cell-free SF was assayed for pro-inflammatory analytes by multiplex assays. RESULTS Elevated percentages of AnnexinV+ Vimentin+ MP (median 0.8, interquartile range [IQR] 1.30) and AnnexinV+ GRP78+ MP (median 0.3, IQR 0.28) were present in RA compared with OA patients. We observed that CXCL6 and CCL8 were secreted in excess by RA-FLS stimulated with RA-SF-MP but not by stimulation with MP-free RA-SF. CONCLUSIONS Microparticles express vimentin and GRP78 on their surface and stimulate synoviocytes to produce inflammatory molecules, thus sustaining local inflammation in the synovium in RA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benita Nancy Reni Michael
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research (JIPMER), Pondicherry, India
| | - Christina Mary Mariaselvam
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research (JIPMER), Pondicherry, India
| | - Chengappa G Kavadichanda
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research (JIPMER), Pondicherry, India
| | - Vir Singh Negi
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research (JIPMER), Pondicherry, India
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3
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Varela L, van de Lest CHA, Boere J, Libregts SFWM, Lozano-Andrés E, van Weeren PR, Wauben MHM. Acute joint inflammation induces a sharp increase in the number of synovial fluid EVs and modifies their phospholipid profile. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2023; 1868:159367. [PMID: 37473834 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2023.159367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2023] [Revised: 07/12/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 07/22/2023]
Abstract
Inflammation is the hallmark of most joint disorders. However, the precise regulation of induction, perpetuation, and resolution of joint inflammation is not entirely understood. Since extracellular vesicles (EVs) are critical for intercellular communication, we aim to unveil their role in these processes. Here, we investigated the EVs' dynamics and phospholipidome profile from synovial fluid (SF) of healthy equine joints and from horses with lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced synovitis. LPS injection triggered a sharp increase of SF-EVs at 5-8 h post-injection, which started to decline at 24 h post-injection. Importantly, we identified significant changes in the lipid profile of SF-EVs after synovitis induction. Compared to healthy joint-derived SF-EVs (0 h), SF-EVs collected at 5, 24, and 48 h post-LPS injection were strongly increased in hexosylceramides. At the same time, phosphatidylserine, phosphatidylcholine, and sphingomyelin were decreased in SF-EVs at 5 h and 24 h post-LPS injection. Based on the lipid changes during acute inflammation, we composed specific lipid profiles associated with healthy and inflammatory state-derived SF-EVs. The sharp increase in SF-EVs during acute synovitis and the correlation of specific lipids with either healthy or inflamed states-derived SF-EVs are findings of potential interest for unveiling the role of SF-EVs in joint inflammation, as well as for the identification of EV-biomarkers of joint inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Varela
- Division Equine Sciences, Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands; Division Cell Biology, Metabolism & Cancer, Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Chris H A van de Lest
- Division Equine Sciences, Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands; Division Cell Biology, Metabolism & Cancer, Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Janneke Boere
- Division Equine Sciences, Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands; Department of Orthopaedics, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Sten F W M Libregts
- Division Cell Biology, Metabolism & Cancer, Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Estefanía Lozano-Andrés
- Division Cell Biology, Metabolism & Cancer, Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands; Division of Infectious Diseases & Immunology, Department Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - P René van Weeren
- Division Equine Sciences, Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Marca H M Wauben
- Division Cell Biology, Metabolism & Cancer, Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands.
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4
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Liu D, Xiao WF, Li YS. The Diagnostic and Prognostic Value of Synovial Fluid Analysis in Joint Diseases. Methods Mol Biol 2023; 2695:295-308. [PMID: 37450127 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3346-5_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
Liquid biopsy is an emergent test method for the diagnosis and prognosis in the clinic. Joint fluid, also known as synovial fluid, contains a variety of bioactive constituents that can be selectively detected and further evaluated in a convenient fashion. Therefore, synovial fluid analysis functions as a specific form of liquid biopsy and plays a vital role in numerous joint diseases. In spite of the component analysis of aspirated synovial fluid beingconsidered as the gold standard for diagnosis of joint infections, biopsy of joint fluid benefits the initial diagnosis and long-term prognosis of degenerative, inflammatory, autoimmune, traumatic, congenital, and even neoplastic joint diseases. The convenience and accuracy for disease evaluation are significantly elevated as a result of the combination of synovial fluid analysis and other novel clinical technologies. In this review, we shed light on the latent role of synovial fluid in the diagnosis and prognosis of articular diseases and proposed future prospects for relevant research in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Di Liu
- Department of Orthopaedics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Wen-Feng Xiao
- Department of Orthopaedics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Yu-Sheng Li
- Department of Orthopaedics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.
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5
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Yang B, Li X, Fu C, Cai W, Meng B, Qu Y, Kou X, Zhang Q. Extracellular vesicles in osteoarthritis of peripheral joint and temporomandibular joint. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2023; 14:1158744. [PMID: 36950682 PMCID: PMC10025484 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1158744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Osteoarthritis (OA) is a disabling disease with significant morbidity worldwide. OA attacks the large synovial joint, including the peripheral joints and temporomandibular joint (TMJ). As a representative of peripheral joint OA, knee OA shares similar symptoms with TMJ OA. However, these two joints also display differences based on their distinct development, anatomy, and physiology. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are phospholipid bilayer nanoparticles, including exosomes, microvesicles, and apoptotic bodies. EVs contain proteins, lipids, DNA, micro-RNA, and mRNA that regulate tissue homeostasis and cell-to-cell communication, which play an essential role in the progression and treatment of OA. They are likely to partake in mechanical response, extracellular matrix degradation, and inflammatory regulation during OA. More evidence has shown that synovial fluid and synovium-derived EVs may serve as OA biomarkers. More importantly, mesenchymal stem cell-derived EV shows a therapeutic effect on OA. However, the different function of EVs in these two joints is largely unknown based on their distinct biological characteristic. Here, we reviewed the effects of EVs in OA progression and compared the difference between the knee joint and TMJ, and summarized their potential therapeutic role in the treatment of OA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benyi Yang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology Hospital of Stomatology, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, South China Center of Craniofacial Stem Cell Research, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xin Li
- Department of Temporomandibular Joint, Affiliated Stomatology Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Basic and Applied Research of Oral Regenerative Medicine, Guangdong Engineering Research Center of Oral Restoration and Reconstruction, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chaoran Fu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology Hospital of Stomatology, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, South China Center of Craniofacial Stem Cell Research, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wenyi Cai
- Department of Temporomandibular Joint, Affiliated Stomatology Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Basic and Applied Research of Oral Regenerative Medicine, Guangdong Engineering Research Center of Oral Restoration and Reconstruction, Guangzhou, China
| | - Bowen Meng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology Hospital of Stomatology, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, South China Center of Craniofacial Stem Cell Research, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yan Qu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology Hospital of Stomatology, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, South China Center of Craniofacial Stem Cell Research, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoxing Kou
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology Hospital of Stomatology, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, South China Center of Craniofacial Stem Cell Research, Guangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Qingbin Zhang, ; Xiaoxing Kou,
| | - Qingbin Zhang
- Department of Temporomandibular Joint, Affiliated Stomatology Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Basic and Applied Research of Oral Regenerative Medicine, Guangdong Engineering Research Center of Oral Restoration and Reconstruction, Guangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Qingbin Zhang, ; Xiaoxing Kou,
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Fatty Acid Fingerprints and Hyaluronic Acid in Extracellular Vesicles from Proliferating Human Fibroblast-like Synoviocytes. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23105613. [PMID: 35628422 PMCID: PMC9146557 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23105613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Revised: 04/28/2022] [Accepted: 05/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) function as conveyors of fatty acids (FAs) and other bioactive lipids and can modulate the gene expression and behavior of target cells. EV lipid composition influences the fluidity and stability of EV membranes and reflects the availability of lipid mediator precursors. Fibroblast-like synoviocytes (FLSs) secrete EVs that transport hyaluronic acid (HA). FLSs play a central role in inflammation, pannus formation, and cartilage degradation in joint diseases, and EVs have recently emerged as potential mediators of these effects. The aim of the present study was to follow temporal changes in HA and EV secretion by normal FLSs, and to characterize the FA profiles of FLSs and EVs during proliferation. The methods used included nanoparticle tracking analysis, confocal laser scanning microscopy, sandwich-type enzyme-linked sorbent assay, quantitative PCR, and gas chromatography. The expression of hyaluronan synthases 1-3 in FLSs and HA concentrations in conditioned media decreased during cell proliferation. This was associated with elevated proportions of 20:4n-6 and total n-6 polyunsaturated FAs (PUFAs) in high-density cells, reductions in n-3/n-6 PUFA ratios, and up-regulation of cluster of differentiation 44, tumor necrosis factor α, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)-α, and PPAR-γ. Compared to the parent FLSs, 16:0, 18:0, and 18:1n-9 were enriched in the EV fraction. EV counts decreased during cell growth, and 18:2n-6 in EVs correlated with the cell count. To conclude, FLS proliferation was featured by increased 20:4n-6 proportions and reduced n-3/n-6 PUFA ratios, and FAs with a low degree of unsaturation were selectively transferred from FLSs into EVs. These FA modifications have the potential to affect membrane fluidity, biosynthesis of lipid mediators, and inflammatory processes in joints, and could eventually provide tools for translational studies to counteract cartilage degradation in inflammatory joint diseases.
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7
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Rother N, Yanginlar C, Pieterse E, Hilbrands L, van der Vlag J. Microparticles in Autoimmunity: Cause or Consequence of Disease? Front Immunol 2022; 13:822995. [PMID: 35514984 PMCID: PMC9065258 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.822995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Microparticles (MPs) are small (100 nm - 1 um) extracellular vesicles derived from the plasma membrane of dying or activated cells. MPs are important mediators of intercellular communication, transporting proteins, nucleic acids and lipids from the parent cell to other cells. MPs resemble the state of their parent cells and are easily accessible when released into the blood or urine. MPs also play a role in the pathogenesis of different diseases and are considered as potential biomarkers. MP isolation and characterization is technically challenging and results in different studies are contradictory. Therefore, uniform guidelines to isolate and characterize MPs should be developed. Our understanding of MP biology and how MPs play a role in different pathological mechanisms has greatly advanced in recent years. MPs, especially if derived from apoptotic cells, possess strong immunogenic properties due to the presence of modified proteins and nucleic acids. MPs are often found in patients with autoimmune diseases where MPs for example play a role in the break of immunological tolerance and/or induction of inflammatory conditions. In this review, we describe the main techniques to isolate and characterize MPs, define the characteristics of MPs generated during cell death, illustrate different mechanism of intercellular communication via MPs and summarize the role of MPs in pathological mechanisms with a particular focus on autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nils Rother
- Department of Nephrology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Cansu Yanginlar
- Department of Nephrology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Elmar Pieterse
- Department of Nephrology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Luuk Hilbrands
- Department of Nephrology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Johan van der Vlag
- Department of Nephrology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
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8
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Beck S, Hochreiter B, Schmid JA. Extracellular Vesicles Linking Inflammation, Cancer and Thrombotic Risks. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:859863. [PMID: 35372327 PMCID: PMC8970602 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.859863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) being defined as lipid-bilayer encircled particles are released by almost all known mammalian cell types and represent a heterogenous set of cell fragments that are found in the blood circulation and all other known body fluids. The current nomenclature distinguishes mainly three forms: microvesicles, which are formed by budding from the plasma membrane; exosomes, which are released, when endosomes with intraluminal vesicles fuse with the plasma membrane; and apoptotic bodies representing fragments of apoptotic cells. Their importance for a great variety of biological processes became increasingly evident in the last decade when it was discovered that they contribute to intercellular communication by transferring nucleotides and proteins to recipient cells. In this review, we delineate several aspects of their isolation, purification, and analysis; and discuss some pitfalls that have to be considered therein. Further on, we describe various cellular sources of EVs and explain with different examples, how they link cancer and inflammatory conditions with thrombotic processes. In particular, we elaborate on the roles of EVs in cancer-associated thrombosis and COVID-19, representing two important paradigms, where local pathological processes have systemic effects in the whole organism at least in part via EVs. Finally, we also discuss possible developments of the field in the future and how EVs might be used as biomarkers for diagnosis, and as vehicles for therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Beck
- Institute of Vascular Biology and Thrombosis Research, Center for Physiology and Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Institute of Experimental Biomedicine, University Hospital Würzburg and Rudolf Virchow Center for Integrative and Translational Bioimaging, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
- *Correspondence: Sarah Beck, ; Johannes A. Schmid,
| | - Bernhard Hochreiter
- Institute of Vascular Biology and Thrombosis Research, Center for Physiology and Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Johannes A. Schmid
- Institute of Vascular Biology and Thrombosis Research, Center for Physiology and Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- *Correspondence: Sarah Beck, ; Johannes A. Schmid,
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Alghamdi M, Alamry SA, Bahlas SM, Uversky VN, Redwan EM. Circulating extracellular vesicles and rheumatoid arthritis: a proteomic analysis. Cell Mol Life Sci 2021; 79:25. [PMID: 34971426 PMCID: PMC11072894 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-021-04020-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Revised: 10/28/2021] [Accepted: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Circulating extracellular vesicles (EVs) are membrane-bound nanoparticles secreted by most cells for intracellular communication and transportation of biomolecules. EVs carry proteins, lipids, nucleic acids, and receptors that are involved in human physiology and pathology. EV cargo is variable and highly related to the type and state of the cellular origin. Three subtypes of EVs have been identified: exosomes, microvesicles, and apoptotic bodies. Exosomes are the smallest and the most well-studied class of EVs that regulate different biological processes and participate in several diseases, such as cancers and autoimmune diseases. Proteomic analysis of exosomes succeeded in profiling numerous types of proteins involved in disease development and prognosis. In rheumatoid arthritis (RA), exosomes revealed a potential function in joint inflammation. These EVs possess a unique function, as they can transfer specific autoantigens and mediators between distant cells. Current proteomic data demonstrated that exosomes could provide beneficial effects against autoimmunity and exert an immunosuppressive action, particularly in RA. Based on these observations, effective therapeutic strategies have been developed for arthritis and other inflammatory disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Alghamdi
- Biological Sciences Department, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 80203, Jeddah, 21589, Saudi Arabia
- Laboratory Department, University Medical Services Center, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 80200, Jeddah, 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sultan Abdulmughni Alamry
- Immunology Diagnostic Laboratory Department, King Abdulaziz University Hospital, P.O Box 80215, Jeddah, 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sami M Bahlas
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 80215, Jeddah, 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Vladimir N Uversky
- Biological Sciences Department, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 80203, Jeddah, 21589, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Molecular Medicine and USF Health Byrd Alzheimer's Research Institute, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Elrashdy M Redwan
- Biological Sciences Department, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 80203, Jeddah, 21589, Saudi Arabia.
- Therapeutic and Protective Proteins Laboratory, Protein Research Department, Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology Research Institute, City for Scientific Research and Technology Applications, New Borg EL-Arab, 21934, Alexandria, Egypt.
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10
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Yao X, Wang Q, Zeng P, Hou L, Yang Y, Lu D, Huang Y, Ning Q, Xu H, Cao Y, Tang F, An Y, Zhou J, Huang W, Ma W. LncRNA HOTTIP from synovial fibroblast-derived exosomes: A novel molecular target for rheumatoid arthritis through the miR-1908-5p/STAT3 axis. Exp Cell Res 2021; 409:112943. [PMID: 34808131 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2021.112943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2021] [Revised: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic inflammation mediated by autoimmune responses. HOTTIP, a long noncoding RNA (lncRNA), participates in cell proliferation and invasion. However, the correlation between HOTTIP and RA remains unclear. Therefore, this study aimed to clarify how HOTTIP works in RA and to investigate its role in the development of RA. Flow cytometry was used to analyze cell cycle progression. Binding between HOTTIP, signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) and miR-1908-5p was demonstrated by dual-luciferase assays. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) was used to measure the expression of T cell differentiation-related proteins. We found that HOTTIP was upregulated in rheumatoid arthritis synovial fibroblasts (RASFs). HOTTIP directly bound to miR-1908-5p and negatively modulated miR-1908-5p expression while positively regulating STAT3. The effects of HOTTIP overexpression on regulating the balance of the Th17/Treg cell ratio were partly reversed by miR-1908-5p overexpression. In addition, in vivo experiments demonstrated that overexpression of HOTTIP aggravated inflammation in RA mice, which was demonstrated by hematoxylin and eosin (HE) staining and the increased expression levels of CD4+ interleukin (IL)-17+, forkhead Box P3 (FOXP3) and retinoid-related orphan receptor gamma-t (RORγt). In summary, our study suggests that HOTTIP plays a damaging role in RA by promoting inflammation, which may be related to the regulation of miR-1908-5p expression and the STAT3 signaling pathway. These results suggest that the regulation of HOTTIP may be a promising therapeutic strategy for RA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueming Yao
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fei Shan Street, Guiyang 550003, China
| | - Qiuyi Wang
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fei Shan Street, Guiyang 550003, China
| | - Ping Zeng
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fei Shan Street, Guiyang 550003, China
| | - Lei Hou
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fei Shan Street, Guiyang 550003, China
| | - Yutao Yang
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fei Shan Street, Guiyang 550003, China
| | - Daoming Lu
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fei Shan Street, Guiyang 550003, China
| | - Ying Huang
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fei Shan Street, Guiyang 550003, China
| | - Qiaoyi Ning
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fei Shan Street, Guiyang 550003, China
| | - Hui Xu
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fei Shan Street, Guiyang 550003, China
| | - Yuepeng Cao
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fei Shan Street, Guiyang 550003, China
| | - Fang Tang
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fei Shan Street, Guiyang 550003, China
| | - Yang An
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fei Shan Street, Guiyang 550003, China
| | - Jing Zhou
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fei Shan Street, Guiyang 550003, China
| | - Weichen Huang
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fei Shan Street, Guiyang 550003, China.
| | - Wukai Ma
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fei Shan Street, Guiyang 550003, China.
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11
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Abstract
Exosomes are extracellular vesicles (EVs) released from cells that are a part of many biological and pathological processes, especially in intercellular communication. These vesicles are involved cell signaling, influence tissue and immune response, and serve as biomarkers for diseases. Most interesting are the exosomes that are released from mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) for inflammation in joint diseases. Preliminary studies have demonstrated the advantages of using EVs rather than MSCs for cell free therapy. Research on exosomes have shown promising results as biomarkers for tracking the pathogenesis and prognosis of inflammatory arthritis. Therapeutically, animal studies have demonstrated immunosuppression, reversing inflammation, increasing chondrocyte proliferation, and drug delivery properties. The field of exosomes continues to develop and more basic science and clinical studies with safety and efficacy studies are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- William Fang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Keck
School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - C. Thomas Vangsness
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Keck
School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA,C. Thomas Vangsness Jr., Department of
Orthopaedic Surgery, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California,
1520 San Pablo Street 2000, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA.
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12
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Farah H, Young SP, Mauro C, Jones SW. Metabolic dysfunction and inflammatory disease: the role of stromal fibroblasts. FEBS J 2021; 288:5555-5568. [PMID: 33251764 PMCID: PMC8518940 DOI: 10.1111/febs.15644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2020] [Revised: 11/10/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Mesenchymal stromal fibroblasts have emerged as key mediators of the inflammatory response and drivers of localised inflammation, in part through their interactions with resident and circulating immune cells at inflammatory sites. As such, they have been implicated in a number of chronic inflammatory conditions as well as in tumour progression through modifying the microenvironment. The connection between metabolic changes and altered phenotype of fibroblasts in inflammatory microenvironments has clear implications for our understanding of how chronic inflammation is regulated and for the development of new anti-inflammatory therapeutics. In this review, we consider the evidence that changes to fibroblast metabolic state underpin chronic inflammation. We examine recent research on fibroblast metabolism in inflammatory microenvironments and consider their involvement in inflammation, providing insight into the role of fibroblasts and metabolism in mediating inflammatory disease progression namely cancer, arthritis and fibrotic disorders including chronic kidney disease, pulmonary fibrosis, heart disease and liver disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hussein Farah
- Institute of Inflammation and AgeingMRC‐Versus Arthritis Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing ResearchUniversity of BirminghamUK
| | - Stephen P. Young
- Institute of Inflammation and AgeingMRC‐Versus Arthritis Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing ResearchUniversity of BirminghamUK
| | - Claudio Mauro
- Institute of Inflammation and AgeingMRC‐Versus Arthritis Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing ResearchUniversity of BirminghamUK
| | - Simon W. Jones
- Institute of Inflammation and AgeingMRC‐Versus Arthritis Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing ResearchUniversity of BirminghamUK
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13
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Song Y, Liao M, Zhao X, Han H, Dong X, Wang X, Du M, Yan H. Vitreous M2 Macrophage-Derived Microparticles Promote RPE Cell Proliferation and Migration in Traumatic Proliferative Vitreoretinopathy. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2021; 62:26. [PMID: 34554178 PMCID: PMC8475283 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.62.12.26] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose To characterize vitreous microparticles (MPs) in patients with traumatic proliferative vitreoretinopathy (PVR) and investigate their role in PVR pathogenesis. Methods Vitreous MPs were characterized in patients with traumatic PVR, patients with rhegmatogenous retinal detachment (RRD) complicated with PVR, and control subjects by flow cytometry. The presence of M2 macrophages in epiretinal membranes was measured by immunostaining. Vitreous cytokines were quantified by ELISA assay. For in vitro studies, MPs isolated from THP-1 cell differentiated M1 and M2 macrophages, termed M1-MPs and M2-MPs, were used. The effects and mechanisms of M1-MPs and M2-MPs on RPE cell proliferation, migration, and epithelial to mesenchymal transition were analyzed. Results Vitreous MPs derived from photoreceptors, microglia, and macrophages were significantly increased in patients with traumatic PVR in comparison with control and patients with RRD (PVR), whereas no significance was identified between the two control groups. M2 macrophages were present in epiretinal membranes, and their signature cytokines were markedly elevated in the vitreous of patients with traumatic PVR. Moreover, MPs from M2 macrophages were increased in the vitreous of patients with traumatic PVR. In vitro analyses showed that M2-MPs promoted the proliferation and migration of RPE cells via activation of the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/protein kinase B (AKT)/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling pathway. However, M2-MPs did not induce the expression of fibrotic proteins, including fibronectin, α-smooth muscle actin, and N-cadherin in RPE cells. Conclusions This study demonstrated increased MP shedding in the vitreous of patients with traumatic PVR; specifically, MPs derived from M2 polarized macrophages may contribute to PVR progression by stimulating RPE cell proliferation and migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinting Song
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Mengyu Liao
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Xiao Zhao
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Han Han
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Xue Dong
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China.,Laboratory of Molecular Ophthalmology, Department of Pharmacology and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Inflammation Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Xiaohong Wang
- Laboratory of Molecular Ophthalmology, Department of Pharmacology and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Inflammation Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Mei Du
- Laboratory of Molecular Ophthalmology, Department of Pharmacology and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Inflammation Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Hua Yan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China.,Laboratory of Molecular Ophthalmology, Department of Pharmacology and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Inflammation Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
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14
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Schioppo T, Ubiali T, Ingegnoli F, Bollati V, Caporali R. The role of extracellular vesicles in rheumatoid arthritis: a systematic review. Clin Rheumatol 2021; 40:3481-3497. [PMID: 33544235 PMCID: PMC8357675 DOI: 10.1007/s10067-021-05614-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2020] [Revised: 01/07/2021] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic inflammatory disease that carries high social and economic costs and can lead to permanent disability. RA pathogenesis has not been completely elucidated yet. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are membrane-contained vesicles released by cells playing a role in cell-to-cell communication and they could be involved in different diseases. Evidence on the involvement of EVs in RA is currently inconclusive. Therefore, a systematic review on the role of EVs in RA was performed in order to explore this relationship. This review followed the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. The research was conducted on PubMed, Scopus, and Embase up to March 5, 2020: 41 studies were analyzed out of 674 screened. The total plasmatic and synovial fluid (SF) EV number seems increased in RA as compared with healthy controls. Both RA plasma and SF contained EVs subpopulations of heterogenous origin, especially derived from platelets and immune system cells. No univocal evidence emerged on miRNA expression and EV content profile within RA patients. EVs showed to enhance pro-inflammatory pathways, such as cytokines and chemokine release and TNF blockade seemed to revert this effect. Our work highlights the requirement to standardize study methodologies in order to make results comparable and draw conclusions that remain, at present, unclear.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tommaso Schioppo
- Division of Clinical Rheumatology, ASST Pini-CTO, Piazza Cardinal Ferrari 1, 20122, Milan, Italy.
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, Research Center for Adult and Pediatric Rheumatic Diseases, Research Center for Environmental Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy.
| | - Tania Ubiali
- Division of Clinical Rheumatology, ASST Pini-CTO, Piazza Cardinal Ferrari 1, 20122, Milan, Italy
| | - Francesca Ingegnoli
- Division of Clinical Rheumatology, ASST Pini-CTO, Piazza Cardinal Ferrari 1, 20122, Milan, Italy
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, Research Center for Adult and Pediatric Rheumatic Diseases, Research Center for Environmental Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Valentina Bollati
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, Research Center for Adult and Pediatric Rheumatic Diseases, Research Center for Environmental Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
- EPIGET LAB, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Roberto Caporali
- Division of Clinical Rheumatology, ASST Pini-CTO, Piazza Cardinal Ferrari 1, 20122, Milan, Italy
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, Research Center for Adult and Pediatric Rheumatic Diseases, Research Center for Environmental Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
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15
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Stojanovic A, Veselinovic M, Zong Y, Jakovljevic V, Pruner I, Antovic A. Increased Expression of Extracellular Vesicles Is Associated With the Procoagulant State in Patients With Established Rheumatoid Arthritis. Front Immunol 2021; 12:718845. [PMID: 34394126 PMCID: PMC8358654 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.718845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
This study sought to identify different subpopulations of extracellular vesicles (EVs) in plasma from female patients with established rheumatoid arthritis (RA) in relation to the activation of coagulation and fibrin formation in these patients. Forty women were included in the study, 20 patients and 20 age-matched healthy controls. The mean disease duration in patients was 13.0 (5.0-25.0) years, with medium to high disease activity despite ongoing treatment with low-dose prednisolone and methotrexate. There were no differences between the investigated groups regarding the presence of traditional cardiovascular risk factors. The concentration of phosphatidylserine-positive (PS+) EVs; platelet (CD42a+), leucocyte (CD45+), monocyte (CD14+), and endothelial (CD144+)-derived EVs; and EVs-expressing tissue factor (CD142+), P-selectin (CD62P+), and E-selectin (CD62E+) were determined by flow cytometry analysis. Overall hemostasis potential (OHP) was assessed to follow the hemostatic disturbances, including the parameters for overall coagulation potential (OCP) and overall fibrinolytic potential (OFP). Fibrin clot turbidity was measured together with clot lysis time, and scanning electron microscopy was performed. Increased concentrations of PS+, CD42a+, CD142+, CD45+, CD14+, and CD62P+ EVs were found in plasma from patients with RA compared to healthy controls, and the concentrations of PS+, CD42a+, CD14+, and CD62P+ EVs were positively correlated with the inflammatory parameters in RA patients. Positive correlations were also found between the levels of PS+ and CD42a+ EVs and OCP as well as between the levels of PS+, CD42a+, and CD62P+EVs and OHP. The levels of PS+, CD42a+, CD14+, CD62P+, and CD62E+ EVs were negatively correlated with OFP. Elevated levels of circulating EVs of different cell origins were found in patients with established RA, in relation to the inflammatory burden and coagulation activation in the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Stojanovic
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia
| | - Mirjana Veselinovic
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia
| | - Yanan Zong
- Department of Molecular Medicine & Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Vladimir Jakovljevic
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia
- Department of Human Pathology, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Iva Pruner
- Department of Molecular Medicine & Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Aleksandra Antovic
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Academic Specialist Center, Center for Rheumatology, Stockholm Health Services, Stockholm, Sweden
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16
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Bartolotti I, Roseti L, Petretta M, Grigolo B, Desando G. A Roadmap of In Vitro Models in Osteoarthritis: A Focus on Their Biological Relevance in Regenerative Medicine. J Clin Med 2021; 10:1920. [PMID: 33925222 PMCID: PMC8124812 DOI: 10.3390/jcm10091920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Revised: 04/20/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Osteoarthritis (OA) is a multifaceted musculoskeletal disorder, with a high prevalence worldwide. Articular cartilage and synovial membrane are among the main biological targets in the OA microenvironment. Gaining more knowledge on the accuracy of preclinical in vitro OA models could open innovative avenues in regenerative medicine to bridge major gaps, especially in translation from animals to humans. Our methodological approach entailed searches on Scopus, the Web of Science Core Collection, and EMBASE databases to select the most relevant preclinical in vitro models for studying OA. Predicting the biological response of regenerative strategies requires developing relevant preclinical models able to mimic the OA milieu influencing tissue responses and organ complexity. In this light, standard 2D culture models lack critical properties beyond cell biology, while animal models suffer from several limitations due to species differences. In the literature, most of the in vitro models only recapitulate a tissue compartment, by providing fragmented results. Biotechnological advances may enable scientists to generate new in vitro models that combine easy manipulation and organ complexity. Here, we review the state-of-the-art of preclinical in vitro models in OA and outline how the different preclinical systems (inflammatory/biomechanical/microfluidic models) may be valid tools in regenerative medicine, describing their pros and cons. We then discuss the prospects of specific and combinatorial models to predict biological responses following regenerative approaches focusing on mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs)-based therapies to reduce animal testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabella Bartolotti
- Laboratorio RAMSES, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, via di Barbiano 1/10, 40136 Bologna, Italy; (I.B.); (M.P.); (B.G.)
| | - Livia Roseti
- Laboratorio RAMSES, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, via di Barbiano 1/10, 40136 Bologna, Italy; (I.B.); (M.P.); (B.G.)
| | - Mauro Petretta
- Laboratorio RAMSES, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, via di Barbiano 1/10, 40136 Bologna, Italy; (I.B.); (M.P.); (B.G.)
- RegenHu Company, Z.I Du Vivier 22, 1690 Villaz-St-Pierre, Switzerland
| | - Brunella Grigolo
- Laboratorio RAMSES, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, via di Barbiano 1/10, 40136 Bologna, Italy; (I.B.); (M.P.); (B.G.)
| | - Giovanna Desando
- Laboratorio RAMSES, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, via di Barbiano 1/10, 40136 Bologna, Italy; (I.B.); (M.P.); (B.G.)
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17
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Mustonen AM, Nieminen P. Extracellular Vesicles and Their Potential Significance in the Pathogenesis and Treatment of Osteoarthritis. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2021; 14:ph14040315. [PMID: 33915903 PMCID: PMC8065796 DOI: 10.3390/ph14040315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2021] [Revised: 03/18/2021] [Accepted: 03/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteoarthritis (OA) is a chronic joint disease characterized by inflammation, gradual destruction of articular cartilage, joint pain, and functional limitations that eventually lead to disability. Join tissues, including synovium and articular cartilage, release extracellular vesicles (EVs) that have been proposed to sustain joint homeostasis as well as to contribute to OA pathogenesis. EVs transport biologically active molecules, and OA can be characterized by altered EV counts and composition in synovial fluid. Of EV cargo, specific non-coding RNAs could have future potential as diagnostic biomarkers for early OA. EVs may contribute to the propagation of inflammation and cartilage destruction by transporting and enhancing the production of inflammatory mediators and cartilage-degrading proteinases. In addition to inducing OA-related gene expression patterns in synoviocytes and articular chondrocytes, EVs can induce anti-OA effects, including increased extracellular matrix deposition and cartilage protection. Especially mesenchymal stem cell-derived EVs can alleviate intra-articular inflammation and relieve OA pain. In addition, surgically- or chemically-induced cartilage defects have been repaired with EV therapies in animal models. While human clinical trials are still in the future, the potential of actual cures to OA by EV products is very promising.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne-Mari Mustonen
- Institute of Biomedicine, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland;
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science and Forestry, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 111, FI-80101 Joensuu, Finland
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +358-294-45-1111
| | - Petteri Nieminen
- Institute of Biomedicine, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland;
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18
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Zheng M, Jia H, Wang H, Liu L, He Z, Zhang Z, Yang W, Gao L, Gao X, Gao F. Application of nanomaterials in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. RSC Adv 2021; 11:7129-7137. [PMID: 35423287 PMCID: PMC8695100 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra00328c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA) is a chronic autoimmune disease, which mainly causes inflammation of the synovial joints and destruction of cartilage and bone tissue. At present, a variety of clinical drugs have been applied in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. With the development of nanotechnology, more and more nano-drugs have been applied in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis due to the unique physical and chemical properties of nanomaterials. Treatment of RA with nanomaterials can improve bioavailability and selectively target damaged joint tissue. In this review, we summarized the progress of the application of nanomaterials in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and also proposed challenges faced by nanomaterials in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miaomiao Zheng
- CAS Key Laboratory for the Biological Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 China
- School of Pharmacy, Hebei University Baoding 071002 China
| | - Huiju Jia
- CAS Key Laboratory for the Biological Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 China
- School of Pharmacy, Hebei University Baoding 071002 China
| | - Huangwei Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory for the Biological Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 China
- School of Pharmacy, Hebei University Baoding 071002 China
| | - Linhong Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory for the Biological Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 China
| | - Zhesheng He
- CAS Key Laboratory for the Biological Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 China
- University of Chinese Academy of Science Beijing 100049 China
| | - Zhiyong Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory for the Biological Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 China
| | - Wenzhi Yang
- School of Pharmacy, Hebei University Baoding 071002 China
| | - Liang Gao
- Department of Chemistry and Biology, Beijing University of Technology Beijing 100124 China
| | - Xueyun Gao
- Department of Chemistry and Biology, Beijing University of Technology Beijing 100124 China
| | - Fuping Gao
- CAS Key Laboratory for the Biological Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 China
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19
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Liu ZZ, Jose PA, Yang J, Zeng C. Importance of extracellular vesicles in hypertension. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2021; 246:342-353. [PMID: 33517775 DOI: 10.1177/1535370220974600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypertension affects approximately 1.13 billion adults worldwide and is the leading global risk factor for cardiovascular, cerebrovascular, and kidney diseases. There is emerging evidence that extracellular vesicles participate in the development and progression of hypertension. Extracellular vesicles are membrane-enclosed structures released from nearly all types of eukaryotic cells. During their formation, extracellular vesicles incorporate various parent cell components, including proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids that can be transferred to recipient cells. Extracellular vesicles mediate cell-to-cell communication in a variety of physiological and pathophysiological processes. Therefore, studying the role of circulating and urinary extracellular vesicles in hypertension has the potential to identify novel noninvasive biomarkers and therapeutic targets of different hypertension phenotypes. This review discusses the classification and biogenesis of three EV subcategories (exosomes, microvesicles, and apoptotic bodies) and provides a summary of recent discoveries in the potential impact of extracellular vesicles on hypertension with a specific focus on their role in the blood pressure regulation by organs-artery and kidney, as well as renin-angiotensin-system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi Z Liu
- Cardiovascular Research Center of Chongqing College, Department of Cardiology of Chongqing General Hospital, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing 400714, P.R. China.,Chongqing Key Laboratory for Hypertension Research, Chongqing Cardiovascular Clinical Research Center, Chongqing Institute of Cardiology, Chongqing 400042, P. R. China
| | - Pedro A Jose
- Division of Renal Diseases & Hypertension, The George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC 20052, USA
| | - Jian Yang
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 401120, P.R. China
| | - Chunyu Zeng
- Cardiovascular Research Center of Chongqing College, Department of Cardiology of Chongqing General Hospital, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing 400714, P.R. China.,Chongqing Key Laboratory for Hypertension Research, Chongqing Cardiovascular Clinical Research Center, Chongqing Institute of Cardiology, Chongqing 400042, P. R. China.,Department of Cardiology, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400042, P.R. China
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20
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Role of Synovial Exosomes in Osteoclast Differentiation in Inflammatory Arthritis. Cells 2021; 10:cells10010120. [PMID: 33435236 PMCID: PMC7827682 DOI: 10.3390/cells10010120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2020] [Revised: 12/30/2020] [Accepted: 01/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the characteristics of exosomes isolated from synovial fluid and their role in osteoclast differentiation in different types of inflammatory arthritis. Exosomes isolated from synovial fluid of rheumatoid arthritis (RA), ankylosing spondylitis (AS), gout, and osteoarthritis (OA) patients were co-incubated with CD14+ mononuclear cells from healthy donors without macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF) and receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-B ligand (RANKL). Osteoclast differentiation was evaluated via tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) staining and activity and F-actin ring formation. RANKL expression on synovial exosomes was assessed using flow cytometry and an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Synovial exosomes were the lowest in OA patients; these induced osteoclastogenesis in the absence of M-CSF and RANKL. Osteoclastogenesis was significantly higher with more exosomes in RA (p = 0.030) than in OA patients, but not in AS or gout patients. On treating macrophages with a specified number of synovial exosomes from RA/AS patients, exosomes induced greater osteoclastogenesis in RA than in AS patients. Synovial exosomal RANKL levels were significantly higher in RA (p = 0.035) than in AS patients. Synovial exosome numbers vary with the type of inflammatory arthritis. Synovial exosomes from RA patients may bear the disease-specific “synovial signature of osteoclastogenesis.”
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21
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López P, Rodríguez-Carrio J, Caminal-Montero L, Suárez A. Relationship Between T-Cell Exosomes and Cellular Subsets in SLE According to Type I IFN-Signaling. Front Med (Lausanne) 2020; 7:604098. [PMID: 33330567 PMCID: PMC7734125 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2020.604098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2020] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective: To quantify the levels of circulating exosomes derived from T-cells and monocytes and their possible associations with leukocyte subpopulations and cytokine milieu in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE). Methods: Total circulating exosomes (CD9+-Ex) and those derived from T-cells (CD3+-Ex) and monocytes (CD14+-Ex) were quantified by flow cytometry in 82 SLE patients and 32 controls. Leukocyte subsets and serum cytokines were analyzed by flow cytometry or by immunoassays. IFN-score was evaluated by real time RT-PCR in whole blood samples from a subgroup of 73 patients and 24 controls. Results: Activation markers (IFNR1 and BLyS) on monocytes, neutrophils and B-cells correlated inversely with circulating exosomes (CD9+-Ex, CD3+-Ex, and CD14+-Ex) in controls but directly with CD3+-Ex in patients (all p < 0.05). Although CD9+-Ex were increased in SLE, no differences were found in CD3+-Ex, supporting that exosome content accounts for this opposite role. Interestingly, CD4+CD28null cells correlated with CD3+-Ex in patients and controls, and displayed similar associations with leukocyte subsets in both groups. Additionally, CD3+-Ex correlated in patients with the expression of CD25 in CD4+CD28null cells. Furthermore, the activated status of this senescent subset was related to IFNα serum levels in controls and to IFN-score in SLE patients. Finally, patients presenting high IFN-score, in addition to elevated CD25+CD28null cells associated with the activation of myeloid cells, displayed higher levels of inflammatory cytokines and chemokines. Conclusion: Our results support a relationship between T-cell exosomes and cellular subsets in SLE according to type I IFN-signaling, which could amplify chronic immune activation and excessive cytokine/chemokine response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia López
- Department of Functional Biology, Immunology Area, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain.,Group of Basic and Translational Research in Inflammatory Diseases, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias (ISPA), Oviedo, Spain
| | - Javier Rodríguez-Carrio
- Department of Functional Biology, Immunology Area, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain.,Group of Basic and Translational Research in Inflammatory Diseases, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias (ISPA), Oviedo, Spain
| | - Luis Caminal-Montero
- Group of Basic and Translational Research in Inflammatory Diseases, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias (ISPA), Oviedo, Spain.,Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias, Oviedo, Spain
| | - Ana Suárez
- Department of Functional Biology, Immunology Area, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain.,Group of Basic and Translational Research in Inflammatory Diseases, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias (ISPA), Oviedo, Spain
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22
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Peshkova AD, Evdokimova TA, Sibgatullin TB, Ataullakhanov FI, Litvinov RI, Weisel JW. Accelerated Spatial Fibrin Growth and Impaired Contraction of Blood Clots in Patients with Rheumatoid Arthritis. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21249434. [PMID: 33322373 PMCID: PMC7764115 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21249434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2020] [Revised: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is an autoimmune disease associated with thrombotic complications. To elucidate pathogenic mechanisms, hemostatic disorders in RA were correlated with other laboratory and clinical manifestations. Hemostasis was assessed using relatively new complementary tests, the spatial growth of a plasma clot (Thrombodynamics assay), and contraction of whole blood clots. Platelet functionality was assessed with flow cytometry that quantified the expression of P-selectin and the fibrinogen-binding capacity of platelets before and after activation with a thrombin receptor-activating peptide. Parameters of fibrin clot growth and the kinetics of contraction of blood clots were significantly altered in patients with RA compared to the control group. In Thrombodynamics measurements, an increase in the clot growth rate, size, and optical density of plasma clots altogether indicated chronic hypercoagulability. The rate and extent of blood clot contraction in patients with RA was significantly reduced and associated with platelet dysfunction revealed by an impaired response to activation. Changes in the parameters of clot growth and contraction correlated with the laboratory signs of systemic inflammation, including hyperfibrinogenemia. These results confirm the pathogenic role of hemostatic disorders in RA and support the validity of fibrin clot growth and the blood clot contraction assay as indicators of a (pro)thrombotic state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alina D. Peshkova
- Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, Kazan 420008, Russia; (A.D.P.); (T.A.E.); (R.I.L.)
| | - Tatiana A. Evdokimova
- Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, Kazan 420008, Russia; (A.D.P.); (T.A.E.); (R.I.L.)
| | - Timur B. Sibgatullin
- Department of Rheumatology, University Hospital, Kazan Federal University, Kazan 420008, Russia;
| | - Fazoil I. Ataullakhanov
- Center for Theoretical Problems of Physico-Chemical Pharmacology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 119991, Russia;
| | - Rustem I. Litvinov
- Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, Kazan 420008, Russia; (A.D.P.); (T.A.E.); (R.I.L.)
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - John W. Weisel
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Correspondence:
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23
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Sex-Specific Differences in Extracellular Vesicle Protein Cargo in Synovial Fluid of Patients with Osteoarthritis. Life (Basel) 2020; 10:life10120337. [PMID: 33321751 PMCID: PMC7763294 DOI: 10.3390/life10120337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Revised: 12/02/2020] [Accepted: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Women are at a significantly higher risk of developing osteoarthritis (OA) compared to males. The pathogenesis of osteoarthritis (OA) in women is poorly understood. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) have been shown to play an essential role in numerous signaling processes during the pathogenesis of age-related diseases via paracrine signaling. Molecular profiling of the synovial fluid-derived EVs cargo in women may help in the discovery of novel biomarkers and therapeutics for the treatment of OA in women. Previously, we reported that synovial fluid-derived EV miRNA cargo differs in a sex-specific manner. This study aims to characterize synovial fluid-derived EV protein cargo in OA patients. Our data showed sex-specific EVs protein content in OA. We found haptoglobin, orosomucoid, and ceruloplasmin significantly up-regulated, whereas apolipoprotein down-regulated in female OA EVs. In males, we discovered β-2-glycoprotein, and complement component 5 proteins significantly up-regulated and Spt-Ada-Gcn5 acetyltransferase (SAGA)-associated factor 29 down-regulated in male OA EVs. Database for Annotation, Visualization, and Integrated Discovery (DAVID) and QuickGO analysis revealed OA-specific protein involvement in several biological, molecular, and cellular pathways, specifically in inflammatory processes. In conclusion, synovial fluid EV protein content is altered in a sex-specific manner with OA, explaining the increased prevalence and severity of OA in women.
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24
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Foers AD, Dagley LF, Chatfield S, Webb AI, Cheng L, Hill AF, Wicks IP, Pang KC. Proteomic analysis of extracellular vesicles reveals an immunogenic cargo in rheumatoid arthritis synovial fluid. Clin Transl Immunology 2020; 9:e1185. [PMID: 33204424 PMCID: PMC7648259 DOI: 10.1002/cti2.1185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2019] [Revised: 08/12/2020] [Accepted: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives Extracellular vesicles (EVs) from rheumatoid arthritis (RA) synovial fluid (SF) have been reported to stimulate the release of pro-inflammatory mediators from recipient cells. We recently developed a size exclusion chromatography (SEC)-based method for EV isolation capable of high-quality enrichments from human SF. Here, we employed this method to accurately characterise the SF EV proteome and investigate potential contributions to inflammatory pathways in RA. Methods Using our SEC-based approach, SF EVs were purified from the joints of RA patients classified as having high-level (n = 7) or low-level inflammation (n = 5), and from osteoarthritis (OA) patients (n = 5). Protein profiles were characterised by mass spectrometry. Potential contributions of EV proteins to pathological pathways and differences in protein expression between disease groups were investigated. Results Synovial fluid EVs were present at higher concentrations in RA joints with high-level inflammation (P-value = 0.004) but were smaller in diameter (P-value = 0.03) than in low-level inflammation. In total, 1058 SF EV proteins were identified by mass spectrometry analysis. Neutrophil and fibroblast markers were overrepresented in all disease groups. Numerous proteins with potential to modulate inflammatory and immunological processes were detected, including nine citrullinated peptides. Forty-five and 135 EV-associated proteins were significantly elevated in RA joints with high-level inflammation than in RA joints with low-level inflammation and OA joints, respectively. Gene ontology analysis revealed significant enrichment for proteins associated with 'neutrophil degranulation' within SF EVs from RA joints with high-level inflammation. Conclusion Our results provide new information about SF EVs and insight into how EVs might contribute to the perpetuation of RA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew D Foers
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research Parkville VIC Australia.,Department of Medical Biology University of Melbourne Parkville VIC Australia
| | - Laura F Dagley
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research Parkville VIC Australia.,Department of Medical Biology University of Melbourne Parkville VIC Australia
| | - Simon Chatfield
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research Parkville VIC Australia.,Department of Medical Biology University of Melbourne Parkville VIC Australia.,Department of Rheumatology Royal Melbourne Hospital Parkville VIC Australia
| | - Andrew I Webb
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research Parkville VIC Australia.,Department of Medical Biology University of Melbourne Parkville VIC Australia
| | - Lesley Cheng
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science La Trobe University Bundoora VIC Australia
| | - Andrew F Hill
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science La Trobe University Bundoora VIC Australia
| | - Ian P Wicks
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research Parkville VIC Australia.,Department of Medical Biology University of Melbourne Parkville VIC Australia.,Department of Rheumatology Royal Melbourne Hospital Parkville VIC Australia
| | - Ken C Pang
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research Parkville VIC Australia.,Murdoch Children's Research Institute Parkville VIC Australia.,Department of Paediatrics University of Melbourne Parkville VIC Australia.,Department of Adolescent Medicine Royal Children's Hospital. Parkville VIC Australia
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25
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Asghar S, Litherland GJ, Lockhart JC, Goodyear CS, Crilly A. Exosomes in intercellular communication and implications for osteoarthritis. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2020; 59:57-68. [PMID: 31628481 DOI: 10.1093/rheumatology/kez462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2019] [Revised: 09/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteoarthritis (OA) is the most prevalent of the musculoskeletal conditions and represents a significant public health burden. While degeneration of articular cartilage is a key feature, it is now increasingly recognized as a complex condition affecting the whole joint, with synovial inflammation present in a significant proportion of patients. As a secretory tissue, the OA synovium is a rich source of both soluble inflammatory mediators and extracellular vesicles, including exosomes, which have been implicated in cell-cell communication. Exosome cargo has been found to include proteins, lipids and various RNA subtypes such as mRNA and miRNA, potentially capable of regulating gene expression in target cells and tissues. Profiling of exosome cargo and understanding effects on cartilage could elucidate novel regulatory mechanisms within the joint, providing insight for targeted treatment. The aim of this article is to review current literature on exosome biology, highlighting the relevance and application for OA pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabha Asghar
- School of Health and Life Sciences, University of the West of Scotland, Paisley Campus, Paisley, UK
| | - Gary J Litherland
- School of Health and Life Sciences, University of the West of Scotland, Paisley Campus, Paisley, UK
| | - John C Lockhart
- School of Health and Life Sciences, University of the West of Scotland, Paisley Campus, Paisley, UK
| | - Carl S Goodyear
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, GBRC, University Place, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Anne Crilly
- School of Health and Life Sciences, University of the West of Scotland, Paisley Campus, Paisley, UK
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26
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Božič D, Hočevar M, Kononenko V, Jeran M, Štibler U, Fiume I, Pajnič M, Pađen L, Kogej K, Drobne D, Iglič A, Pocsfalvi G, Kralj-Iglič V. Pursuing mechanisms of extracellular vesicle formation. Effects of sample processing. ADVANCES IN BIOMEMBRANES AND LIPID SELF-ASSEMBLY 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.abl.2020.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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27
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Krajewska-Włodarczyk M, Owczarczyk-Saczonek A, Żuber Z, Wojtkiewicz M, Wojtkiewicz J. Role of Microparticles in the Pathogenesis of Inflammatory Joint Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E5453. [PMID: 31683793 PMCID: PMC6862866 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20215453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2019] [Revised: 10/29/2019] [Accepted: 10/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA), juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA), ankylosing spondylitis (AS), and psoriatic arthritis (PsA) make up a group of chronic immune-mediated inflammatory diseases (IMIDs). The course of these diseases involves chronic inflammation of joints and enthesopathies, which can result in joint damage and disability. Microparticles (MPs) are a group of small spherical membranous vesicles. The structure and cellular origin of MPs, mechanisms that stimulate their secretion and the place of their production, determine their biological properties, which could become manifest in the pathogenesis of immune-mediated inflammatory diseases. Microparticles can stimulate synovitis with proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines. MPs may also contribute to the pathogenesis of rheumatic diseases by the formation of immune complexes and complement activation, pro-coagulation activity, activation of vascular endothelium cells, and stimulation of metalloproteinase production. It seems that in the future, microparticles can become a modern marker of disease activity, a response to treatment, and, possibly, they can be used in the prognosis of the course of arthritis. The knowledge of the complexity of MPs biology remains incomplete and it requires further comprehensive studies to explain how they affect the development of rheumatic diseases. This review focuses on the immunopathogenic and therapeutic role of MPs in chronic immune-mediated inflammatory joint diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Krajewska-Włodarczyk
- Department of Rheumatology, Municipal Hospital in Olsztyn, 10-900 Olsztyn, Poland.
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Collegium Medicum, University of Warmia and Mazury, 10-900 Olsztyn, Poland.
| | - Agnieszka Owczarczyk-Saczonek
- Department of Dermatology, Sexually Transmitted Diseases and Clinical Immunology, School of Medicine, Collegium Medicum, University of Warmia and Mazury, 10-900 Olsztyn, Poland.
| | - Zbigniew Żuber
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Andrzej Frycz Modrzewski Kraków University, 30-705 Kraków, Poland.
| | - Maja Wojtkiewicz
- Faculty of Earth Sciences, Department of Geomatics and Cartography Nicolaus Copernicus University, 87-100 Torun, Poland.
| | - Joanna Wojtkiewicz
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, Collegium Medicum, University of Warmia and Mazury, 10-900 Olsztyn, Poland.
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28
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Microparticles and autophagy: a new frontier in the understanding of atherosclerosis in rheumatoid arthritis. Immunol Res 2019; 66:655-662. [PMID: 30574665 DOI: 10.1007/s12026-018-9053-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Microparticles (MPs) are small membrane vesicles released by many cell types under physiological and pathological conditions. In the last years, these particles were considered as inert cell debris, but recently many studies have demonstrated they could have a role in intercellular communication. Increased levels of MPs have been reported in various pathological conditions including infections, malignancies, and autoimmune diseases, such as rheumatoid arthritis (RA). RA is an autoimmune systemic inflammatory disease characterized by chronic synovial inflammation, resulting in cartilage and bone damage with accelerated atherosclerosis increasing mortality. According to the literature data, also MPs could have a role in endothelial dysfunction, contributing to atherosclerosis in RA patients. Moreover many researchers have shown that a dysregulated autophagy seems to be involved in endothelial dysfunction. Autophagy is a reparative process by which cytoplasmic components are sequestered in double-membrane vesicles and degraded on fusion with lysosomal compartments. It has been shown in many works that basal autophagy is essential to proper vascular function. Taking into account these considerations, we hypothesized that in RA patients MPs could contribute to atherosclerosis process by dysregulation of endothelial autophagy process.
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29
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Michael BNR, Kommoju V, Kavadichanda Ganapathy C, Negi VS. Characterization of cell-derived microparticles in synovial fluid and plasma of patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Rheumatol Int 2019; 39:1377-1387. [PMID: 31201512 DOI: 10.1007/s00296-019-04337-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2019] [Accepted: 05/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Microparticles (MP) are proposed to play a role in the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). This study aimed to profile cell lineage-specific MP in patients with RA, osteoarthritis (OA), and healthy controls (HC) in synovial fluid and circulation. Patients with RA (n = 40), OA (n = 30) and HC (n = 33) were included. Cell-free synovial fluid (SF) and platelet-poor plasma samples were stained with annexin V APC and antibodies against CD45, CD20, CD14, CD4, CD8, CD66b, and CD61 for multicolor flow cytometry. Mann-Whitney U test/unpaired T test was used to assess intergroup differences among RA and OA SF and clinical, serological phenotypes of RA based on normality distribution; Kruskal-Wallis test with Dunn's multiple comparisons for comparing plasma MPs among RA, OA, and HC. Correlation between MP proportions and disease parameters was assessed by Spearman's correlation. The proportion of annexin V+ MP in SF of patients with RA [5 (6.35)] [median (IQR)] was higher compared to OA [1.8 (1.35), p < 0.001] and plasma of patients with RA [3.45 (5.63)] compared to OA [1.85 (1.4)] and HC [0.9 (1.1), p < 0.001]. Leukocyte-derived [0.85 (1.17)], granulocyte-derived [0.4 (2.05)], monocyte-derived [0.4 (0.4)], and T cell-derived MP [CD4+ - 0.1 (0.1); CD8+ - 0.1(0.1)] were higher in RA SF (p < 0.001). Platelet-derived MP (PMP) were the major fraction [1.5 (4.23), p < 0.001] in RA plasma. Leukocyte-derived MP were higher in RA plasma [0.1 (0.2); p < 0.001) than OA and HC. Annexin V+ MP and PMP were higher in the SF of RA with extra-articular manifestations (n = 15), as compared to those without (n = 25) (p = 0.02; p < 0.01, respectively). High SF granulocyte-derived MP were observed in patients with established RA (n = 24), ACPA-positive RA (n = 32) compared to their negative counterparts (p = 0.03; p = 0.02, respectively). Our observations of higher proportions of cell-derived MP in the plasma and synovial fluid of DMARD-naïve RA patients, their clinical and serological phenotypes suggest their role in dynamic cross talk between the joint and systemic circulation, disease pathology, and progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benita Nancy Reni Michael
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research (JIPMER), Pondicherry, 605 006, India
| | - Vallayyachari Kommoju
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research (JIPMER), Pondicherry, 605 006, India
| | - Chengappa Kavadichanda Ganapathy
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research (JIPMER), Pondicherry, 605 006, India
| | - Vir Singh Negi
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research (JIPMER), Pondicherry, 605 006, India.
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30
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Anel A, Gallego-Lleyda A, de Miguel D, Naval J, Martínez-Lostao L. Role of Exosomes in the Regulation of T-cell Mediated Immune Responses and in Autoimmune Disease. Cells 2019; 8:cells8020154. [PMID: 30759880 PMCID: PMC6406439 DOI: 10.3390/cells8020154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2018] [Revised: 01/24/2019] [Accepted: 02/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
: T-cell mediated immune responses should be regulated to avoid the development of autoimmune or chronic inflammatory diseases. Several mechanisms have been described to regulate this process, namely death of overactivated T cells by cytokine deprivation, suppression by T regulatory cells (Treg), induction of expression of immune checkpoint molecules such as CTLA-4 and PD-1, or activation-induced cell death (AICD). In addition, activated T cells release membrane microvesicles called exosomes during these regulatory processes. In this review, we revise the role of exosome secretion in the different pathways of immune regulation described to date and its importance in the prevention or development of autoimmune disease. The expression of membrane-bound death ligands on the surface of exosomes during AICD or the more recently described transfer of miRNA or even DNA inside T-cell exosomes is a molecular mechanism that will be analyzed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Anel
- Immunity, Cancer & Stem Cells Group, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular and Cell Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Campus San Francisco Sq., University of Zaragoza and Aragón Health Research Institute (IIS Aragón), E-50009 Zaragoza, Spain.
| | - Ana Gallego-Lleyda
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular and Cell Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Campus San Francisco Sq., University of Zaragoza and Aragón Health Research Institute (IIS Aragón), E-50009 Zaragoza, Spain.
| | - Diego de Miguel
- Centre for Cell Death, Cancer and Inflammation (CCCI), UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, Gower St, Bloomsbury, WC1E 6BT London, UK.
| | - Javier Naval
- Immunity, Cancer & Stem Cells Group, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular and Cell Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Campus San Francisco Sq., University of Zaragoza and Aragón Health Research Institute (IIS Aragón), E-50009 Zaragoza, Spain.
| | - Luis Martínez-Lostao
- Immunology Department, Lozano Blesa Clinical Hospital, and Aragón Health Research Institute (IIS Aragón), E-50009 Zaragoza, Spain.
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31
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Słomka A, Urban SK, Lukacs-Kornek V, Żekanowska E, Kornek M. Large Extracellular Vesicles: Have We Found the Holy Grail of Inflammation? Front Immunol 2018; 9:2723. [PMID: 30619239 PMCID: PMC6300519 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2018] [Accepted: 11/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The terms microparticles (MPs) and microvesicles (MVs) refer to large extracellular vesicles (EVs) generated from a broad spectrum of cells upon its activation or death by apoptosis. The unique surface antigens of MPs/MVs allow for the identification of their cellular origin as well as its functional characterization. Two basic aspects of MP/MV functions in physiology and pathological conditions are widely considered. Firstly, it has become evident that large EVs have strong procoagulant properties. Secondly, experimental and clinical studies have shown that MPs/MVs play a crucial role in the pathophysiology of inflammation-associated disorders. A cardinal feature of these disorders is an enhanced generation of platelets-, endothelial-, and leukocyte-derived EVs. Nevertheless, anti-inflammatory effects of miscellaneous EV types have also been described, which provided important new insights into the large EV-inflammation axis. Advances in understanding the biology of MPs/MVs have led to the preparation of this review article aimed at discussing the association between large EVs and inflammation, depending on their cellular origin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Artur Słomka
- Department of Pathophysiology, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Ludwik Rydygier Collegium Medicum, Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Sabine Katharina Urban
- Department of Medicine II, Saarland University Medical Center, Saarland University, Homburg, Germany
| | - Veronika Lukacs-Kornek
- Institute of Experimental Immunology, University Hospital of the Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-University, Bonn, Germany
| | - Ewa Żekanowska
- Department of Pathophysiology, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Ludwik Rydygier Collegium Medicum, Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Miroslaw Kornek
- Department of Oncology, Hematology and Rheumatology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
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32
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Boere J, Malda J, van de Lest CHA, van Weeren PR, Wauben MHM. Extracellular Vesicles in Joint Disease and Therapy. Front Immunol 2018; 9:2575. [PMID: 30483255 PMCID: PMC6240615 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2018] [Accepted: 10/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The use of extracellular vesicles (EVs) as a potential therapy is currently explored for different disease areas. When it comes to the treatment of joint diseases this approach is still in its infancy. As in joint diseases both inflammation and the associated articular tissue destruction are important factors, both the immune-suppressive and the regenerative properties of EVs are potentially advantageous characteristics for future therapy. There is, however, only limited knowledge on the basic features, such as numerical profile and function, of EVs in joint articular tissues in general and their linking medium, the synovial fluid, in particular. Further insight is urgently needed in order to appreciate the full potential of EVs and to exploit these in EV-mediated therapies. Physiologic joint homeostasis is a prerequisite for proper functioning of joints and we postulate that EVs play a key role in the regulation of joint homeostasis and hence can have an important function in re-establishing disturbed joint homeostasis, and, in parallel, in the regeneration of articular tissues. In this mini-review EVs in the joint are explained from a historical perspective in both health and disease, including the potential niche for EVs in articular tissue regeneration. Furthermore, the translational potential of equine models for human joint biology is discussed. Finally, the use of MSC-derived EVs that is recently gaining ground is highlighted and recommendations are given for further EV research in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janneke Boere
- Department of Equine Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands.,Department of Biochemistry & Cell Biology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands.,Department of Orthopaedics, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Jos Malda
- Department of Equine Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands.,Department of Orthopaedics, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Chris H A van de Lest
- Department of Equine Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands.,Department of Biochemistry & Cell Biology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - P René van Weeren
- Department of Equine Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Marca H M Wauben
- Department of Biochemistry & Cell Biology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
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Gang X, Xu H, Si L, Zhu X, Yu T, Jiang Z, Wang Y. Treatment effect of CDKN1A on rheumatoid arthritis by mediating proliferation and invasion of fibroblast-like synoviocytes cells. Clin Exp Immunol 2018; 194:220-230. [PMID: 29920650 DOI: 10.1111/cei.13161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The objective of the present study was to evaluate the role of CDKN1A in rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Related gene expression data screened from Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) were processed with network analysis. Protein-protein interaction was analysed through string database. Quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) was used to measure mRNA and microRNA expression. Cell proliferation and cell cycle were tested by MTT assay and flow cytometry, respectively. Transwell migration and invasion assay was used to test cell migration and invasion. CDKN1A screened by bioinformatics methods showed differential expression in RA cells compared with healthy controls (HC), and was at an important position in the protein-protein interaction network of RA. Compared with the HC group, CDKN1A was down-regulated in human RA synovium tissues and human fibroblast-like synoviocytes (HFLS). Contrary to CDKN1A silencing, CDKN1A over-expression significantly inhibited the proliferation and invasion of HFLS-RA, arrested HFLS-RA in G0/G1 phase and down-regulated the expressions of tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-α and interleukin (IL)-6, while it up-regulated the expression of IL-10. CDKN1A over-expression could also suppress phosphorylated signal transducers and activators of transcription 1 (pSTAT-1) expression. MiR-146a, highly expressed in RA tissues, could regulate CDKN1A negatively. Anti-146a suppressed cell proliferation and invasion, and at the same time enhanced IL-10 expression but inhibited IL-6, TNF-α and pSTAT-1 expression. The results indicated that CDKN1A over-expression, which could be enhanced by miR-146a suppression, inhibited the proliferation of invasion in HFLS-RA. This was probably a result of suppressed pSTAT-1, IL-6 and TNF-α expression and enhanced IL-10 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- X Gang
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, the First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - H Xu
- Departments of Ophthalmology, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - L Si
- Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - X Zhu
- Orthopedics, the Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - T Yu
- Orthopedics, the Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Z Jiang
- Orthopedics, the Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Y Wang
- Orthopedics, the Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
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Fang H, Shao S, Jiang M, Dang E, Shen S, Zhang J, Qiao P, Li C, Wang G. Proinflammatory role of blister fluid-derived exosomes in bullous pemphigoid. J Pathol 2018; 245:114-125. [PMID: 29468680 DOI: 10.1002/path.5061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2017] [Revised: 01/24/2018] [Accepted: 02/16/2018] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Bullous pemphigoid is an autoimmune inflammatory disorder characterized by the presence of autoantibodies against bullous pemphigoid autoantigens, leading to dermal-epidermal separation with consequent blister formation. However, whether and how the components of blister fluid exacerbate the progression of bullous pemphigoid is unclear. Exosomes are nanometre-sized vesicles released from cells into the body fluid, where they can transmit signals throughout the body. In the present study, we isolated and characterized exosomes from blister fluids of patients with bullous pemphigoid, evaluated their proinflammatory role, and identified the underlying molecular mechanisms. We found that exosomes isolated from blister fluids of patients with bullous pemphigoid showed the expected size and expressed the marker proteins CD63, CD81, and CD9. Additionally, blister fluid-derived exosomes were internalized by human primary keratinocytes, inducing the production of critical inflammatory cytokines and chemokines. Western blotting analysis showed robust and rapid activation of the extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 and signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 signalling pathways in human primary keratinocytes after stimulation with blister fluid-derived exosomes. We also found that blister fluid-derived exosomes indirectly induced neutrophil trafficking by upregulating C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 8 in vitro. Furthermore, CD63 was localized mostly to keratinocytes and infiltrative granulocytes in skin lesions, suggesting that these cells were the possible sources of exosomes in blister fluid. Using mass spectrometry, we analysed the proteomes of blister fluid-derived exosomes and identified a variety of proteins implicated in inflammatory and immune responses. Together, our findings provide strong evidence that blister fluid-derived exosomes are involved in the local autoinflammatory responses of the skin associated with bullous pemphigoid. Copyright © 2018 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Fang
- Department of Dermatology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, PR China
| | - Shuai Shao
- Department of Dermatology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, PR China
| | - Man Jiang
- Department of Dermatology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, PR China
| | - Erle Dang
- Department of Dermatology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, PR China
| | - Shengxian Shen
- Department of Dermatology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, PR China
| | - Jieyu Zhang
- Department of Dermatology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, PR China
| | - Pei Qiao
- Department of Dermatology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, PR China
| | - Caixia Li
- Department of Dermatology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, PR China
| | - Gang Wang
- Department of Dermatology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, PR China
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Frank-Bertoncelj M, Pisetsky DS, Kolling C, Michel BA, Gay RE, Jüngel A, Gay S. TLR3 Ligand Poly(I:C) Exerts Distinct Actions in Synovial Fibroblasts When Delivered by Extracellular Vesicles. Front Immunol 2018; 9:28. [PMID: 29434584 PMCID: PMC5797482 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2017] [Accepted: 01/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EV) can modulate the responses of cells to toll-like receptor (TLR) ligation; conversely, TLR ligands such as double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) can enhance the release of EV and influence of the composition and functions of EV cargos. Inflamed synovial joints in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) are rich in EV and extracellular RNA; besides, RNA released from necrotic synovial fluid cells can activate the TLR3 signaling in synovial fibroblasts (SFs) from patients with RA. Since EV occur prominently in synovial joints in RA and may contribute to the pathogenesis, we questioned whether EV can interact with dsRNA, a TLR3 ligand, and modify its actions in arthritis. We have used as model the effects on RA SFs, of EV released from monocyte U937 cells and peripheral blood mononuclear cells upon stimulation with Poly(I:C), a synthetic analog of dsRNA. We show that EV released from unstimulated cells and Poly(I:C)-stimulated U937 cells [Poly(I:C) EV] differ in size but bind similar amounts of Annexin V and express comparable levels of MAC-1, the receptor for dsRNA, on the vesicular membranes. Specifically, Poly(I:C) EV contain or associate with Poly(I:C) and at least partially protect Poly(I:C) from RNAse III degradation. Poly(I:C) EV shuttle Poly(I:C) to SFs and reproduce the proinflammatory and antiviral gene responses of SFs to direct stimulation with Poly(I:C). Poly(I:C) EV, however, halt the death receptor-induced apoptosis in SFs, thereby inverting the proapoptotic nature of Poly(I:C). These prosurvival effects sharply contrast with the high toxicity of cationic liposome-delivered Poly(I:C) and may reflect the route of Poly(I:C) delivery via EV or the fine-tuning of Poly(I:C) actions by molecular cargo in EV. The demonstration that EV may safeguard extracellular dsRNA and allow dsRNA to exert antiapoptotic effects on SFs highlights the potential of EV to amplify the pathogenicity of dsRNA in arthritis beyond inflammation (by concurrently enhancing the expansion of the invasive synovial stroma).
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Affiliation(s)
- Mojca Frank-Bertoncelj
- Center of Experimental Rheumatology, Department of Rheumatology, University Hospital Zurich, Schlieren, Switzerland
| | - David S Pisetsky
- Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States.,Medical Research Service, Durham VA Medical Center (VHA), Durham, NC, United States
| | | | - Beat A Michel
- Center of Experimental Rheumatology, Department of Rheumatology, University Hospital Zurich, Schlieren, Switzerland
| | - Renate E Gay
- Center of Experimental Rheumatology, Department of Rheumatology, University Hospital Zurich, Schlieren, Switzerland
| | - Astrid Jüngel
- Center of Experimental Rheumatology, Department of Rheumatology, University Hospital Zurich, Schlieren, Switzerland
| | - Steffen Gay
- Center of Experimental Rheumatology, Department of Rheumatology, University Hospital Zurich, Schlieren, Switzerland
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Fu H, Hu D, Zhang L, Tang P. Role of extracellular vesicles in rheumatoid arthritis. Mol Immunol 2017; 93:125-132. [PMID: 29175592 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2017.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2017] [Revised: 11/14/2017] [Accepted: 11/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Cell-derived extracellular vesicles (EVs) are involved in the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis (RA), playing important roles in antigen presentation, inflammation, angiogenesis, cell-cell signal communication, thrombosis, and articular cartilage extracellular matrix degradation. Understanding the pathogenic mechanism of RA is important for developing therapies. The pathogenic indicators of RA, such as submicron-sized EVs, represent promising biomarkers for evaluating RA activity. This review summarizes the recent advances in understanding the pathogenesis of RA, and sheds light on the pathogenic as well as anti-inflammatory or immunosuppressive roles of EVs. We suggest that EVs could be harnessed as tools for drug delivery or targets for RA therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haitao Fu
- Department of Orthopedics, the General Hospital of Chinese People's Liberation Army, Beijing 100853, China; School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin 300110, China
| | - Die Hu
- Qingdao Eye Hospital, Shandong Eye Institute, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Licheng Zhang
- Department of Orthopedics, the General Hospital of Chinese People's Liberation Army, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Peifu Tang
- Department of Orthopedics, the General Hospital of Chinese People's Liberation Army, Beijing 100853, China.
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37
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Rilla K, Mustonen AM, Arasu UT, Härkönen K, Matilainen J, Nieminen P. Extracellular vesicles are integral and functional components of the extracellular matrix. Matrix Biol 2017; 75-76:201-219. [PMID: 29066152 DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2017.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2017] [Revised: 10/10/2017] [Accepted: 10/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EV) are small plasma membrane-derived particles released into the extracellular space by virtually all cell types. Recently, EV have received increased interest because of their capability to carry nucleic acids, proteins, lipids and signaling molecules and to transfer their cargo into the target cells. Less attention has been paid to their role in modifying the composition of the extracellular matrix (ECM), either directly or indirectly via regulating the ability of target cells to synthesize or degrade matrix molecules. Based on recent results, EV can be considered one of the structural and functional components of the ECM that participate in matrix organization, regulation of cells within it, and in determining the physical properties of soft connective tissues, bone, cartilage and dentin. This review addresses the relevance of EV as specific modulators of the ECM, such as during the assembly and disassembly of the molecular network, signaling through the ECM and formation of niches suitable for tissue regeneration, inflammation and tumor progression. Finally, we assess the potential of these aspects of EV biology to translational medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirsi Rilla
- Faculty of Health Sciences, School of Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, FI 70211, Kuopio, Finland.
| | - Anne-Mari Mustonen
- Faculty of Health Sciences, School of Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, FI 70211, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Uma Thanigai Arasu
- Faculty of Health Sciences, School of Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, FI 70211, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Kai Härkönen
- Faculty of Health Sciences, School of Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, FI 70211, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Johanna Matilainen
- Faculty of Health Sciences, School of Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, FI 70211, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Petteri Nieminen
- Faculty of Health Sciences, School of Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, FI 70211, Kuopio, Finland
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Abstract
Stromal cells like synovial fibroblasts gained great interest over the years, since it has become clear that they strongly influence their environment and neighbouring cells. The current review describes the role of synovial fibroblasts as cells of the innate immune system and expands on their involvement in inflammation and cartilage destruction in rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Furthermore, epigenetic changes in RA synovial fibroblasts and studies that focused on the identification of different subsets of synovial fibroblasts are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Ospelt
- Department of Rheumatology, Center of Experimental Rheumatology, University Hospital and University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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Couch Y, Akbar N, Roodselaar J, Evans MC, Gardiner C, Sargent I, Romero IA, Bristow A, Buchan AM, Haughey N, Anthony DC. Circulating endothelial cell-derived extracellular vesicles mediate the acute phase response and sickness behaviour associated with CNS inflammation. Sci Rep 2017; 7:9574. [PMID: 28851955 PMCID: PMC5575066 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-09710-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2017] [Accepted: 07/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Brain injury elicits a systemic acute-phase response (APR), which is responsible for co-ordinating the peripheral immunological response to injury. To date, the mechanisms responsible for signalling the presence of injury or disease to selectively activate responses in distant organs were unclear. Circulating endogenous extracellular vesicles (EVs) are increased after brain injury and have the potential to carry targeted injury signals around the body. Here, we examined the potential of EVs, isolated from rats after focal inflammatory brain lesions using IL-1β, to activate a systemic APR in recipient naïve rats, as well as the behavioural consequences of EV transfer. Focal brain lesions increased EV release, and, following isolation and transfer, the EVs were sequestered by the liver where they initiated an APR. Transfer of blood-borne EVs from brain-injured animals was also enough to suppress exploratory behaviours in recipient naïve animals. EVs derived from brain endothelial cell cultures treated with IL-1β also activated an APR and altered behaviour in recipient animals. These experiments reveal that inflammation-induced circulating EVs derived from endothelial cells are able to initiate the APR to brain injury and are sufficient to generate the associated sickness behaviours, and are the first demonstration that EVs are capable of modifying behavioural responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yvonne Couch
- Acute Stroke Programme, RDM-Investigative Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
| | - Naveed Akbar
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, RDM, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Jay Roodselaar
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Matthew C Evans
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | | | - Ian Sargent
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Ignacio A Romero
- Department of Life, Health and Chemical Sciences, The Open University, Milton Keynes, UK
| | | | - Alastair M Buchan
- Acute Stroke Programme, RDM-Investigative Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Norman Haughey
- Department of Neurology and Psychiatry, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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40
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Namba S, Nakano R, Kitanaka T, Kitanaka N, Nakayama T, Sugiya H. ERK2 and JNK1 contribute to TNF-α-induced IL-8 expression in synovial fibroblasts. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0182923. [PMID: 28806729 PMCID: PMC5555573 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0182923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2017] [Accepted: 07/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) induces the expression and secretion of interleukin 8 (IL-8), which contributes to synovitis in rheumatoid arthritis (RA). To elucidate the mechanism of the onset of RA, we used synovial fibroblasts without autoimmune inflammatory diseases and investigated MAPK signaling pathways in TNF-α-induced IL-8 expression. Synovial fibroblasts isolated from healthy dogs were characterized by flow cytometry, which were positive for the fibroblast markers CD29, CD44, and CD90 but negative for the hematopoietic cell markers CD14, CD34, CD45, and HLA-DR. TNF-α stimulated the secretion and mRNA expression of IL-8 in a time- and dose-dependent manner. ERK and JNK inhibitors attenuated TNF-α-induced IL-8 expression and secretion. TNF-α induced the phosphorylation of ERK1/2 and JNK1/2. TNF-α-induced IL-8 expression was attenuated both in ERK2- and JNK1-knockdown cells. TNF-α-induced ERK1/2 or JNK1/2 was observed in ERK2- or JNK1-knockdown cells, respectively, showing that there is no crosstalk between ERK2 and JNK1 pathways. These observations indicate that the individual activation of ERK2 and JNK1 pathways contributes to TNF-α-induced IL-8 expression in synovial fibroblasts, which appears to be involved in the progress in RA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinichi Namba
- Laboratory of Veterinary Biochemistry, Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Bioresource Sciences, Nihon University, Kameino, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Rei Nakano
- Laboratory of Veterinary Biochemistry, Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Bioresource Sciences, Nihon University, Kameino, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Taku Kitanaka
- Laboratory of Veterinary Biochemistry, Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Bioresource Sciences, Nihon University, Kameino, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Nanako Kitanaka
- Laboratory of Veterinary Biochemistry, Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Bioresource Sciences, Nihon University, Kameino, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Nakayama
- Laboratory of Veterinary Radiology, Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Bioresource Sciences, Nihon University, Kameino, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Sugiya
- Laboratory of Veterinary Biochemistry, Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Bioresource Sciences, Nihon University, Kameino, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, Japan
- * E-mail:
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41
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The inflammatory role of phagocyte apoptotic pathways in rheumatic diseases. Nat Rev Rheumatol 2017; 12:543-58. [PMID: 27549026 DOI: 10.1038/nrrheum.2016.132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis affects nearly 1% of the world's population and is a debilitating autoimmune condition that can result in joint destruction. During the past decade, inflammatory functions have been described for signalling molecules classically involved in apoptotic and non-apoptotic death pathways, including, but not limited to, Toll-like receptor signalling, inflammasome activation, cytokine production, macrophage polarization and antigen citrullination. In light of these remarkable advances in the understanding of inflammatory mechanisms of the death machinery, this Review provides a snapshot of the available evidence implicating death pathways, especially within the phagocyte populations of the innate immune system, in the perpetuation of rheumatoid arthritis and other rheumatic diseases. Elevated levels of signalling mediators of both extrinsic and intrinsic apoptosis, as well as the autophagy, are observed in the joints of patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Furthermore, risk polymorphisms are present in signalling molecules of the extrinsic apoptotic and autophagy death pathways. Although research into the mechanisms underlying these pathways has made considerable progress, this Review highlights areas where further investigation is particularly needed. This exploration is critical, as new discoveries in this field could lead to the development of novel therapies for rheumatoid arthritis and other rheumatic diseases.
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42
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Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) can modulate the host immune response, executing both pro- and anti-inflammatory effects. As EVs increasingly gain attention as potential carriers for targeted gene and drug delivery, knowledge on the effects of EVs on the host immune response is important. This review will focus on the ability of EVs to trigger a pro-inflammatory host response by activating target cells. The overall view is that EVs can augment an inflammatory response, thereby potentially contributing to organ injury. This pro-inflammatory potential of EVs may hamper its use for therapeutic drug delivery. Whether removal of EVs as a means to reduce a pro-inflammatory or pro-coagulant response during hyper-inflammatory conditions is beneficial remains to be determined. Prior to any proposed therapeutic application, there is a need for further studies on the role of EVs in physiology and pathophysiology using improved detection and characterization methods to elucidate the roles of EVs in inflammatory conditions.
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Lange S, Gallagher M, Kholia S, Kosgodage US, Hristova M, Hardy J, Inal JM. Peptidylarginine Deiminases-Roles in Cancer and Neurodegeneration and Possible Avenues for Therapeutic Intervention via Modulation of Exosome and Microvesicle (EMV) Release? Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18061196. [PMID: 28587234 PMCID: PMC5486019 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18061196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2017] [Revised: 06/02/2017] [Accepted: 06/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Exosomes and microvesicles (EMVs) are lipid bilayer-enclosed structures released from cells and participate in cell-to-cell communication via transport of biological molecules. EMVs play important roles in various pathologies, including cancer and neurodegeneration. The regulation of EMV biogenesis is thus of great importance and novel ways for manipulating their release from cells have recently been highlighted. One of the pathways involved in EMV shedding is driven by peptidylarginine deiminase (PAD) mediated post-translational protein deimination, which is calcium-dependent and affects cytoskeletal rearrangement amongst other things. Increased PAD expression is observed in various cancers and neurodegeneration and may contribute to increased EMV shedding and disease progression. Here, we review the roles of PADs and EMVs in cancer and neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sigrun Lange
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Westminster, 115, New Cavendish Street, London W1W 6UW, UK.
- School of Pharmacy, University College London, 29-39 Brunswick Square, London WC1N 1AX, UK.
| | - Mark Gallagher
- Cellular and Molecular Immunology Research Centre, School of Human Sciences, London Metropolitan University, 166-220 Holloway Road, London N7 8DB, UK.
| | - Sharad Kholia
- Molecular Biotechnology Center, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, Corso Dogliotti 14, 10126 Turin, Italy.
| | - Uchini S Kosgodage
- Cellular and Molecular Immunology Research Centre, School of Human Sciences, London Metropolitan University, 166-220 Holloway Road, London N7 8DB, UK.
| | - Mariya Hristova
- Institute for Women's Health, University College London, 74 Huntley Street, London WC1N 6HX, UK.
| | - John Hardy
- Reta Lila Weston Research Laboratories, Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology, London WC1N 3BG, UK.
| | - Jameel M Inal
- Cellular and Molecular Immunology Research Centre, School of Human Sciences, London Metropolitan University, 166-220 Holloway Road, London N7 8DB, UK.
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Characterization of the Proinflammatory Profile of Synovial Fluid-Derived Exosomes of Patients with Osteoarthritis. Mediators Inflamm 2017. [PMID: 28634420 PMCID: PMC5467328 DOI: 10.1155/2017/4814987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study is to characterize synovial fluid- (SF-) derived exosomes of patients with gonarthrosis comparing two methods of isolation and to investigate their immune regulatory properties. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) have been isolated from inflamed SF by polymer precipitation method and quantified by Exocet kit and by nanoparticle tracking analysis. Vesicles expressed all the specific exosomal markers by immunoblot and FACS. After isolation with Exoquick, a relevant contamination by immune complexes was detected, which required further magnetic bead-based purification to remove. SF-derived exosomes significantly stimulated the release of several inflammatory cytokines and chemokines and metalloproteinases by M1 macrophages but did not influence the expression of CD80 and CD86 costimulatory molecules. In conclusion, we characterized purified exosomes isolated from inflamed SF and demonstrate that purified exosomes are functionally active in their ability to stimulate the release of proinflammatory factors from M1 macrophages. Our data indicate that SF-derived exosomes from gonarthrosis patients play a role in disease progression.
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45
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Cosenza S, Ruiz M, Maumus M, Jorgensen C, Noël D. Pathogenic or Therapeutic Extracellular Vesicles in Rheumatic Diseases: Role of Mesenchymal Stem Cell-Derived Vesicles. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:E889. [PMID: 28441721 PMCID: PMC5412468 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18040889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2017] [Revised: 04/20/2017] [Accepted: 04/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are important mediators of cell-to-cell communication pathways via the transport of proteins, mRNA, miRNA and lipids. There are three main types of EVs, exosomes, microparticles and apoptotic bodies, which are classified according to their size and biogenesis. EVs are secreted by all cell types and their function reproduces that of the parental cell. They are involved in many biological processes that regulate tissue homeostasis and physiopathology of diseases. In rheumatic diseases, namely osteoarthritis (OA) and rheumatoid arthritis (RA), EVs have been isolated from synovial fluid and shown to play pathogenic roles contributing to progression of both diseases. By contrast, EVs may have therapeutic effect via the delivery of molecules that may stop disease evolution. In particular, EVs derived from mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) reproduce the main functions of the parental cells and therefore represent the ideal type of EVs for modulating the course of either disease. The aim of this review is to discuss the role of EVs in OA and RA focusing on their potential pathogenic effect and possible therapeutic options. Special attention is given to MSCs and MSC-derived EVs for modulating OA and RA progression with the perspective of developing innovative therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stella Cosenza
- Institute of Regenerative Medicine and Biotherapies, INSERM, University of Montpellier, 34090 Montpellier, France.
| | - Maxime Ruiz
- Institute of Regenerative Medicine and Biotherapies, INSERM, University of Montpellier, 34090 Montpellier, France.
| | - Marie Maumus
- Institute of Regenerative Medicine and Biotherapies, INSERM, University of Montpellier, 34090 Montpellier, France.
| | - Christian Jorgensen
- Institute of Regenerative Medicine and Biotherapies, INSERM, University of Montpellier, 34090 Montpellier, France.
- Clinical Immunology and Osteoarticular Diseases Therapeutic Unit, Hôpital Lapeyronie, 34090 Montpellier, France.
| | - Danièle Noël
- Institute of Regenerative Medicine and Biotherapies, INSERM, University of Montpellier, 34090 Montpellier, France.
- Clinical Immunology and Osteoarticular Diseases Therapeutic Unit, Hôpital Lapeyronie, 34090 Montpellier, France.
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46
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Kahraman T, Gucluler G, Simsek I, Yagci FC, Yildirim M, Ozen C, Dinc A, Gursel M, Ikromzoda L, Sutlu T, Gay S, Gursel I. Circulating LL37 targets plasma extracellular vesicles to immune cells and intensifies Behçet's disease severity. J Extracell Vesicles 2017; 6:1284449. [PMID: 28326169 PMCID: PMC5345581 DOI: 10.1080/20013078.2017.1284449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2016] [Revised: 11/28/2016] [Accepted: 12/03/2016] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Behçet's disease (BD) activity is characterised by sustained, over-exuberant immune activation, yet the underlying mechanisms leading to active BD state are poorly defined. Herein, we show that the human cathelicidin derived antimicrobial peptide LL37 associates with and directs plasma extracellular vesicles (EV) to immune cells, thereby leading to enhanced immune activation aggravating BD pathology. Notably, disease activity was correlated with elevated levels of circulating LL37 and EV plasma concentration. Stimulation of healthy PBMC with active BD patient EVs induced heightened IL1β, IFNα, IL6 and IP10 secretion compared to healthy and inactive BD EVs. Remarkably, when mixed with LL37, healthy plasma-EVs triggered a robust immune activation replicating the pathology inducing properties of BD EVs. The findings of this study could be of clinical interest in the management of BD, implicating LL37/EV association as one of the major contributors of BD pathogenesis. Abbreviations: BD: Behçet's disease; EV: extracellular vesicle; BB: binding buffer; AnV: annexin V; autologEV: autologous extracellular vesicles; alloEV: allogeneic extracellular vesicles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamer Kahraman
- Science Faculty, Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Bilkent University , Ankara , Turkey
| | - Gozde Gucluler
- Science Faculty, Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Bilkent University , Ankara , Turkey
| | - Ismail Simsek
- Division of Rheumatology, Gulhane School of Medicine , Ankara , Turkey
| | - Fuat Cem Yagci
- Science Faculty, Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Bilkent University , Ankara , Turkey
| | - Muzaffer Yildirim
- Science Faculty, Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Bilkent University , Ankara , Turkey
| | - Can Ozen
- Department of Biotechnology, Middle East Technical University , Ankara , Turkey
| | - Ayhan Dinc
- Division of Rheumatology, Gulhane School of Medicine , Ankara , Turkey
| | - Mayda Gursel
- Department of Biological Sciences, Middle East Technical University , Ankara , Turkey
| | - Lolai Ikromzoda
- Nanotechnology Research and Application Center, Sabanci University , Istanbul , Turkey
| | - Tolga Sutlu
- Nanotechnology Research and Application Center, Sabanci University , Istanbul , Turkey
| | - Stephen Gay
- Department of Rheumatology, University Hospital Zurich , Zurich , Switzerland
| | - Ihsan Gursel
- Science Faculty, Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Bilkent University , Ankara , Turkey
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47
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Devarapu SK, Lorenz G, Kulkarni OP, Anders HJ, Mulay SR. Cellular and Molecular Mechanisms of Autoimmunity and Lupus Nephritis. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2017; 332:43-154. [PMID: 28526137 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ircmb.2016.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Autoimmunity involves immune responses directed against self, which are a result of defective self/foreign distinction of the immune system, leading to proliferation of self-reactive lymphocytes, and is characterized by systemic, as well as tissue-specific, inflammation. Numerous mechanisms operate to ensure the immune tolerance to self-antigens. However, monogenetic defects or genetic variants that weaken immune tolerance render susceptibility to the loss of immune tolerance, which is further triggered by environmental factors. In this review, we discuss the phenomenon of immune tolerance, genetic and environmental factors that influence the immune tolerance, factors that induce autoimmunity such as epigenetic and transcription factors, neutrophil extracellular trap formation, extracellular vesicles, ion channels, and lipid mediators, as well as costimulatory or coinhibitory molecules that contribute to an autoimmune response. Further, we discuss the cellular and molecular mechanisms of autoimmune tissue injury and inflammation during systemic lupus erythematosus and lupus nephritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- S K Devarapu
- Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IV, Klinikum der Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - G Lorenz
- Klinikum rechts der Isar, Abteilung für Nephrologie, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | | | - H-J Anders
- Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IV, Klinikum der Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - S R Mulay
- Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IV, Klinikum der Universität München, Munich, Germany.
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Extracellular Vesicles and Autophagy in Osteoarthritis. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2016; 2016:2428915. [PMID: 28078284 PMCID: PMC5203887 DOI: 10.1155/2016/2428915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2016] [Revised: 11/09/2016] [Accepted: 11/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Osteoarthritis (OA) is a type of chronic joint disease that is characterized by the degeneration and loss of articular cartilage and hyperplasia of the synovium and subchondral bone. There is reasonable knowledge about articular cartilage physiology, biochemistry, and chondrocyte metabolism. However, the etiology and pathogenesis of OA remain unclear and need urgent clarification to guide the early diagnosis and treatment of OA. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are small membrane-linking particles that are released from cells. In recent decades, several special biological properties have been found in EV, especially in terms of cartilage. Autophagy plays a critical role in the regulation of cellular homeostasis. Likewise, more and more research has gradually focused on the effect of autophagy on chondrocyte proliferation and function in OA. The synthesis and release of EV are closely associated with autophagy. At the same time, both EV and autophagy play a role in OA development. Based on the mechanism of EV and autophagy in OA development, EV may be beneficial in the early diagnosis of OA; on the other hand, the combination of EV and autophagy-related regulatory drugs may provide insight into possible OA therapeutic strategies.
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Withrow J, Murphy C, Liu Y, Hunter M, Fulzele S, Hamrick MW. Extracellular vesicles in the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis. Arthritis Res Ther 2016; 18:286. [PMID: 27906035 PMCID: PMC5134070 DOI: 10.1186/s13075-016-1178-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 178] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Osteoarthritis (OA) and rheumatoid arthritis (RA) are both debilitating diseases that cause significant morbidity in the US population. Extracellular vesicles (EVs), including exosomes and microvesicles, are now recognized to play important roles in cell-to-cell communication by transporting various proteins, microRNAs (miRNAs), and mRNAs. EV-derived proteins and miRNAs impact cell viability and cell differentiation, and are likely to play a prominent role in the pathophysiology of both OA and RA. Some of the processes by which these membrane-bound vesicles can alter joint tissue include extracellular matrix degradation, cell-to-cell communication, modulation of inflammation, angiogenesis, and antigen presentation. For example, EVs from IL-1β-stimulated fibroblast-like synoviocytes have been shown to induce osteoarthritic changes in chondrocytes. RA models have shown that EVs stimulated with inflammatory cytokines are capable of inducing apoptosis resistance in T cells, presenting antigen to T cells, and causing extracellular damage with matrix-degrading enzymes. EVs derived from rheumatoid models have also been shown to induce secretion of COX-2 and stimulate angiogenesis. Additionally, there is evidence that synovium-derived EVs may be promising biomarkers of disease in both OA and RA. The characterization of EVs in the joint space has also opened up the possibility for delivery of small molecules. This article reviews current knowledge on the role of EVs in both RA and OA, and their potential role as therapeutic targets for modulation of these debilitating diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Withrow
- Department of Cellular Biology & Anatomy, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Laney Walker Blvd. CB2915, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA
| | - Cameron Murphy
- Department of Cellular Biology & Anatomy, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Laney Walker Blvd. CB2915, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA
| | - Yutao Liu
- Department of Cellular Biology & Anatomy, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Laney Walker Blvd. CB2915, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA
| | - Monte Hunter
- Department of Cellular Biology & Anatomy, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Laney Walker Blvd. CB2915, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA
| | - Sadanand Fulzele
- Department of Cellular Biology & Anatomy, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Laney Walker Blvd. CB2915, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA
| | - Mark W Hamrick
- Department of Cellular Biology & Anatomy, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Laney Walker Blvd. CB2915, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA.
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50
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Cuppen BVJ, Rossato M, Fritsch-Stork RDE, Concepcion AN, Schenk Y, Bijlsma JWJ, Radstake TRDJ, Lafeber FPJG. Can baseline serum microRNAs predict response to TNF-alpha inhibitors in rheumatoid arthritis? Arthritis Res Ther 2016; 18:189. [PMID: 27558398 PMCID: PMC4997731 DOI: 10.1186/s13075-016-1085-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2016] [Accepted: 08/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In rheumatoid arthritis, prediction of response to TNF-alpha inhibitor (TNFi) treatment would be of clinical value. This study aims to discover miRNAs that predict response and aims to replicate results of two previous studies addressing this topic. METHODS From the observational BiOCURA cohort, 40 adalimumab- (ADA) and 40 etanercept- (ETN) treated patients were selected to enter the discovery cohort and baseline serum profiling on 758 miRNAs was performed. The added value of univariately selected miRNAs (p < 0.05) over clinical parameters in prediction of response was determined by means of the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC-ROC). Validation was performed by TaqMan single qPCR assays in 40 new patients. RESULTS Expression of miR-99a and miR-143 predicted response to ADA, and miR-23a and miR-197 predicted response to ETN. The addition of miRNAs increased the AUC-ROC of a model containing only clinical parameters for ADA (0.75 to 0.97) and ETN (0.68 to 0.78). In validation, none of the selected miRNAs significantly predicted response. miR-23a was the only overlapping miRNA compared to the two previous studies, however inversely related with response in one of these studies. The reasons for the inability to replicate previously proposed miRNAs predicting response to TNFi and replicate those from the discovery cohort were investigated and discussed. CONCLUSIONS To date, no miRNA consistently predicting response to TNFi therapy in RA has been identified. Future studies on this topic should meet a minimum of standards in design that are addressed in this study, in order to increase the reproducibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bart V J Cuppen
- Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Heidelberglaan 100, 3584 CX, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - Marzia Rossato
- Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Heidelberglaan 100, 3584 CX, Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Laboratory of Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Heidelberglaan 100, 3584 CX, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Ruth D E Fritsch-Stork
- Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Heidelberglaan 100, 3584 CX, Utrecht, The Netherlands.,1st Medical Department & Ludwig Boltzmann Institute of Osteology at the Hanusch Hospital of WGKK and AUVA Trauma Centre Meidling, Hanusch Hospital, Heinrich-Collin-Straße 30, 1140, Vienna, Austria.,Sigmund Freud University, Freudplatz 1, 1020, Vienna, Austria
| | - Arno N Concepcion
- Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Heidelberglaan 100, 3584 CX, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Yolande Schenk
- Rheumatology, Diakonessen Hospital, Bosboomstraat 1, 3582 KE, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Johannes W J Bijlsma
- Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Heidelberglaan 100, 3584 CX, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Timothy R D J Radstake
- Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Heidelberglaan 100, 3584 CX, Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Laboratory of Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Heidelberglaan 100, 3584 CX, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Floris P J G Lafeber
- Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Heidelberglaan 100, 3584 CX, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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