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Chen S, Qian H, Dai F, Fan G, Lu H, Deng C, Shi Y, He Y, Zhang X, Shi G, Liu Y. Detection of anti-calreticulin antibody in the sera of Chinese patients with primary Sjögren syndrome. Semin Arthritis Rheum 2024; 68:152488. [PMID: 38896912 DOI: 10.1016/j.semarthrit.2024.152488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2024] [Revised: 05/30/2024] [Accepted: 05/31/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Primary Sjögren syndrome (pSjS) is one of the most prevalent systemic autoimmune diseases and characterized with hyperactivation of B cell and the abundant presence of autoantibodies in sera. The salivary gland epithelial cells (SGECs) release autoantigens to evoke autoimmunity through releasing elevated apoptosis or secreting autoantigen-containing exosomes, thus identifying autoantibodies directly to SGECs might provide insights into disease related biomarkers as well as further elucidating pathogenesis mechanisms. The present study was undertaken to identify autoantibodies to SGECs and to evaluate its clinical values in Chinese pSjS. METHODS Cell-based indirect immunofluorescence and immunostaining, two-dimensional electrophoresis and liquid chromatograph-tandem mass spectrometry were conducted to identify the autoantibodies to human salivary gland cell line A253 in pSjS sera. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was applied to identify autoantibody titer in pSjS cohort and healthy controls. The prevalence and clinical significance of the identified autoantibodies was further assessed in pSjS population. RESULTS Anti-calreticulin (CALR) antibody was identified as a new autoantibody directly to SGECs in sera from pSjS patients. Anti-CALR antibody were detected in 37 of 120 pSjS patients (30.83 %) and 1 of 54 healthy controls (1.85 %). It was found in 40.85 % pSjS with anti-SSA positive, 53.85 % with anti-SSB positive, and 14.7 % in sero-negative pSjS. Anti-CALR antibody was associated with clinical manifestations including weight loss(p = 0.045), vasculitis (p = 0.031), and laboratory parameters including erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) (r = 0.056, p = 0.021), Krebs von den Lungen-6 (KL-6) (r = 0.121, p = 0.035), IgG (r = 0.097, p < 0.001), IgG2 (r = 0.142, p = 0.022), IgG3 (r = 0.287, p < 0.001), fibrinogen (r = 0.084, p = 0.016), D-Dimer (r = 0.086, p = 0.012) and fibrinogen degradation production (r = 0.150, p = 0.002). The expression of CALR in salivary glands was related to lymphocytes infiltration into salivary glands in pSjS patients (r = 0.7076, p = 0.0034). CONCLUSION To our knowledge, this was the first study to investigate the prevalence and clinical significance of anti-CALR antibody in Chinses pSjS patients. The present study identified an autoimmune antibody, anti-CALR antibody, as a good autoimmune biomarker for sero-negative pSjS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiju Chen
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, XM, 361000, China; Xiamen Municipal Clinical Research Center for Immune Diseases, Xiamen, XM, 361000, China; Xiamen Key Laboratory of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Xiamen, XM, 361000, China
| | - Hongyan Qian
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, XM, 361000, China; Xiamen Municipal Clinical Research Center for Immune Diseases, Xiamen, XM, 361000, China; Xiamen Key Laboratory of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Xiamen, XM, 361000, China
| | - Fan Dai
- School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, XM, 361000, China
| | - Guihua Fan
- School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, XM, 361000, China
| | - Huiqin Lu
- School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, XM, 361000, China
| | - Chaoqiong Deng
- School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, XM, 361000, China
| | - Yingying Shi
- School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, XM, 361000, China
| | - Yan He
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, XM, 361000, China; Xiamen Municipal Clinical Research Center for Immune Diseases, Xiamen, XM, 361000, China; Xiamen Key Laboratory of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Xiamen, XM, 361000, China
| | - Xinwei Zhang
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, XM, 361000, China; Xiamen Municipal Clinical Research Center for Immune Diseases, Xiamen, XM, 361000, China; Xiamen Key Laboratory of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Xiamen, XM, 361000, China
| | - Guixiu Shi
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, XM, 361000, China; Xiamen Municipal Clinical Research Center for Immune Diseases, Xiamen, XM, 361000, China; Xiamen Key Laboratory of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Xiamen, XM, 361000, China.
| | - Yuan Liu
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, XM, 361000, China; Xiamen Municipal Clinical Research Center for Immune Diseases, Xiamen, XM, 361000, China; Xiamen Key Laboratory of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Xiamen, XM, 361000, China.
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Trier NH, Houen G. Anti-citrullinated protein antibodies as biomarkers in rheumatoid arthritis. Expert Rev Mol Diagn 2023; 23:895-911. [PMID: 37578277 DOI: 10.1080/14737159.2023.2247986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Revised: 07/15/2023] [Accepted: 08/10/2023] [Indexed: 08/15/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The serological biomarker anti-citrullinated protein antibodies (ACPAs) may have several functions but is especially important for the diagnosis of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) along with clinical symptoms. AREAS COVERED This review provides an overview of ACPAs, which are useful in RA diagnostics and may improve our understanding of disease etiology. PubMed was searched with combinations of words related to antibodies recognizing epitopes containing the post-translationally modified amino acid citrulline in combination with rheumatoid arthritis; cyclic citrullinated peptide, CCP, anti-CCP, anti-citrullinated protein antibodies, ACPA, citrullination, peptide/protein arginine deiminase, PAD, filaggrin, vimentin, keratin, collagen, perinuclear factor, EBNA1, EBNA2, and others. From this search, we made a qualitative extract of publications relevant to the discovery, characterization, and clinical use of these antibodies in relation to RA. We highlight significant findings and identify areas for improvement. EXPERT OPINION ACPAs have high diagnostic sensitivity and specificity for RA and recognize citrullinated epitopes from several proteins. The best-performing single epitope originates from Epstein-Barr Virus nuclear antigen 2 and contains a central Cit-Gly motif, which is recognized by ACPAS when located in a flexible peptide structure. In addition, ACPAs may also have prognostic value, especially in relation to early treatment, although ACPAs' main function is to aid in the diagnosis of RA.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gunnar Houen
- Department of Neurology, Rigshospitalet Glostrup, Glostrup, Denmark
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern Denmark, Odense M, Denmark
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Implications of Post-Translational Modifications in Autoimmunity with Emphasis on Citrullination, Homocitrullination and Acetylation for the Pathogenesis, Diagnosis and Prognosis of Rheumatoid Arthritis. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232415803. [PMID: 36555449 PMCID: PMC9781636 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232415803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Revised: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 12/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Post-translational modifications (PTMs) influence cellular processes and consequently, their dysregulation is related to the etiologies of numerous diseases. It is widely known that a variety of autoimmune responses in human diseases depend on PTMs of self-proteins. In this review we summarize the latest findings about the role of PTMs in the generation of autoimmunity and, specifically, we address the most relevant PTMs in rheumatic diseases that occur in synovial tissue. Citrullination, homocitrullination (carbamylation) and acetylation are responsible for the generation of Anti-Modified Protein/Peptide Antibodies (AMPAs family), autoantibodies which have been implicated in the etiopathogenesis, diagnosis and prognosis of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Synthetic peptides provide complete control over the exact epitopes presented as well as the specific positions in their sequence where post-translationally modified amino acids are located and are key to advancing the detection of serological RA biomarkers that could be useful to stratify RA patients in order to pursue a personalized rheumatology. In this review we specifically address the latest findings regarding synthetic peptides post-translationally modified for the specific detection of autoantibodies in RA patients.
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Maggi J, Carrascal M, Soto L, Neira O, Cuéllar MC, Aravena O, James EA, Abian J, Jaraquemada D, Catalan D, Aguillón JC. Isolation of HLA-DR-naturally presented peptides identifies T-cell epitopes for rheumatoid arthritis. Ann Rheum Dis 2022; 81:1096-1105. [PMID: 35459695 DOI: 10.1136/annrheumdis-2021-220371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Accepted: 04/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) immunopathogenesis revolves around the presentation of poorly characterised self-peptides by human leucocyte antigen (HLA)-class II molecules on the surface of antigen-presenting cells to autoreactive CD4 +T cells. Here, we analysed the HLA-DR-associated peptidome of synovial tissue (ST) and of dendritic cells (DCs) pulsed with synovial fluid (SF) or ST, to identify potential T-cell epitopes for RA. METHODS HLA-DR/peptide complexes were isolated from RA ST samples (n=3) and monocyte-derived DCs, generated from healthy donors carrying RA-associated shared epitope positive HLA-DR molecules and pulsed with RA SF (n=7) or ST (n=2). Peptide sequencing was performed by high-resolution mass spectrometry. The immunostimulatory capacity of selected peptides was evaluated on peripheral blood mononuclear cells from patients with RA (n=29) and healthy subjects (n=12) by flow cytometry. RESULTS We identified between 103 and 888 HLA-DR-naturally presented peptides per sample. We selected 37 native and six citrullinated (cit)-peptides for stimulation assays. Six of these peptides increased the expression of CD40L on CD4 +T cells patients with RA, and specifically triggered IFN-γ expression on RA CD4 +T cells compared with healthy subjects. Finally, the frequency of IFN-γ-producing CD4 +T cells specific for a myeloperoxidase-derived peptide showed a positive correlation with disease activity. CONCLUSIONS We significantly expanded the peptide repertoire presented by HLA-DR molecules in a physiologically relevant context, identifying six new epitopes recognised by CD4 +T cells from patients with RA. This information is important for a better understanding of the disease immunopathology, as well as for designing tolerising antigen-specific immunotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaxaira Maggi
- Immune Regulation and Tolerance Research Group, Programa Disciplinario de Inmunología, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas (ICBM), Universidad de Chile Facultad de Medicina, Santiago, Chile
| | - Montserrat Carrascal
- Biological and Environmental Proteomics Group, IIBB-CSIC, IDIBAPS, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Lilian Soto
- Immune Regulation and Tolerance Research Group, Programa Disciplinario de Inmunología, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas (ICBM), Universidad de Chile Facultad de Medicina, Santiago, Chile
- Departamento de Medicina, Unidad del Dolor, Hospital Clinico de la Universidad de Chile Jose Joaquin Aguirre, Santiago, Chile
| | - Oscar Neira
- Servicio de Reumatología, Hospital del Salvador, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - María C Cuéllar
- Servicio de Reumatología, Hospital del Salvador, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Octavio Aravena
- Immune Regulation and Tolerance Research Group, Programa Disciplinario de Inmunología, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas (ICBM), Universidad de Chile Facultad de Medicina, Santiago, Chile
| | - Eddie A James
- Translational Research Program, Benaroya Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Joaquin Abian
- Biological and Environmental Proteomics Group, IIBB-CSIC, IDIBAPS, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Dolores Jaraquemada
- Immunology Unit, Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology Department, Institut de Biotecnologia i Biomedicina, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Diego Catalan
- Immune Regulation and Tolerance Research Group, Programa Disciplinario de Inmunología, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas (ICBM), Universidad de Chile Facultad de Medicina, Santiago, Chile
| | - Juan C Aguillón
- Immune Regulation and Tolerance Research Group, Programa Disciplinario de Inmunología, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas (ICBM), Universidad de Chile Facultad de Medicina, Santiago, Chile
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de França NR, Ménard HA, Lora M, Zhou Z, Rauch J, Hitchon C, Andrade LEC, Colmegna I. Characterization and use of the ECV304 autoantigenic citrullinome to understand anti-citrullinated protein/peptide autoantibodies in rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Res Ther 2022; 24:23. [PMID: 35027076 PMCID: PMC8756661 DOI: 10.1186/s13075-021-02698-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2021] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Anti-citrullinated protein antibodies (ACPAs) are highly specific for rheumatoid arthritis (RA). In vivo, ACPAs target peptidyl-citrulline epitopes (cit-) in a variety of proteins (cit-prot-ACPAs) and derived peptides (cit-pept-ACPAs) generated via the peptidylarginine deiminase (PAD) isoenzymes. We aimed to identify a cell line with self-citrullination capacity, to describe its autoantigenic citrullinome, and to test it as a source of autocitrullinated proteins and peptides. Methods Human cell lines were screened for cit-proteins by Western blot. PAD isoenzymes were identified by RT-PCR. Autocitrullination of ECV304 was optimized, and the ECV304 autocitrullinomes immunoprecipitated by sera from three RA patients were characterized by mass spectrometry. Cit-pept-ACPAs were detected using anti-CCP2 ELISA and cit-prot-ACPAs, by an auto-cit-prot-ECV304 ELISA. Sera from 177 RA patients, 59 non-RA rheumatic disease patients and 25 non-disease controls were tested. Results Of the seven cell lines studied, only ECV304 simultaneously overexpressed PAD2 and PAD3 and its extracts reproducibly autocitrullinated self and non-self-proteins. Proteomic analysis of the cit-ECV304 products immunoprecipitated by RA sera, identified novel cit-targets: calreticulin, profilin 1, vinculin, new 14–3-3 protein family members, chaperones, and mitochondrial enzymes. The auto-cit-prot-ECV304 ELISA had a sensitivity of 50% and a specificity of 95% for RA diagnosis. Conclusions ECV304 cells overexpress two of the PAD isoenzymes capable of citrullinating self-proteins. These autocitrullinated cells constitute a basic and clinical research tool that enable the detection of cit-prot-ACPAs with high diagnostic specificity and allow the identification of the specific cit-proteins targeted by individual RA sera. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13075-021-02698-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Regine de França
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, McGill University, The Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, 1001 Décarie Boulevard, Montréal, QC, H4A 3J1, Canada.,Division of Rheumatology, Paulista School of Medicine, Federal University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Henri André Ménard
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, McGill University, The Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, 1001 Décarie Boulevard, Montréal, QC, H4A 3J1, Canada
| | - Maximilien Lora
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, McGill University, The Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, 1001 Décarie Boulevard, Montréal, QC, H4A 3J1, Canada
| | - Zhijie Zhou
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, McGill University, The Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, 1001 Décarie Boulevard, Montréal, QC, H4A 3J1, Canada
| | - Joyce Rauch
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, McGill University, The Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, 1001 Décarie Boulevard, Montréal, QC, H4A 3J1, Canada
| | - Carol Hitchon
- Section of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | | | - Inés Colmegna
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, McGill University, The Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, 1001 Décarie Boulevard, Montréal, QC, H4A 3J1, Canada.
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Impact of Posttranslational Modification in Pathogenesis of Rheumatoid Arthritis: Focusing on Citrullination, Carbamylation, and Acetylation. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms221910576. [PMID: 34638916 PMCID: PMC8508717 DOI: 10.3390/ijms221910576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2021] [Revised: 09/23/2021] [Accepted: 09/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is caused by prolonged periodic interactions between genetic, environmental, and immunologic factors. Posttranslational modifications (PTMs) such as citrullination, carbamylation, and acetylation are correlated with the pathogenesis of RA. PTM and cell death mechanisms such as apoptosis, autophagy, NETosis, leukotoxic hypercitrullination (LTH), and necrosis are related to each other and induce autoantigenicity. Certain microbial infections, such as those caused by Porphyromonasgingivalis, Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, and Prevotella copri, can induce autoantigens in RA. Anti-modified protein antibodies (AMPA) containing anti-citrullinated protein/peptide antibodies (ACPAs), anti-carbamylated protein (anti-CarP) antibodies, and anti-acetylated protein antibodies (AAPAs) play a role in pathogenesis as well as in prediction, diagnosis, and prognosis. Interestingly, smoking is correlated with both PTMs and AMPAs in the development of RA. However, there is lack of evidence that smoking induces the generation of AMPAs.
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Rodríguez-Saavedra C, Morgado-Martínez LE, Burgos-Palacios A, King-Díaz B, López-Coria M, Sánchez-Nieto S. Moonlighting Proteins: The Case of the Hexokinases. Front Mol Biosci 2021; 8:701975. [PMID: 34235183 PMCID: PMC8256278 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2021.701975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Moonlighting proteins are defined as proteins with two or more functions that are unrelated and independent to each other, so that inactivation of one of them should not affect the second one and vice versa. Intriguingly, all the glycolytic enzymes are described as moonlighting proteins in some organisms. Hexokinase (HXK) is a critical enzyme in the glycolytic pathway and displays a wide range of functions in different organisms such as fungi, parasites, mammals, and plants. This review discusses HXKs moonlighting functions in depth since they have a profound impact on the responses to nutritional, environmental, and disease challenges. HXKs’ activities can be as diverse as performing metabolic activities, as a gene repressor complexing with other proteins, as protein kinase, as immune receptor and regulating processes like autophagy, programmed cell death or immune system responses. However, most of those functions are particular for some organisms while the most common moonlighting HXK function in several kingdoms is being a glucose sensor. In this review, we also analyze how different regulation mechanisms cause HXK to change its subcellular localization, oligomeric or conformational state, the response to substrate and product concentration, and its interactions with membrane, proteins, or RNA, all of which might impact the HXK moonlighting functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Rodríguez-Saavedra
- Laboratorio de Transporte y Percepción de Azúcares en Plantas, Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Luis Enrique Morgado-Martínez
- Laboratorio de Transporte y Percepción de Azúcares en Plantas, Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Andrés Burgos-Palacios
- Laboratorio de Transporte y Percepción de Azúcares en Plantas, Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Beatriz King-Díaz
- Laboratorio de Transporte y Percepción de Azúcares en Plantas, Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Montserrat López-Coria
- Laboratorio de Transporte y Percepción de Azúcares en Plantas, Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Sobeida Sánchez-Nieto
- Laboratorio de Transporte y Percepción de Azúcares en Plantas, Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
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Ma D, Liang N, Zhang L. Establishing Classification Tree Models in Rheumatoid Arthritis Using Combination of Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry and Magnetic Beads. Front Med (Lausanne) 2021; 8:609773. [PMID: 33718399 PMCID: PMC7943484 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2021.609773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: There is no simple method for early diagnosis and evaluation of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). This study aimed to determine potential biomarkers and establish diagnostic patterns for RA using proteomic fingerprint technology combined with magnetic beads. Methods: The serum protein profiles of 97 RA patients and 76 healthy controls (HCs) were analyzed by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF-MS) with weak cationic exchange (WCX) magnetic beads. Samples were randomly divided into training (83 RA patients and 56 HCs) and test sets (14 RA patients and 20 HCs). Patients were classified according to their Disease Activity Score: in remission, n = 28; with low disease activity, n = 17; with moderate disease activity, n = 21; with high disease activity, n = 31. There are 44 RA patients alone, 22 RA patients with interstitial lung disease (RA-ILD), 18 RA patients with secondary Sjögren's syndrome (RA-sSS), 6 RA patients with osteonecrosis of the femoral head (RA-ONFH), and 7 RA patients with other complications. Eleven patients were treated with etanercept only for half a year, after which their serum protein profiles were detected. The proteomic pattern was identified by Biomarker Patterns Software, and the potential biomarkers for RA diagnosis were further identified and quantified by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Results: The diagnostic pattern with four potential protein biomarkers, mass-to-charge (m/z) 3,448.85, 4,716.71, 8,214.29, and 10,645.10, could accurately recognize RA patients from HCs (specificity, 91.57%; sensitivity, 92.86%). The test set were correctly classified by this model (sensitivity, 95%; specificity, 100%). The components containing the four biomarkers were preliminarily retrieved through the ExPasy database, including the C-C motif chemokine 24 (CCL24), putative metallothionein (MT1DP), sarcolipin (SLN), and C-X-C motif chemokine 11 (CCXL11). Only the CCL24 level was detected to have a significant decrease in the serum of RA patients as compared with HCs (p < 0.05). No significant difference was found in others, but a decreasing trend consistent with the down-regulation of the four biomarkers detected by MALDI-TOF-MS was observed. The diagnostic models could effectively discriminate between RA alone and RA with complications (RA-ILD: m/z 10,645.10 and 12,595.86; RA-sSS: m/z 6,635.62 and 33,897.72; RA-ONFH: m/z 2,071.689). The classification model, including m/z 1,130.776, 1,501.065, 2,091.198, and 11,381.87, could distinguish between RA patients with disease activity and those in remission. RA with low disease activity could be efficiently discriminated from other disease activity patients by specific protein biomarkers (m/z 2,032.31, 2,506.214, and Z9286.495). Two biomarkers (m/z 2,032.31 and 4,716.71) were applied to build the classification model for RA patients with moderate and high disease activities. Biological markers for etanercept (m/z 2,671.604064, 5,801.840579, 8,130.195641, and 9,286.49499) were observed between the responder (n = 7) and non-responder groups (n = 4) (p < 0.05). Conclusion: We successfully established a series of diagnostic models involving RA and RA with complications as well as assessed disease activity. Furthermore, we found that CCL24 may be a valuable auxiliary diagnostic indicator for RA. These results provide reference values for clinical practice in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Ma
- Department of Rheumatology, Shanxi Bethune Hospital, Shanxi Academy of Medical Sciences, Shanxi Bethune Hospital Affiliated to Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Nana Liang
- First Hospital/First Clinical Medical College of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Liyun Zhang
- Department of Rheumatology, Shanxi Bethune Hospital, Shanxi Academy of Medical Sciences, Shanxi Bethune Hospital Affiliated to Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
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Chen H, Yang H, Cheng QX, Ge YP, Peng QL, Zhang YM, Cheng GH, Wang GC, Lu X. A novel autoantibody targeting calreticulin is associated with cancer in patients with idiopathic inflammatory myopathies. Clin Transl Immunology 2020; 9:e1195. [PMID: 33082955 PMCID: PMC7558046 DOI: 10.1002/cti2.1195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2019] [Revised: 01/15/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives To investigate the prevalence and clinical significance of anti‐calreticulin autoantibodies (anti‐CRT Ab) in a large cohort of idiopathic inflammatory myopathy (IIM) patients. Methods Sera from 469 patients with IIM, 196 patients with other connective tissue diseases, 28 patients with solid tumors and 81 healthy controls were screened for anti‐CRT Ab by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay using human recombinant CRT protein. Sera from 35 IIM patients were tested using an immunoprecipitation assay to confirm the presence of anti‐CRT Ab. Subsequently, IIM–cancer patients were identified and divided into new‐onset, remission and recurrent groups based on their cancer status. The relationships between anti‐CRT Ab levels and IIM disease activity were also investigated. Results Serum anti‐CRT Ab was detected positive in 81 of the 469 (17.3%) IIM patients. Immunoprecipitated bands were observed at a molecular weight of 60 kDa corresponding to the CRT protein. The IIM patients with anti‐CRT Ab more frequently had cancers compared to the patients without anti‐CRT Ab. Moreover, the prevalence of anti‐CRT Ab differed according to the cancer status. The IIM patients with recurrent cancers had a much higher prevalence of anti‐CRT Ab than those with cancers in remission. Also, serum anti‐CRT Ab levels positively correlated with disease activity at baseline and at follow‐up visits. Conclusion We report the existence of serum anti‐CRT Ab in IIM patients and demonstrate the possible association of anti‐CRT Ab with malignancy in IIM patients. Serum anti‐CRT Ab could serve as a novel candidate marker of cancer in IIM patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- He Chen
- Department of Rheumatology China-Japan Friendship Hospital Beijing 100029 China
| | - Heng Yang
- Center for Systems Medicine Institute of Basic Medical Sciences Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College Beijing 100005 China.,Suzhou Institute of Systems Medicine Suzhou Jiangsu 215123 China
| | - Qiu-Xiang Cheng
- Center for Systems Medicine Institute of Basic Medical Sciences Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College Beijing 100005 China.,Suzhou Institute of Systems Medicine Suzhou Jiangsu 215123 China
| | - Yong-Peng Ge
- Department of Rheumatology China-Japan Friendship Hospital Beijing 100029 China
| | - Qing-Lin Peng
- Department of Rheumatology China-Japan Friendship Hospital Beijing 100029 China
| | - Ya-Mei Zhang
- Department of Rheumatology China-Japan Friendship Hospital Beijing 100029 China
| | - Gen-Hong Cheng
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics University of California Los Angeles CA 90095 USA
| | - Guo-Chun Wang
- Department of Rheumatology China-Japan Friendship Hospital Beijing 100029 China
| | - Xin Lu
- Department of Rheumatology China-Japan Friendship Hospital Beijing 100029 China
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10
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Marcus K, Lelong C, Rabilloud T. What Room for Two-Dimensional Gel-Based Proteomics in a Shotgun Proteomics World? Proteomes 2020; 8:proteomes8030017. [PMID: 32781532 PMCID: PMC7563651 DOI: 10.3390/proteomes8030017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2020] [Revised: 08/02/2020] [Accepted: 08/04/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Two-dimensional gel electrophoresis was instrumental in the birth of proteomics in the late 1980s. However, it is now often considered as an outdated technique for proteomics—a thing of the past. Although this opinion may be true for some biological questions, e.g., when analysis depth is of critical importance, for many others, two-dimensional gel electrophoresis-based proteomics still has a lot to offer. This is because of its robustness, its ability to separate proteoforms, and its easy interface with many powerful biochemistry techniques (including western blotting). This paper reviews where and why two-dimensional gel electrophoresis-based proteomics can still be profitably used. It emerges that, rather than being a thing of the past, two-dimensional gel electrophoresis-based proteomics is still highly valuable for many studies. Thus, its use cannot be dismissed on simple fashion arguments and, as usual, in science, the tree is to be judged by the fruit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrin Marcus
- Medizinisches Proteom-Center, Medical Faculty & Medical Proteome Analysis, Center for Proteindiagnostics (PRODI) Ruhr-University Bochum Gesundheitscampus, 4 44801 Bochum, Germany;
| | - Cécile Lelong
- CBM UMR CNRS5249, Université Grenoble Alpes, CEA, CNRS, 17 rue des Martyrs, CEDEX 9, 38054 Grenoble, France;
| | - Thierry Rabilloud
- Laboratory of Chemistry and Biology of Metals, UMR 5249, Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, 38054 Grenoble, France
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +33-438-783-212
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11
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Kang EH, Ha YJ, Lee YJ. Autoantibody Biomarkers in Rheumatic Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21041382. [PMID: 32085664 PMCID: PMC7073052 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21041382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2020] [Revised: 02/04/2020] [Accepted: 02/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Autoantibodies encountered in patients with systemic rheumatic diseases bear clinical significance as a biomarker to help or predict diagnosis, clinical phenotypes, prognosis, and treatment decision-making. Furthermore, evidence has accumulated regarding the active involvement of disease-specific or disease-associated autoantibodies in the pathogenic process beyond simple association with the disease, and such knowledge has become essential for us to better understand the clinical value of autoantibodies as a biomarker. This review will focus on the current update on the autoantibodies of four rheumatic diseases (rheumatoid arthritis, myositis, systemic sclerosis, and anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody associated vasculitis) where there has been a tremendous progress in our understanding on their biological effects and clinical use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun Ha Kang
- Division of Rheumatology Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam 13620, Korea; (Y.-J.H.); (Y.J.L.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-31-787-7048; Fax: +82-31-787-4511
| | - You-Jung Ha
- Division of Rheumatology Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam 13620, Korea; (Y.-J.H.); (Y.J.L.)
| | - Yun Jong Lee
- Division of Rheumatology Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam 13620, Korea; (Y.-J.H.); (Y.J.L.)
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 03080, Korea
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12
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Fert-Bober J, Darrah E, Andrade F. Insights into the study and origin of the citrullinome in rheumatoid arthritis. Immunol Rev 2019; 294:133-147. [PMID: 31876028 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2019] [Accepted: 12/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The presence of autoantibodies and autoreactive T cells to citrullinated proteins and citrullinating enzymes in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA), together with the accumulation of citrullinated proteins in rheumatoid joints, provides substantial evidence that dysregulated citrullination is a hallmark feature of RA. However, understanding mechanisms that dysregulate citrullination in RA has important challenges. Citrullination is a normal process in immune and non-immune cells, which is likely activated by different conditions (eg, inflammation) with no pathogenic consequences. In a complex inflammatory environment such as the RA joint, unique strategies are therefore required to dissect specific mechanisms involved in the abnormal production of citrullinated proteins. Here, we will review current models of citrullination in RA and discuss critical components that, in our view, are relevant to understanding the accumulation of citrullinated proteins in the RA joint, collectively referred to as the RA citrullinome. In particular, we will focus on potential caveats in the study of citrullination in RA and will highlight methods to precisely detect citrullinated proteins in complex biological samples, which is a confirmatory approach to mechanistically link the RA citrullinome with unique pathogenic pathways in RA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justyna Fert-Bober
- The Smidt Heart Institute, Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California
| | - Erika Darrah
- Division of Rheumatology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Felipe Andrade
- Division of Rheumatology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
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13
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Brentville VA, Atabani S, Cook K, Durrant LG. Novel tumour antigens and the development of optimal vaccine design. Ther Adv Vaccines Immunother 2018; 6:31-47. [PMID: 29998219 DOI: 10.1177/2515135518768769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2017] [Accepted: 02/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The interplay between tumours and the immune system has long been known to involve complex interactions between tumour cells, immune cells and the tumour microenvironment. The progress of checkpoint inhibitors in the clinic in the last decade has highlighted again the role of the immune system in the fight against cancer. Numerous efforts have been undertaken to develop ways of stimulating the cellular immune response to eradicate tumours. These interventions include the identification of appropriate tumour antigens as targets for therapy. In this review, we summarize progress in selection of target tumour antigen. Targeting self antigens has the problem of thymic deletion of high-affinity T-cell responses leaving a diminished repertoire of low-affinity T cells that fail to kill tumour cells. Thymic regulation appears to be less stringent for differentiation of cancer-testis antigens, as many tumour rejection antigens fall into this category. More recently, targeting neo-epitopes or post-translational modifications such as a phosphorylation or stress-induced citrullination has shown great promise in preclinical studies. Of particular interest is that the responses can be mediated by both CD4 and CD8 T cells. Previous vaccines have targeted CD8 T-cell responses but more recently, the central role of CD4 T cells in orchestrating inflammation within tumours and also differentiating into potent killer cells has been recognized. The design of vaccines to induce such immune responses is discussed herein. Liposomally encoded ribonucleic acid (RNA), targeted deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) or long peptides linked to toll-like receptor (TLR) adjuvants are the most promising new vaccine approaches. These exciting new approaches suggest that the 'Holy Grail' of a simple nontoxic cancer vaccine may be on the horizon. A major hurdle in tumour therapy is also to overcome the suppressive tumour environment. We address current progress in combination therapies and suggest that these are likely to show the most promise for the future.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Suha Atabani
- Academic Department of Clinical Oncology, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Katherine Cook
- Academic Department of Clinical Oncology, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Lindy G Durrant
- Scancell Limited, Academic Department of Clinical Oncology, University of Nottingham, City Hospital, Hucknall Road, Nottingham, NG5 1PB, UK
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14
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Cook KW, Durrant LG, Brentville VA. Current Strategies to Enhance Anti-Tumour Immunity. Biomedicines 2018; 6:E37. [PMID: 29570634 PMCID: PMC6027499 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines6020037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2018] [Revised: 03/19/2018] [Accepted: 03/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The interaction of the immune system with cancer is complex, but new approaches are resulting in exciting therapeutic benefits. In order to enhance the immune response to cancer, immune therapies seek to either induce high avidity immune responses to tumour specific antigens or to convert the tumour to a more pro-inflammatory microenvironment. Strategies, including vaccination, oncolytic viruses, and adoptive cell transfer all seek to induce anti-tumour immunity. To overcome the suppressive tumour microenvironment checkpoint inhibitors and modulators of regulatory cell populations have been investigated. This review summarizes the recent advances in immune therapies and discusses the importance of combination therapies in the treatment of cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine W Cook
- Scancell Limited, Academic Department of Clinical Oncology, University of Nottingham, City Hospital Campus, Nottinghamshire NG5 1PB, UK.
| | - Lindy G Durrant
- Scancell Limited, Academic Department of Clinical Oncology, University of Nottingham, City Hospital Campus, Nottinghamshire NG5 1PB, UK.
- Academic Department of Clinical Oncology, Division of Cancer and Stem Cells, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, City Hospital Campus, Nottinghamshire NG5 1PB, UK.
| | - Victoria A Brentville
- Scancell Limited, Academic Department of Clinical Oncology, University of Nottingham, City Hospital Campus, Nottinghamshire NG5 1PB, UK.
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15
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The term “seropositive” to qualify polyarthritis/rheumatoid arthritis should be banned. Joint Bone Spine 2018; 85:123. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbspin.2016.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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16
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Aratani S, Fujita H, Yagishita N, Yamano Y, Okubo Y, Nishioka K, Nakajima T. Inhibitory effects of ubiquitination of synoviolin by PADI4. Mol Med Rep 2017; 16:9203-9209. [DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2017.7764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2016] [Accepted: 02/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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17
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Clarke A, Perry E, Kelly C, De Soyza A, Heesom K, Gold LI, Ollier W, Hutchinson D, Eggleton P. Heightened autoantibody immune response to citrullinated calreticulin in bronchiectasis: Implications for rheumatoid arthritis. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2017; 89:199-206. [PMID: 28652209 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2017.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2017] [Revised: 06/15/2017] [Accepted: 06/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Calreticulin (CRT) and citrullinated (citCRT) are implicated in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) pathology. citCRT binds to RA shared epitopes (SE) on HLA-DR molecules with high affinity and triggers pro-inflammatory events in adjacent cells. The aim of the study was to detect the presence of citCRT prior to developing RA and evaluate if citCT is a target for autoantibodies in RA cohorts with and without lung disease. Antibodies were assessed by ELISA against native CRT, citCRT and general protein citrullination, in sera from 50 RA patients without lung disease, 122 bronchiectasis (BR) patients, 52 bronchiectasis patients with RA (BRRA), 87 asthma patients and 77 healthy controls (HC). Serum citCRT was detected by immunoblotting and mass spectrometry. Genomic DNA was genotyped for HLA-DRB1 alleles. Patients were assessed for DAS28, rheumatoid factor, and anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide antibodies. Extracellular citCRT was detected in BR patients sera prior to them developing RA. A citCRT SE binding peptide GEWKPR261citQIDNPDYK was identified. Anti-CRT antibodies were observed in 18% of BR patients with or without RA. Anti-citCRT antibodies were observed in ∼35% of BR or RA patients, increasing to 58% in BRRA patients. In the RA alone patients 7/20 (35%) who were negative for RF and anti-CCP were anti-CRT antibody positive and had higher DAS28 scores than triple negative RA alone patients. Three of the four BR patients who developed RA over 18 months were anti-citCRT+ve SE+ve. The detection of citCRT in BR and development of anti-citCRT in BR patients suggests citCRT antigens are early targets of antigenicity in these patients, especially in SE+ve patients prior to the onset of RA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex Clarke
- Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Science, University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter, UK
| | - Elizabeth Perry
- Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Science, University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter, UK; Rheumatology Department,Musgrove Park Hospital, Taunton, Somerset, UK
| | - Clive Kelly
- Rheumatology Department, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Gateshead, UK
| | - Anthony De Soyza
- Institute for Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University & Sir William Leech Centre, Adult Bronchiectasis Service, The Freeman Hospital, Newcastle, UK
| | - Kate Heesom
- Proteomics Facility, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TD, UK
| | - Leslie I Gold
- Division of Translational Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, United States
| | - William Ollier
- Centre for Integrated Genomic Medical Research, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - David Hutchinson
- Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Science, University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter, UK; Rheumatology Department, Royal Cornwall Hospital, Truro, UK
| | - P Eggleton
- Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Science, University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter, UK.
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18
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Lourido L, Blanco FJ, Ruiz-Romero C. Defining the proteomic landscape of rheumatoid arthritis: progress and prospective clinical applications. Expert Rev Proteomics 2017; 14:431-444. [PMID: 28425787 DOI: 10.1080/14789450.2017.1321481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The heterogeneity of Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA) and the absence of clinical tests accurate enough to identify the early stages of this disease have hampered its management. Therefore, proteomics research is increasingly focused on the discovery of novel biological markers, which would not only be able make an early diagnosis, but also to gain insight into the different pathological mechanisms underlying the heterogeneity of RA and also to stratify patients, which is critical to enabling effective treatments. Areas covered: The proteomic approaches that have been utilised to provide knowledge about RA pathogenesis, and to identify biomarkers for RA diagnosis, prognosis, disease monitoring and prediction of response to therapy, are summarized. Expert commentary: Although each proteomic study is unique in its design, all of them have contributed to the understanding of RA pathogenesis and the discovery of promising biomarkers for patient stratification, which would improve clinical care of RA patients. Still, efforts need to be made to validate these findings and translate them into clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucía Lourido
- a Rheumatology Division, ProteoRed/ISCIII Proteomics Group , INIBIC - Hospital Universitario de A Coruña , A Coruña , Spain.,b RIER-RED de Inflamación y Enfermedades Reumáticas , INIBIC-CHUAC , A Coruña , Spain
| | - Francisco J Blanco
- a Rheumatology Division, ProteoRed/ISCIII Proteomics Group , INIBIC - Hospital Universitario de A Coruña , A Coruña , Spain.,b RIER-RED de Inflamación y Enfermedades Reumáticas , INIBIC-CHUAC , A Coruña , Spain
| | - Cristina Ruiz-Romero
- a Rheumatology Division, ProteoRed/ISCIII Proteomics Group , INIBIC - Hospital Universitario de A Coruña , A Coruña , Spain.,c CIBER-BBN Instituto de Salud Carlos III , INIBIC-CHUAC , A Coruña , Spain
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19
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Adamus G. Impact of Autoantibodies against Glycolytic Enzymes on Pathogenicity of Autoimmune Retinopathy and Other Autoimmune Disorders. Front Immunol 2017; 8:505. [PMID: 28503176 PMCID: PMC5408022 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2017] [Accepted: 04/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Autoantibodies (AAbs) against glycolytic enzymes: aldolase, α-enolase, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, and pyruvate kinase are prevalent in sera of patients with blinding retinal diseases, such as paraneoplastic [cancer-associated retinopathy (CAR)] and non-paraneoplastic autoimmune retinopathies, as well as in many other autoimmune diseases. CAR is a degenerative disease of the retina characterized by sudden vision loss in patients with cancer and serum anti-retinal AAbs. In this review, we discuss the widespread serum presence of anti-glycolytic enzyme AAbs and their significance in autoimmune diseases. There are multiple mechanisms responsible for antibody generation, including the innate anti-microbial response, anti-tumor response, or autoimmune response against released self-antigens from damaged, inflamed tissue. AAbs against enolase, GADPH, and aldolase exist in a single patient in elevated titers, suggesting their participation in pathogenicity. The lack of restriction of AAbs to one disease may be related to an increased expression of glycolytic enzymes in various metabolically active tissues that triggers an autoimmune response and generation of AAbs with the same specificity in several chronic and autoimmune conditions. In CAR, the importance of serum anti-glycolytic enzyme AAbs had been previously dismissed, but the retina may be without pathological consequence until a failure of the blood–retinal barrier function, which would then allow pathogenic AAbs access to their retinal targets, ultimately leading to damaging effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grazyna Adamus
- School of Medicine, Casey Eye Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, USA
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20
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Wang Y, Xie J, Liu Z, Fu H, Huo Q, Gu Y, Liu Y. Association of calreticulin expression with disease activity and organ damage in systemic lupus erythematosus patients. Exp Ther Med 2017; 13:2577-2583. [PMID: 28565882 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2017.4235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2015] [Accepted: 01/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Measurement of disease activity in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is important for monitoring disease progression and evaluating the therapeutic effects. The severity of organ damage correlates with clinical status and prognosis. Therefore, it is imperative to find an effective biomarker measuring disease activity and organ damage for SLE management. The present study investigated the possibility of serum calreticulin (CRT) in the assessment of disease activity and organ damage in SLE patients. Serum CRT levels from 80 patients with SLE, 55 patients with other autoimmune diseases and 60 healthy controls (HC) were measured by ELISA. Disease activity was assessed using the Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Disease Activity Index 2000 (SLEDAI-2K) scores. Organ damage was evaluated with the Systemic Lupus International Collaborating Clinics/American College of Rheumatology Damage Index. CRT levels in SLE were significantly higher than that in other autoimmune diseases and HC. CRT was correlated with SLEDAI-2K score (r=0.3345, P=0.0024), and with anti-double-stranded DNA (anti-dsDNA) (r=0.4483, P<0.0001). A significant negative correlation of CRT levels with complement 3 (r=-0.3635, P=0.0009) and complement 4 (r=-0.3507, P=0.0014) was observed in patients with SLE. Furthermore, the patients with SLE and a positive anti-Ro52 result had higher levels of CRT compared with those with a negative anti-Ro52 result (P<0.001). Elevated levels of CRT were also reported among patients with SLE who also indicated the presence of cumulative organ damage. In addition, increased expression of CRT correlated with the presence of lupus nephritis. In conclusion, the results of the current report provided that CRT may be used as a potential biomarker for clinical diagnosis and of prognosis, providing additional information regarding disease activity and organ damage alongside other traditional indices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yichao Wang
- School of Medical Laboratory, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, P.R. China
| | - Jiaogui Xie
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, P.R. China.,Department of Urology, The Fifteenth Military Hospital of China, Wusu, Xinjiang 833000, P.R. China
| | - Zhili Liu
- School of Medical Laboratory, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, P.R. China
| | - Hongwei Fu
- School of Medical Laboratory, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, P.R. China.,Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300050, P.R. China
| | - Qianyu Huo
- School of Medical Laboratory, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, P.R. China
| | - Yajun Gu
- School of Medical Laboratory, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, P.R. China
| | - Yunde Liu
- School of Medical Laboratory, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, P.R. China
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21
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Chalan P, van den Berg A, Kroesen BJ, Brouwer L, Boots A. Rheumatoid Arthritis, Immunosenescence and the Hallmarks of Aging. Curr Aging Sci 2016. [PMID: 26212057 PMCID: PMC5388800 DOI: 10.2174/1874609808666150727110744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Age is the most important risk factor for the development of infectious diseases, cancer and chronic inflammatory diseases including rheumatoid arthritis (RA). The very act of living causes damage to cells. A network of molecular, cellular and physiological maintenance and repair systems creates a buffering capacity against these damages. Aging leads to progressive shrinkage of the buffering capacity and increases vulnerability. In order to better understand the complex mammalian aging processes, nine hallmarks of aging and their interrelatedness were recently put forward. RA is a chronic autoimmune disease affecting the joints. Although RA may develop at a young age, the incidence of RA increases with age. It has been suggested that RA may develop as a consequence of premature aging (immunosenescence) of the immune system. Alternatively, premature aging may be the consequence of the inflammatory state in RA. In an effort to answer this chicken and egg conundrum, we here outline and discuss the nine hallmarks of aging, their contribution to the pre-aged phenotype and the effects of treatment on the reversibility of immunosenescence in RA.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Annemieke Boots
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, P.O Box 30.001, 9700 RB, Groningen, The Netherlands.
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22
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PGK1, a glucose metabolism enzyme, may play an important role in rheumatoid arthritis. Inflamm Res 2016; 65:815-25. [DOI: 10.1007/s00011-016-0965-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2016] [Revised: 06/02/2016] [Accepted: 06/16/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
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23
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Reed E, Jiang X, Kharlamova N, Ytterberg AJ, Catrina AI, Israelsson L, Mathsson-Alm L, Hansson M, Alfredsson L, Rönnelid J, Lundberg K. Antibodies to carbamylated α-enolase epitopes in rheumatoid arthritis also bind citrullinated epitopes and are largely indistinct from anti-citrullinated protein antibodies. Arthritis Res Ther 2016; 18:96. [PMID: 27145822 PMCID: PMC4855497 DOI: 10.1186/s13075-016-1001-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2016] [Accepted: 04/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background In addition to anti-citrullinated protein antibodies (ACPAs), antibodies targeting carbamylated (i.e., homocitrullinated) proteins (anti-CarP antibodies) have been described in rheumatoid arthritis (RA). However, the extent to which anti-CarP antibodies are truly distinct from ACPA remains unclear, and few studies have focused on specific autoantigens. Here, we examine cross-reactivity between ACPA and anti-CarP antibodies, in the context of the candidate autoantigen α-enolase. Methods Cross-reactivity was examined by immunoblotting of citrullinated and carbamylated proteins using purified ACPA; and by peptide absorption experiments, using the citrullinated α-enolase peptide CEP-1 and a homocitrulline-containing version (carb-CEP-1) in ELISA. The population-based case-control cohort EIRA (n = 2836 RA; 373 controls) was screened for reactivity with CEP-1 and carb-CEP-1, using the ISAC multiplex array. Associations between anti-CarP antibodies, smoking and genetic risk factors were analysed using unconditional logistic regression models. Differences in antibody levels were investigated using the Mann-Whitney U test. Results Affinity-purified ACPA was found to bind carbamylated proteins and homocitrulline-containing peptides, demonstrating definitive cross-reactivity between ACPA and anti-CarP antibodies. Anti-carb-CEP-1 reactivity in EIRA was almost exclusively confined to the CEP-1-positive subset, and this group of RA patients (21 %) displayed a particularly strong ACPA response with marked epitope spreading. The small RA subset (3 %) with homocitrulline reactivity in the absence of citrulline reactivity did not associate with smoking or risk genes, and importantly had significantly lower anti-carb-CEP-1 antibody levels. Conclusion Our data presented herein cast doubt on the specificity of anti-CarP antibodies in RA, which we posit may be a subset of cross-reactive ACPA. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13075-016-1001-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evan Reed
- Rheumatology Unit, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Xia Jiang
- Cardiovascular Epidemiology, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Nastya Kharlamova
- Rheumatology Unit, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - A Jimmy Ytterberg
- Rheumatology Unit, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Division of Physiological Chemistry, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anca I Catrina
- Rheumatology Unit, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Lena Israelsson
- Rheumatology Unit, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Linda Mathsson-Alm
- ThermoFisher Scientific, Uppsala, Sweden.,Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Monika Hansson
- Rheumatology Unit, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Lars Alfredsson
- Cardiovascular Epidemiology, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Centre for Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Stockholm County Council, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Johan Rönnelid
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Karin Lundberg
- Rheumatology Unit, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
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24
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Guillou C, Fréret M, Fondard E, Derambure C, Avenel G, Golinski ML, Verdet M, Boyer O, Caillot F, Musette P, Lequerré T, Vittecoq O. Soluble alpha-enolase activates monocytes by CD14-dependent TLR4 signalling pathway and exhibits a dual function. Sci Rep 2016; 6:23796. [PMID: 27025255 PMCID: PMC4824496 DOI: 10.1038/srep23796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2015] [Accepted: 03/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is the most common form of chronic inflammatory rheumatism. Identifying auto-antigens targeted by RA auto-antibodies is of major interest. Alpha-enolase (ENO1) is considered to be a pivotal auto-antigen in early RA but its pathophysiologic role remains unknown. The main objective of this study was to investigate the in vitro effects of soluble ENO1 on peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from healthy donors and RA patients in order to determine the potential pathogenic role of ENO1. ELISA, transcriptomic analysis, experiments of receptor inhibition and flow cytometry analysis were performed to determine the effect, the target cell population and the receptor of ENO1. We showed that ENO1 has the ability to induce early production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines with delayed production of IL-10 and to activate the innate immune system. We demonstrated that ENO1 binds mainly to monocytes and activates the CD14-dependent TLR4 pathway both in healthy subjects and in RA patients. Our results establish for the first time that ENO1 is able to activate in vitro the CD14-dependent TLR4 pathway on monocytes involving a dual mechanism firstly pro-inflammatory and secondly anti-inflammatory. These results contribute to elucidating the role of this auto-antigen in the pathophysiologic mechanisms of RA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clément Guillou
- INSERM, U905 &Normandy University, Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine (IRIB), Rouen, France
| | - Manuel Fréret
- INSERM, U905 &Normandy University, Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine (IRIB), Rouen, France.,Rouen University Hospital, Department of Rheumatology, Rouen, France
| | - Emeline Fondard
- INSERM, U905 &Normandy University, Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine (IRIB), Rouen, France
| | - Céline Derambure
- INSERM, U905 &Normandy University, Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine (IRIB), Rouen, France
| | - Gilles Avenel
- Rouen University Hospital, Department of Rheumatology, Rouen, France
| | - Marie-Laure Golinski
- INSERM, U905 &Normandy University, Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine (IRIB), Rouen, France.,Rouen University Hospital, Department of Dermatology, Rouen, France
| | - Mathieu Verdet
- Rouen University Hospital, Department of Rheumatology, Rouen, France
| | - Olivier Boyer
- INSERM, U905 &Normandy University, Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine (IRIB), Rouen, France.,Rouen University Hospital, Department of Immunology, Rouen, France
| | - Frédérique Caillot
- INSERM, U905 &Normandy University, Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine (IRIB), Rouen, France.,Rouen University Hospital, Department of Dermatology, Rouen, France
| | - Philippe Musette
- INSERM, U905 &Normandy University, Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine (IRIB), Rouen, France.,Rouen University Hospital, Department of Dermatology, Rouen, France
| | - Thierry Lequerré
- INSERM, U905 &Normandy University, Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine (IRIB), Rouen, France.,Rouen University Hospital, Department of Rheumatology, Rouen, France
| | - Olivier Vittecoq
- INSERM, U905 &Normandy University, Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine (IRIB), Rouen, France.,Rouen University Hospital, Department of Rheumatology, Rouen, France
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Gikanga B, Adeniji NS, Patapoff TW, Chih HW, Yi L. Cathepsin B Cleavage of vcMMAE-Based Antibody-Drug Conjugate Is Not Drug Location or Monoclonal Antibody Carrier Specific. Bioconjug Chem 2016; 27:1040-9. [PMID: 26914498 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.6b00055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) require thorough characterization and understanding of product quality attributes. The framework of many ADCs comprises one molecule of antibody that is usually conjugated with multiple drug molecules at various locations. It is unknown whether the drug release rate from the ADC is dependent on drug location, and/or local environment, dictated by the sequence and structure of the antibody carrier. This study addresses these issues with valine-citrulline-monomethylauristatin E (vc-MMAE)-based ADC molecules conjugated at reduced disulfide bonds, by evaluating the cathepsin B catalyzed drug release rate of ADC molecules with different drug distributions or antibody carriers. MMAE drug release rates at different locations on ADC I were compared to evaluate the impact of drug location. No difference in rates was observed for drug released from the V(H), V(L), or C(H)2 domains of ADC I. Furthermore, four vc-MMAE ADC molecules were chosen as substrates for cathepsin B for evaluation of Michaelis-Menten parameters. There was no significant difference in K(M) or k(cat) values, suggesting that different sequences of the antibody carrier do not result in different drug release rates. Comparison between ADCs and small molecules containing vc-MMAE moieties as substrates for cathepsin B suggests that the presence of IgG1 antibody carrier, regardless of its bulkiness, does not impact drug release rate. Finally, a molecular dynamics simulation on ADC II revealed that the val-cit moiety at each of the eight possible conjugation sites was, on average, solvent accessible over 50% of its maximum solvent accessible surface area (SASA) during a 500 ns trajectory. Combined, these results suggest that the cathepsin cleavage sites for conjugated drugs are exposed enough for the enzyme to access and that the drug release rate is rather independent of drug location or monoclonal antibody carrier. Therefore, the distribution of drug conjugation at different sites is not a critical parameter to control in manufacturing of the vc-MMAE-based ADC conjugated at reduced disulfide bonds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benson Gikanga
- Pharmaceutical Processing and Technology Development, ‡Late Stage Pharmaceutical Development, §Early Stage Pharmaceutical Development, Genentech Inc. , 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Nia S Adeniji
- Pharmaceutical Processing and Technology Development, ‡Late Stage Pharmaceutical Development, §Early Stage Pharmaceutical Development, Genentech Inc. , 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Thomas W Patapoff
- Pharmaceutical Processing and Technology Development, ‡Late Stage Pharmaceutical Development, §Early Stage Pharmaceutical Development, Genentech Inc. , 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Hung-Wei Chih
- Pharmaceutical Processing and Technology Development, ‡Late Stage Pharmaceutical Development, §Early Stage Pharmaceutical Development, Genentech Inc. , 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Li Yi
- Pharmaceutical Processing and Technology Development, ‡Late Stage Pharmaceutical Development, §Early Stage Pharmaceutical Development, Genentech Inc. , 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
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26
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Cao SS, Luo KL, Shi L. Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress Interacts With Inflammation in Human Diseases. J Cell Physiol 2016; 231:288-94. [PMID: 26201832 PMCID: PMC4659393 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.25098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2015] [Accepted: 07/20/2015] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is a critical organelle for normal cell function and homeostasis. Disturbance in the protein folding process in the ER, termed ER stress, leads to the activation of unfolded protein response (UPR) that encompasses a complex network of intracellular signaling pathways. The UPR can either restore ER homeostasis or activate pro-apoptotic pathways depending on the type of insults, intensity and duration of the stress, and cell types. ER stress and the UPR have recently been linked to inflammation in a variety of human pathologies including autoimmune, infectious, neurodegenerative, and metabolic disorders. In the cell, ER stress and inflammatory signaling share extensive regulators and effectors in a broad spectrum of biological processes. In spite of different etiologies, the two signaling pathways have been shown to form a vicious cycle in exacerbating cellular dysfunction and causing apoptosis in many cells and tissues. However, the interaction between ER stress and inflammation in many of these diseases remains poorly understood. Further understanding of the biochemistry, cell biology, and physiology may enable the development of novel therapies that spontaneously target these pathogenic pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stewart Siyan Cao
- Columbia University College of Physicians and SurgeonsNew YorkNew York
| | - Katherine L. Luo
- Columbia University College of Physicians and SurgeonsNew YorkNew York
| | - Lynn Shi
- Columbia University College of Physicians and SurgeonsNew YorkNew York
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Identification of multiple transferrin species in the spleen and serum from mice with collagen-induced arthritis which may reflect changes in transferrin glycosylation associated with disease activity: The role of CD38. J Proteomics 2016; 134:127-137. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2015.11.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2015] [Revised: 11/11/2015] [Accepted: 11/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Badillo-Soto MA, Rodríguez-Rodríguez M, Pérez-Pérez ME, Daza-Benitez L, Bollain-Y-Goytia JJ, Carrillo-Jiménez MA, Avalos-Díaz E, Herrera-Esparza R. Potential protein targets of the peptidylarginine deiminase 2 and peptidylarginine deiminase 4 enzymes in rheumatoid synovial tissue and its possible meaning. Eur J Rheumatol 2016; 3:44-49. [PMID: 27708970 DOI: 10.5152/eurjrheum.2015.0055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2015] [Accepted: 09/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The molecular mechanism of citrullination involves the calcium-dependent peptidylarginine deiminase (PAD) family of enzymes. These enzymes induce a stereochemical modification of normal proteins and transform them into autoantigens, which in rheumatoid arthritis trigger a complex cascade of joint inflammatory events followed by chronic synovitis, pannus formation, and finally, cartilage destruction. By hypothesizing that PAD2 and PAD4 enzymes produce autoantigens, we investigated five possible synovial protein targets of PAD enzymes. MATERIAL AND METHODS We measured PAD2, PAD4, and citrullinated proteins in 10 rheumatoid and 10 osteoarthritis synovial biopsies and then assessed the post-translational modifications of fibrinogen, cytokeratin, tubulin, IgG, and vimentin proteins using a double-fluorescence assay with specific antibodies and an affinity-purified anti-citrullinated peptide (CCP) antibody. The degree of co-localization was analyzed, and statistical significance was determined by ANOVA, Fisher's exact test, and regression analysis. RESULTS The principal results of this study demonstrated that citrullinated proteins, such as fibrinogen, IgG, and other probed proteins, were targets of PAD2 and PAD4 activity in rheumatoid synovial biopsies, whereas osteoarthritis biopsies were negative for this enzyme (p<0.0001). An analysis of citrullination sites using the UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot data bank predicts that the secondary structure of the analyzed proteins displays most of the sites for citrullination; a discussion regarding its possible meaning in terms of pathogenesis is made. CONCLUSION Our results support the conclusion that the synovial citrullination of proteins is PAD2 and PAD4 dependent. Furthermore, there is a collection of candidate proteins that can be citrullinated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martha Adriana Badillo-Soto
- Department of Immunology, Unidad Académica de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Zacatecas, Zacatecas, México
| | - Mayra Rodríguez-Rodríguez
- Department of Immunology, Unidad Académica de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Zacatecas, Zacatecas, México
| | - María Elena Pérez-Pérez
- Department of Immunology, Unidad Académica de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Zacatecas, Zacatecas, México
| | - Leonel Daza-Benitez
- Unidad Médica de Alta Especialidad (UMAE) T1, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social (IMSS), León, Guanajuato, México
| | - Juan José Bollain-Y-Goytia
- Department of Immunology, Unidad Académica de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Zacatecas, Zacatecas, México
| | | | - Esperanza Avalos-Díaz
- Department of Immunology, Unidad Académica de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Zacatecas, Zacatecas, México
| | - Rafael Herrera-Esparza
- Department of Immunology, Unidad Académica de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Zacatecas, Zacatecas, México
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Łuczaj W, Gindzienska-Sieskiewicz E, Jarocka-Karpowicz I, Andrisic L, Sierakowski S, Zarkovic N, Waeg G, Skrzydlewska E. The onset of lipid peroxidation in rheumatoid arthritis: consequences and monitoring. Free Radic Res 2016; 50:304-13. [PMID: 26764956 DOI: 10.3109/10715762.2015.1112901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Several epidemiological studies propose the association of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) with oxidative stress. The aim of this study was to estimate the possible onset of systemic lipid peroxidation in RA patients and its relevance for pathophysiology and monitoring of RA. Seventy-three patients with RA and 73 healthy subjects were included in the study. Lipid peroxidation was estimated by the measurement of 4-hydroxynonenal (4-HNE), 4-hydroxyhexenal, malondialdehyde, acrolein, crotonaldehyde, 4-oxononenal, and isoprostanes (8-isoPGF(2α)) levels. Cytosolic phospholipase A(2) (cPLA(2)), platelet-activating factor acetylhydrolase (PAF-AH) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) activities and vitamin E levels were also determined. In parallel, the plasma levels of phospholipid arachidonic acid (AA), linoleic acid (LA), and 4-HNE-protein adducts were monitored. Plasma of RA patients had increased vitamin E levels, but decreased GSH-Px activity and phospholipid AA and LA levels when compared to levels of the healthy subjects. The levels of aldehydes were significantly increased in the plasma of the RA patients and even more in urine. Significant increases in HNE-modified protein adducts was observed for the first time in plasma of RA patients, while the activities of PAF-AH and cPLA(2) were decreased. The 8-isoPGF(2α) levels were 9-fold higher in plasma and 3-fold higher in urine of RA patients and were related to the severity of disease. The levels of lipid peroxidation products in plasma and in urine suggest the relationship between lipid peroxidation and the development of RA. Additionally, urine 8-isoPGF(2α), plasma 4-HNE and 4-HNE-protein adducts appear to be convenient biomarkers to monitor progression of this autoimmune disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wojciech Łuczaj
- a Department of Analytical Chemistry , Medical University of Bialystok , Bialystok , Poland
| | | | | | - Luka Andrisic
- c Laboratory for Oxidative Stress , LabOS, Rudjer Boskovic Institute , Zagreb , Croatia
| | - Stanisław Sierakowski
- b Department of Rheumatology and Internal Medicine , Medical University of Bialystok , Bialystok , Poland
| | - Neven Zarkovic
- c Laboratory for Oxidative Stress , LabOS, Rudjer Boskovic Institute , Zagreb , Croatia
| | - Georg Waeg
- d Institute of Molecular Biosciences, Karl-Franzen's University in Graz , Graz , Austria
| | - Elżbieta Skrzydlewska
- a Department of Analytical Chemistry , Medical University of Bialystok , Bialystok , Poland
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Supporting data for the MS identification of distinct transferrin glycopeptide glycoforms and citrullinated peptides associated with inflammation or autoimmunity. Data Brief 2016; 6:587-602. [PMID: 26909372 PMCID: PMC4731419 DOI: 10.1016/j.dib.2015.12.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2015] [Revised: 12/17/2015] [Accepted: 12/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
This data article presents the results of all the statistical analyses applied to the relative intensities of the detected 2D-DiGE protein spots for each of the 3 performed DiGE experiments. The data reveals specific subsets of protein spots with significant differences between WT and CD38-deficient mice with either Collagen-induced arthritis (CIA), or with chronic inflammation induced by CFA, or under steady-state conditions. This article also shows the MS data analyses that allowed the identification of the protein species which serve to discriminate the different experimental groups used in this study. Moreover, the article presents MS data on the citrullinated peptides linked to specific protein species that were generated in CIA(+) or CFA-treated mice. Lastly, this data article provides MS data on the efficiency of the analyses of the transferrin (Tf) glycopeptide glycosylation pattern in spleen and serum from CIA(+) mice and normal controls. The data supplied in this work is related to the research article entitled "identification of multiple transferrin species in spleen and serum from mice with collagen-induced arthritis which may reflect changes in transferrin glycosylation associated with disease activity: the role of CD38" [1]. All mass spectrometry data have been deposited to the ProteomeXchange Consortium via the PRIDE partner repository with identifiers PRIDE: PXD002644, PRIDE: PXD002643, PRIDE: PXD003183 and PRIDE: PXD003163.
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Cantagrel A, Degboé Y. New autoantibodies associated with rheumatoid arthritis recognize posttranslationally modified self-proteins. Joint Bone Spine 2015; 83:11-7. [PMID: 26639222 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbspin.2015.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/06/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Citrullination, carbamylation and oxidation are posttranslational modifications of proteins that produce neoepitopes. Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is an autoimmune disease of which one distinctive feature is the development of B-cell-mediated immunity against these neoepitopes. Antibodies to citrullinated proteins (ACPAs) were identified nearly two decades ago and are now widely used in clinical practice. The identification of additional citrullinated proteins as potential autoantibody targets has suggested new pathophysiological hypotheses and prompted studies of potential associations with disease severity or specific disease patterns. Carbamylation is a nonenzymatic posttranslational modification that produces homocitrullines, against which newly identified autoantibodies different from ACPAs have been found in over 15% of patients with RA. Finally, the development of antibodies to oxidized type II collagen reflects immunization against collagen modified by oxidation in relation to intraarticular oxidative stress. These new autoantibodies are both sensitive and specific and may therefore serve as early disease markers and as useful tools for therapeutic monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alain Cantagrel
- Centre de rhumatologie, hôpital Purpan, bâtiment Pierre-Paul-Riquet, place du Docteur-Baylac, 31059 Toulouse, France.
| | - Yannick Degboé
- Centre de rhumatologie, hôpital Purpan, bâtiment Pierre-Paul-Riquet, place du Docteur-Baylac, 31059 Toulouse, France
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32
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Guillou C, Derambure C, Fréret M, Verdet M, Avenel G, Golinski ML, Sabourin JC, Loarer FL, Adriouch S, Boyer O, Lequerré T, Vittecoq O. Prophylactic Injection of Recombinant Alpha-Enolase Reduces Arthritis Severity in the Collagen-Induced Arthritis Mice Model. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0136359. [PMID: 26302382 PMCID: PMC4547710 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0136359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2015] [Accepted: 07/31/2015] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective To evaluate the ability of the glycolytic enzyme alpha-enolase (ENO1) or its immunodominant peptide (pEP1) to reduce the severity of CIA in DBA/1 mice when injected in a prophylactic way. Methods Mice were treated with mouse ENO1 or pEP1 one day prior to collagen II immunization. Clinical assessment was evaluated using 4 parameters (global and articular scores, ankle thickness and weight). Titers of serum anti-ENO1, anti-cyclic citrullinated peptides (anti-CCP) and anti-CII (total IgG and IgG1/IgG2a isotypes) antibodies were measured by ELISA at different time-points. Disease activity was assessed by histological analysis of both anterior and hind paws at the end of experimentation. Results Prophylactic injection of 100 μg of ENO1 reduced severity of CIA. Serum levels of anti-CII antibodies were reduced in ENO1-treated mice. Concordantly, ENO1-treated mice joints presented less severe histological signs of arthritis. ENO1 did not induce a shift toward a Th2 response since IgG1/IgG2a ratio of anti-CII antibodies remained unchanged and IL-4 serum levels were similar to those measured in the control group. Conclusions Pre-immunization with ENO1 or its immunodominant peptide pEP1 reduces CIA severity at the clinical, immunological and histological levels. Effects of pEP1 were less pronounced. This immunomodulatory effect is associated with a reduction in anti-CII antibodies production but is not due to a Th1/Th2 shift.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clément Guillou
- INSERM, U905, Rouen, France
- Normandy University, Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine (IRIB), Rouen, France
| | - Céline Derambure
- INSERM, U905, Rouen, France
- Normandy University, Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine (IRIB), Rouen, France
| | - Manuel Fréret
- INSERM, U905, Rouen, France
- Normandy University, Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine (IRIB), Rouen, France
| | - Mathieu Verdet
- Rouen University Hospital, Department of Rheumatology, Rouen, France
| | - Gilles Avenel
- Rouen University Hospital, Department of Rheumatology, Rouen, France
| | - Marie-Laure Golinski
- INSERM, U905, Rouen, France
- Normandy University, Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine (IRIB), Rouen, France
| | - Jean-Christophe Sabourin
- Normandy University, Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine (IRIB), Rouen, France
- Rouen University Hospital, Department of Pathology, Rouen, France
| | | | - Sahil Adriouch
- INSERM, U905, Rouen, France
- Normandy University, Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine (IRIB), Rouen, France
| | - Olivier Boyer
- INSERM, U905, Rouen, France
- Normandy University, Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine (IRIB), Rouen, France
- Rouen University Hospital, Department of Immunology, Rouen, France
| | - Thierry Lequerré
- INSERM, U905, Rouen, France
- Normandy University, Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine (IRIB), Rouen, France
- Rouen University Hospital, Department of Rheumatology, Rouen, France
| | - Olivier Vittecoq
- INSERM, U905, Rouen, France
- Normandy University, Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine (IRIB), Rouen, France
- Rouen University Hospital, Department of Rheumatology, Rouen, France
- * E-mail:
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Lu MC, Yu CL, Yu HC, Huang HB, Koo M, Lai NS. Anti-citrullinated protein antibodies promote apoptosis of mature human Saos-2 osteoblasts via cell-surface binding to citrullinated heat shock protein 60. Immunobiology 2015; 221:76-83. [PMID: 26275591 DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2015.07.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2015] [Revised: 07/21/2015] [Accepted: 07/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
We hypothesized that anti-citrullinated protein antibodies (ACPAs) react with osteoblast surface citrullinated proteins and affect cell function, leading to joint damage in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). First, we purified ACPAs by cyclic citrullinated peptide (CCP)-conjugated affinity column chromatography. The cognate antigens of ACPAs on Saos-2 cells, a sarcoma osteogenic cell line generated from human osteoblasts, were probed by ACPAs, and the reactive bands were analyzed using proteomic analyses. We found that ACPAs bind to Saos-2 cell membrane, and several protein candidates, including HSP60, were identified. We then cloned and purified recombinant heat shock protein 60 (HSP60) and citrullinated HSP60 (citHSP60) and investigated the effect of ACPAs on Saos-2 cell. We confirmed that HSP60 obtained from Saos-2 cell membrane were citrullinated and reacted with ACPAs, which induces Saos-2 cells apoptosis via binding to surface-expressed citHSP60 through Toll-like receptor 4 signaling. ACPAs promoted interleukin (IL)-6 and IL-8 expression in Saos-2 cells. Finally, sera from patients with RA and healthy controls were examined for their titers of anti-HSP60 and anti-citHSP60 antibodies using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The radiographic change in patients with RA was evaluated using the Genant-modified Sharp scoring system. Patients with RA showed higher sera titers of anti-citHSP60, but not anti-HSP60, antibodies when compared with controls. In addition, the anti-citHSP60 level was positively associated with increased joint damage in patients with RA. In conclusion, Saos-2 cell apoptosis was mediated by ACPAs via binding to cell surface-expressed citHSP60 and the titer of anti-citHSP60 in patients with RA positively associated with joint damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Chi Lu
- Division of Allergy, Immunology and Rheumatology, Dalin Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, Chiayi, Taiwan; School of Medicine, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Li Yu
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital and National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hui-Chun Yu
- Division of Allergy, Immunology and Rheumatology, Dalin Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, Chiayi, Taiwan
| | - Hsien-Bin Huang
- Department of Life Science and Institute of Molecular Biology, National Chung Cheng University, Chiayi, Taiwan
| | - Malcolm Koo
- Department of Medical Research, Dalin Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, Chiayi, Taiwan; Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ning-Sheng Lai
- Division of Allergy, Immunology and Rheumatology, Dalin Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, Chiayi, Taiwan; School of Medicine, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan.
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An Optimized Fluorescence-Based Bidimensional Immunoproteomic Approach for Accurate Screening of Autoantibodies. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0132142. [PMID: 26132557 PMCID: PMC4489013 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0132142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2014] [Accepted: 06/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Serological proteome analysis (SERPA) combines classical proteomic technology with effective separation of cellular protein extracts on two-dimensional gel electrophoresis, western blotting, and identification of the antigenic spot of interest by mass spectrometry. A critical point is related to the antigenic target characterization by mass spectrometry, which depends on the accuracy of the matching of antigenic reactivities on the protein spots during the 2D immunoproteomic procedures. The superimposition, based essentially on visual criteria of antigenic and protein spots, remains the major limitation of SERPA. The introduction of fluorescent dyes in proteomic strategies, commonly known as 2D-DIGE (differential in-gel electrophoresis), has boosted the qualitative capabilities of 2D electrophoresis. Based on this 2D-DIGE strategy, we have improved the conventional SERPA by developing a new and entirely fluorescence-based bi-dimensional immunoproteomic (FBIP) analysis, performed with three fluorescent dyes. To optimize the alignment of the different antigenic maps, we introduced a landmark map composed of a combination of specific antibodies. This methodological development allows simultaneous revelation of the antigenic, landmark and proteomic maps on each immunoblot. A computer-assisted process using commercially available software automatically leads to the superimposition of the different maps, ensuring accurate localization of antigenic spots of interest.
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35
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Regulation of the Neurodegenerative Process Associated to Parkinson's Disease by CD4+ T-cells. J Neuroimmune Pharmacol 2015; 10:561-75. [PMID: 26018603 DOI: 10.1007/s11481-015-9618-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2015] [Accepted: 05/19/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Neuroinflammation constitutes a fundamental process involved in the physiopathology of Parkinson's disease (PD). Microglial cells play a central role in the outcome of neuroinflammation and consequent neurodegeneration of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra. Current evidence indicates that CD4+ T-cells infiltrate the central nervous system (CNS) in PD, where they play a critical role determining the functional phenotype of microglia, thus regulating the progression of the neurodegenerative process. Here, we first analysed the pathogenic role of inflammatory phenotypes and the beneficial role of anti-inflammatory phenotypes of encephalitogenic CD4+ T-cells involved in the physiopathology of PD. Next, we discussed how alterations of neurotransmitter levels observed in the basal ganglia throughout the time course of PD progression could be strongly affecting the behaviour of encephalitogenic CD4+ T-cells and thereby the outcome of the neuroinflammatory process and the consequent neurodegeneration of dopaminergic neurons. Afterward, we integrated the evidence indicating the involvement of an antigen-specific immune response mediated by T-cells and B-cells against CNS-derived self-constituents in PD. Consistent with the involvement of a relevant autoimmune component in PD, we also reviewed the polymorphisms of both, class I and class II major histocompatibility complexes, associated to the risk of PD. Overall, this study gives an overview of how an autoimmune component involved in PD plays a fundamental role in the progression of the neurodegenerative process.
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Wiersma VR, Michalak M, Abdullah TM, Bremer E, Eggleton P. Mechanisms of Translocation of ER Chaperones to the Cell Surface and Immunomodulatory Roles in Cancer and Autoimmunity. Front Oncol 2015; 5:7. [PMID: 25688334 PMCID: PMC4310273 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2015.00007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2014] [Accepted: 01/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) chaperones (e.g., calreticulin, heat shock proteins, and isomerases) perform a multitude of functions within the ER. However, many of these chaperones can translocate to the cytosol and eventually the surface of cells, particularly during ER stress induced by e.g., drugs, UV irradiation, and microbial stimuli. Once on the cell surface or in the extracellular space, the ER chaperones can take on immunogenic characteristics, as mostly described in the context of cancer, appearing as damage-associated molecular patterns recognized by the immune system. How ER chaperones relocate to the cell surface and interact with other intracellular proteins appears to influence whether a tumor cell is targeted for cell death. The relocation of ER proteins to the cell surface can be exploited to target cancer cells for elimination by immune mechanism. Here we evaluate the evidence for the different mechanisms of ER protein translocation and binding to the cell surface and how ER protein translocation can act as a signal for cancer cells to undergo killing by immunogenic cell death and other cell death pathways. The release of chaperones can also exacerbate underlying autoimmune conditions, such as rheumatoid arthritis and multiple sclerosis, and the immunomodulatory role of extracellular chaperones as potential cancer immunotherapies requires cautious monitoring, particularly in cancer patients with underlying autoimmune disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valerie R. Wiersma
- Department of Surgery, Translational Surgical Oncology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Marek Michalak
- University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter Devon, UK
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | | | - Edwin Bremer
- Department of Surgery, Translational Surgical Oncology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
- University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter Devon, UK
| | - Paul Eggleton
- University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter Devon, UK
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
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González H, Elgueta D, Montoya A, Pacheco R. Neuroimmune regulation of microglial activity involved in neuroinflammation and neurodegenerative diseases. J Neuroimmunol 2014; 274:1-13. [PMID: 25091432 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2014.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 243] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2014] [Revised: 06/27/2014] [Accepted: 07/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Neuroinflammation constitutes a fundamental process involved in the progression of several neurodegenerative disorders, such as Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and multiple sclerosis. Microglial cells play a central role in neuroinflammation, promoting neuroprotective or neurotoxic microenvironments, thus controlling neuronal fate. Acquisition of different microglial functions is regulated by intercellular interactions with neurons, astrocytes, the blood-brain barrier, and T-cells infiltrating the central nervous system. In this study, an overview of the regulation of microglial function mediated by different intercellular communications is summarised and discussed. Afterward, we focus in T-cell-mediated regulation of neuroinflammation involved in neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hugo González
- Laboratorio de Neuroinmunología, Fundación Ciencia & Vida, Ñuñoa 7780272, Santiago, Chile
| | - Daniela Elgueta
- Laboratorio de Neuroinmunología, Fundación Ciencia & Vida, Ñuñoa 7780272, Santiago, Chile; Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Andrés Bello, 8370146 Santiago, Chile
| | - Andro Montoya
- Laboratorio de Neuroinmunología, Fundación Ciencia & Vida, Ñuñoa 7780272, Santiago, Chile
| | - Rodrigo Pacheco
- Laboratorio de Neuroinmunología, Fundación Ciencia & Vida, Ñuñoa 7780272, Santiago, Chile; Programa de Biomedicina, Universidad San Sebastián, Ñuñoa 7780272, Santiago, Chile.
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Romero V, Fert-Bober J, Nigrovic PA, Darrah E, Haque UJ, Lee DM, van Eyk J, Rosen A, Andrade F. Immune-mediated pore-forming pathways induce cellular hypercitrullination and generate citrullinated autoantigens in rheumatoid arthritis. Sci Transl Med 2014; 5:209ra150. [PMID: 24174326 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.3006869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 171] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Autoantibodies to citrullinated protein antigens are specific markers of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Although protein citrullination can be activated by numerous stimuli in cells, it remains unclear which of these produce the prominent citrullinated autoantigens targeted in RA. In these studies, we show that RA synovial fluid cells have an unusual pattern of citrullination with marked citrullination of proteins across the broad range of molecular weights, which we term cellular hypercitrullination. Although histone citrullination is a common event during neutrophil activation and death induced by different pathways including apoptosis, NETosis, and necroptosis/autophagy, hypercitrullination is not induced by these stimuli. However, marked hypercitrullination is induced by two immune-mediated membranolytic pathways, mediated by perforin and the membrane attack complex (MAC), which are active in the RA joint and of importance in RA pathogenesis. We further demonstrate that perforin and MAC activity on neutrophils generate the profile of citrullinated autoantigens characteristic of RA. These data suggest that activation of peptidylarginine deiminases during complement and perforin activity may be at the core of citrullinated autoantigen production in RA. These pathways may be amenable to monitoring and therapeutic modulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Violeta Romero
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
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Colpak Aİ, Kalyoncu U, Gürsoy Özdemir Y. The Presence of Autoantibodies Against Vascular and Nervous Tissue in Sera From Patients with Neuro-Behçet's Disease. Noro Psikiyatr Ars 2014; 51:141-147. [PMID: 28360614 DOI: 10.4274/npa.y6987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2012] [Accepted: 01/01/2013] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Behçet's disease is a chronic inflammatory disease of unknown aetiology that affects multiple organ systems. Since the diagnosis of this disease mainly relies on clinical criteria, a diagnostic laboratory test is required especially for neuro-Behçet's patients without systemic involvement. METHOD In this study, we searched for the presence of autoantibodies against brain tissue, by means of indirect immunofluorescent staining technique in sera obtained from patients with neuro-Behçet's disease, based on reports that humoral immune dysregulation may play a role in susceptibility to Behçet's disease. After pre-absorbtion of sera with guinea pig liver powder to reduce nonspecific staining, serum samples were applied to mouse brain sections and immunoreactivity was detected with fluorescein (FITC)-conjugated goat antibody against human IgG. RESULTS Ten sera from neuro-Behçet's patients and 10 age-matched control sera were screened for immunoreactivity. We detected specific immunoreactivity to both parenchymal and vascular brain structures in the patients' sera. Parenchymal vessel immunopositivity was detected in 8 of 10 patients, whereas only two of control sera showed no significant parenchymal vascular immunoreactivity (p=.025). In addition to vascular immunoreactivity, filamentous and reticular immunopositive structures were detected in brain sections of 5 out of 10 patients. No such immunoreactivity was detected in sections incubated with control sera (p=.016). CONCLUSION We detected a specific immunoreactivity against vascular and parenchymal filamentous structures in neuro-Behçet patients' sera. Humoral autoimmunity may play a role in the pathogenesis of neuro-Behçet's disease in addition to cellular immune response. Findings of this preliminary study will be evaluated with a large number of patients and controls, to determine whether it is the cause or the result and, further studies are underway to disclose the nature of epitope to which the immunoreactivity was directed against and to develop a diagnostic laboratory method for investigating central nervous system involvement in Behçet's patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayşe İlksen Colpak
- Department of Neurology, Hacettepe University Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Umut Kalyoncu
- Department of Rheumatology, Hacettepe University Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
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Hsu PC, Liao YF, Lin CL, Lin WH, Liu GY, Hung HC. Vimentin is involved in peptidylarginine deiminase 2-induced apoptosis of activated Jurkat cells. Mol Cells 2014; 37:426-34. [PMID: 24850148 PMCID: PMC4044315 DOI: 10.14348/molcells.2014.2359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2013] [Revised: 04/20/2014] [Accepted: 04/21/2014] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Peptidylarginine deiminase type 2 (PADI2) deiminates (or citrullinates) arginine residues in protein to citrulline residues in a Ca2+-dependent manner, and is found in lymphocytes and macrophages. Vimentin is an intermediate filament protein and a well-known substrate of PADI2. Citrullinated vimentin is found in ionomycin-induced macrophage apoptosis. Citrullinated vimentin is the target of anti-Sa antibodies, which are specific to rheumatoid arthritis, and play a critical role in the pathogenesis of the disease. To investigate the role of PADI2 in apoptosis, we generated a Jurkat cell line that overexpressed the PADI2 transgene from a tetracycline-inducible promoter, and used a combination of 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate and ionomycin to activate Jurkat cells. We found that PADI2 overexpression reduced the cell viability of activated Jurkat cells in1a dose- and time-dependent manner. The PADI2-overexpressed and -activated Jurkat cells presented typical manifestations of apoptosis, and exhibited greater levels of citrullinated proteins, including citrullinated vimentin. Vimentin overexpression rescued a portion of the cells from apoptosis. In conclusion, PADI2 overexpression induces apoptosis in activated Jurkat cells. Vimentin is involved in PADI2-induced apoptosis. Moreover, PADI2-overexpressed Jurkat cells secreted greater levels of vimentin after activation, and expressed more vimentin on their cell surfaces when undergoing apoptosis. Through artificially highlighting PADI2 and vimentin, we demonstrated that PADI2 and vimentin participate in the apoptotic mechanisms of activated T lymphocytes. The secretion and surface expression of vimentin are possible ways of autoantigen presentation to the immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei-Chen Hsu
- Department of Life Sciences and Institute of Genomics and Bioinformatics, National Chung-Hsing University, and Agricultural Biotechnology Center (ABC), National Chung Hsing University, Taiwan,
Republic of China
- Department of Medicine, Da-Chien General Hospital, Taiwan,
Republic of China
| | - Ya-Fan Liao
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Chaoyang University of Technology, Taiwan,
Republic of China
| | - Chin-Li Lin
- Institute of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University
| | - Wen-Hao Lin
- Department of Life Sciences and Institute of Genomics and Bioinformatics, National Chung-Hsing University, and Agricultural Biotechnology Center (ABC), National Chung Hsing University, Taiwan,
Republic of China
| | - Guang-Yaw Liu
- Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, Chung Shan Medical University, and Division of Allergy, Immunology, and Rheumatology, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taiwan,
Republic of China
| | - Hui-Chih Hung
- Department of Life Sciences and Institute of Genomics and Bioinformatics, National Chung-Hsing University, and Agricultural Biotechnology Center (ABC), National Chung Hsing University, Taiwan,
Republic of China
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Dwivedi N, Radic M. Citrullination of autoantigens implicates NETosis in the induction of autoimmunity. Ann Rheum Dis 2013; 73:483-91. [PMID: 24291655 DOI: 10.1136/annrheumdis-2013-203844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Tolerance blocks the expression of autoantibodies, whereas autoimmunity promotes it. How tolerance breaks and autoantibody production begins thus are crucial questions for understanding and treatment of autoimmune diseases. Evidence implicates cell death and autoantigen modifications in the initiation of autoimmune reactions. One form of neutrophil cell death called NETosis deserves attention because it requires the post-translational modification of histones and results in the extracellular release of chromatin. NETosis received its name from NET, the acronym given to Neutrophil Extracellular Trap. The extracellular chromatin incorporates histones in which arginines have been converted to citrullines by peptidylarginine deiminase IV (PAD4). The deiminated chromatin may function to capture or 'trap' bacterial pathogens, thus generating an extracellular complex of deiminated histones and bacterial cell adjuvants. The complex of bacterial antigens and deiminated chromatin may be internalised by host phagocytes during acute inflammatory conditions, as arise during bacterial infections or chronic autoinflammatory disorders. The uptake and processing of deiminated chromatin together with bacterial adjuvants by phagocytes may induce the presentation of modified histone epitopes and co-stimulation, thus yielding a powerful stimulus to break tolerance. Autoantibodies to deiminated histones are prevalent in Felty's syndrome patients and are present in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). These observations clearly implicate histone deimination as an epigenetic mark that can act as an autoantibody stimulant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nishant Dwivedi
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, , Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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Moelants EA, Mortier A, Van Damme J, Proost P, Loos T. Peptidylarginine deiminases: physiological function, interaction with chemokines and role in pathology. DRUG DISCOVERY TODAY. TECHNOLOGIES 2013; 9:e227-314. [PMID: 24063741 DOI: 10.1016/j.ddtec.2012.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Pizzimenti S, Ciamporcero E, Daga M, Pettazzoni P, Arcaro A, Cetrangolo G, Minelli R, Dianzani C, Lepore A, Gentile F, Barrera G. Interaction of aldehydes derived from lipid peroxidation and membrane proteins. Front Physiol 2013; 4:242. [PMID: 24027536 PMCID: PMC3761222 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2013.00242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 233] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2013] [Accepted: 08/15/2013] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
A great variety of compounds are formed during lipid peroxidation of polyunsaturated fatty acids of membrane phospholipids. Among them, bioactive aldehydes, such as 4-hydroxyalkenals, malondialdehyde (MDA) and acrolein, have received particular attention since they have been considered as toxic messengers that can propagate and amplify oxidative injury. In the 4-hydroxyalkenal class, 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal (HNE) is the most intensively studied aldehyde, in relation not only to its toxic function, but also to its physiological role. Indeed, HNE can be found at low concentrations in human tissues and plasma and participates in the control of biological processes, such as signal transduction, cell proliferation, and differentiation. Moreover, at low doses, HNE exerts an anti-cancer effect, by inhibiting cell proliferation, angiogenesis, cell adhesion and by inducing differentiation and/or apoptosis in various tumor cell lines. It is very likely that a substantial fraction of the effects observed in cellular responses, induced by HNE and related aldehydes, be mediated by their interaction with proteins, resulting in the formation of covalent adducts or in the modulation of their expression and/or activity. In this review we focus on membrane proteins affected by lipid peroxidation-derived aldehydes, under physiological and pathological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefania Pizzimenti
- Dipartimento di Scienze Cliniche e Biologiche, Università di Torino Torino, Italy
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Jiang K, Frank M, Chen Y, Osban J, Jarvis JN. Genomic characterization of remission in juvenile idiopathic arthritis. Arthritis Res Ther 2013; 15:R100. [PMID: 24000795 PMCID: PMC4062846 DOI: 10.1186/ar4280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction The attainment of remission has become an important end point for clinical trials in juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA), although we do not yet have a full understanding of what remission is at the cell and molecular level. Methods Two independent cohorts of patients with JIA and healthy child controls were studied. RNA was prepared separately from peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) and granulocytes to identify differentially expressed genes using whole genome microarrays. Expression profiling results for selected genes were confirmed by quantitative, real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Results We found that remission in JIA induced by either methotrexate (MTX) or MTX plus a TNF inhibitor (etanercept, Et) (MTX + Et) is characterized by numerous differences in gene expression in peripheral blood mononuclear cells and in granulocytes compared with healthy control children; that is, remission is not a restoration of immunologic normalcy. Network analysis of the differentially expressed genes demonstrated that the steroid hormone receptor superfamily member hepatocyte nuclear factor 4 alpha (HNF4α) is a hub in several of the gene networks that distinguished children with arthritis from controls. Confocal microscopy revealed that HNF4a is present in both T lymphocytes and granulocytes, suggesting a previously unsuspected role for this transcription factor in regulating leukocyte function and therapeutic response in JIA. Conclusions These findings provide a framework from which to understand therapeutic response in JIA and, furthermore, may be used to develop strategies to increase the frequency with which remission is achieved in adult forms of rheumatoid arthritis.
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Huang SH, Zhao LX, Hong C, Duo CC, Guo BN, Zhang LJ, Gong Z, Xiong SD, Gong FY, Gao XM. Self-oligomerization is essential for enhanced immunological activities of soluble recombinant calreticulin. PLoS One 2013; 8:e64951. [PMID: 23762269 PMCID: PMC3677884 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0064951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2012] [Accepted: 04/19/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
We have recently reported that calreticulin (CRT), a luminal resident protein, can be found in the sera of patients with rheumatoid arthritis and also that recombinant CRT (rCRT) exhibits extraordinarily strong immunological activities. We herein further demonstrate that rCRT fragments 18-412 (rCRT/18-412), rCRT/39-272, rCRT/120-308 and rCRT/120-250 can self-oligomerize in solution and are 50-100 fold more potent than native CRT (nCRT, isolated from mouse livers) in activating macrophages in vitro. We narrowed down the active site of CRT to residues 150-230, the activity of which also depends on dimerization. By contrast, rCRT/18-197 is almost completely inactive. When rCRT/18-412 is fractionated into oligomers and monomers by gel filtration, the oligomers maintain most of their immunological activities in terms of activating macrophages in vitro and inducing specific antibodies in vivo, while the monomers were much less active by comparison. Additionally, rCRT/18-412 oligomers are much better than monomers in binding to, and uptake by, macrophages. Inhibition of macrophage endocytosis partially blocks the stimulatory effect of rCRT/18-412. We conclude that the immunologically active site of CRT maps between residues 198-230 and that soluble CRT could acquire potent immuno-pathological activities in microenvironments favoring its oligomerization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shang-Hui Huang
- Institute of Biology and Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Li-Xiang Zhao
- Institute of Biology and Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Chao Hong
- Institute of Biology and Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Cui-Cui Duo
- Institute of Biology and Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Bing-Nan Guo
- Institute of Biology and Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Li-Juan Zhang
- Institute of Biology and Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Zheng Gong
- Institute of Biology and Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Si-Dong Xiong
- Institute of Biology and Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Fang-Yuan Gong
- Institute of Biology and Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
- * E-mail: (XMG); (FYG)
| | - Xiao-Ming Gao
- Institute of Biology and Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
- * E-mail: (XMG); (FYG)
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Ling S, Cline EN, Haug TS, Fox DA, Holoshitz J. Citrullinated calreticulin potentiates rheumatoid arthritis shared epitope signaling. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 65:618-26. [PMID: 23233327 DOI: 10.1002/art.37814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2012] [Accepted: 11/27/2012] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Citrullinated proteins are immunogenic in rheumatoid arthritis (RA), particularly in patients who carry shared epitope (SE)-coding HLA-DRB1 alleles. The mechanism underlying this association is unknown. We have previously identified the SE as a ligand that interacts with cell surface calreticulin (CRT) and activates immune dysregulation. This study was undertaken to determine the effect of CRT citrullination on SE signaling. METHODS CRT-SE binding affinity was measured by surface plasmon resonance. The role of individual CRT arginine residues was determined by site-directed mutagenesis, and nitric oxide levels were measured using a fluorochrome-based assay. CRT citrullination in synovial tissue samples and cell cultures was determined by 2-dimensional gel electrophoresis, immunoblotting, and mass spectrometry techniques. RESULTS Synovial tissue and fibroblast-like synoviocytes from RA patients were found to express a higher abundance of citrullinated CRT than samples from osteoarthritis patients. Citrullinated CRT showed more robust interaction with the SE ligand, and transduced SE signaling at a 10,000-fold higher potency, compared to noncitrullinated CRT. Site-directed mutation analysis identified Arg(205), which is spatially adjacent to the SE binding site in the CRT P-domain, as a dominant inhibitor of SE-CRT interaction and signaling, while a more remote arginine residue, Arg(261), was found to enhance these SE functions. CONCLUSION Our findings indicate that citrullinated CRT is overabundant in the RA synovium and potentiates SE-activated signaling in vitro. These findings could introduce a new mechanistic model of gene-environment interaction in RA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Song Ling
- University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-5680, USA
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Serum levels of calreticulin in correlation with disease activity in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. J Clin Immunol 2013; 33:947-53. [PMID: 23532497 DOI: 10.1007/s10875-013-9885-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2012] [Accepted: 03/13/2013] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of our study was to investigate the contribution of serum calreticulin (CRT) in the assessment of disease activity in rheumatoid arthritis (RA). METHODS Serum CRT levels were measured by ELISA in 70 patients with established RA, 30 systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), 25 other autoimmune diseases, 20 osteoarthritis (OA), and 35 of healthy controls (HC). Correlations of CRT serum levels with disease activity [Disease Activity Score for 28 joints (DAS28)], erythrocyte sedimentation rate(ESR) and C-reactive protein (CRP) were assessed. Serum CRT levels were also detected in RA patients whose RF, anti-CCP and anti- MCV antibodies were positive and negative. RESULTS Serum CRT levels in RA patients (4.817 ± 2.425 ng/ml) was significantly higher (P <0.05) compared with those in the serum of OA (3.574 ± 0.942 ng/ml), SLE (4.013 ± 1.536 ng/ml), other autoimmune diseases (3.882 ± 0.837 ng/ml) and HC (3.726 ± 0.627 ng/ml). Significant positive correlation of CRT with DAS28, ESR and CRP was found in RA patients. Furthermore, RA patients whose anti-CCP and anti-MCV antibodies were positive had higher levels of CRT (P < 0.01). CONCLUSION Serum CRT levels were increased in patients with RA compared with those controls. Moreover, a significant correlation was observed between serum CRT levels and disease activity in RA. It might be used as a potential biomarker for clinical diagnosis and provide additional information regarding disease activity along with the traditional indices such as ESR and CRP.
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The Predicted Proteomic Network Associated with the Antiarthritic Action of Qingfu Guanjieshu in Collagen-II-Induced Arthritis in Rats. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2013; 2013:582493. [PMID: 23781264 PMCID: PMC3678439 DOI: 10.1155/2013/582493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2013] [Accepted: 04/23/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Qingfu Guanjieshu (QFGJS) is an herbal preparation for treating rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Previous studies revealed that QFGJS significantly inhibited experimental arthritis and acute inflammation, accompanied by reduction of proinflammatory cytokines and elevation of anti-inflammatory cytokines. This study aims to identify the targeted proteins and predict the proteomic network associated with the drug action of QFGJS by using 2D gel and MALDI-TOF-MS/MS techniques. Thirty female Wistar rats were evenly grouped as normal and vehicle- and QFGJS-treated CIA rats. The antiarthritic effect of QFGJS was examined with a 19-day treatment course, and the knee synovial tissues of animals from each group were obtained for 2D gel and MALDI-TOF-MS/MS analysis. Results showed that QFGJS significantly ameliorated collagen II-induced arthritis when administrated at 2.8 g/kg body weight for 19 days. 2D gel image analysis revealed 89 differentially expressed proteins in the synovial tissues among the normal and vehicle- and QFGJS-treated CIA rats from over 1000 proteins of which 63 proteins were identified by MALDI-TOF-MS/MS analysis, and 32 proteins were included for classification of functions using Gene Ontology (GO) method. Finally, 14 proteins were analyzed using bioinformatics, and a predicted proteomic network related to the anti-arthritic effect of QFGJS was established, and Pgk1 plays a central role.
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Chang X, Zhao Y, Wang Y, Chen Y, Yan X. Screening citrullinated proteins in synovial tissues of rheumatoid arthritis using 2-dimensional western blotting. J Rheumatol 2012; 40:219-27. [PMID: 23242181 DOI: 10.3899/jrheum.120751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Citrullination, a reaction converting arginine residue into citrulline residue, is essential for autoimmunity of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). We conducted 2-dimensional Western blot analyses (2-D WB) to screen for novel citrullinated proteins in synovial tissues from patients with RA. METHODS Total proteins were extracted from the synovial membranes of patients with RA (n = 10) and pooled. Four identical 2-D electrophoresis (2-DE) gels were prepared, and 2 gels were transblotted to polyvinylidene fluoride membranes that were separately probed with sera from patients with RA (n = 10) or an anticitrulline antibody. The protein profiles of the 2-DE gels were compared with the hybridization results on a global level. The immunoreactive protein spots were collected from the 2-DE gels and identified using mass spectrometry. Proteins that were detected by both RA sera and anticitrulline antibody were considered citrullinated proteins. The result was confirmed through routine WB, immunoprecipitation, and ELISA. Autoantibodies against these potential antigens were also examined in the blood of patients with RA by ELISA. RESULTS RA sera and the anticitrulline antibody on 2-D WB detected α-1-antitrypsin (A1AT), dynein heavy-chain 3, fibrinogen β chain, keratin type II cuticular Hb4 (KRT84), lumican, tubulin β-chain (TUBB), and vimentin. A1AT, KRT84, and TUBB had high expression in the synovial membranes (n = 5) of patients with RA and A1AT and KRT84 had high expression in RA synovial fluids (n = 40). A1AT, KRT84, and TUBB immunoprecipitated from synovial tissues showed citrullination. A high level of autoantibodies against KRT84 was detected in the blood of patients with RA (n = 92) compared to that of healthy controls (n = 92). CONCLUSION Our study identified some new citrullinated proteins in RA synovial tissues using 2-D WB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaotian Chang
- Medical Research Center and the Orthopedic Surgery Center of Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong University, Shandong, China.
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Ortea I, Roschitzki B, Ovalles JG, Longo JL, de la Torre I, González I, Gómez-Reino JJ, González A. Discovery of serum proteomic biomarkers for prediction of response to infliximab (a monoclonal anti-TNF antibody) treatment in rheumatoid arthritis: An exploratory analysis. J Proteomics 2012; 77:372-82. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2012.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2012] [Revised: 09/07/2012] [Accepted: 09/11/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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