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Saifi MA, Ho IC. Citrullination of matrisomal proteins in health and diseases. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2023; 378:20220244. [PMID: 37778384 PMCID: PMC10542447 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2022.0244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Proteins once translated are subjected to post-translational modifications (PTMs) that can critically modify their characteristics. Citrullination is a unique type of PTM that is catalysed by peptidylarginine deiminase (PAD) enzymes, which regulate a multitude of physiological functions such as apoptosis, gene expression and immune response by altering the structure and function of cellular proteins. However, emerging data have unravelled compelling evidence to support that PAD-mediated citrullination is not exclusive to cellular proteins; rather citrullination of extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins also plays a major contributing role in various physiological/pathological conditions. Here, we discuss putative mechanisms for citrullination-induced alterations in the function of ECM proteins. Further, we put emphasis on influential roles of ECM citrullination in various pathological scenarios to underscore the clinical potential of its manipulation in human diseases. This article is part of the Theo Murphy meeting issue 'The virtues and vices of protein citrullination'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Aslam Saifi
- Division of Rheumatology, Inflammation, and Immunity, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, 60 Fenwood Road, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - I-Cheng Ho
- Division of Rheumatology, Inflammation, and Immunity, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, 60 Fenwood Road, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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2
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Stachowicz A, Sadiq A, Walker B, Sundararaman N, Fert-Bober J. Treatment of human cardiac fibroblasts with the protein arginine deiminase inhibitor BB-Cl-amidine activates the Nrf2/HO-1 signaling pathway. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 167:115443. [PMID: 37703660 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.115443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2023] [Revised: 08/27/2023] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 09/15/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cardiac fibrosis contributes to end-stage extracellular matrix remodeling and heart failure (HF). Cardiac fibroblasts (CFs) differentiate into myofibroblasts (myoFbs) to preserve the structural integrity of the heart; however, the molecular mechanisms regulating CF transdifferentiation remain poorly understood. Protein arginine deiminase (PAD), which converts arginine to citrulline, has been shown to play a role in myocardial infarction, fibrosis, and HF. This study aimed to investigate the role of PAD in CF differentiation to myoFbs and identify the citrullinated proteins that were associated with phenotypic changes in CFs. RESULTS Gene expression analysis showed that PAD1 and PAD2 isoforms, but not PAD4 isoforms, were abundant in both CFs and myoFbs, and PAD1 was significantly upregulated in myoFbs. The pan-PAD inhibitor BB-Cl-amidine (BB-Cl) downregulated the mRNA expression of PAD1 and PAD2 as well as the protein expression of the fibrosis marker COL1A1 in CFs and myoFbs. Interestingly, a proteomic approach pointed to the activation of the Nrf2/HO-1 signaling pathway upon BB-Cl treatment in CFs and myoFbs. BB-Cl administration resulted in the upregulation of HO-1 at both the gene and protein levels in CFs and myoFbs. Importantly, the protein citrullination landscape of CFs consisting of 86 novel citrullination sites associated with focal adhesion (FN1(R1054)), inflammation (TAGLN(R12)) and DNA replication (EEF2(R767)) pathways was identified. CONCLUSIONS In summary, we revealed that BB-Cl treatment resulted in increased HO-1 expression via the Nrf2 pathway, which could prevent excessive tissue damage, thereby leading to substantial clinical benefits for the treatment of cardiac fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aneta Stachowicz
- Chair of Pharmacology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland; Advanced Clinical Biosystems Research Institute, Smidt Heart Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Alia Sadiq
- Advanced Clinical Biosystems Research Institute, Smidt Heart Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Brian Walker
- Advanced Clinical Biosystems Research Institute, Smidt Heart Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Niveda Sundararaman
- Advanced Clinical Biosystems Research Institute, Precision Biomarker Laboratories, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Justyna Fert-Bober
- Advanced Clinical Biosystems Research Institute, Smidt Heart Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Advanced Clinical Biosystems Research Institute, Precision Biomarker Laboratories, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
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3
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Umemoto A, Kuwada T, Murata K, Shiokawa M, Ota S, Murotani Y, Itamoto A, Nishitani K, Yoshitomi H, Fujii T, Onishi A, Onizawa H, Murakami K, Tanaka M, Ito H, Seno H, Morinobu A, Matsuda S. Identification of anti-citrullinated osteopontin antibodies and increased inflammatory response by enhancement of osteopontin binding to fibroblast-like synoviocytes in rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Res Ther 2023; 25:25. [PMID: 36804906 PMCID: PMC9936655 DOI: 10.1186/s13075-023-03007-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/19/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Anti-citrullinated protein/peptide antibodies (ACPAs) are present in patients at onset and have important pathogenic roles during the course of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). The characteristics of several molecules recognized by ACPA have been studied in RA, but the positivity rate of autoantibodies against each antigen is not high, and the pathogenic mechanism of each antibody is not fully understood. We investigated the role of anti-citrullinated osteopontin (anti-cit-OPN) antibodies in RA pathogenesis. METHODS Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays on RA patients' sera were used to detect autoantibodies against OPN. Fibroblast-like synoviocytes (FLS) isolated from RA patients were used to test the binding activity and inflammatory response of OPN mediated by anti-cit-OPN antibodies, and their effect was tested using an inflammatory arthritis mouse model immunized with cit-OPN. Anti-cit-OPN antibody positivity and clinical characteristics were investigated in the patients as well. RESULTS Using sera from 224 RA patients, anti-cit-OPN antibodies were positive in approximately 44% of RA patients, while approximately 78% of patients were positive for the cyclic citrullinated peptide (CCP2) assay. IgG from patients with anti-cit-OPN antibody increased the binding activity of OPN to FLSs, which further increased matrix metalloproteinase and interleukin-6 production in TNF-stimulated FLSs. Mice immunized with cit-OPN antibodies experienced severe arthritis. Anti-cit-OPN antibodies in RA patients decreased the drug survival rate of tumor necrosis factor (TNF) inhibitors, while it did not decrease that of CTLA4-Ig. CONCLUSIONS Anti-cit-OPN antibodies were detected in patients with RA. IgG from patients with anti-cit-OPN antibodies aggravated RA, and anti-cit-OPN antibody was a marker of reduced the survival rate of TNF inhibitors in RA patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akio Umemoto
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Sakyo, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan
| | - Takeshi Kuwada
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan
| | - Koichi Murata
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Sakyo, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan. .,Department of Advanced Medicine for Rheumatic Diseases, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, 54 Kawahara-Cho, Shogoin, Sakyo, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan.
| | - Masahiro Shiokawa
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan.
| | - Sakiko Ota
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan
| | - Yoshiki Murotani
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Sakyo, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan
| | - Akihiro Itamoto
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Sakyo, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan
| | - Kohei Nishitani
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Sakyo, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Yoshitomi
- Department of Immunology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Sakyo, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan
| | - Takayuki Fujii
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Sakyo, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan.,Department of Advanced Medicine for Rheumatic Diseases, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, 54 Kawahara-Cho, Shogoin, Sakyo, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan
| | - Akira Onishi
- Department of Advanced Medicine for Rheumatic Diseases, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, 54 Kawahara-Cho, Shogoin, Sakyo, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan
| | - Hideo Onizawa
- Department of Advanced Medicine for Rheumatic Diseases, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, 54 Kawahara-Cho, Shogoin, Sakyo, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan
| | - Kosaku Murakami
- Center for Cancer Immunotherapy and Immunobiology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Sakyo, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan
| | - Masao Tanaka
- Department of Advanced Medicine for Rheumatic Diseases, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, 54 Kawahara-Cho, Shogoin, Sakyo, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan
| | - Hiromu Ito
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Sakyo, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan.,Department of Advanced Medicine for Rheumatic Diseases, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, 54 Kawahara-Cho, Shogoin, Sakyo, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Seno
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan
| | - Akio Morinobu
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Sakyo, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan
| | - Shuichi Matsuda
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Sakyo, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan
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Cheng CF, Liao HJ, Wu CS. Tissue microenvironment dictates inflammation and disease activity in rheumatoid arthritis. J Formos Med Assoc 2022; 121:1027-1033. [PMID: 35144834 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfma.2022.01.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2021] [Revised: 01/08/2022] [Accepted: 01/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The recent advance in treatments for rheumatoid arthritis (RA) has significantly improved the prognosis of RA patients. However, these novel therapies do not work well for all RA patients. The unmet need suggests that the current understanding about how inflammatory response arises and progresses in RA is limited. Recent accumulating evidence reveals an important role for the tissue microenvironment in the pathogenesis of RA. The synovium, the main tissue where the RA activity occurs, is composed by a unique extracellular matrix (ECM) and residing cells. The ECM molecules provide environmental signals that determine programmed site-specific cell behavior. Improved understanding of the tissue microenvironment, especially how the synovial architecture, ECM molecules, and site-specific cell behavior promote chronic inflammation and tissue destruction, will enhance deciphering the pathogenesis of RA. Moreover, in-depth analysis of tissue microenvironment will allow us to identify potential therapeutic targets. Research is now undertaken to explore potential candidates, both cellular and ECM molecules, to develop novel therapies. This article reviews recent advances in knowledge about how changes in cellular and ECM factors within the tissue microenvironment result in propagation of chronic inflammation in RA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiao-Feng Cheng
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital Yun-Lin Branch, Yun-Lin County, Taiwan
| | - Hsiu-Jung Liao
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Far Eastern Memorial Hospital, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Sheng Wu
- Department of Internal Medicine, Far Eastern Memorial Hospital, New Taipei City, Taiwan.
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Mao L, Mostafa R, Ibili E, Fert-Bober J. Role of protein deimination in cardiovascular diseases: potential new avenues for diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers. Expert Rev Proteomics 2021; 18:1059-1071. [PMID: 34929115 DOI: 10.1080/14789450.2021.2018303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Arginine deimination (citrullination) is a post-translational modification catalyzed by a family of peptidyl arginine deiminase (PAD) enzymes. Cell-based functional studies and animal models have manifested the key role of PADs in various cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). AREA COVERED This review summarizes the latest developments in the role of PADs in CVD pathogenesis. It focuses on the PAD functions and diverse citrullinated proteins in cardiovascular conditions like deep vein thrombosis, ischemia/reperfusion, and atherosclerosis. Identification of PAD isoforms and citrullinated targets are essential for directing diagnosis and clinical intervention. Finally, anti-citrullinated protein antibodies (ACPAs) are addressed as an independent risk factor for cardiovascular events. A search of PubMed biomedical literature from the past ten years was performed with a combination of the following keywords: PAD/PADI, deimination/citrullination, autoimmune, fibrosis, NET, neutrophil, macrophage, inflammation, inflammasome, cardiovascular, heart disease, myocardial infarction, ischemia, atherosclerosis, thrombosis, and aging. Additional papers from retrieved articles were also considered. EXPERT OPINION PADs are unique family of enzymes that converts peptidyl-arginine to -citrulline in protein permanently. Overexpression or increased activity of PAD has been observed in various CVDs with acute and chronic inflammation as the background. Importantly, far beyond being simply involved in forming neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs), accumulating evidence indicated PAD activation as a trigger for numerous processes, such as transcriptional regulation, endothelial dysfunction, and thrombus formation. In summary, the findings so far have testified the important role of deimination in cardiovascular biology, while more basic and translational studies are essential to further exploration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liqun Mao
- Department of Cardiology, Smidt Heart Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA.,Advanced Clinical Biosystems Institute, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Rowann Mostafa
- Department of Cardiology, Smidt Heart Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA.,Advanced Clinical Biosystems Institute, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Esra Ibili
- Department of Cardiology, Smidt Heart Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA.,Advanced Clinical Biosystems Institute, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Justyna Fert-Bober
- Department of Cardiology, Smidt Heart Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA.,Advanced Clinical Biosystems Institute, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
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6
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Won P, Kim Y, Jung H, Rim YA, Sohn DH, Robinson WH, Moon SJ, Ju JH. Pathogenic Role of Circulating Citrullinated Antigens and Anti-Cyclic Monoclonal Citrullinated Peptide Antibodies in Rheumatoid Arthritis. Front Immunol 2021; 12:692242. [PMID: 34305925 PMCID: PMC8294326 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.692242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Accepted: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
We examined whether it is possible to directly detect citrullinated antigens in the serum of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients using a monoclonal antibody (mAb) designed to be specific for citrullinated peptides. In order to confirm the potential of the mAb as a direct arthritis-inducing substance through experimental model of RA, a monoclonal antibody (mAb) 12G1 was generated using by immunization of mice with a challenging cyclic citrullinated peptide. Immunohistochemical analysis of RA-affected synovial tissue showed that our mAb 12G1 could indeed detect citrullinated proteins in target tissues. Subsequently, serum levels of citrullinated type II collagen and filaggrin were measured in healthy volunteers, patients with RA, ankylosing spondylitis (AS), and systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) using a 12G1-based sandwich ELISA. This showed that citrullinated filaggrin showed 78.9% sensitivity and 85.9% specificity for RA diagnosis with a cutoff optical density (OD) value of 1.013, comparable with the results from a second-generation anti-citrullinated protein antibody (ACPA) test. Circulating citrullinated collagen and filaggrin were detected even in sera of RA patients who were negative for both rheumatoid factor (RF) and ACPA. ELISA results also showed that RF and ACPA titers showed significantly positive correlation with both citrullinated collagen and filaggrin OD values in sera of RA patients. 12G1 challenging aggravated the severity of murine arthritis. In summary, mAb 12G1 can directly detect citrullinated proteins in RA target tissue and in sera of RA patients and 12G1 showed direct arthritogenic potential in vivo. This, 12G1 might be useful for diagnosis of RA including seronegative RA and may help to elucidate the pathophysiological role of citrullination in RA.
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MESH Headings
- Aged
- Animals
- Anti-Citrullinated Protein Antibodies/blood
- Anti-Citrullinated Protein Antibodies/immunology
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/immunology
- Antibody Specificity
- Arthritis, Experimental/blood
- Arthritis, Experimental/diagnosis
- Arthritis, Experimental/immunology
- Arthritis, Rheumatoid/blood
- Arthritis, Rheumatoid/diagnosis
- Arthritis, Rheumatoid/immunology
- Biomarkers/blood
- Case-Control Studies
- Citrullination
- Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay
- Female
- Humans
- Male
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Inbred DBA
- Middle Aged
- Peptides, Cyclic/blood
- Peptides, Cyclic/immunology
- Predictive Value of Tests
- Serologic Tests
- Mice
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Affiliation(s)
- Pureun Won
- Clinical Immunology and Stem Cell Laboratory (CiSTEM) Laboratory, Catholic Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell (iPSC) Research Center, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, South Korea
- Department of Biomedicine & Health Science, Seoul St. Mary’s Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Youngkyun Kim
- Clinical Immunology and Stem Cell Laboratory (CiSTEM) Laboratory, Catholic Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell (iPSC) Research Center, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, South Korea
- Department of Biomedicine & Health Science, Seoul St. Mary’s Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, South Korea
- Oncology and Immunology Research Center, Lucky-Goldstar (LG) Chem., LG Science Park, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Hyerin Jung
- Clinical Immunology and Stem Cell Laboratory (CiSTEM) Laboratory, Catholic Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell (iPSC) Research Center, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, South Korea
- Department of Biomedicine & Health Science, Seoul St. Mary’s Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Yeri Alice Rim
- Clinical Immunology and Stem Cell Laboratory (CiSTEM) Laboratory, Catholic Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell (iPSC) Research Center, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, South Korea
- Department of Biomedicine & Health Science, Seoul St. Mary’s Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Dong Hyun Sohn
- Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) Palo Alto Healthcare System, Palo Alto, CA, United States
- Division of Immunology and Rheumatology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Pusan National University School of Medicine, Yangsan, South Korea
| | - William H. Robinson
- Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) Palo Alto Healthcare System, Palo Alto, CA, United States
- Division of Immunology and Rheumatology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Su-Jin Moon
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Uijeongbu St. Mary’s Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Ji Hyeon Ju
- Clinical Immunology and Stem Cell Laboratory (CiSTEM) Laboratory, Catholic Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell (iPSC) Research Center, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, South Korea
- Department of Biomedicine & Health Science, Seoul St. Mary’s Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, South Korea
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul St. Mary’s Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, South Korea
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7
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Griffante G, Gugliesi F, Pasquero S, Dell'Oste V, Biolatti M, Salinger AJ, Mondal S, Thompson PR, Weerapana E, Lebbink RJ, Soppe JA, Stamminger T, Girault V, Pichlmair A, Oroszlán G, Coen DM, De Andrea M, Landolfo S. Human cytomegalovirus-induced host protein citrullination is crucial for viral replication. Nat Commun 2021; 12:3910. [PMID: 34162877 PMCID: PMC8222335 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-24178-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2019] [Accepted: 05/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Citrullination is the conversion of arginine-to-citrulline by protein arginine deiminases (PADs), whose dysregulation is implicated in the pathogenesis of various types of cancers and autoimmune diseases. Consistent with the ability of human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) to induce post-translational modifications of cellular proteins to gain a survival advantage, we show that HCMV infection of primary human fibroblasts triggers PAD-mediated citrullination of several host proteins, and that this activity promotes viral fitness. Citrullinome analysis reveals significant changes in deimination levels of both cellular and viral proteins, with interferon (IFN)-inducible protein IFIT1 being among the most heavily deiminated one. As genetic depletion of IFIT1 strongly enhances HCMV growth, and in vitro IFIT1 citrullination impairs its ability to bind to 5’-ppp-RNA, we propose that viral-induced IFIT1 citrullination is a mechanism of HCMV evasion from host antiviral resistance. Overall, our findings point to a crucial role of citrullination in subverting cellular responses to viral infection. Citrullination is a posttranslational modification of arginines. Here, the authors show that HCMV infection increases citrullination of host and virus proteins to promote infection and that citrullinated interferon-inducible protein IFIT1 is impaired in RNA binding, as a potential mechanism of evasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gloria Griffante
- Department of Public Health and Pediatric Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy.,Department of Translational Medicine, University of Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy
| | - Francesca Gugliesi
- Department of Public Health and Pediatric Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Selina Pasquero
- Department of Public Health and Pediatric Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Valentina Dell'Oste
- Department of Public Health and Pediatric Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Matteo Biolatti
- Department of Public Health and Pediatric Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Ari J Salinger
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, UMass Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA.,Department of Chemistry, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, MA, USA
| | - Santanu Mondal
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, UMass Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Paul R Thompson
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, UMass Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | | | - Robert J Lebbink
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Jasper A Soppe
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | | | - Virginie Girault
- Institute of Virology, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Andreas Pichlmair
- Institute of Virology, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Gábor Oroszlán
- Department of Biological Chemistry & Molecular Pharmacology, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Donald M Coen
- Department of Biological Chemistry & Molecular Pharmacology, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Marco De Andrea
- Department of Public Health and Pediatric Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy. .,CAAD Center for Translational Research on Autoimmune and Allergic Disease, University of Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy.
| | - Santo Landolfo
- Department of Public Health and Pediatric Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy.
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8
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Location, location, location: how the tissue microenvironment affects inflammation in RA. Nat Rev Rheumatol 2021; 17:195-212. [PMID: 33526927 DOI: 10.1038/s41584-020-00570-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Current treatments for rheumatoid arthritis (RA) do not work well for a large proportion of patients, or at all in some individuals, and cannot cure or prevent this disease. One major obstacle to developing better drugs is a lack of complete understanding of how inflammatory joint disease arises and progresses. Emerging evidence indicates an important role for the tissue microenvironment in the pathogenesis of RA. Each tissue is made up of cells surrounded and supported by a unique extracellular matrix (ECM). These complex molecular networks define tissue architecture and provide environmental signals that programme site-specific cell behaviour. In the synovium, a main site of disease activity in RA, positional and disease stage-specific cellular diversity exist. Improved understanding of the architecture of the synovium from gross anatomy to the single-cell level, in parallel with evidence demonstrating how the synovial ECM is vital for synovial homeostasis and how dysregulated signals from the ECM promote chronic inflammation and tissue destruction in the RA joint, has opened up new ways of thinking about the pathogenesis of RA. These new ideas provide novel therapeutic approaches for patients with difficult-to-treat disease and could also be used in disease prevention.
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9
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Negreros M, Flores-Suárez LF. A proposed role of neutrophil extracellular traps and their interplay with fibroblasts in ANCA-associated vasculitis lung fibrosis. Autoimmun Rev 2021; 20:102781. [PMID: 33609801 DOI: 10.1016/j.autrev.2021.102781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
ANCA-associated vasculitides (AAV) comprise three diseases: granulomatosis with polyangiitis, microscopic polyangiitis (MPA), and eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis. They are characterised by small vessel inflammation and have a broad range of clinical manifestations and multiorgan involvement which endanger the patient's life. An increasingly recognised complication of AAV, especially in MPA is lung fibrosis, for which no clearcut therapy in this context is available. The release of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) in these diseases has been related to the development of fibrosis, but the precise mechanisms are not fully unravelled. This review provides an overview of some of the important proteins known to compose NETs, and proposes some mechanisms by which these remarkable components may exert an impact on the different fibroblastic phenotypes leading to lung fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Negreros
- Primary Systemic Vasculitides Clinic, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Luis F Flores-Suárez
- Primary Systemic Vasculitides Clinic, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias, Mexico City, Mexico.
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10
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Vitorino R, Guedes S, Vitorino C, Ferreira R, Amado F, Van Eyk JE. Elucidating Citrullination by Mass Spectrometry and Its Role in Disease Pathogenesis. J Proteome Res 2021; 20:38-48. [PMID: 32966086 PMCID: PMC11009872 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.0c00474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
This review focuses on discussing key mechanisms in disease pathogenesis mediated by the protein post-translational modification citrullination. These processes are discussed in depth in the context of complex diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis, cancer, central nervous system disorders, and cardiovascular disease. Additionally, a critical evaluation of challenges in laboratory detection of citrullination sites is also outlined. In this context, the role of mass spectrometry is discussed with a focus on contemporary techniques that offer promising options to detect the exact site of protein citrullination. Novel methods described in the paper have the potential to detect and quantify the occurrence of post-translational modification sites for diagnosis and therapeutic purposes with a high degree of specificity and sensitivity. Furthermore, they offer a much faster performance than traditional techniques making them ideal for large-scale experimentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Vitorino
- QOPNA & LAQV-REQUIMTE, Departamento de Qúimica, Universidade de Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal; iBiMED, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal; Unidade de Investigação Cardiovascular, Departamento de Cirurgia e Fisiologia, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Sofia Guedes
- QOPNA & LAQV-REQUIMTE, Departamento de Qúimica, Universidade de Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Carla Vitorino
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Rita Ferreira
- QOPNA & LAQV-REQUIMTE, Departamento de Qúimica, Universidade de Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Francisco Amado
- QOPNA & LAQV-REQUIMTE, Departamento de Qúimica, Universidade de Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Jennifer E. Van Eyk
- Advanced Clinical Biosystems Research Institute, The Smidt Heart Institute, Cedars-Sinia Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, United States
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11
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Golenberg N, Squirrell JM, Bennin DA, Rindy J, Pistono PE, Eliceiri KW, Shelef MA, Kang J, Huttenlocher A. Citrullination regulates wound responses and tissue regeneration in zebrafish. J Cell Biol 2020; 219:133858. [PMID: 32328635 PMCID: PMC7147109 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201908164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2019] [Revised: 12/17/2019] [Accepted: 01/31/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Calcium is an important early signal in wound healing, yet how these early signals promote regeneration remains unclear. Peptidylarginine deiminases (PADs), a family of calcium-dependent enzymes, catalyze citrullination, a post-translational modification that alters protein function and has been implicated in autoimmune diseases. We generated a mutation in the single zebrafish ancestral pad gene, padi2, that results in a loss of detectable calcium-dependent citrullination. The mutants exhibit impaired resolution of inflammation and regeneration after caudal fin transection. We identified a new subpopulation of cells displaying citrullinated histones within the notochord bead following tissue injury. Citrullination of histones in this region was absent, and wound-induced proliferation was perturbed in Padi2-deficient larvae. Taken together, our results show that Padi2 is required for the citrullination of histones within a group of cells in the notochord bead and for promoting wound-induced proliferation required for efficient regeneration. These findings identify Padi2 as a potential intermediary between early calcium signaling and subsequent tissue regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Netta Golenberg
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI.,Cell and Molecular Biology Doctoral Training Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI
| | - Jayne M Squirrell
- Laboratory for Optical and Computational Instrumentation, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI
| | - David A Bennin
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI
| | - Julie Rindy
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI
| | - Paige E Pistono
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI
| | - Kevin W Eliceiri
- Laboratory for Optical and Computational Instrumentation, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI
| | - Miriam A Shelef
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI.,William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital, Madison, WI
| | - Junsu Kang
- Department of Cell and Regenerative Biology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI
| | - Anna Huttenlocher
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI
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12
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Demoruelle MK, Wilson TM, Deane KD. Lung inflammation in the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis. Immunol Rev 2020; 294:124-132. [DOI: 10.1111/imr.12842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2019] [Revised: 01/10/2020] [Accepted: 01/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Timothy M. Wilson
- Division of Rheumatology University of Colorado Denver Aurora CO USA
| | - Kevin D. Deane
- Division of Rheumatology University of Colorado Denver Aurora CO USA
- Denver Veterans Affairs Medical Center Denver CO USA
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13
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Jing R, Qi T, Wen C, Yue J, Wang G, Pei C, Ma B. Interleukin-2 induces extracellular matrix synthesis and TGF-β2 expression in retinal pigment epithelial cells. Dev Growth Differ 2019; 61:410-418. [PMID: 31608440 PMCID: PMC6899885 DOI: 10.1111/dgd.12630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2019] [Revised: 08/23/2019] [Accepted: 09/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Macular fibrosis is a vital obstacle of vision acuity improvement of age‐related macular degeneration patients. This study was to investigate the effects of interleukin 2 (IL‐2) on epithelial‐mesenchymal transition (EMT), extracellular matrix (ECM) synthesis and transforming growth factor β2 (TGF‐β2) expression in retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells. 10 μg/L IL‐2 was used to induce fibrosis in RPE cells for various times. Western blot was used to detect the EMT marker α‐smooth muscle actin (α‐SMA), ECM markers fibronectin (Fn) and type 1 collagen (COL‐1), TGF‐β2, and the activation of the JAK/STAT3 and NF‐κB signaling pathway. Furthermore, JAK/STAT3 and NF‐κB signaling pathways were specifically blocked by WP1066 or BAY11‐7082, respectively, and the expression of α‐SMA, COL‐1, Fn and TGF‐β2 protein were detected. Wound healing and Transwell assays were used to measure cell migration ability of IL‐2 with or without WP1066 or BAY11‐7082. After induction of IL‐2, the expressions of Fn, COL‐1, TGF‐β2 protein were significantly increased, and this effect was correlated with IL‐2 treatment duration, while α‐SMA protein expression did not change significantly. Both WP1066 and BAY11‐7082 could effectively downregulate the expression of Fn, COL‐1 and TGF‐β2 induced by IL‐2. What's more, both NF‐κB and JAK/STAT3 inhibitors could suppress the activation of the other signaling pathway. Additionally, JAK/STAT3 inhibitor WP1066 and NF‐κB inhibitor BAY 11‐7082 could obviously decrease RPE cells migration capability induced by IL‐2. IL‐2 promotes cell migration, ECM synthesis and TGF‐β2 expression in RPE cells via JAK/STAT3 and NF‐κB signaling pathways, which may play an important role in proliferative vitreoretinopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruihua Jing
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Tiantian Qi
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Chan Wen
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Jiaqi Yue
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Guangyan Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Cheng Pei
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Bo Ma
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
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14
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Pathological consequences of anti-citrullinated protein antibodies in tear fluid and therapeutic potential of pooled human immune globulin-eye drops in dry eye disease. Ocul Surf 2019; 18:80-97. [PMID: 31606460 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtos.2019.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2019] [Revised: 10/03/2019] [Accepted: 10/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate the role of Anti-Citrullinated Protein autoantibodies (ACPAs) in the pathology of dry eye disease (DED) and the therapeutic potential of pooled human immune globulin-eye drops in these patients. METHODS We investigated the presence of citrullinated proteins and ACPAs in ocular surface wash (OSW) and conjunctival impressions from patients with DED and determined the pathological consequences of OSW with high ACPA using in vitro experiments and in vivo murine models. We performed a randomized, double-masked, pilot clinical trial to determine the safety, tolerability and preliminary efficacy of using pooled human immune globulin-eye drops to treat DED patients with ACPAs in OSW. RESULTS We found that neutrophils are a source of citrullinated proteins on the ocular surface of DED patients. We detected significantly higher immunoglobulin amount and presence of several species of ACPAs in OSW from DED patients. We also found that OSW with high ACPA contributes to production of NETs, and that ACPAs cause ocular surface disease in murine eyes, both of which are reduced with addition of Immune globulins. As compared to Vehicle treatment, pooled human immune globulin-eye drops (IVIG 4 mg/mL) twice a day for 8 weeks caused significant reduction in signs and symptoms of DED with no difference in tolerability or adverse events. CONCLUSIONS This is the first report demonstrating ACPAs in OSW of DED patients and their contribution to ocular surface disease. The first-in-human clinical trial suggests that pooled immune globulin-eye drops are a potential new class of biologic therapies for Dry Eye patients.
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15
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Stefanelli VL, Choudhury S, Hu P, Liu Y, Schwenzer A, Yeh CR, Chambers DM, von Beck K, Li W, Segura T, Midwood KS, Torres M, Barker TH. Citrullination of fibronectin alters integrin clustering and focal adhesion stability promoting stromal cell invasion. Matrix Biol 2019; 82:86-104. [PMID: 31004743 PMCID: PMC7168757 DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2019.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2018] [Revised: 04/15/2019] [Accepted: 04/16/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The extracellular matrix (ECM) microenvironment is increasingly implicated in the instruction of pathologically relevant cell behaviors, from aberrant transdifferentation to invasion and beyond. Indeed, pathologic ECMs possess a panoply of alterations that provide deleterious instructions to resident cells. Here we demonstrate the precise manner in which the ECM protein fibronectin (FN) undergoes the posttranslational modification citrullination in response to peptidyl-arginine deiminase (PAD), an enzyme associated with innate immune cell activity and implicated in systemic ECM-centric diseases, like cancer, fibrosis and rheumatoid arthritis. FN can be citrullinated in at least 24 locations, 5 of which reside in FN's primary cell-binding domain. Citrullination of FN alters integrin clustering and focal adhesion stability with a concomitant enhancement in force-triggered integrin signaling along the FAK-Src and ILK-Parvin pathways within fibroblasts. In vitro migration and in vivo wound healing studies demonstrate the ability of citrullinated FN to support a more migratory/invasive phenotype that enables more rapid wound closure. These findings highlight the potential of ECM, particularly FN, to "record" inflammatory insults via post-translational modification by inflammation-associated enzymes that are subsequently "read" by resident tissue fibroblasts, establishing a direct link between inflammation and tissue homeostasis and pathogenesis through the matrix.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ping Hu
- University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA USA
| | | | | | | | - Dwight M. Chambers
- Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA,Emory University, Atlanta GA, USA
| | | | - Wei Li
- Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA,University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA USA
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16
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Zhou Y, Chen B, Mittereder N, Chaerkady R, Strain M, An LL, Rahman S, Ma W, Low CP, Chan D, Neal F, Bingham CO, Sampson K, Darrah E, Siegel RM, Hasni S, Andrade F, Vousden KA, Mustelin T, Sims GP. Spontaneous Secretion of the Citrullination Enzyme PAD2 and Cell Surface Exposure of PAD4 by Neutrophils. Front Immunol 2017; 8:1200. [PMID: 28993780 PMCID: PMC5622307 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2017] [Accepted: 09/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Autoantibodies directed against citrullinated epitopes of proteins are highly diagnostic of rheumatoid arthritis (RA), and elevated levels of protein citrullination can be found in the joints of patients with RA. Calcium-dependent peptidyl-arginine deiminases (PAD) are the enzymes responsible for citrullination. PAD2 and PAD4 are enriched in neutrophils and likely drive citrullination under inflammatory conditions. PADs may be released during NETosis or cell death, but the mechanisms responsible for PAD activity under physiological conditions have not been fully elucidated. To understand how PADs citrullinate extracellular proteins, we investigated the cellular localization and activity of PAD2 and PAD4, and we report that viable neutrophils from healthy donors have active PAD4 exposed on their surface and spontaneously secrete PAD2. Neutrophil activation by some stimulatory agents increased the levels of immunoreactive PAD4 on the cell surface, and some stimuli reduced PAD2 secretion. Our data indicate that live neutrophils have the inherent capacity to express active extracellular PADs. These novel pathways are distinguished from intracellular PAD activation during NETosis and calcium influx-mediated hypercitrullination. Our study implies that extracellular PADs may have a physiological role under non-pathogenic conditions as well as a pathological role in RA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yebin Zhou
- Department of Respiratory, Inflammation, and Autoimmunity, MedImmune LLC, Gaithersburg, MD, United States
| | - Bo Chen
- Department of Respiratory, Inflammation, and Autoimmunity, MedImmune LLC, Gaithersburg, MD, United States
| | - Nanette Mittereder
- Department of Respiratory, Inflammation, and Autoimmunity, MedImmune LLC, Gaithersburg, MD, United States
| | - Raghothama Chaerkady
- Antibody Discovery and Protein Engineering, MedImmune LLC., Gaithersburg, MD, United States
| | - Martin Strain
- Antibody Discovery and Protein Engineering, MedImmune LTD., Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Ling-Ling An
- Department of Respiratory, Inflammation, and Autoimmunity, MedImmune LLC, Gaithersburg, MD, United States
| | - Saifur Rahman
- Department of Respiratory, Inflammation, and Autoimmunity, MedImmune LLC, Gaithersburg, MD, United States
| | - Wenting Ma
- Department of Respiratory, Inflammation, and Autoimmunity, MedImmune LLC, Gaithersburg, MD, United States
| | - Choon Pei Low
- Antibody Discovery and Protein Engineering, MedImmune LTD., Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Denice Chan
- Antibody Discovery and Protein Engineering, MedImmune LTD., Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Frances Neal
- Antibody Discovery and Protein Engineering, MedImmune LTD., Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Clifton O Bingham
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Kevon Sampson
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Erika Darrah
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Richard M Siegel
- Immunoregulation Section, Autoimmunity Branch, National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS), NIH, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Sarfaraz Hasni
- Office of the Clinical Director, National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS), NIH, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Felipe Andrade
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Katherine A Vousden
- Antibody Discovery and Protein Engineering, MedImmune LTD., Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Tomas Mustelin
- Department of Respiratory, Inflammation, and Autoimmunity, MedImmune LLC, Gaithersburg, MD, United States
| | - Gary P Sims
- Department of Respiratory, Inflammation, and Autoimmunity, MedImmune LLC, Gaithersburg, MD, United States
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17
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Joint inflammation related citrullination of functional arginines in extracellular proteins. Sci Rep 2017; 7:8246. [PMID: 28811641 PMCID: PMC5557964 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-08597-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2017] [Accepted: 07/12/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
We report the extent, specific sites and structural requirements of joint inflammation related citrullination in extracellular proteins. A total of 40 synovial fluid samples derived from chronically inflamed human joints were analysed by heparin-agarose fractionation and LC-MS/MS. Citrullination of 55 arginines in extracellular proteins was detected. Importantly, 20% of the sites have a characterized function related to the hallmarks of destructive joint inflammation. E.g. four arginine residues, shown here to be citrullinated, are also affected by mutations in inherited diseases causing haemolysis or blood clotting dysfunction. Citrullination of integrin ligands was selected for further studies since fibronectin R234 in isoDGR was among the most frequently citrullinated arginines in synovial fluid. Assays with synovial fibroblasts and integrin αVβ3 indicated decreased affinity to the enzymatically citrullinated integrin binding sites. To conclude, our data indicate that in inflamed joints extensive citrullination affects the functional arginine residues in extracellular proteins.
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18
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Burgstaller G, Oehrle B, Gerckens M, White ES, Schiller HB, Eickelberg O. The instructive extracellular matrix of the lung: basic composition and alterations in chronic lung disease. Eur Respir J 2017; 50:50/1/1601805. [PMID: 28679607 DOI: 10.1183/13993003.01805-2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 286] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2016] [Accepted: 03/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The pulmonary extracellular matrix (ECM) determines the tissue architecture of the lung, and provides mechanical stability and elastic recoil, which are essential for physiological lung function. Biochemical and biomechanical signals initiated by the ECM direct cellular function and differentiation, and thus play a decisive role in lung development, tissue remodelling processes and maintenance of adult homeostasis. Recent proteomic studies have demonstrated that at least 150 different ECM proteins, glycosaminoglycans and modifying enzymes are expressed in the lung, and these assemble into intricate composite biomaterials. These highly insoluble assemblies of interacting ECM proteins and their glycan modifications can act as a solid phase-binding interface for hundreds of secreted proteins, which creates an information-rich signalling template for cell function and differentiation. Dynamic changes within the ECM that occur upon injury or with ageing are associated with several chronic lung diseases. In this review, we summarise the available data about the structure and function of the pulmonary ECM, and highlight changes that occur in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF), pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), asthma and lung cancer. We discuss potential mechanisms of ECM remodelling and modification, which we believe are relevant for future diagnosis and treatment of chronic lung disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerald Burgstaller
- Comprehensive Pneumology Center, University Hospital of the Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich and Helmholtz Zentrum München, Member of the German Center for Lung Research, Munich, Germany
| | - Bettina Oehrle
- Comprehensive Pneumology Center, University Hospital of the Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich and Helmholtz Zentrum München, Member of the German Center for Lung Research, Munich, Germany
| | - Michael Gerckens
- Comprehensive Pneumology Center, University Hospital of the Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich and Helmholtz Zentrum München, Member of the German Center for Lung Research, Munich, Germany
| | - Eric S White
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Herbert B Schiller
- Comprehensive Pneumology Center, University Hospital of the Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich and Helmholtz Zentrum München, Member of the German Center for Lung Research, Munich, Germany
| | - Oliver Eickelberg
- Division of Respiratory Sciences and Critical Care Medicine, University of Colorado, Denver, CO, USA
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19
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Ganesan R, Rasool M. Fibroblast-like synoviocytes-dependent effector molecules as a critical mediator for rheumatoid arthritis: Current status and future directions. Int Rev Immunol 2017; 36:20-30. [PMID: 28102734 DOI: 10.1080/08830185.2016.1269175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a systemic-autoimmune-mediated disease characterized by synovial hyperplasia and progressive destruction of joint. Currently available biological agents and inhibitor therapy that specifically target tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin 1β (IL-1β), IL-6, T cells, B cells, and subcellular molecules (p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase and janus kinase) cannot facilitate complete remission in all patients and are unable to cure the disease. Therefore, further potent therapeutic targets need to be identified for effective treatment and successful clinical outcomes in patients with RA. Scientific breakthroughs have brought new insights regarding fibroblast-like synoviocytes (FLS), a major constituent of the synovial hyperplasia. These play a pivotal role in RA invading cartilage and bone tissue. Currently there are no effective therapies available that specifically target these aggressive cells. Recent evidences indicate that FLS-dependent effector molecules (toll-like receptors, nodal effector molecules, hypoxia-inducible factor, and IL-17) have emerged as important mediators of RA. In this review, we discuss the pathological features and recent advances in understanding the role of FLS-dependent effector molecules in the disease onset of RA. Pharmacological inhibition of FLS-dependent effector molecules might be a promising option for FLS-targeted therapy in RA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramamoorthi Ganesan
- a Immunopathology Lab, School of Biosciences and Technology, VIT University , Vellore , Tamilnadu , India
| | - Mahaboobkhan Rasool
- a Immunopathology Lab, School of Biosciences and Technology, VIT University , Vellore , Tamilnadu , India
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20
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Kelmenson LB, Demoruelle MK, Deane KD. The Complex Role of the Lung in the Pathogenesis and Clinical Outcomes of Rheumatoid Arthritis. Curr Rheumatol Rep 2016; 18:69. [DOI: 10.1007/s11926-016-0618-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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21
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Turunen S, Huhtakangas J, Nousiainen T, Valkealahti M, Melkko J, Risteli J, Lehenkari P. Rheumatoid arthritis antigens homocitrulline and citrulline are generated by local myeloperoxidase and peptidyl arginine deiminases 2, 3 and 4 in rheumatoid nodule and synovial tissue. Arthritis Res Ther 2016; 18:239. [PMID: 27765067 PMCID: PMC5072303 DOI: 10.1186/s13075-016-1140-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2016] [Accepted: 09/27/2016] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Seropositive rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is characterized by autoantibodies binding to citrullinated and homocitrullinated proteins. We wanted to study the expression patterns of these disease-associated protein forms and if the rheumatoid nodule and synovial tissue itself contain biologically active levels of citrullinating peptidyl arginine deiminases 2, 3 and 4 and homocitrullination-facilitating neutrophil enzyme myeloperoxidase. Method Total of 195 synovial samples from metatarsal joints from five ACPA/RF-positive RA patients (n = 77), synovial samples from knees of eight seropositive RA (n = 60), seven seronegative RA (n = 33) and five osteoarthritis (n = 25) patients were analyzed for citrulline and homocitrulline contents using HPLC. The location of citrulline- and homocitrulline-containing proteins, PAD 2, 3, 4 and myeloperoxidase were shown by immunostaining. Myeloperoxidase and citrulline- or homocitrulline-containing proteins were stained on Western blot. Results Overall, necrosis was frequent in metatarsals of seropositive RA and absent in seronegative RA and osteoarthritis patients. In histological analysis, there was a significant local patterning and variation in the citrulline and homocitrulline content and it was highest in metatarsal synovial tissues of seropositive RA patients. We found peptidyl arginine deiminase 2, 3 and 4 in the lining and sublining layers of intact synovial tissue. Myeloperoxidase was found locally around necrotic areas. The tissues with necrosis contained the highest levels of citrulline and homocitrulline. Conclusions Rheumatoid nodules and synovia contain significant amount of PAD2, 3 and 4 and myeloperoxidase enzymes. These enzymes could explain the levels of citrulline and homocitrulline in seropositive RA synovial and rheumatoid nodule tissues especially around necrotic tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanna Turunen
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Cancer and Translational Medicine Research Unit, University of Oulu, P.O. Box 5000, 90014, Oulu, Finland.
| | - Johanna Huhtakangas
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Cancer and Translational Medicine Research Unit, University of Oulu, P.O. Box 5000, 90014, Oulu, Finland.,Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
| | - Tomi Nousiainen
- Division of Orthopedic Surgery, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
| | | | - Jukka Melkko
- Department of Pathology, Cancer and Translational Medicine Research Unit, University of Oulu and Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
| | - Juha Risteli
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Cancer and Translational Medicine Research Unit, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.,Northern Finland Laboratory Centre NordLab, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
| | - Petri Lehenkari
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Cancer and Translational Medicine Research Unit, University of Oulu, P.O. Box 5000, 90014, Oulu, Finland.,Division of Orthopedic Surgery, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
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22
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Sipilä KH, Ranga V, Rappu P, Torittu A, Pirilä L, Käpylä J, Johnson MS, Larjava H, Heino J. Extracellular citrullination inhibits the function of matrix associated TGF-β. Matrix Biol 2016; 55:77-89. [DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2016.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2015] [Revised: 02/18/2016] [Accepted: 02/21/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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23
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Muller S, Radic M. Citrullinated Autoantigens: From Diagnostic Markers to Pathogenetic Mechanisms. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol 2016; 49:232-9. [PMID: 25355199 DOI: 10.1007/s12016-014-8459-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The conversion of an arginine residue in a protein to a citrulline residue, a reaction carried out by enzymes called peptidylarginine deiminases (PADs), is rather subtle. One of the terminal imide groups in arginine is replaced by oxygen in citrulline, thus resulting in the loss of positive charge and the gain of 1 dalton. This post-translational modification by PAD enzymes is conserved in vertebrates and affects specific substrates during development and in various mature cell lineages. Citrullination offers a unique perspective on autoimmunity because PAD activity is stringently regulated, yet autoantibodies to citrullinated proteins predictably arise. Autoantigens recognized by anti-citrullinated protein antibodies (ACPA) include extracellular proteins such as filaggrin, collagen II, fibrinogen, and calreticulin; membrane-associated proteins such as myelin basic protein; cytoplasmic proteins such as vimentin and enolase; and even nuclear proteins such as histones. Some ACPA are remarkably effective as diagnostics in autoimmune disorders, most notably rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Several ACPA can be observed before other clinical RA manifestations are apparent. In patients with RA, ACPA may attain a sensitivity that exceeds 70 % and specificity that approaches 96-98 %. The biological context that may account for the induction of ACPA emerges from studies of the cellular response of the innate immune system to acute or chronic stimuli. In response to infections or inflammation, neutrophil granulocytes activate PAD, citrullinate multiple autoantigens, and expel chromatin from the cell. The externalized chromatin is called a neutrophil extracellular "trap" (NET). Citrullination of core and linker histones occurs prior to the release of chromatin from neutrophils, thus implicating the regulation of citrullinated chromatin release in the development of autoreactivity. The citrullination of extracellular autoantigens likely follows the release of NETs and associated PADs. Autoantibodies to citrullinated histones arise in RA, systemic lupus erythematosus, and Felty's syndrome patients. The citrullination of linker histone H1 may play a key role in NET release because the H1 histone regulates the entry and exit of DNA from the nucleosome. Juxtaposition of citrullinated histones with infectious pathogens and complement and immune complexes may compromise tolerance of nuclear autoantigens and promote autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylviane Muller
- Immunopathology and Therapeutic Chemistry/Laboratory of Excellence MEDALIS, CNRS, Institut de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Strasbourg, France
| | - Marko Radic
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Biochemistry, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA.
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Bawadekar M, Gendron-Fitzpatrick A, Rebernick R, Shim D, Warner TF, Nicholas AP, Lundblad LKA, Thompson PR, Shelef MA. Tumor necrosis factor alpha, citrullination, and peptidylarginine deiminase 4 in lung and joint inflammation. Arthritis Res Ther 2016; 18:173. [PMID: 27450561 PMCID: PMC4957385 DOI: 10.1186/s13075-016-1068-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2016] [Accepted: 06/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The relationship between lung and joint inflammation in rheumatoid arthritis is poorly understood. Lung inflammation with resultant protein citrullination may trigger anti-citrullinated protein antibodies, inflammation, and arthritis. Alternatively, lung and joint inflammation may be two manifestations of a single underlying pathology. The lung has increased citrullination and TNF-α levels are high in rheumatoid arthritis; however, it is unknown if TNF-α can induce lung protein citrullination. The citrullinating enzyme peptidylarginine deiminase 4 (PAD4) exacerbates TNF-α-induced arthritis, but a role for PAD4 in lung citrullination and TNF-α-induced lung inflammation has not been explored. Our aim was to use TNF-α-overexpressing mice to clarify the intersection of TNF-α, citrullination, PAD4, arthritis, and lung inflammation. Methods Lung protein citrullination in wild-type mice, mice that overexpress TNF-α systemically (TNF+), TNF+PAD4+/+, and TNF+PAD4-/- mice was quantified by both gel electrophoresis using a citrulline probe and western blot. Hematoxylin and eosin (H&E)-stained lung sections from TNF+PAD4+/+ and TNF+PAD4-/- mice were scored for lung inflammation. H&E-stained ankle joint sections from mice that overexpress TNF-α only in the lungs were assessed for arthritis. Results TNF+ mice have increased lung protein citrullination. TNF+PAD4-/- mice do not have significantly reduced lung protein citrullination, but do have decreased lung inflammation compared to TNF+PAD4+/+ mice. Mice that overexpress TNF-α only in the lungs do not develop arthritis. Conclusions PAD4 exacerbates lung inflammation downstream of TNF-α without having a major role in generalized protein citrullination in inflamed lungs. Also, TNF-α-induced lung inflammation is not sufficient to drive murine arthritis. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13075-016-1068-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mandar Bawadekar
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Annette Gendron-Fitzpatrick
- Research Animal Resource Center Comparative Pathology Lab and Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Ryan Rebernick
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Daeun Shim
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Thomas F Warner
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Anthony P Nicholas
- Department of Neurology and Center for Neurodegeneration and Experimental Therapeutics, University of Alabama at Birmingham and Birmingham VA Medical Center, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | | | - Paul R Thompson
- Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Miriam A Shelef
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison and William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital, Madison, WI, USA.
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Robles-Perez A, Luburich P, Rodriguez-Sanchon B, Dorca J, Nolla JM, Molina-Molina M, Narvaez-Garcia J. Preclinical lung disease in early rheumatoid arthritis. Chron Respir Dis 2016; 13:75-81. [PMID: 26846584 PMCID: PMC5720204 DOI: 10.1177/1479972315620746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Early detection and treatment of lung disease in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) may ameliorate disease progression. The objectives of this study were to investigate the frequency of asymptomatic lung abnormalities in early RA patients and the potential association of positive RA blood reactive biomolecules with lung involvement. A prospective observational study was performed in a cohort of patients with early RA (joint symptoms < 2 years) without respiratory symptoms, who were included in a screening program for lung disease with a baseline chest radiograph (CR) and complete pulmonary function tests (PFTs). In those patients with lung abnormalities on the CR or PFTs, a high-resolution chest computed tomography scan (HRCT) was performed. We included 40 patients (30 women). Altered PFTs were detected in 18 (45%) of these patients. These cases had a diffusion lung transfer capacity of carbon monoxide (DLCO) of <80% of predicted, without a significant reduction in the forced vital capacity. The HRCT detected abnormalities in 11 of the 18 patients. Diffuse bronchiectasis was the main finding. An inverse correlation between the anti-citrullinated peptide antibody (ACPA) levels and DLCO was found. Asymptomatic lung disease is present in up to 45% of early RA patients and can be determined by PFTs and ACPA levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Robles-Perez
- Department of Pneumology, Hospital Universitari de Bellvitge, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Patricio Luburich
- Servei de Diagnòstic per la Imatge El Prat (SDPI El Prat), Department of Radiology, Hospital Universitari de Bellvitge, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Benigno Rodriguez-Sanchon
- Department of Pneumology, Hospital Universitari de Bellvitge, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jordi Dorca
- Department of Pneumology, Hospital Universitari de Bellvitge, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain CIBER de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES)
| | - Joan Miquel Nolla
- Department of Rheumatology, Hospital Universitari de Bellvitge, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Maria Molina-Molina
- Department of Pneumology, Hospital Universitari de Bellvitge, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain CIBER de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES)
| | - Javier Narvaez-Garcia
- Department of Rheumatology, Hospital Universitari de Bellvitge, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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Pap T, Korb-Pap A. Cartilage damage in osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis—two unequal siblings. Nat Rev Rheumatol 2015. [DOI: 10.1038/nrrheum.2015.95] [Citation(s) in RCA: 186] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Shelef MA, Bennin DA, Yasmin N, Warner TF, Ludwig T, Beggs HE, Huttenlocher A. Focal adhesion kinase is required for synovial fibroblast invasion, but not murine inflammatory arthritis. Arthritis Res Ther 2014; 16:464. [PMID: 25280866 PMCID: PMC4203874 DOI: 10.1186/s13075-014-0464-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2014] [Accepted: 09/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Synovial fibroblasts invade cartilage and bone, leading to joint destruction in rheumatoid arthritis. However, the mechanisms that regulate synovial fibroblast invasion are not well understood. Focal adhesion kinase (FAK) has been implicated in cellular invasion in several cell types, and FAK inhibitors are in clinical trials for cancer treatment. Little is known about the role of FAK in inflammatory arthritis, but, given its expression in synovial tissue, its known role in invasion in other cells and the potential clinical availability of FAK inhibitors, it is important to determine if FAK contributes to synovial fibroblast invasion and inflammatory arthritis. METHODS After treatment with FAK inhibitors, invasiveness of human rheumatoid synovial fibroblasts was determined with Matrigel invasion chambers. Migration and focal matrix degradation, two components of cellular invasion, were assessed in FAK-inhibited rheumatoid synovial fibroblasts by transwell assay and microscopic examination of fluorescent gelatin degradation, respectively. Using mice with tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα)-induced arthritis in which fak could be inducibly deleted, invasion and migration by FAK-deficient murine arthritic synovial fibroblasts were determined as described above and arthritis was clinically and pathologically scored in FAK-deficient mice. RESULTS Inhibition of FAK in human rheumatoid synovial fibroblasts impaired cellular invasion and migration. Focal matrix degradation occurred both centrally and at focal adhesions, the latter being a novel site for matrix degradation in synovial fibroblasts, but degradation was unaltered with FAK inhibitors. Loss of FAK reduced invasion in murine arthritic synovial fibroblasts, but not migration or TNFα-induced arthritis severity and joint erosions. CONCLUSIONS FAK inhibitors reduce synovial fibroblast invasion and migration, but synovial fibroblast migration and TNFα-induced arthritis do not rely on FAK itself. Thus, inhibition of FAK alone is unlikely to be sufficient to treat inflammatory arthritis, but current drugs that inhibit FAK may inhibit multiple factors, which could increase their efficacy in rheumatoid arthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam A Shelef
- />Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin–Madison and William S Middleton Memorial VA Medical Center, 1685 Highland Ave, Madison, WI 53705 USA
| | - David A Bennin
- />Departments of Pediatrics and Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin – Madison, 1550 Linden Drive, Madison, WI 53706 USA
| | - Nihad Yasmin
- />Department of Internal Medicine, Aurora Healthcare, 945 N 12th street, Milwaukee, WI 53233 USA
| | - Thomas F Warner
- />Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin – Madison, 600 Highland Ave, Madison, WI 53792 USA
| | - Thomas Ludwig
- />Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, 460 West 12th Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210 USA
| | - Hilary E Beggs
- />Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, 10 Koret Way, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA
| | - Anna Huttenlocher
- />Departments of Pediatrics and Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin – Madison, 1550 Linden Drive, Madison, WI 53706 USA
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Zeltz C, Gullberg D. Post-translational modifications of integrin ligands as pathogenic mechanisms in disease. Matrix Biol 2014; 40:5-9. [PMID: 25116951 DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2014.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2014] [Revised: 08/01/2014] [Accepted: 08/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Protein post-translational modifications like glycation, carbamylation and citrullination increase the functional diversity of the proteome but in disease situations might do more harm than good. Post-translational modifications of ECM proteins are thus appearing as mechanisms, which contribute to tissue dysfunction in chronic kidney disease, in diabetes and in various inflammatory diseases. In chronic renal failure, carbamylation could lead to kidney fibrosis. In diabetes, high glucose levels lead to non-enzymatic glycation and cross-linking of collagens, which contribute to tissue stiffening with consequences for cardiovascular and renal functions. In inflammatory diseases, citrullination deiminates arginine residues with possible consequences for integrin-mediated cell adhesion to RGD- and GFOGER sequences in ECM proteins. Citrullination of fibronectin was in one study suggested to affect cell adhesion by modifying the heparin-binding site and not the RGD site. In a recent publication citrullination of GFOGER sequences in collagen II was demonstrated to selectively affect α10β1 and α11β1 integrin-mediated cell adhesion to collagen II, with consequences for synovial fibroblast and stem cell adhesion and migration. The implications of citrullination affecting integrin binding in disease open up a new area of study and might have implications for the pathogenesis of inflammatory diseases like rheumatoid arthritis and periodontitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cédric Zeltz
- Department of Biomedicine and Centre for Cancer Biomarkers, Norwegian Centre of Excellence, University of Bergen, Jonas Lies Vei 91, N-5009 Bergen, Norway
| | - Donald Gullberg
- Department of Biomedicine and Centre for Cancer Biomarkers, Norwegian Centre of Excellence, University of Bergen, Jonas Lies Vei 91, N-5009 Bergen, Norway.
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Giles JT, Darrah E, Danoff S, Johnson C, Andrade F, Rosen A, Bathon JM. Association of cross-reactive antibodies targeting peptidyl-arginine deiminase 3 and 4 with rheumatoid arthritis-associated interstitial lung disease. PLoS One 2014; 9:e98794. [PMID: 24901704 PMCID: PMC4047055 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0098794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2014] [Accepted: 05/07/2014] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Background A subset of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients have detectable antibodies directed against the peptidyl-arginine deiminase (PAD) enzyme isoforms 3 and 4. Anti-PAD3/4 cross-reactive antibodies (anti-PAD3/4XR) have been shown to lower the calcium threshold required for PAD4 activation, an effect potentially relevant to the pathogenesis of RA-associated interstitial lung disease (ILD). Methods RA patients underwent multi-detector computed tomography (MDCT) of the chest with interpretation by a pulmonary radiologist for ILD features. A semi-quantitative ILD Score (range 0–32) was calculated. Concurrent serum samples were assessed for antibodies against PAD by immunoprecipitation with radiolabeled PAD3 and PAD4. Results Among the 176 RA patients studied, any ILD was observed in 58 (33%) and anti-PAD3/4XR was detected in 19 (11%). The frequency of any ILD among those with anti-PAD3/4XR was 68% vs. 29% among those with no anti-PAD (crude OR = 5.39; p = 0.002) and vs. 27% among those with anti-PAD4 that was not cross-reactive with PAD3 (crude OR = 5.74; p = 0.001). Both associations were stronger after adjustment for relevant confounders (adjusted ORs = 7.22 and 6.61, respectively; both p-values<0.01). Among ever smokers with anti-PAD3/4XR, the adjusted frequency of any ILD was 93% vs. 17% for never smokers without the antibody (adjusted OR = 61.4; p = 0.001, p-value for the interaction of smoking with anti-PAD3/4XR<0.05). Conclusions The prevalence and extent of ILD was markedly higher among RA patients with anti-PAD3/4 cross-reactive antibodies, even after accounting for relevant confounders, particularly among ever smokers. These findings may suggest etiopathologic mechanisms of RA-ILD, and their clinical utility for predicting ILD warrants additional study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jon T. Giles
- Division of Rheumatology, Columbia University, College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Erika Darrah
- Division of Rheumatology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Sonye Danoff
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Cheilonda Johnson
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Felipe Andrade
- Division of Rheumatology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Antony Rosen
- Division of Rheumatology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Joan M. Bathon
- Division of Rheumatology, Columbia University, College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York, United States of America
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Slade DJ, Horibata S, Coonrod SA, Thompson PR. A novel role for protein arginine deiminase 4 in pluripotency: the emerging role of citrullinated histone H1 in cellular programming. Bioessays 2014; 36:736-40. [PMID: 24889365 DOI: 10.1002/bies.201400057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Histone post-translational modifications (PTMs) alter the chromatin architecture, generating "open" and "closed" states, and these structural changes can modulate gene expression under specific cellular conditions. While methylation and acetylation are the best-characterized histone PTMs, citrullination by the protein arginine deiminases (PADs) represents another important player in this process. In addition to "fine tuning" chromatin structure at specific loci, histone citrullination can also promote rapid global chromatin decondensation during the formation of extracellular traps (ETs) in immune cells. Recent studies now show that PAD4-mediated citrullination of histone H1 at promoter elements can also promote localized chromatin decondensation in stem cells, thus regulating the pluripotent state. These observations suggest that PAD-mediated histone deimination profoundly affects chromatin structure, possibly above and beyond that of other PTMs. Additionally, these recent findings further enhance our understanding of PAD biology and the important contributions that these enzymes play in development, health, and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J Slade
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL, USA
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Sipilä K, Haag S, Denessiouk K, Käpylä J, Peters EC, Denesyuk A, Hansen U, Konttinen Y, Johnson MS, Holmdahl R, Heino J. Citrullination of collagen II affects integrin‐mediated cell adhesion in a receptor‐specific manner. FASEB J 2014; 28:3758-68. [DOI: 10.1096/fj.13-247767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Kalle Sipilä
- Department of BiochemistryUniversity of TurkuTurkuFinland
| | - Sabrina Haag
- Division of Medical Inflammation Research, Department of Medical Biochemistry and BiophysicsKarolinska InstitutetStockholmSweden
| | - Konstantin Denessiouk
- Structural Bioinformatics Laboratory, Biochemistry, Department of BioscienceÅbo Akademi UniversityTurkuFinland
| | - Jarmo Käpylä
- Department of BiochemistryUniversity of TurkuTurkuFinland
| | - Eric C. Peters
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research FoundationSan DiegoCaliforniaUSA
| | - Alexander Denesyuk
- Structural Bioinformatics Laboratory, Biochemistry, Department of BioscienceÅbo Akademi UniversityTurkuFinland
| | - Uwe Hansen
- Department of Physiology, Chemistry, and PathobiochemistryMuenster University HospitalMuensterGermany
| | - Yrjö Konttinen
- Department of MedicineInstitute of Clinical Medicine, University of HelsinkiHelsinkiFinland
| | - Mark S. Johnson
- Structural Bioinformatics Laboratory, Biochemistry, Department of BioscienceÅbo Akademi UniversityTurkuFinland
| | - Rikard Holmdahl
- Medicity Research LaboratoryUniversity of TurkuTurkuFinland
- Division of Medical Inflammation Research, Department of Medical Biochemistry and BiophysicsKarolinska InstitutetStockholmSweden
| | - Jyrki Heino
- Department of BiochemistryUniversity of TurkuTurkuFinland
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Kimura E, Kanzaki T, Tahara K, Hayashi H, Hashimoto S, Suzuki A, Yamada R, Yamamoto K, Sawada T. Identification of citrullinated cellular fibronectin in synovial fluid from patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Mod Rheumatol 2014; 24:766-9. [DOI: 10.3109/14397595.2013.879413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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van Venrooij WJ, Pruijn GJM. How citrullination invaded rheumatoid arthritis research. Arthritis Res Ther 2014; 16:103. [PMID: 24472574 PMCID: PMC4061769 DOI: 10.1186/ar4458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Citrullination and the immune response to citrullinated proteins have been fundamental for the early recognition of rheumatoid arthritis by serological tests and a better understanding of its pathophysiology. In the first years after the initial publications, the focus was on the antibodies directed to citrullinated proteins. It is now realized that citrullinating enzymes and citrullinated proteins may have important roles in the maintenance of the inflammatory processes in the joints. There is also accumulating evidence for a direct role of citrullination in tissue destruction in the rheumatoid synovium. Here we will discuss the development and importance of anti-citrullinated protein antibodies in rheumatoid arthritis as well as recent findings implicating citrullination in the pathophysiology of rheumatoid arthritis.
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Leech MT, Morand EF. Fibroblasts and synovial immunity. Curr Opin Pharmacol 2013; 13:565-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.coph.2013.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2013] [Revised: 03/22/2013] [Accepted: 04/02/2013] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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Farid SS, Azizi G, Mirshafiey A. Anti-citrullinated protein antibodies and their clinical utility in rheumatoid arthritis. Int J Rheum Dis 2013; 16:379-86. [PMID: 23992255 DOI: 10.1111/1756-185x.12129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
One of the most important serological discoveries in rheumatology in recent years has been the characterization of autoantigens in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) containing the amino acid citrulline. There are many citrullinated proteins in the inflamed RA synovium. Rheumatoid factor (RF), which is the immunologic hallmark of RA, is not specific for RA, as it is found in 5% of healthy individuals and in 10-20% of those over the age of 65 years. RFs are of low titer in early disease stages when a clear diagnosis is often not yet possible; But anti-citrullinated protein antibodies (ACPAs) can be found early in the disease course of RA, even years before the onset of clinical symptoms. The identification of citrullinated epitopes led to the development of the first and later second generation anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide (anti-CCP) antibody assays. Anti-CCP2 antibody has shown a specificity of 98% in sera from patients with established RA and 96% in sera from subjects with early RA. Anti-CCP can predict erosive disease, therefore could be a good serological marker for RA diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sima Sh Farid
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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