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Karapetsa D, Consensi A, Castagnoli G, Petrini M, Tonelli M, Gennai S, Bazzichi L, Graziani F. Periodontitis in Italian patients with established rheumatoid arthritis: A cross-sectional study. Oral Dis 2022; 28:1715-1722. [PMID: 33690996 DOI: 10.1111/odi.13842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2020] [Revised: 02/21/2021] [Accepted: 03/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess the prevalence and severity of periodontitis (P) among Italian patients affected by rheumatoid arthritis (RA). MATERIALS AND METHODS A full-mouth periodontal examination and a rheumatologic examination were performed. RA disease activity was scored using the DAS28. Serum analyses investigated levels of rheumatoid factor, anti-citrullinated protein antibodies (ACPAs), C-reactive protein, erythrocyte sedimentation rate and fibrinogen. Information concerning smoking, body mass index and RA medical therapy was collected. Data were analysed by Student's t test, chi-square test, binary logistic regression and Spearman's rank. RESULTS This cross-sectional study included 120 subjects, 77 had both diseases while 43 only had RA. The number of teeth present was statistically lower in the RA-P compared to the RA group (p < .05). There were statistically more subjects seropositive for ACPAs in the RA-P group (62.3% vs. 32.6%, p < .05). RA-P patients had an adjusted OR = 2.9 of presenting a moderate-severe DAS28 score (DAS28 ≥ 3.2). CONCLUSIONS Higher prevalence of severe P was noted among RA subjects. The clinical severity of RA was strongly correlated with the clinical periodontal parameters, and RA subjects also affected by P had an OR of 2.9 for presenting with a moderate-severe RA (DAS28 score ≥ 3.2).
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitra Karapetsa
- Section of Dentistry, Department of Surgical, Medical, Molecular and Critical Area Pathology, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Arianna Consensi
- Rheumatology Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Giulia Castagnoli
- Department of Surgical, Medical, Molecular and Critical Area Pathology, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Morena Petrini
- Department of Surgical, Medical, Molecular and Critical Area Pathology, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
- Department of Medical, Oral and Biotechnological Science, University G. D'Annunzio of Chieti, Chieti, Italy
| | - Matteo Tonelli
- Section of Dentistry, Department of Surgical, Medical, Molecular and Critical Area Pathology, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Stefano Gennai
- Section of Dentistry, Department of Surgical, Medical, Molecular and Critical Area Pathology, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Laura Bazzichi
- Rheumatology Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Filippo Graziani
- Section of Dentistry, Department of Surgical, Medical, Molecular and Critical Area Pathology, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
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Genetic data: The new challenge of personalized medicine, insights for rheumatoid arthritis patients. Gene 2016; 583:90-101. [PMID: 26869316 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2016.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2015] [Revised: 01/18/2016] [Accepted: 02/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Rapid advances in genotyping technology, analytical methods, and the establishment of large cohorts for population genetic studies have resulted in a large new body of information about the genetic basis of human rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Improved understanding of the root pathogenesis of the disease holds the promise of improved diagnostic and prognostic tools based upon this information. In this review, we summarize the nature of new genetic findings in human RA, including susceptibility loci and gene-gene and gene-environment interactions, as well as genetic loci associated with sub-groups of patients and those associated with response to therapy. Possible uses of these data are discussed, such as prediction of disease risk as well as personalized therapy and prediction of therapeutic response and risk of adverse events. While these applications are largely not refined to the point of clinical utility in RA, it seems likely that multi-parameter datasets including genetic, clinical, and biomarker data will be employed in the future care of RA patients.
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Ates A, Karaaslan Y, Karatayli E, Ertuğrul E, Aksaray S, Türkyilmaz A, Özet G. Association of the PTPN22 gene polymorphism with autoantibody positivity in Turkish rheumatoid arthritis patients. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 78:56-9. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-0039.2011.01675.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Culshaw S, McInnes IB, Liew FY. What can the periodontal community learn from the pathophysiology of rheumatoid arthritis? J Clin Periodontol 2011; 38 Suppl 11:106-13. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-051x.2010.01669.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Lie BA, Viken MK, Odegård S, van der Heijde D, Landewé R, Uhlig T, Kvien TK. Associations between the PTPN22 1858C->T polymorphism and radiographic joint destruction in patients with rheumatoid arthritis: results from a 10-year longitudinal study. Ann Rheum Dis 2007; 66:1604-9. [PMID: 17472988 PMCID: PMC2095332 DOI: 10.1136/ard.2006.067892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate whether the PTPN22 1858T risk variant is associated with the rate of radiographic progression in rheumatoid arthritis (RA). METHODS A longitudinally followed cohort of 238 Norwegian patients with RA (the EURIDISS cohort) was genotyped for the PTPN22 1858C-->T polymorphism. Radiographic damage was assessed by hand radiographs at baseline and after 1, 2, 5 and 10 years, and the radiographs were scored with the Sharp method modified by van der Heijde (Sharp-van der Heijde score) by a single experienced reader. Baseline serum levels of rheumatoid factor and anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide autoantibodies were also examined. RESULTS The reported association between RA susceptibility and carriage of the T allele (34.4% in patients vs 21.4% in controls; odds ratio 1.92, 95% confidence interval 1.36 to 2.71, p = 0.0002) was confirmed. An association between annual progression rate of Sharp-van der Heijde score and T-allele carriers (p = 0.01),was also found, which was also present when only patients positive for the shared epitope were analysed (p = 0.03). This association was also maintained in multivariate analyses adjusting for shared epitope and demographic variables. CONCLUSIONS An association between the PTPN22 risk variant and increased progression rate for structural damage was found. The results indicate that the PTPN22 gene may not only be associated with disease susceptibility, but also with disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benedicte A Lie
- Institute of Immunology, Rikshospitalet-Radiumhospitalet Medical Center, N-0027 Oslo, Norway.
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6
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Wiik AS. The immune response to citrullinated proteins in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol 2007; 32:13-22. [PMID: 17426357 DOI: 10.1007/bf02686078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/1999] [Revised: 11/30/1999] [Accepted: 11/30/1999] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
This article reviews data concerning the applicability of anti-citrullinated peptide antibodies in the diagnosis, estimation of prognosis, and follow-up of patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). The production of anti-citrullinated peptide antibodies is closely associated with the presence of the HLA-DRB1 shared epitope, a known risk factor for development of RA, and the production may be influenced by environmental factors such as tobacco smoking. Patients who harbor this antibody from the early stage of their disease develop more severe erosive disease than patients with RA who lack the antibody. The anti-citrullinated peptide antibody level may be a reflection of disease activity, at least in the early phase of the disease. The antibody can sometimes be found several years before the onset of clinical symptoms of RA, which may represent an open window for preventive measures to be taken.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allan S Wiik
- Department of Autoimmunology, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen S, Denmark.
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Spargo LDJ, Cleland LG, Cockshell MP, Mayrhofer G. Recruitment and proliferation of CD4+ T cells in synovium following adoptive transfer of adjuvant-induced arthritis. Int Immunol 2006; 18:897-910. [PMID: 16621866 DOI: 10.1093/intimm/dxl026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Adjuvant-induced arthritis can be transferred to naive Dark Agouti (DA) strain (DA.CD45.1) rats by thoracic duct (TD) lymphocytes. Disease can be re-induced in convalescent rats by further transfer of arthritogenic cells, suggesting that resolution of the adoptive disease is not due to active regulation. To examine whether resolution is due to exhaustion of effector cells, we transferred the disease to DA.CD45.1 recipients, using CD4+ T cells from DA.CD45.2 donors. At the height of the adoptively transferred disease, donor cells comprised only 5-10% of recirculating CD4+ T cells but they accounted for approximately 40% of the CD4+ T cells in synovium-rich tissues of the hind paws. Approximately 65% of the donor cells in the synovium expressed a marker of proliferation (Ki-67 antigen). Division of CD4+ T cells continued in shielded paws after suppression of the recirculating pool of lymphocytes by selective irradiation. Intravenously injected CD4+ TD T lymphoblasts from arthritic donors were recruited to normal paws and, in greater numbers, to paws of animals with existing arthritis. Survival of the [125I]iodo-deoxyuridine-labeled lymphoblasts was greater in animals with existing arthritis. We conclude that effector CD4+ T cells in target tissues can proliferate in response to autoantigens and exhibit enhanced survival. However, without a continuous supply, adoptively transferred effector cells do not produce autonomous local disease, due to limits to their lifespan and ability to replicate indefinitely.
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Affiliation(s)
- Llewellyn D J Spargo
- Arthritis Research Laboratory, Hanson Research Institute, Institute of Medical and Veterinary Science, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
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Affiliation(s)
- O M R Westwood
- European Institute for Health and Medical Sciences, Duke of Kent Building, University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7TE, UK.
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Camacho MT, Outschoorn I, Tellez A, Sequí J. Autoantibody profiles in the sera of patients with Q fever: characterization of antigens by immunofluorescence, immunoblot and sequence analysis. JOURNAL OF AUTOIMMUNE DISEASES 2005; 2:10. [PMID: 16280092 PMCID: PMC1298324 DOI: 10.1186/1740-2557-2-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2005] [Accepted: 11/10/2005] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Recent reports have shown that some of the immunological aspects of Q fever, a rickettsiosis caused by Coxiella burnetii, could be related to self-antigen responses. The aim of this study was to determine the specificity of the autoantibody response of patients with acute and chronic Coxiella infections. Smooth muscle and cardiac muscle-specific autoantibodies were observed in significant percentages in acutely or chronically affected Q fever patients when compared to healthy volunteers. Moreover, the incidence of cardiac muscle-specific autoantibody was significantly higher among chronically ill patients compared to acutely ill patients. Moreover, a band of 50 kD of a HeLa extract was detected in most of the sera of individuals with chronic infections and previous sequence analysis suggests that this antigen presents a high degree of homology with the human actin elongation factor 1 alpha. Further research would be necessary to confirm if antibodies to human cytoskeletal proteins could be of clinical importance in chronically infected Q fever patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- MT Camacho
- Departamento de Orientación Diagnóstica. Centro Nacional de Microbiologia. Instituto de Salud Carlos III. Ctra. Majadahonda -Pozuelo Km 12,5. 28080-Madrid. Spain
| | - I Outschoorn
- Departamento de Respuesta Inmune. Centro Nacional de Microbiologia. Instituto de Salud Carlos III. Ctra. Majadahonda -Pozuelo Km 12,5. 28080-Madrid. Spain
| | - A Tellez
- Departamento de Orientación Diagnóstica. Centro Nacional de Microbiologia. Instituto de Salud Carlos III. Ctra. Majadahonda -Pozuelo Km 12,5. 28080-Madrid. Spain
| | - J Sequí
- Servicio de Inmunología. Hospital Carlos III. Imsalud. c/ Sinesio Delgado n° 10. 28029-Madrid. Spain
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Yoshitomi H, Sakaguchi N, Kobayashi K, Brown GD, Tagami T, Sakihama T, Hirota K, Tanaka S, Nomura T, Miki I, Gordon S, Akira S, Nakamura T, Sakaguchi S. A role for fungal {beta}-glucans and their receptor Dectin-1 in the induction of autoimmune arthritis in genetically susceptible mice. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 201:949-60. [PMID: 15781585 PMCID: PMC2213107 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20041758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 337] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
A combination of genetic and environmental factors can cause autoimmune disease in animals. SKG mice, which are genetically prone to develop autoimmune arthritis, fail to develop the disease under a microbially clean condition, despite active thymic production of arthritogenic autoimmune T cells and their persistence in the periphery. However, in the clean environment, a single intraperitoneal injection of zymosan, a crude fungal beta-glucan, or purified beta-glucans such as curdlan and laminarin can trigger severe chronic arthritis in SKG mice, but only transient arthritis in normal mice. Blockade of Dectin-1, a major beta-glucan receptor, can prevent SKG arthritis triggered by beta-glucans, which strongly activate dendritic cells in vitro in a Dectin-1-dependent but Toll-like receptor-independent manner. Furthermore, antibiotic treatment against fungi can prevent SKG arthritis in an arthritis-prone microbial environment. Multiple injections of polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid double-stranded RNA also elicit mild arthritis in SKG mice. Thus, specific microbes, including fungi and viruses, may evoke autoimmune arthritis such as rheumatoid arthritis by stimulating innate immunity in individuals who harbor potentially arthritogenic autoimmune T cells as a result of genetic anomalies or variations.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/administration & dosage
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/immunology
- Arthritis, Experimental/chemically induced
- Arthritis, Experimental/genetics
- Arthritis, Experimental/immunology
- Arthritis, Rheumatoid/chemically induced
- Arthritis, Rheumatoid/genetics
- Arthritis, Rheumatoid/immunology
- Dendritic Cells/immunology
- Fungi/immunology
- Genetic Predisposition to Disease
- Genetic Variation/genetics
- Genetic Variation/immunology
- Injections, Intraperitoneal
- Lectins, C-Type
- Membrane Glycoproteins/immunology
- Membrane Proteins/antagonists & inhibitors
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Knockout
- Nerve Tissue Proteins/antagonists & inhibitors
- RNA, Double-Stranded/administration & dosage
- RNA, Double-Stranded/immunology
- Receptors, Cell Surface/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- Toll-Like Receptors
- Viruses/immunology
- beta-Glucans/administration & dosage
- beta-Glucans/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyuki Yoshitomi
- Department of Experimental Pathology, Institute for Frontier Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
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11
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Soubrier M, Arrestier S, Bourbon H, Malochet S, Dubost JJ, Ristori JM. Coexistent polyarthritis in a married couple. Joint Bone Spine 2004; 71:441-2. [PMID: 15474400 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbspin.2004.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2003] [Accepted: 02/25/2004] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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12
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Schaller M, Stohl W, Tan SM, Benoit VM, Hilbert DM, Ditzel HJ. Raised levels of anti-glucose-6-phosphate isomerase IgG in serum and synovial fluid from patients with inflammatory arthritis. Ann Rheum Dis 2004; 64:743-9. [PMID: 15458959 PMCID: PMC1755497 DOI: 10.1136/ard.2004.025502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In K/BxN mice, anti-glucose-6-phosphate isomerase (GPI) antibodies (Abs) are arthritogenic, and their transfer into naive mice induces arthritis. Anti-GPI Abs develop in many human patients with RA and are associated with more severe forms of the disease. OBJECTIVE To elucidate the serum and synovial fluid (SF) anti-GPI IgG profiles among different patient groups with a variety of arthritides. METHODS Blood and SF obtained concomitantly from 91 patients with clinically well defined arthritis were tested for concentrations of total anti-GPI IgG, anti-GPI IgG subclasses, B lymphocyte stimulator (BLyS), and APRIL by ELISA. RESULTS Anti-GPI IgG was detected in sera and SF of patients with many arthritic diseases, but was preferentially associated with inflammatory arthritis, in general, and RA, in particular. The anti-GPI IgG subclass usage was skewed and varied among the different arthritic disease groups. Inverse correlations between serum levels of BLyS and anti-GPI IgG and positive correlations between serum levels of APRIL and anti-GPI IgG were seen among immune based arthritic patients and patients with RA but not among non-immune based patients. No correlations were found in SF from any group of arthritic patients. CONCLUSION Raised circulating anti-GPI Abs are not unique to patients with RA but are present in many patients with inflammatory arthritis. The difference in anti-GPI IgG subclass usage among disease groups may influence effector function and disease outcome. The inverse correlation between serum BLyS and anti-GPI IgG levels suggests that anti-GPI B cells may be regulated differently from other autoantibody producing B cells. Anti-GPI Abs may serve a pathogenic function in humans by promoting the maintenance of existing disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Schaller
- Department of Immunology, Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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Holm BC, Lorentzen JC, Bucht A. Adjuvant oil induces waves of arthritogenic lymph node cells prior to arthritis onset. Clin Exp Immunol 2004; 137:59-64. [PMID: 15196244 PMCID: PMC1809090 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2249.2004.02498.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
A single intradermal injection of the adjuvant-oil squalene induces T cell mediated arthritis in DA rats. The chain of events leading from nonspecific provocation of the immune system to arthritis is largely unknown. Previous studies have demonstrated that lymph node (LN) cells are of pathogenic importance, i.e. cells from LNs draining the injection site can transfer arthritis to naïve DA rats. Recently we have demonstrated cellular uptake of adjuvant oil in draining lymph nodes but also that nondraining LNs become hyperplastic and harbour arthritogenic cells. Here, we aimed to determine from which time-point prior to arthritis onset arthritogenic cells appear in draining inguinal and nondraining axillary/brachial LNs, respectively. We demonstrated that the ability to transfer arthritis was strongly dependent on the time-point after adjuvant-injection with clear-cut differences between draining and nondraining LN cells. Cells harvested at day 5 postinjection (p.i) were not able to transfer arthritis, while at day 8 p.i, a first wave of arthritogenic cells appeared in draining LNs. The ability to transfer arthritis was associated with a pro-inflammatory cytokine profile as indicated by the IL-1beta and IFNgamma expression in cells from draining LNs. Subsequently, at day 11 p.i., just before arthritis onset, arthritogenic cells appeared also in nondraining LNs. These results shed new light on the induction of arthritic diseases, implicating a two step mechanism for the development of pathogenic cells. Firstly, a pro-inflammatory burst in responding lymphoid organs leading to a local pool of arthritogenic cells and, secondly, a transmission of arthritogenecity to other LNs and precipitation of disease in peripheral joints.
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Affiliation(s)
- B C Holm
- Diabetes Research, Immunology Unit, Department of Endocrinology, Lund University, Malmö University Hospital, Sweden
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Olsson AR, Skogh T, Axelson O, Wingren G. Occupations and exposures in the work environment as determinants for rheumatoid arthritis. Occup Environ Med 2004; 61:233-8. [PMID: 14985518 PMCID: PMC1740725 DOI: 10.1136/oem.2003.007971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Several occupational categories have been associated with rheumatoid arthritis (RA); this study was conducted to further evaluate these associations. METHODS Lifelong occupational history together with exposure experiences were collected through a postal questionnaire answered by 293 incident cases and 1346 population based referents. Occupational determinants were evaluated through stratified and multivariate analyses; pooled analyses with previously gathered data on 422 prevalent cases and 858 referents were also performed. RESULTS In both materials, significantly increased logistic odds ratios (LORs) were seen for male conductors, freight and transport workers (LOR 17.8, 95% CI 1.5 to 207.8 and LOR 4.7, 95% CI 1.4 to 16.3, respectively), and farmers and farm workers (LOR 2.4, 95% CI 1.1 to 5.2, and LOR 2.2, 95% CI 1.3 to 3.5, respectively). Among women, increased LORs were seen in the separate and the pooled material for printmakers and process engravers (LOR 5.5, 95% CI 0.9 to 32.6, and LOR 3.0, 95% CI 0.9 to 10.3, respectively). Increased risks were seen in both materials for men exposed to asbestos (LOR 2.5, 95% CI 1.0 to 6.8, and LOR 1.6, 95% CI 0.8 to 3.3, respectively), and vibrations (LOR 2.0, 95% CI 0.9 to 4.4, and LOR 2.2, 95% CI 1.3 to 3.8, respectively). The risk for RA increased with increasing duration of exposure to vibrations and mineral dust, respectively. CONCLUSIONS There was evidence of a causal relation between exposures to vibrations and mineral dust and development of RA among men. Occupational factors seem to be aetiologically more important for men, and most occupations at risk involve multiple exposures. Several exposures associated with an increased risk for RA are frequent among farmers, and some of the occupations at risk include exposure to organic dust.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Reckner Olsson
- Division of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Linköping University, SE-581 85 Linköping, Sweden.
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Vossenaar ER, Zendman AJW, Van Venrooij WJ. Citrullination, a possible functional link between susceptibility genes and rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Res Ther 2003; 6:1-5. [PMID: 14979924 PMCID: PMC400418 DOI: 10.1186/ar1027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2003] [Accepted: 10/23/2003] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Antibodies directed to citrullinated proteins (anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide) are highly specific for rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Recent data suggest that the antibodies may be involved in the disease process of RA and that several RA-associated genetic factors might be functionally linked to RA via modulation of the production of anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide antibodies or citrullinated antigens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik R Vossenaar
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
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Abstract
Bone turnover, in which cells of the osteoclast lineage resorb bone and cells of the osteoblast lineage deposit bone, normally occurs in a highly regulated manner throughout life. Perturbations to these processes underlie skeletal disorders, such as osteoporosis, which are common, chronic and disabling, and increase with age. On the basis of empirical observations or on understanding of the endocrinology of the skeleton, excellent bone-resorption inhibitors, but few anabolic agents, have been developed as therapeutics for skeletal disorders. However, powerful new genomic and genetic tools are uncovering new loci that regulate the activity of both osteoclasts and osteoblasts, and these hold great promise for future drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Goltzman
- Department of Medicine, McGill University and McGill University Health Centre, 687 Pine Avenue, West Montreal, Quebec, Canada H3A 1A1.
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