1
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Bu W, Li Y. Advances in Immunocompetent Mouse and Rat Models. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med 2024; 14:a041328. [PMID: 37217281 PMCID: PMC10810718 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a041328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Rodent models of breast cancer have played critical roles in our understanding of breast cancer development and progression as well as preclinical testing of cancer prevention and therapeutics. In this article, we first review the values and challenges of conventional genetically engineered mouse (GEM) models and newer iterations of these models, especially those with inducible or conditional regulation of oncogenes and tumor suppressors. Then, we discuss nongermline (somatic) GEM models of breast cancer with temporospatial control, made possible by intraductal injection of viral vectors to deliver oncogenes or to manipulate the genome of mammary epithelial cells. Next, we introduce the latest development in precision editing of endogenous genes using in vivo CRISPR-Cas9 technology. We conclude with the recent development in generating somatic rat models for modeling estrogen receptor-positive breast cancer, something that has been difficult to accomplish in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Bu
- Lester and Sue Smith Breast Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Yi Li
- Lester and Sue Smith Breast Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
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2
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Chen D, Chen X, Xie HT, Hatton MP, Liu X, Liu Y. Expression of extracellular matrix components in the meibomian gland. Front Med (Lausanne) 2022; 9:981610. [PMID: 36148459 PMCID: PMC9486096 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2022.981610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Extracellular matrix (ECM) is a key component of the stem cell local microenvironment. Our study aims to explore the periglandular distribution of major components of ECM in the Meibomian gland (MG). Methods Human eyelids and mouse eyelids were collected and processed for immunofluorescence staining. Results Human MG tissues stained positive for collagen IV α1, collagen IV α2, collagen IV α5, and collagen IV α6 around the acini and duct, but negative for collagen IV α3 and collagen IV α4. The mouse MG were stained positive for the same collagen IV subunits as early as postnatal day 15. Laminin α2, laminin β1 and perlecan stained the regions surrounding the acini and the acinar/ductal junction in the human MG, but not the region around the duct. Tenascin-C was found specifically located at the junctions between the acini and the central ducts. Neither agrin nor endostatin was found in the human MG tissues. Conclusion The ECM expresses specific components in different regions around the MG, which may play a role in MG stem cell regulation, renewal, and regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Di Chen
- Department of Ophthalmology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaomin Chen
- Department of Ophthalmology, Zhongnan Hospital, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Hua-Tao Xie
- Department of Ophthalmology, Union Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Mark P. Hatton
- Ophthalmic Consultants of Boston, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Xiaowei Liu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Xiaowei Liu
| | - Yang Liu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Zhongnan Hospital, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Yang Liu
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3
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Lloyd-Lewis B, Gobbo F, Perkins M, Jacquemin G, Huyghe M, Faraldo MM, Fre S. In vivo imaging of mammary epithelial cell dynamics in response to lineage-biased Wnt/β-catenin activation. Cell Rep 2022; 38:110461. [PMID: 35263603 PMCID: PMC7615182 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.110461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Revised: 12/15/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Real-time in vivo imaging provides an essential window into the spatiotemporal cellular events contributing to tissue development and pathology. By coupling longitudinal intravital imaging with genetic lineage tracing, here we capture the earliest cellular events arising in response to active Wnt/β-catenin signaling and the ensuing impact on the organization and differentiation of the mammary epithelium. This enables us to interrogate how Wnt/β-catenin regulates the dynamics of distinct subpopulations of mammary epithelial cells in vivo and in real time. We show that β-catenin stabilization, when targeted to either the mammary luminal or basal epithelial lineage, leads to cellular rearrangements that precipitate the formation of hyperplastic lesions that undergo squamous transdifferentiation. These results enhance our understanding of the earliest stages of hyperplastic lesion formation in vivo and reveal that, in mammary neoplastic development, β-catenin activation dictates a hair follicle/epidermal differentiation program independently of the targeted cell of origin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bethan Lloyd-Lewis
- Institut Curie, Laboratory of Genetics and Developmental Biology, PSL Research University, INSERM U934, CNRS UMR3215, 75248 Paris, France; School of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Bristol, Biomedical Sciences Building, Bristol BS8 1TD, UK
| | - Francesca Gobbo
- Institut Curie, Laboratory of Genetics and Developmental Biology, PSL Research University, INSERM U934, CNRS UMR3215, 75248 Paris, France
| | - Meghan Perkins
- Institut Curie, Laboratory of Genetics and Developmental Biology, PSL Research University, INSERM U934, CNRS UMR3215, 75248 Paris, France
| | - Guillaume Jacquemin
- Institut Curie, Laboratory of Genetics and Developmental Biology, PSL Research University, INSERM U934, CNRS UMR3215, 75248 Paris, France
| | - Mathilde Huyghe
- Institut Curie, Laboratory of Genetics and Developmental Biology, PSL Research University, INSERM U934, CNRS UMR3215, 75248 Paris, France
| | - Marisa M Faraldo
- Institut Curie, Laboratory of Genetics and Developmental Biology, PSL Research University, INSERM U934, CNRS UMR3215, 75248 Paris, France
| | - Silvia Fre
- Institut Curie, Laboratory of Genetics and Developmental Biology, PSL Research University, INSERM U934, CNRS UMR3215, 75248 Paris, France.
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Lu Y, Li D, Liu G, Xiao E, Mu S, Pan Y, Qin F, Zhai Y, Duan S, Li D, Yan G. Identification of Critical Pathways and Potential Key Genes in Poorly Differentiated Pancreatic Adenocarcinoma. Onco Targets Ther 2021; 14:711-723. [PMID: 33536763 PMCID: PMC7850576 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s279287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2020] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction The poorly differentiated pancreatic adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is an extremely lethal neoplasm without effective biomarkers for early detection and prognosis prediction, which is characteristically unresponsive to chemotherapeutic regimens. This study aims at searching for key genes which could be applied as novel prognostic biomarkers and therapeutic targets in PDAC. Methods Clinical samples were collected and a comprehensive differential analysis of seven PDAC samples by integrating RNA-seq data of tumor tissues and matched normal tissues from both our cohort and gene expression profiling interactive analysis (GEPIA) were performed to discover potential prognostic genes in PDAC. Pathway enrichment analysis was carried out to determine the biological function of PDAC differentially expressed genes (DEGs), and protein-protein interaction (PPI) network was constructed for functional modules analysis. Real-time PCR was performed to validate expression of hub genes. Results A total of 126 PDAC-specific expressed genes identified from seven PDAC samples were predominantly enriched in cell adhesion, integral component of membrane, signal transduction and chemical carcinogenesis, IL-17 signaling pathway, indicating that obtained genes might play a unique role in PDAC tumorigenesis. Furthermore, survival analysis revealed that five genes (CEACAM5, KRT6A, KRT6B, KRT7, KRT17) which exhibited high expression levels in tumor tissues were obviously correlated with the prognosis of PDAC patients and KRT7 was positively correlated with KRT6A, KRT6B, KRT17 expression. In addition, real-time PCR demonstrated that the expression level of the hub genes was consistent with RNA-seq analysis. Discussion The current study suggested that CEACAM5, KRT6A, KRT6B, KRT7, and KRT17 may represent novel prognostic biomarkers as well as novel therapeutic targets for poorly differentiated PDAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanxiang Lu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, People's Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, People's Republic of China.,School of Clinical Medicine, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Dongxiao Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Ge Liu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, People's Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, People's Republic of China.,School of Clinical Medicine, Henan University, Kaifeng, People's Republic of China
| | - Erwei Xiao
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, People's Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, People's Republic of China
| | - Senmao Mu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, People's Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, People's Republic of China
| | - Yujin Pan
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, People's Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, People's Republic of China
| | - Fangyuan Qin
- Henan Eye Hospital, Henan Provincial People's Hospital and People's Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, People's Republic of China
| | - Yaping Zhai
- Henan Eye Hospital, Henan Provincial People's Hospital and People's Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, People's Republic of China
| | - Shaofeng Duan
- School of Pharmacy, Henan University, Kaifeng, People's Republic of China
| | - Deyu Li
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, People's Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, People's Republic of China.,School of Clinical Medicine, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Guoyi Yan
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, People's Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, People's Republic of China.,School of Clinical Medicine, Henan University, Kaifeng, People's Republic of China
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Seong J, Kim NS, Kim JA, Lee W, Seo JY, Yum MK, Kim JH, Park I, Kang JS, Bae SH, Yun CH, Kong YY. Side branching and luminal lineage commitment by ID2 in developing mammary glands. Development 2018; 145:dev.165258. [DOI: 10.1242/dev.165258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2018] [Accepted: 06/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Mammary glands develop through primary ductal elongation and side branching to maximize the spatial area. Although primary ducts are generated by bifurcation of terminal end buds, the mechanism through which side branching occurs is still largely unclear. Here, we show that inhibitor of DNA-binding 2 (ID2) drives side branch formation through differentiation of K6+ bipotent progenitor cells into CD61+ luminal progenitor cells. Id2-null mice had side branching defects, along with developmental blockage of K6+ bipotent progenitor cells into CD61+ luminal progenitor cells. Notably, CD61+ luminal progenitor cells were found in budding and side branches, but not in terminal end buds. Hormone reconstitution studies using ovariectomized MMTV-NLS-Id2 transgenic mice revealed that ID2 is a key mediator of progesterone, which drives luminal lineage differentiation and side branching. Our results suggest that CD61 is a marker for side branches and that ID2 regulates side branch formation by inducing luminal lineage commitment from K6+ bipotent progenitor cells to CD61+ luminal progenitor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinwoo Seong
- School of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea
| | - Nam-Shik Kim
- School of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea
| | - Jee-Ah Kim
- School of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea
| | - Wonbin Lee
- School of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Yun Seo
- School of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea
| | - Min Kyu Yum
- School of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Hoon Kim
- School of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea
| | - Inkuk Park
- School of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Seol Kang
- School of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Hwan Bae
- School of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea
| | - Cheol-Heui Yun
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Yun Kong
- School of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea
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6
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Ricciardelli C, Lokman NA, Pyragius CE, Ween MP, Macpherson AM, Ruszkiewicz A, Hoffmann P, Oehler MK. Keratin 5 overexpression is associated with serous ovarian cancer recurrence and chemotherapy resistance. Oncotarget 2017; 8:17819-17832. [PMID: 28147318 PMCID: PMC5392289 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.14867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2015] [Accepted: 01/16/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
This study investigated the clinical significance of keratin 5 and 6 expression in serous ovarian cancer progression and chemotherapy resistance. KRT5 and KRT6 (KRT6A, KRT6B & KRT6C) gene expression was assessed in publically available serous ovarian cancer data sets, ovarian cancer cell lines and primary serous ovarian cancer cells. Monoclonal antibodies which detect both K5/6 or only K5 were used to assess protein expression in ovarian cancer cell lines and a cohort of high grade serous ovarian carcinomas at surgery (n = 117) and after neoadjuvant chemotherapy (n = 21). Survival analyses showed that high KRT5 mRNA in stage III/IV serous ovarian cancers was significantly associated with reduced progression-free (HR 1.38, P < 0.0001) and overall survival (HR 1.28, P = 0.013) whilst high KRT6 mRNA was only associated with reduced progression-free survival (HR 1.2, P = 0.031). Both high K5/6 (≥ 10%, HR 1.78 95% CI; 1.03−2.65, P = 0.017) and high K5 (≥ 10%, HR 1.90, 95% CI; 1.12−3.19, P = 0.017) were associated with an increased risk of disease recurrence. KRT5 but not KRT6C mRNA expression was increased in chemotherapy resistant primary serous ovarian cancer cells compared to chemotherapy sensitive cells. The proportion of serous ovarian carcinomas with high K5/6 or high K5 immunostaining was significantly increased following neoadjuvant chemotherapy. K5 can be used to predict serous ovarian cancer prognosis and identify cancer cells that are resistant to chemotherapy. Developing strategies to target K5 may therefore improve serous ovarian cancer survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmela Ricciardelli
- Discipline of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, School of Medicine, Robinson Research Institute, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, 5000, South Australia, Australia
| | - Noor A Lokman
- Discipline of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, School of Medicine, Robinson Research Institute, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, 5000, South Australia, Australia
| | - Carmen E Pyragius
- Discipline of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, School of Medicine, Robinson Research Institute, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, 5000, South Australia, Australia
| | - Miranda P Ween
- Lung Research Laboratory, Hanson Institute, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.,Department of Thoracic Medicine, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, 5000, South Australia, Australia
| | - Anne M Macpherson
- Discipline of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, School of Medicine, Robinson Research Institute, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, 5000, South Australia, Australia
| | - Andrew Ruszkiewicz
- Centre of Cancer Biology, University of South Australia and Department of Anatomical Pathology, SA Pathology, Adelaide, 5000, South Australia, Australia
| | - Peter Hoffmann
- Adelaide Proteomics Centre, School of Biological Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, 5005, South Australia, Australia
| | - Martin K Oehler
- Discipline of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, School of Medicine, Robinson Research Institute, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, 5000, South Australia, Australia.,Department of Gynaecological Oncology, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, 5000, South Australia, Australia
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Paine IS, Lewis MT. The Terminal End Bud: the Little Engine that Could. J Mammary Gland Biol Neoplasia 2017; 22:93-108. [PMID: 28168376 PMCID: PMC5488158 DOI: 10.1007/s10911-017-9372-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2016] [Accepted: 01/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The mammary gland is one of the most regenerative organs in the body, with the majority of development occurring postnatally and in the adult mammal. Formation of the ductal tree is orchestrated by a specialized structure called the terminal end bud (TEB). The TEB is responsible for the production of mature cell types leading to the elongation of the subtending duct. The TEB is also the regulatory control point for basement membrane deposition, branching, angiogenesis, and pattern formation. While the hormonal control of TEB growth is well characterized, the local regulatory factors are less well understood. Recent studies of pubertal outgrowth and ductal elongation have yielded surprising details in regards to ongoing processes in the TEB. Here we summarize the current understanding of TEB biology, discuss areas of future study, and discuss the use of the TEB as a model for the study of breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingrid S Paine
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Michael T Lewis
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
- Department Radiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
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8
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Gsdma3 is required for mammary gland development in mice. Histochem Cell Biol 2017; 147:575-583. [DOI: 10.1007/s00418-017-1542-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/18/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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9
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Zhao Y, Feng Y, Zhang H, Kou X, Li L, Liu X, Zhang P, Cui L, Chu M, Shen W, Min L. Inhibition of peripubertal sheep mammary gland development by cysteamine through reducing progesterone and growth factor production. Theriogenology 2017; 89:280-288. [PMID: 28043364 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2016.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2016] [Revised: 11/08/2016] [Accepted: 11/17/2016] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Cysteamine has been used for treating cystinosis for many years, and furthermore it has also been used as a therapeutic agent for different diseases including Huntington's disease, Parkinson's disease (PD), nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, malaria, cancer, and others. Although cysteamine has many potential applications, its use may also be problematic. The effects of low doses of cysteamine on the reproductive system, especially the mammary glands are currently unknown. In the current investigation, low dose (10 mg/kg BW/day) of cysteamine did not affect sheep body weight gain or organ index of the liver, spleen, or heart; it did, however, increase the levels of blood lymphocytes, monocytes, and platelets. Most interestingly, it inhibited mammary gland development after 2 or 5 months of treatment by reducing the organ index and the number of mammary gland ducts. Plasma growth hormone and estradiol remained unchanged; however, plasma progesterone levels and the protein level of HSD3β1 in sheep ovaries were decreased by cysteamine. In addition to steroid hormones, growth factors produced in the mammary glands also play crucial roles in mammary gland development. Results showed that protein levels of HGF, GHR, and IGF1R were decreased after 5 months of cysteamine treatment. These findings together suggest that progesterone and local growth factors in mammary glands might be involved in cysteamine initiated inhibition of pubertal ovine mammary gland development. Furthermore, it may lead to a reduction in fertility. Therefore, cysteamine should be used with great caution until its actions have been further investigated and its limitations overcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Zhao
- College of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, PR China; Key Laboratory of Animal Reproduction and Germplasm Enhancement in Universities of Shandong, Qingdao 266109, PR China
| | - Yanni Feng
- Key Laboratory of Animal Reproduction and Germplasm Enhancement in Universities of Shandong, Qingdao 266109, PR China; College of Animal Science and Technology, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, PR China
| | - Hongfu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, PR China
| | - Xin Kou
- Shouguang Hongde Farmer Co., Weifang 262700, PR China
| | - Lan Li
- Key Laboratory of Animal Reproduction and Germplasm Enhancement in Universities of Shandong, Qingdao 266109, PR China; College of Animal Science and Technology, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, PR China
| | - Xinqi Liu
- College of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, PR China
| | - Pengfei Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, PR China; Key Laboratory of Animal Reproduction and Germplasm Enhancement in Universities of Shandong, Qingdao 266109, PR China
| | - Liantao Cui
- Key Laboratory of Animal Reproduction and Germplasm Enhancement in Universities of Shandong, Qingdao 266109, PR China; College of Animal Science and Technology, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, PR China
| | - Meiqiang Chu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Reproduction and Germplasm Enhancement in Universities of Shandong, Qingdao 266109, PR China; College of Animal Science and Technology, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, PR China
| | - Wei Shen
- Key Laboratory of Animal Reproduction and Germplasm Enhancement in Universities of Shandong, Qingdao 266109, PR China; College of Animal Science and Technology, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, PR China
| | - Lingjiang Min
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, PR China.
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11
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Alamri AM, Kang K, Groeneveld S, Wang W, Zhong X, Kallakury B, Hennighausen L, Liu X, Furth PA. Primary cancer cell culture: mammary-optimized vs conditional reprogramming. Endocr Relat Cancer 2016; 23:535-54. [PMID: 27267121 PMCID: PMC4962879 DOI: 10.1530/erc-16-0071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2016] [Accepted: 06/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The impact of different culture conditions on biology of primary cancer cells is not always addressed. Here, conditional reprogramming (CRC) was compared with mammary-optimized EpiCult-B (EpiC) for primary mammary epithelial cell isolation and propagation, allograft generation, and genome-wide transcriptional consequences using cancer and non-cancer mammary tissue from mice with different dosages of Brca1 and p53 Selective comparison to DMEM was included. Primary cultures were established with all three media, but CRC was most efficient for initial isolation (P<0.05). Allograft development was faster using cells grown in EpiC compared with CRC (P<0.05). Transcriptome comparison of paired CRC and EpiC cultures revealed 1700 differentially expressed genes by passage 20. CRC promoted Trp53 gene family upregulation and increased expression of epithelial differentiation genes, whereas EpiC elevated expression of epithelial-mesenchymal transition genes. Differences did not persist in allografts where both methods yielded allografts with relatively similar transcriptomes. Restricting passage (<7) reduced numbers of differentially expressed genes below 50. In conclusion, CRC was most efficient for initial cell isolation but EpiC was quicker for allograft generation. The extensive culture-specific gene expression patterns that emerged with longer passage could be limited by reducing passage number when both culture transcriptomes were equally similar to that of the primary tissue. Defining impact of culture condition and passage on the transcriptome of primary cells could assist experimental design and interpretation. For example, differences that appear with passage and culture condition are potentially exploitable for comparative studies targeting specific biological networks in different transcriptional environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad M Alamri
- Department of OncologyLombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University, Washington, District of Columbia, USA Department of Clinical Laboratory SciencesCollege of Applied Medical Sciences, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia
| | - Keunsoo Kang
- Laboratory of Genetics and PhysiologyNational Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, 8 Center Drive, Bethesda, Maryland, USA Department of MicrobiologyDankook University, Cheonan, Republic of Korea
| | - Svenja Groeneveld
- Department of OncologyLombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University, Washington, District of Columbia, USA Department PharmazieLudwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Weisheng Wang
- Department of OncologyLombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
| | - Xiaogang Zhong
- Department of BiostatisticsBioinformatics and Biomathematics, Georgetown University, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
| | - Bhaskar Kallakury
- Department of PathologyLombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
| | - Lothar Hennighausen
- Laboratory of Genetics and PhysiologyNational Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, 8 Center Drive, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Xuefeng Liu
- Department of PathologyLombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
| | - Priscilla A Furth
- Department of OncologyLombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University, Washington, District of Columbia, USA Department of MedicineLombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
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12
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Shore AN, Chang CH, Kwon OJ, Weston MC, Zhang M, Xin L, Rosen JM. PTEN is required to maintain luminal epithelial homeostasis and integrity in the adult mammary gland. Dev Biol 2015; 409:202-217. [PMID: 26526198 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2015.10.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2015] [Revised: 09/28/2015] [Accepted: 10/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
In the mammary gland, PTEN loss in luminal and basal epithelial cells results in differentiation defects and enhanced proliferation, leading to the formation of tumors with basal epithelial characteristics. In breast cancer, PTEN loss is associated with a hormone receptor-negative, basal-like subtype that is thought to originate in a luminal epithelial cell. Here, we show that luminal-specific PTEN loss results in distinct effects on epithelial homeostasis and mammary tumor formation. Luminal PTEN loss increased proliferation of hormone receptor-negative cells, thereby decreasing the percentage of hormone receptor-positive cells. Moreover, luminal PTEN loss led to misoriented cell divisions and mislocalization of cells to the intraluminal space of mammary ducts. Despite their elevated levels of activated AKT, Pten-null intraluminal cells showed increased levels of apoptosis. One year after Pten deletion, the ducts had cleared and no palpable mammary tumors were detected. These data establish PTEN as a critical regulator of luminal epithelial homeostasis and integrity in the adult mammary gland, and further show that luminal PTEN loss alone is not sufficient to promote the progression of mammary tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy N Shore
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
| | - Chi-Hsuan Chang
- Integrative Molecular and Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Oh-Joon Kwon
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Matthew C Weston
- The Cain Foundation Laboratories, The Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Mei Zhang
- Department of Developmental Biology, University of Pittsburg, Pittsburg, PA 15213, USA
| | - Li Xin
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Jeffrey M Rosen
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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Helland T, Gjerde J, Dankel S, Fenne IS, Skartveit L, Drangevåg A, Bozickovic O, Flågeng MH, Søiland H, Mellgren G, Lien EA. The active tamoxifen metabolite endoxifen (4OHNDtam) strongly down-regulates cytokeratin 6 (CK6) in MCF-7 breast cancer cells. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0122339. [PMID: 25867603 PMCID: PMC4395096 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0122339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2014] [Accepted: 02/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Tamoxifen is an anti-estrogen drug used in treatment of Estrogen Receptor (ER) positive breast cancer. Effects and side effects of tamoxifen is the sum of tamoxifen and all its metabolites. 4-Hydroxytamoxifen (4OHtam) and 4-hydroxy-N-demethyltamoxifen (4OHNDtam, endoxifen) both have ER affinity exceeding that of the parent drug tamoxifen. 4OHNDtam is considered the main active metabolite of tamoxifen. Ndesmethyltamoxifen (NDtam) is the major tamoxifen metabolite. It has low affinity to the ER and is not believed to influence tumor growth. However, NDtam might mediate adverse effects of tamoxifen treatment. In this study we investigated the gene regulatory effects of the three metabolites of tamoxifen in MCF-7 breast cancer cells. Material and Methods Using concentrations that mimic the clinical situation we examined effects of 4OHtam, 4OHNDtam and NDtam on global gene expression in 17β-estradiol (E2) treated MCF-7 cells. Transcriptomic responses were assessed by correspondence analysis, differential expression, gene ontology analysis and quantitative real time PCR (Q-rt-PCR). E2 deprivation and knockdown of Steroid Receptor Coactivator-3 (SRC-3)/Amplified in Breast Cancer 1 (AIB1) mRNA in MCF-7 cells were performed to further characterize specific effects on gene expression. Results 4OHNDtam and 4OHtam caused major changes in gene expression compared to treatment with E2 alone, with a stronger effect of 4OHNDtam. NDtam had nearly no effect on the global gene expression profile. Treatment of MCF-7 cells with 4OHNDtam led to a strong down-regulation of the CytoKeratin 6 isoforms (KRT6A, KRT6B and KRT6C). The CytoKeratin 6 mRNAs were also down-regulated in MCF-7 cells after E2 deprivation and after SRC-3/AIB1 knockdown. Conclusion Using concentrations that mimic the clinical situation we report global gene expression changes that were most pronounced with 4OHNDtam and minimal with NDtam. Genes encoding CytoKeratin 6, were highly down-regulated by 4OHNDtam, as well as after E2 deprivation and knockdown of SRC-3/AIB1, indicating an estrogen receptor-dependent regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Helland
- Hormone Laboratory, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Jennifer Gjerde
- Hormone Laboratory, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
- Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Simon Dankel
- Hormone Laboratory, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
- Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Ingvild S. Fenne
- Hormone Laboratory, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
- Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Linn Skartveit
- Hormone Laboratory, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
- Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Andreas Drangevåg
- Hormone Laboratory, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
- Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Olivera Bozickovic
- Hormone Laboratory, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
- Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Marianne Hauglid Flågeng
- Hormone Laboratory, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
- Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Håvard Søiland
- Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- Section for Breast and Endocrine Surgery, Stavanger University Hospital, Stavanger, Norway
| | - Gunnar Mellgren
- Hormone Laboratory, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
- Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Ernst A. Lien
- Hormone Laboratory, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
- Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- * E-mail:
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Cicchini M, Chakrabarti R, Kongara S, Price S, Nahar R, Lozy F, Zhong H, Vazquez A, Kang Y, Karantza V. Autophagy regulator BECN1 suppresses mammary tumorigenesis driven by WNT1 activation and following parity. Autophagy 2014; 10:2036-52. [PMID: 25483966 PMCID: PMC4502817 DOI: 10.4161/auto.34398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Earlier studies reported allelic deletion of the essential autophagy regulator BECN1 in breast cancers implicating BECN1 loss, and likely defective autophagy, in tumorigenesis. Recent studies have questioned the tumor suppressive role of autophagy, as autophagy-related gene (Atg) defects generally suppress tumorigenesis in well-characterized mouse tumor models. We now report that, while it delays or does not alter mammary tumorigenesis driven by Palb2 loss or ERBB2 and PyMT overexpression, monoallelic Becn1 loss promotes mammary tumor development in 2 specific contexts, namely following parity and in association with wingless-type MMTV integration site family, member 1 (WNT1) activation. Our studies demonstrate that Becn1 heterozygosity, which results in immature mammary epithelial cell expansion and aberrant TNFRSF11A/TNR11/RANK (tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily, member 11a, NFKB activator) signaling, promotes mammary tumorigenesis in multiparous FVB/N mice and in cooperation with the progenitor cell-transforming WNT1 oncogene. Similar to our Becn1(+/-);MMTV-Wnt1 mouse model, low BECN1 expression and an activated WNT pathway gene signature correlate with the triple-negative subtype, TNFRSF11A axis activation and poor prognosis in human breast cancers. Our results suggest that BECN1 may have nonautophagy-related roles in mammary development, provide insight in the seemingly paradoxical roles of BECN1 in tumorigenesis, and constitute the basis for further studies on the pathophysiology and treatment of clinically aggressive triple negative breast cancers (TNBCs).
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Key Words
- 8-O-dG, 8-oxo-7, 8-dihydroguanine
- ATG, autophagy-related
- BECN1, Beclin 1, autophagy-related
- BSA, bovine serum albumin
- Beclin 1
- CASP3, caspase 3
- CD24, cluster of differentiation 24
- DAPI, 4′, 6-diamidino-2-phenylindole
- DFS, disease-free survival
- DMEM, Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium
- E, 17b-estradiol
- EGF, epidermal growth factor
- EGFP, enhanced green fluorescent protein
- EGFR/ERBB1, epidermal growth factor receptor
- EM, electron microscopy
- EMT, epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition
- ERBB2, v-erb-b2 avian erythroblastic leukemia viral oncogene homolog 2
- ESR1, estrogen receptor 1
- FACS, fluorescence activated cell sorting
- FGF2/bFGF, fibroblast growth factor 2 (basic)
- GSEA, gene set enrichment analysis
- H&E, hematoxylin &, eosin
- HR, hormone receptor
- IF, immunofluorescence
- IHC, immunohistochemistry
- IL, interleukin
- ITGB1/CD29, Integrin, beta 1 (fibronectin receptor beta polypeptide, antigen CD29 includes MDF2, MSK12)
- ITGB3/CD61, integrin, beta 3 (platelet glycoprotein IIIa, antigen CD61)
- KRT, keratin
- Keratin 6
- LIN−, lineage negative (CD31− CD45− LY76−)
- LY76/TER119, lymphocyte antigen 76
- MAP1LC3B/LC3B, microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3 beta
- MEC, mammary epithelial cell
- MEGM, mammary epithelial growth medium
- MGs, mammary glands
- MKI67, marker of proliferation Ki-67
- MMTV, mouse mammary tumor virus
- MaPC, mammary progenitor cell
- MaSC, mammary stem cell
- NFKB
- NFKB/NFkB, nuclear factor of kappa light polypeptide gene enhancer in B-cells
- PBS, phosphate-buffered saline
- PECAM1/CD31, platelet/endothelial cell adhesion molecule 1
- PGR, progesterone receptor
- PI, propidium iodide
- PTPRC/CD45, protein tyrosine phosphatase, receptor type, C
- RELA/P65, v-rel avian reticuloendotheliosis viral oncogene homolog a
- ROS, reactive oxygen species
- SD, standard deviation
- SNPs, single nucleotide polymorphisms
- SQSTM1/p62, sequestosome1
- TEBs, terminal end buds
- TNBC
- TNBCs, triple-negative breast cancers
- TNF, tumor necrosis factor
- TNF11
- TNFRSF11A
- TNFRSF11A/TNR11/RANK, tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily, member 11a, NFKB activator
- TNFSF11
- TNFSF11/TNF11/RANKL, tumor necrosis factor (ligand) superfamily, member 11
- TNR11
- TP53 (TRP53 in mice), tumor protein p53 (transformation related protein 53 in mice)
- WNT1
- WNT1, wingless-Type MMTV integration site family, member 1
- basal-like breast cancer
- iMMECs, immortalized mouse mammary epithelial cells
- p-KRT8/p-K8, phosphorylated Keratin 8
- parity
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Quante T, Wegwitz F, Abe J, Rossi A, Deppert W, Bohn W. Aberrant Proliferation of Differentiating Alveolar Cells Induces Hyperplasia in Resting Mammary Glands of SV40-TAg Transgenic Mice. Front Oncol 2014; 4:168. [PMID: 25019062 PMCID: PMC4071642 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2014.00168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2014] [Accepted: 06/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
WAP-T1 transgenic mice express SV40-TAg under control of the whey acidic protein (WAP) promoter, which directs activity of this strong viral oncogene to luminal cells of the mammary gland. Resting uniparous WAP-T1 glands develop hyperplasia composed of TAg positive cells prior to appearance of advanced tumor stages. We show that cells in hyperplasia display markers of alveolar differentiation, suggesting that TAg targets differentiating cells of the alveolar compartment. The glands show significant expression of Elf5 and milk genes (Lalba, Csn2, and Wap). TAg expressing cells largely co-stain with antibodies to Elf5, lack the epithelial marker Sca1, and are hormone receptor negative. High expression levels of Elf5 but not of milk genes are also seen in resting glands of normal BALB/c mice. This indicates that expression of Elf5 in resting WAP-T1 glands is not specifically induced by TAg. CK6a positive luminal cells lack TAg. These cells co-express the markers prominin-1, CK6a, and Sca1, and are positive for hormone receptors. These hormone sensitive cells localize to ducts and seem not to be targeted by TAg. Despite reaching an advanced stage in alveolar differentiation, the cells in hyperplasia do not exit the cell cycle. Thus, expression of TAg in conjunction with regular morphogenetic processes of alveologenesis seem to provide the basis for a hormone independent, unscheduled proliferation of differentiating cells in resting glands of WAP-T1 transgenic mice, leading to the formation of hyperplastic lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timo Quante
- Heinrich Pette Institute, Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology , Hamburg , Germany
| | - Florian Wegwitz
- Institute for Tumor Biology, University Hospital Eppendorf , Hamburg , Germany
| | - Julia Abe
- Heinrich Pette Institute, Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology , Hamburg , Germany
| | - Alessandra Rossi
- Heinrich Pette Institute, Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology , Hamburg , Germany
| | - Wolfgang Deppert
- Institute for Tumor Biology, University Hospital Eppendorf , Hamburg , Germany
| | - Wolfgang Bohn
- Heinrich Pette Institute, Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology , Hamburg , Germany
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16
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Castro DJ, Maurer J, Hebbard L, Oshima RG. ROCK1 inhibition promotes the self-renewal of a novel mouse mammary cancer stem cell. Stem Cells 2013; 31:12-22. [PMID: 22961723 DOI: 10.1002/stem.1224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2012] [Accepted: 08/10/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The differentiation of stem-like tumor cells may contribute to the cellular heterogeneity of breast cancers. We report the propagation of highly enriched mouse mammary cancer stem cells that retain the potential to differentiate both in vivo and in culture and their use to identify chemical compounds that influence both self-renewal and differentiation. We identify epithelial tumor-initiating cells (ETICs) that express lineage markers of both basal and luminal mammary cell lineages and retain the potential, from even single cells, to generate heterogeneous tumors similar to the tumor of origin. ETICs can progress through a Rho-associated coiled-coil containing protein kinase 1 dependent, epithelial to mesenchymal transition to generate mesenchymal tumor-initiating cells capable of initiating tumors of limited heterogeneity. The propagation of ETICs may allow for the identification of new therapeutic compounds that may inhibit or prevent progression of some types of breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Castro
- Cancer Research Center, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, La Jolla, California, USA
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17
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Axlund SD, Sartorius CA. Progesterone regulation of stem and progenitor cells in normal and malignant breast. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2012; 357:71-9. [PMID: 21945473 PMCID: PMC3288619 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2011.09.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2011] [Revised: 08/26/2011] [Accepted: 09/11/2011] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Progesterone plays an important, if not controversial, role in mammary epithelial cell proliferation and differentiation. Evidence supports that progesterone promotes rodent mammary carcinogenesis under some conditions, progesterone receptors (PR) are necessary for murine mammary gland tumorigenesis, and exogenous progestin use in post-menopausal women increases breast cancer risk. Thus, the progesterone/PR signaling axis can promote mammary tumorigenesis, albeit in a context-dependent manner. A mechanistic basis for the tumor promoting actions of progesterone has thus far remained unknown. Recent studies, however, have identified a novel role for progesterone in controlling the number and function of stem and progenitor cell populations in the normal human and mouse mammary glands, and in human breast cancers. These discoveries promise to reshape our perception of progesterone function in the mammary gland, and have spawned new hypotheses for how progestins may increase the risk of breast cancer. Here we review studies on progesterone regulation of mammary stem cells in normal and malignant tissue, and their implications for breast cancer risk, tumorigenesis, and tumor behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Carol A. Sartorius
- Corresponding author at: University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Center, 12801 E 17th Ave. MS8104, Aurora, CO 80045, United States. Tel: +1 303-724-3937; Fax: +1 303-724-3712. (C.A. Sartorius)
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18
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Jenkins EC, Debnath S, Gundry S, Gundry S, Uyar U, Fata JE. Intracellular pH regulation by Na+/H+ exchanger-1 (NHE1) is required for growth factor-induced mammary branching morphogenesis. Dev Biol 2012; 365:71-81. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2012.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2011] [Revised: 01/30/2012] [Accepted: 02/09/2012] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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19
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Keratin 6a marks mammary bipotential progenitor cells that can give rise to a unique tumor model resembling human normal-like breast cancer. Oncogene 2011; 30:4399-409. [PMID: 21532625 PMCID: PMC3156856 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2011.147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Progenitor cells are considered an important cell of origin of human malignancies. However, there has not been any single gene that can define mammary bipotential progenitor cells, and as such it has not been possible to use genetic methods to introduce oncogenic alterations into these cells in vivo to study tumorigenesis from them. Keratin 6a is expressed in a subset of mammary luminal epithelial cells and body cells of terminal end buds. By generating transgenic mice using the Keratin 6a (K6a) gene promoter to express tumor virus A (tva), which encodes the receptor for avian leukosis virus subgroup A (ALV/A), we provide direct evidence that K6a(+) cells are bipotential progenitor cells, and the first demonstration of a non-basal location for some biopotential progenitor cells. These K6a(+) cells were readily induced to form mammary tumors by intraductal injection of RCAS (an ALV/A-derived vector) carrying the gene encoding the polyoma middle T antigen. Tumors in this K6a-tva line were papillary and resembled the normal breast-like subtype of human breast cancer. This is the first model of this subtype of human tumors and thus may be useful for preclinical testing of targeted therapy for patients with normal-like breast cancer. These observations also provide direct in vivo evidence for the hypothesis that the cell of origin affects mammary tumor phenotypes.
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20
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Jäger R, Schäfer S, Hau-Liersch M, Schorle H. Loss of transcription factor AP-2gamma/TFAP2C impairs branching morphogenesis of the murine mammary gland. Dev Dyn 2010; 239:1027-33. [PMID: 20131354 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.22239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Extensive development of the mammary gland occurs during puberty, when rising levels of ovarian hormones induce the formation of highly proliferative terminal end buds (TEBs) at the tips of mammary ducts. TEBs consist of an outer layer of cap cells and of inner body cells. TEBs invade the adipose stroma and bifurcate while extending the ducts to generate an arborized ductal network. We show that in murine mammary glands transcription factor AP-2gamma is strongly expressed in the cap cell layer and in a subset of body cells of TEBs. To decipher AP-2gamma functions during mammary development we generated AP-2gamma-deficient mice. Their mammary glands displayed impaired ductal branching and elongation. Cellular proliferation within TEBs was reduced. Although estrogen receptor was expressed, exogenously administered ovarian hormones could not restore normal development. Therefore, AP-2gamma is functionally involved in branching morphogenesis of the mammary epithelium, possibly by controlling genetic processes downstream of ovarian hormones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Jäger
- Institute for Pathology, Department of Developmental Pathology, University of Bonn Medical School, Bonn, Germany
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21
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Cao L, Zhou XD, Sens MA, Garrett SH, Zheng Y, Dunlevy JR, Sens DA, Somji S. Keratin 6 expression correlates to areas of squamous differentiation in multiple independent isolates of As(+3)-induced bladder cancer. J Appl Toxicol 2010; 30:416-30. [PMID: 20186695 DOI: 10.1002/jat.1513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
This laboratory has shown that arsenite (As(+3)) exposure can cause the malignant transformation of the UROtsa human urothelial cell line. This single isolate formed subcutaneous tumors with a histology similar to human urothelial cell carcinoma. The tumors also displayed areas of squamous differentiation of the urothelial cells, an infrequent but known component of human bladder cancer. In the present study, five additional independent isolates of As(+3)-transformed urothelial cells were isolated and each was shown to produce subcutaneous urothelial cell tumors with a characteristic histology very similar to those described in the initial report. That there were underlying phenotypic differences in the six independent isolates was demonstrated when they were assessed for their ability to form tumors within the peritoneal cavity. It was shown that two isolates could form hundreds of small peritoneal tumor nodules, one isolate a moderate number of tumor nodules, and three isolates no or only one tumor nodule. The peritoneal tumors were also characterized for their degree of squamous differentiation of the urothelial cells and, while areas of squamous differentiation could be found, such differentiation was substantially reduced compared to subcutaneous tumors. Immunostaining for keratin 6 was tested as a potential marker for malignant urothelial cells that had undergone squamous differentiation. Keratin 6 was shown to consistently stain only cells having some evidence of squamous differentiation. Keratin 16 was shown to follow the staining pattern of keratin 6. The isolates and tumor heterotransplants were all examined for keratin 6, 16 and 17 mRNA and protein expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Cao
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, ND 58202, USA
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22
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Sun P, Yuan Y, Li A, Li B, Dai X. Cytokeratin expression during mouse embryonic and early postnatal mammary gland development. Histochem Cell Biol 2009; 133:213-21. [PMID: 19937336 PMCID: PMC2807942 DOI: 10.1007/s00418-009-0662-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/01/2009] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Cytokeratins are intermediate filament proteins found in most epithelial cells including the mammary epithelium. Specific cytokeratin expression has been found to mark different epithelial cell lineages and also to associate with putative mammary stem/progenitor cells. However, a comparative analysis of the expression of cytokaratins during embryonic and postnatal mammary development is currently lacking. Moreover, it is not clear whether the different classes of putative mammary stem/progenitor cells exist during embryonic development. Here, we use double/triple-label immunofluorescence and immunohistochemistry to systematically compare the expression of cytokeratin 5 (K5), cytokeratin 6 (K6), cytokeratin 8 (K8), cytokeratin 14 (K14) and cytokeratin 19 (K19) in embryonic and early postnatal mouse mammary glands. We show that K6(+) and K8(+)/K14(+) putative mammary progenitor cells arise during embryogenesis with distinct temporal and spatial distributions. Moreover, we describe a transient disconnection of the expression of K5 and K14, two cytokeratins that are often co-expressed, during the first postnatal weeks of mammary development. Finally, we report that cytokeratin expression in cultured primary mammary epithelial cells mimics that during the early stages of postnatal mammary development. These studies demonstrate an embryonic origin of putative mammary stem/progenitor cells. Moreover, they provide additional insights into the use of specific cytokeratins as markers of mammary epithelial differentiation, or the use of their promoters to direct gene overexpression or ablation in genetic studies of mouse mammary development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Sun
- Department of Biological Chemistry, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697-1700, USA
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23
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Gu B, Sun P, Yuan Y, Moraes RC, Li A, Teng A, Agrawal A, Rhéaume C, Bilanchone V, Veltmaat JM, Takemaru KI, Millar S, Lee EYHP, Lewis MT, Li B, Dai X. Pygo2 expands mammary progenitor cells by facilitating histone H3 K4 methylation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 185:811-26. [PMID: 19487454 PMCID: PMC2711593 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.200810133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies have unequivocally identified multipotent stem/progenitor cells in mammary glands, offering a tractable model system to unravel genetic and epigenetic regulation of epithelial stem/progenitor cell development and homeostasis. In this study, we show that Pygo2, a member of an evolutionarily conserved family of plant homeo domain–containing proteins, is expressed in embryonic and postnatal mammary progenitor cells. Pygo2 deficiency, which is achieved by complete or epithelia-specific gene ablation in mice, results in defective mammary morphogenesis and regeneration accompanied by severely compromised expansive self-renewal of epithelial progenitor cells. Pygo2 converges with Wnt/β-catenin signaling on progenitor cell regulation and cell cycle gene expression, and loss of epithelial Pygo2 completely rescues β-catenin–induced mammary outgrowth. We further describe a novel molecular function of Pygo2 that is required for mammary progenitor cell expansion, which is to facilitate K4 trimethylation of histone H3, both globally and at Wnt/β-catenin target loci, via direct binding to K4-methyl histone H3 and recruiting histone H3 K4 methyltransferase complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingnan Gu
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
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24
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Kasper M, Jaks V, Fiaschi M, Toftgård R. Hedgehog signalling in breast cancer. Carcinogenesis 2009; 30:903-11. [PMID: 19237605 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgp048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer is the most common cause of cancer death among women worldwide. In order to improve the treatment of this disease, a more complete understanding of its biological basis is necessary. Since the Hedgehog (Hh) pathway was recently found to be required for growth and propagation of a number of different cancers, we discuss here the possible involvement of this pathway in the normal biology and development of cancer in the mammary gland. The use of mouse mammary cancer models has assisted the process of dissecting the mechanisms behind Hh-driven mammary tumour formation and growth. Based on recent studies, we conclude that the inhibition of Hh signalling in breast tumours may interfere with the maintenance of a putative cancer stem cell compartment and the abnormal stimulation of tumour stroma. Therefore, the components of the Hh signalling cascade may provide a set of drug targets, which could be implemented into novel combinatorial strategies for the treatment of breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Kasper
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, Novum, Huddinge, Sweden
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25
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Gu LH, Coulombe PA. Hedgehog signaling, keratin 6 induction, and sebaceous gland morphogenesis: implications for pachyonychia congenita and related conditions. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2008; 173:752-61. [PMID: 18688029 DOI: 10.2353/ajpath.2008.071089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Keratins 6a and b (K6a, K6b) belong to a subset of keratin genes with constitutive expression in epithelial appendages, and inducible expression in additional epithelia, when subjected to environmental challenges or disease. Mutations in K6a or K6b cause a broad spectrum of epithelial lesions that differentially affect nail, hair, and glands in humans. Some lesions reflect a loss of the structural support function shared by K6, other keratins, and intermediate filament proteins. The formation of sebaceous gland-derived epithelial cysts does not fit this paradigm, raising the question of the unique functions of different K6 isoforms in this setting. Here, we exploit a mouse model of constitutively expressed Gli2, a Hedgehog (Hh) signal effector, to show that K6a expression correlates with duct fate in sebaceous glands (SGs). Whether in the setting of Gli2 transgenic mice skin, which develops a prominent SG duct and additional pairs of highly branched SGs, or in wild-type mouse skin, K6a expression consistently coincides with Hh signaling in ductal tissue. Gli2 expression modestly transactivates a K6a promoter-driven reporter in heterologous systems. Our findings thus identify K6 as a marker of duct fate in SGs, partly in response to Hh signaling, with implications for the pathological expansion of SGs that arises in the context of certain keratin-based diseases and related disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Hong Gu
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 725 N. Wolfe St., Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
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26
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van Schaik E, Tom M, DeVinney R, Woods DE. Development of novel animal infection models for the study of acute and chronic Burkholderia pseudomallei pulmonary infections. Microbes Infect 2008; 10:1291-9. [PMID: 18707015 DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2008.07.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2008] [Revised: 07/07/2008] [Accepted: 07/18/2008] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Burkholderia pseudomallei causes the disease melioidosis. The most common clinical presentation of melioidosis is pneumonia which can occur in acute and chronic forms. The tsunami of 2004 demonstrated a new risk factor for the acquisition of melioidosis and resulted in the proposal that direct delivery of B. pseudomallei into the lungs may result in the enhanced ability of this pathogen to cause disease. In the present studies, we present the development and characterization of rat models of acute and chronic pulmonary melioidosis, and we have utilized these models to demonstrate that direct delivery of B. pseudomallei into the lungs does indeed result in the enhanced ability of this pathogen to cause disease. Importantly, the rat lung infection models for melioidosis can quantify differences in virulence between individual B. pseudomallei wild type strains during both acute and chronic infections. Further, the histopathology associated with pulmonary melioidosis in the rat resembles that seen in tuberculosis. B. pseudomallei microarrays were used to characterize gene expression patterns during chronic pulmonary infections. Transcriptional profiling at several time points during chronic infection revealed that a wide range of genes associated with virulence and metabolic functions are differentially regulated in vivo during chronic infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin van Schaik
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, University of Calgary Health Sciences Centre, 3330 Hospital Drive, NW, Calgary, Alberta T2N 4N1, Canada
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Abstract
The keratins are the typical intermediate filament proteins of epithelia, showing an outstanding degree of molecular diversity. Heteropolymeric filaments are formed by pairing of type I and type II molecules. In humans 54 functional keratin genes exist. They are expressed in highly specific patterns related to the epithelial type and stage of cellular differentiation. About half of all keratins—including numerous keratins characterized only recently—are restricted to the various compartments of hair follicles. As part of the epithelial cytoskeleton, keratins are important for the mechanical stability and integrity of epithelial cells and tissues. Moreover, some keratins also have regulatory functions and are involved in intracellular signaling pathways, e.g. protection from stress, wound healing, and apoptosis. Applying the new consensus nomenclature, this article summarizes, for all human keratins, their cell type and tissue distribution and their functional significance in relation to transgenic mouse models and human hereditary keratin diseases. Furthermore, since keratins also exhibit characteristic expression patterns in human tumors, several of them (notably K5, K7, K8/K18, K19, and K20) have great importance in immunohistochemical tumor diagnosis of carcinomas, in particular of unclear metastases and in precise classification and subtyping. Future research might open further fields of clinical application for this remarkable protein family.
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Smart CE, Clarke C, Brooks KM, Raghavendra A, Brewster BL, French JD, Hetherington R, Fleming JS, Rothnagel JA, Wainwright B, Lakhani SR, Brown MA. Targeted disruption of Brca1 in restricted compartments of the mouse mammary epithelia. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2007; 112:237-41. [DOI: 10.1007/s10549-007-9859-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2007] [Accepted: 12/03/2007] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Villadsen R, Fridriksdottir AJ, Rønnov-Jessen L, Gudjonsson T, Rank F, LaBarge MA, Bissell MJ, Petersen OW. Evidence for a stem cell hierarchy in the adult human breast. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 177:87-101. [PMID: 17420292 PMCID: PMC2064114 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.200611114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 270] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Cellular pathways that contribute to adult human mammary gland architecture and lineages have not been previously described. In this study, we identify a candidate stem cell niche in ducts and zones containing progenitor cells in lobules. Putative stem cells residing in ducts were essentially quiescent, whereas the progenitor cells in the lobules were more likely to be actively dividing. Cells from ducts and lobules collected under the microscope were functionally characterized by colony formation on tissue culture plastic, mammosphere formation in suspension culture, and morphogenesis in laminin-rich extracellular matrix gels. Staining for the lineage markers keratins K14 and K19 further revealed multipotent cells in the stem cell zone and three lineage-restricted cell types outside this zone. Multiparameter cell sorting and functional characterization with reference to anatomical sites in situ confirmed this pattern. The proposal that the four cell types are indeed constituents of an as of yet undescribed stem cell hierarchy was assessed in long-term cultures in which senescence was bypassed. These findings identify an adult human breast ductal stem cell activity and its earliest descendants.
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Affiliation(s)
- René Villadsen
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, and Zoophysiological Laboratory, University of Copenhagen, and Department of Pathology, State University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
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The MAPK(ERK-1,2) pathway integrates distinct and antagonistic signals from TGFalpha and FGF7 in morphogenesis of mouse mammary epithelium. Dev Biol 2007; 306:193-207. [PMID: 17448457 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2007.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2006] [Revised: 03/09/2007] [Accepted: 03/09/2007] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Transforming growth factor-alpha (TGFalpha) and fibroblast growth factor-7 (FGF7) exhibit distinct expression patterns in the mammary gland. Both factors signal through mitogen-activated kinase/extracellular regulated kinase-1,2 (MAPK(ERK1,2)); however, their unique and/or combined contributions to mammary morphogenesis have not been examined. In ex vivo mammary explants, we show that a sustained activation of MAPK(ERK1,2) for 1 h, induced by TGFalpha, was necessary and sufficient to initiate branching morphogenesis, whereas a transient activation (15 min) of MAPK(ERK1,2), induced by FGF7, led to growth without branching. Unlike TGFalpha, FGF7 promoted sustained proliferation as well as ectopic localization of, and increase in, keratin-6 expressing cells. The response of the explants to FGF10 was similar to that to FGF7. Simultaneous stimulation by FGF7 and TGFalpha indicated that the FGF7-induced MAPK(ERK1,2) signaling and associated phenotypes were dominant: FGF7 may prevent branching by suppression of two necessary TGFalpha-induced morphogenetic effectors, matrix metalloproteinase-3 (MMP-3/stromelysin-1), and fibronectin. Our findings indicate that expression of morphogenetic effectors, proliferation, and cell-type decisions during mammary organoid morphogenesis are intimately dependent on the duration of activation of MAPK(ERK1,2) activation.
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Magin TM, Vijayaraj P, Leube RE. Structural and regulatory functions of keratins. Exp Cell Res 2007; 313:2021-32. [PMID: 17434482 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2007.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 201] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2007] [Revised: 03/02/2007] [Accepted: 03/06/2007] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The diversity of epithelial functions is reflected by the expression of distinct keratin pairs that are responsible to protect epithelial cells against mechanical stress and to act as signaling platforms. The keratin cytoskeleton integrates these functions by forming a supracellular scaffold that connects at desmosomal cell-cell adhesions. Multiple human diseases and murine knockouts in which the integrity of this system is destroyed testify to its importance as a mechanical stabilizer in certain epithelia. Yet, surprisingly little is known about the precise mechanisms responsible for assembly and disease pathology. In addition to these structural aspects of keratin function, experimental evidence accumulating in recent years has led to a much more complex view of the keratin cytoskeleton. Distinct keratins emerge as highly dynamic scaffolds in different settings and contribute to cell size determination, translation control, proliferation, cell type-specific organelle transport, malignant transformation and various stress responses. All of these properties are controlled by highly complex patterns of phosphorylation and molecular associations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas M Magin
- Institute for Physiological Chemistry, Division of Cell Biochemistry, Bonner Forum Biomedizin and LIMES, Universität Bonn, Nussallee 11, 53115 Bonn, Germany.
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Moraes RC, Zhang X, Harrington N, Fung JY, Wu MF, Hilsenbeck SG, Allred DC, Lewis MT. Constitutive activation of smoothened (SMO) in mammary glands of transgenic mice leads to increased proliferation, altered differentiation and ductal dysplasia. Development 2007; 134:1231-42. [PMID: 17287253 DOI: 10.1242/dev.02797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The hedgehog signaling network regulates pattern formation, proliferation, cell fate and stem/progenitor cell self-renewal in many organs. Altered hedgehog signaling is implicated in 20-25% of all cancers, including breast cancer. We demonstrated previously that heterozygous disruption of the gene encoding the patched-1 (PTCH1) hedgehog receptor, a negative regulator of smoothened (Smo) in the absence of ligand, led to mammary ductal dysplasia in virgin mice. We now show that expression of activated human SMO (SmoM2) under the mouse mammary tumor virus (MMTV) promoter in transgenic mice leads to increased proliferation, altered differentiation, and ductal dysplasias distinct from those caused by Ptch1 heterozygosity. SMO activation also increased the mammosphere-forming efficiency of primary mammary epithelial cells. However, limiting-dilution transplantation showed a decrease in the frequency of regenerative stem cells in MMTV-SmoM2 epithelium relative to wild type, suggesting enhanced mammosphere-forming efficiency was due to increased survival or activity of division-competent cell types under anchorage-independent growth conditions, rather than an increase in the proportion of regenerative stem cells per se. In human clinical samples, altered hedgehog signaling occurs early in breast cancer development, with PTCH1 expression reduced in approximately 50% of ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) and invasive breast cancers (IBC). Conversely, SMO is ectopically expressed in 70% of DCIS and 30% of IBC. Surprisingly, in both human tumors and MMTV-SmoM2 mice, SMO rarely colocalized with the Ki67 proliferation marker. Our data suggest that altered hedgehog signaling may contribute to breast cancer development by stimulating proliferation, and by increasing the pool of division-competent cells capable of anchorage-independent growth.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Apoptosis
- Caspase 3/metabolism
- Cell Differentiation
- Cell Proliferation
- Cell Transformation, Neoplastic/genetics
- Cell Transformation, Neoplastic/metabolism
- Cell Transformation, Neoplastic/pathology
- Fibrocystic Breast Disease/etiology
- Fibrocystic Breast Disease/genetics
- Fibrocystic Breast Disease/pathology
- Hedgehog Proteins/metabolism
- Humans
- Ki-67 Antigen/analysis
- Ki-67 Antigen/metabolism
- Mammary Glands, Animal/chemistry
- Mammary Glands, Animal/metabolism
- Mammary Glands, Animal/pathology
- Mammary Tumor Virus, Mouse/genetics
- Mice
- Mice, Transgenic
- Patched Receptors
- Patched-1 Receptor
- Promoter Regions, Genetic
- Receptors, Cell Surface/genetics
- Receptors, Cell Surface/metabolism
- Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled/analysis
- Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled/genetics
- Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled/metabolism
- Smoothened Receptor
- Transgenes
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo C Moraes
- Baylor Breast Center and Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Room N1210; MS:BCM600, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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Chen MS, Woodward WA, Behbod F, Peddibhotla S, Alfaro MP, Buchholz TA, Rosen JM. Wnt/beta-catenin mediates radiation resistance of Sca1+ progenitors in an immortalized mammary gland cell line. J Cell Sci 2007; 120:468-77. [PMID: 17227796 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.03348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The COMMA-Dbeta-geo cell line has been shown to contain a permanent subpopulation of progenitor cells that are enriched in outgrowth potential. Using the COMMA-Dbeta-geo cell line as a model, we sought to study the radioresistance of mammary progenitor cells. Using the putative progenitor cell marker stem cell antigen 1 (Sca1), we were able to isolate a discrete subpopulation of Sca1(+) multipotent cells from the immortalized COMMA-Dbeta-geo murine mammary cell line. At a clinically relevant dose, the Sca1(+) cells were resistant to radiation (2 Gy). Sca1(+) cells contained fewer gamma-H2AX(+) DNA damage foci following irradiation, displayed higher levels of endogenous beta-catenin, and selectively upregulated survivin after radiation. Expression of active beta-catenin enhanced self-renewal preferentially in the Sca1(+) cells, whereas suppressing beta-catenin with a dominant negative, beta-engrailed, decreased self-renewal of the Sca1(+) cells. Understanding the radioresistance of progenitor cells may be an important factor in improving the treatment of cancer. The COMMA-Dbeta-geo cell line may provide a useful model to study the signaling pathways that control mammary progenitor cell regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mercy S Chen
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, M638a Houston, TX 77030-3498, USA
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Du Z, Podsypanina K, Huang S, McGrath A, Toneff MJ, Bogoslovskaia E, Zhang X, Moraes RC, Fluck M, Allred DC, Lewis MT, Varmus HE, Li Y. Introduction of oncogenes into mammary glands in vivo with an avian retroviral vector initiates and promotes carcinogenesis in mouse models. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2006; 103:17396-401. [PMID: 17090666 PMCID: PMC1635021 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0608607103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
We have adapted the avian leukosis virus RCAS (replication-competent avian sarcoma-leukosis virus LTR splice acceptor)-mediated somatic gene transfer technique to introduce oncogenes into mammary cells in mice transgenic for the avian subgroup A receptor gene, tva, under control of the mouse mammary tumor virus (MMTV) promoter. Intraductal instillation of an RCAS vector carrying the polyoma middle T antigen (PyMT) gene (RCAS-PyMT) induced multiple, oligoclonal tumors within 3 weeks in infected mammary glands of MMTV-tva transgenic mice. The rapid appearance of these tumors from a relatively small pool of infected cells (estimated to be approximately 2 x 10(3) cells per gland by infection with RCAS carrying a GFP gene; RCAS-GFP) was accompanied by a high fraction of cells positive for Ki67, Cyclin D1, and c-Myc, implying strong proliferation competence. Furthermore, the tumors displayed greater cellular heterogeneity than did tumors arising in MMTV-PyMT mice, suggesting that RCAS-PyMT transforms a relatively immature cell type. Infection of mice transgenic for both MMTV-Wnt-1 and MMTV-tva with RCAS virus carrying an activated Neu oncogene dramatically enhanced tumor formation over what is observed in uninfected bitransgenic animals. We conclude that infection of mammary glands with retrovirus vectors is an efficient means to screen candidate oncogenes for their capacity to initiate or promote mammary carcinogenesis in the mouse.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Katrina Podsypanina
- Program in Cancer Biology and Genetics, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10021; and
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Michele Fluck
- Department of Microbiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824
| | | | - Michael T. Lewis
- *Breast Center and
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030
| | - Harold E. Varmus
- Program in Cancer Biology and Genetics, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10021; and
- To whom correspondence may be addressed. E-mail:
or
| | - Yi Li
- *Breast Center and
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030
- To whom correspondence may be addressed. E-mail:
or
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