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Wang J, Li B, Luo M, Huang J, Zhang K, Zheng S, Zhang S, Zhou J. Progression from ductal carcinoma in situ to invasive breast cancer: molecular features and clinical significance. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2024; 9:83. [PMID: 38570490 PMCID: PMC10991592 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-024-01779-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2023] [Revised: 02/14/2024] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) represents pre-invasive breast carcinoma. In untreated cases, 25-60% DCIS progress to invasive ductal carcinoma (IDC). The challenge lies in distinguishing between non-progressive and progressive DCIS, often resulting in over- or under-treatment in many cases. With increasing screen-detected DCIS in these years, the nature of DCIS has aroused worldwide attention. A deeper understanding of the biological nature of DCIS and the molecular journey of the DCIS-IDC transition is crucial for more effective clinical management. Here, we reviewed the key signaling pathways in breast cancer that may contribute to DCIS initiation and progression. We also explored the molecular features of DCIS and IDC, shedding light on the progression of DCIS through both inherent changes within tumor cells and alterations in the tumor microenvironment. In addition, valuable research tools utilized in studying DCIS including preclinical models and newer advanced technologies such as single-cell sequencing, spatial transcriptomics and artificial intelligence, have been systematically summarized. Further, we thoroughly discussed the clinical advancements in DCIS and IDC, including prognostic biomarkers and clinical managements, with the aim of facilitating more personalized treatment strategies in the future. Research on DCIS has already yielded significant insights into breast carcinogenesis and will continue to pave the way for practical clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Wang
- The Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Intervention, China National Ministry of Education, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
- Department of Breast Surgery and Oncology, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Hangzhou, China
| | - Baizhou Li
- Department of Pathology, the Fourth Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Yiwu, China
| | - Meng Luo
- The Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Intervention, China National Ministry of Education, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Hangzhou, China
- Department of Plastic Surgery, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jia Huang
- The Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Intervention, China National Ministry of Education, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Hangzhou, China
| | - Kun Zhang
- Department of Breast Surgery and Oncology, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Shu Zheng
- The Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Intervention, China National Ministry of Education, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Hangzhou, China
| | - Suzhan Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Intervention, China National Ministry of Education, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.
- Zhejiang Provincial Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Hangzhou, China.
| | - Jiaojiao Zhou
- The Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Intervention, China National Ministry of Education, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.
- Department of Breast Surgery and Oncology, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.
- Zhejiang Provincial Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Hangzhou, China.
- Cancer Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.
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2
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Mauduit O, Delcroix V, Wong A, Ivanova A, Miles L, Lee HS, Makarenkova H. A closer look into the cellular and molecular biology of myoepithelial cells across various exocrine glands. Ocul Surf 2024; 31:63-80. [PMID: 38141817 PMCID: PMC10855576 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtos.2023.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2023] [Revised: 12/02/2023] [Accepted: 12/09/2023] [Indexed: 12/25/2023]
Abstract
Myoepithelial cells (MECs) are a unique subset of epithelial cells that possess several smooth muscle cell characteristics, such as a high number of actin-myosin filaments and the ability to contract. These cells are primarily located around the secretory cells of exocrine glands, including the salivary, mammary, lacrimal, and sweat glands. Their primary functions involve the construction of the basement membrane and help with secretion of gland products through contraction. So far, no comparative analysis of MECs in different exocrine glands had ever evaluated their differences. In this review, we took advantage of the various publicly available scRNAseq data from mouse exocrine glands to identify their shared and unique characteristics. The aim of this review is to compare the role of MECs in maintaining healthy glandular function, their involvement in disease states, and their regenerative capacity, with a particular emphasis on the latest research findings in these areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Mauduit
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Vanessa Delcroix
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Andrew Wong
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Anastasiia Ivanova
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Lindsey Miles
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Hyun Soo Lee
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA; Department of Ophthalmology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, 06591, Republic of Korea
| | - Helen Makarenkova
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA.
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3
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Shams A. Re-evaluation of the myoepithelial cells roles in the breast cancer progression. Cancer Cell Int 2022; 22:403. [PMID: 36510219 PMCID: PMC9746125 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-022-02829-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Accepted: 12/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the past decades, luminal epithelial cell lineage has gained considerable attraction as the functionally milk-secreting units and as the most fruitful acreage for breast cancer launching. Recognition of the effective involvement of the myoepithelial cells in mammary gland development and in hampering tumorigenesis has renewed the interest in investigating the biological roles of this second main mammary lineage. The human breast is made up of an extensively branching ductal system intervening by copious lobular units. The ductal system is coated by a chain of luminal epithelial cells (LECs) situated on a layer of myoepithelial cells (MECs) and encompassed by a distinguished basement membrane. Ductal contractility during lactation is a well-known function delivered by the MECs however this is not the only assignment mediated by these cellular populations. It has been well appreciated that the MECs exhibit a natural paracrine power in defeating cancer development and advancement. MECs were found to express numerous proteinase inhibitors, anti-angiogenic factors, and tumour suppressors proteins. Additionally, MECs contributed effectively to maintaining the right luminal cells' polarization and further separating them from the adjacent stroma by making an integrated fence. Indeed, disruption of the MECs layer was reported to facilitate the invasion of the cancer cells to the surrounding stroma. Nonetheless, MECs were also found to exhibit cancer-promoting effects and provoke tumour invasion and dissemination by displaying distinct cancer chemokines. Herein in this review, we aimed to address the roles delivered by MECs in breast cancer progression and decipher the molecular mechanisms regulating proper MECs' physiology, integrity, and terminal differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anwar Shams
- grid.412895.30000 0004 0419 5255Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Taif University, P.O. BOX 11099, Taif, 21944 Saudi Arabia
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4
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Mechanostimulation of breast myoepithelial cells induces functional changes associated with DCIS progression to invasion. NPJ Breast Cancer 2022; 8:109. [PMID: 36127361 PMCID: PMC9489768 DOI: 10.1038/s41523-022-00464-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Women with ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) have an increased risk of progression to invasive breast cancer. Although not all women with DCIS will progress to invasion, all are treated as such, emphasising the need to identify prognostic biomarkers. We have previously shown that altered myoepithelial cells in DCIS predict disease progression and recurrence. By analysing DCIS duct size in sections of human breast tumour samples, we identified an associated upregulation of integrin β6 and an increase in periductal fibronectin deposition with increased DCIS duct size that associated with the progression of DCIS to invasion. Our modelling of the mechanical stretching myoepithelial cells undergo during DCIS progression confirmed the upregulation of integrin β6 and fibronectin expression in isolated primary and cell line models of normal myoepithelial cells. Our studies reveal that this mechanostimulated DCIS myoepithelial cell phenotype enhances invasion in a TGFβ-mediated upregulation of MMP13. Immunohistochemical analysis identified that MMP13 was specifically upregulated in DCIS, and it was associated with progression to invasion. These findings implicate tissue mechanics in altering the myoepithelial cell phenotype in DCIS, and that these alterations may be used to stratify DCIS patients into low and high risk for invasive progression.
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Zhao Y, Bilal M, Raza A, Khan MI, Mehmood S, Hayat U, Hassan STS, Iqbal HMN. Tyrosine kinase inhibitors and their unique therapeutic potentialities to combat cancer. Int J Biol Macromol 2021; 168:22-37. [PMID: 33290765 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2020] [Revised: 12/01/2020] [Accepted: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Cancer is one of the leading causes of death with a mortality rate of 12%. Although significant progress has been achieved in cancer research, the effective treatment of cancer remains the greatest global challenge in medicine. Dysregulation of tyrosine kinases (TK) is one of the characteristics of several types of cancers. Thus, drugs that target and inhibit these enzymes, known as TK inhibitors (TKIs), are considered vital chemotherapeutics to combat various types of cancer. The oral bioavailability of available TKIs and their targeted therapy are their potential benefits. Based on these characteristics, most TKIs are included in first/second-line therapy for the treatment of different cancers. This review aims to shed light on orally-active TKIs (natural and synthetic molecules) and their promising implication in the therapy of numerous types of tumors along with their mechanisms of action. Further, recent progress in the development of synthetic and isolation of natural TKIs is reviewed. A significant growth in research regarding the development of new-generation TKIs is made with time (23 FDA-approved TKIs from 2018) due to their better therapeutic response. Oral bioavailability should be considered as an important parameter while developing of new-generation TKIs; however, drug delivery systems can also be used to address issue of poor bioavailability to a certain extent. Moreover, clinical trials should be designed in consideration of the development of resistance and tumor heterogeneity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuping Zhao
- School of Life Science and Food Engineering, Huaiyin Institute of Technology, Huaian 223003, China.
| | - Muhammad Bilal
- School of Life Science and Food Engineering, Huaiyin Institute of Technology, Huaian 223003, China.
| | - Ali Raza
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Muhammad Imran Khan
- Hefei National Lab for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and the Centers for Biomedical Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230027, China
| | - Shahid Mehmood
- Key Laboratory of Protein and Peptide Pharmaceuticals, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Uzma Hayat
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Sherif T S Hassan
- Department of Applied Ecology, Faculty of Environmental Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamýcká 129, 6-Suchdol, 165 21 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Hafiz M N Iqbal
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, School of Engineering and Sciences, Monterrey, 64849, Mexico.
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6
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Scarini JF, Egal ESA, de Lima-Souza RA, Crescencio LR, Emerick C, Kowalski LP, Altemani A, Mariano FV. Two sides of the same coin: Insights into the myoepithelial cells in carcinoma ex pleomorphic adenoma development. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2020; 157:103195. [PMID: 33307199 DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2020.103195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Revised: 11/11/2020] [Accepted: 12/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The myoepithelial cell seems to play an important role as a tumor suppressor in the development of carcinoma ex pleomorphic adenoma. Nevertheless, interesting aspects concerning the other side of the coin, i.e., the contribution of the myoepithelial cell to cell proliferation, were brought to light. Here we highlighted the studies in which myoepithelial cells were presented as tumor suppressors and promoters in the context of PA malignant transformation. In conclusion, even if in a paracrine way, divergent signals can alter the suppressor role of the myoepithelial cell and induce it to compose a microenvironment propitious to the tumor progression of the malignant cells. This would cause myoepithelial cells to succumb and malignant epithelial cells to initiate progression beyond the basal membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- João Figueira Scarini
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Sao Paulo, Brazil; Department of Oral Diagnosis, School of Dentistry, University of Campinas (FOP/UNICAMP), Piracicaba, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Erika Said Abu Egal
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Sao Paulo, Brazil; Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Utah (UU), Salt Lake City, UT, United States
| | - Reydson Alcides de Lima-Souza
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Sao Paulo, Brazil; Department of Oral Diagnosis, School of Dentistry, University of Campinas (FOP/UNICAMP), Piracicaba, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Lívia Ramalho Crescencio
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Sao Paulo, Brazil; Department of Oral Diagnosis, School of Dentistry, University of Campinas (FOP/UNICAMP), Piracicaba, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Carolina Emerick
- Department of Oral Diagnosis, School of Dentistry, University of Campinas (FOP/UNICAMP), Piracicaba, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Luiz Paulo Kowalski
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery and Otorhinolaryngology, A.C. Camargo Cancer Center, São Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Albina Altemani
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Viviane Mariano
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Sao Paulo, Brazil.
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7
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Masood S. Is it ductal carcinoma in situ with microinvasion or "Ductogenesis"? The role of myoepithelial cell markers. Breast J 2020; 26:1138-1147. [PMID: 32447817 DOI: 10.1111/tbj.13897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2020] [Accepted: 05/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Mammary myoepithelial cells have been under-recognized for many years since they were considered less important in breast cancer tumorigenesis compared to luminal epithelial cells. However, in recent years with advances in genomics, cell biology, and research in breast cancer microenvironment, more emphasis has been placed on better understanding of the role that myoepithelial cells play in breast cancer progression. As the result, it has been recognized that the presence or absence of myoepithelial cells play a critical role in the assessment of tumor invasion in diagnostic breast pathology. In addition, advances in screening mammography and breast imaging has resulted in increased detection of ductal carcinoma in situ and consequently more diagnosis of ductal carcinoma in situ with microinvasion. In the present review, we discuss the characteristics of myoepithelial cells, their genomic markers and their role in the accurate diagnosis of ductal carcinoma in situ with microinvasion. We also share our experience with reporting of various morphologic features of ductal carcinoma in situ that may mimic microinvasion and introduce the term of ductogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahla Masood
- Department of Pathology, University of Florida College of Medicine - Jax, Jacksonville, FL, USA
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8
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Rogez B, Pascal Q, Bobillier A, Machuron F, Toillon RA, Tierny D, Chopin V, Le Bourhis X. Expression and Prognostic Significance of Neurotrophins and Their Receptors in Canine Mammary Tumors. Vet Pathol 2020; 57:507-519. [PMID: 32351171 DOI: 10.1177/0300985820921813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Accumulating data highlight the role of neurotrophins and their receptors in human breast cancer. This family includes nerve growth factor (NGF) and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), both synthetized as proneurotrophins (proNGF and proBDNF). (pro)NGF and (pro)BDNF initiate their biological effects by binding to both their specific receptors TrkA and TrkB, respectively, and the common receptor p75NTR. Currently, no data are available about their expression and potential role in canine mammary tumors. The aim of this study was to investigate expression of proNGF and BDNF as well as their receptors TrkA, TrkB, and p75NTR in canine mammary carcinomas, and to correlate them with clinicopathological parameters (grade, histological type, lymph node status, recurrence, and distant metastasis) and survival. Immunohistochemistry was performed on serial sections of 96 canine mammary carcinomas with antibodies against proNGF, BDNF, TrkA, TrkB, and p75NTR. Of the 96 carcinomas, proNGF expression was detected in 71 (74%), BDNF in 79 (82%), TrkA in 94 (98%), TrkB in 35 (37%), and p75NTR in 44 (46%). No association was observed between proNGF, BDNF, or TrkA expression and either clinicopathological parameters or survival. TrkB and p75NTR expression were associated with favorable clinicopathological parameters as well as better overall survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernadette Rogez
- University of Lille, INSERM U908 "Cell Plasticity and Cancer," Villeneuve d'Ascq, France.,OCR (Oncovet Clinical Research), Parc Eurasanté, Loos, France
| | - Quentin Pascal
- OCR (Oncovet Clinical Research), Parc Eurasanté, Loos, France
| | | | | | - Robert-Alain Toillon
- University of Lille, INSERM U908 "Cell Plasticity and Cancer," Villeneuve d'Ascq, France
| | | | - Valérie Chopin
- University of Lille, INSERM U908 "Cell Plasticity and Cancer," Villeneuve d'Ascq, France.,University of Picardie Jules Verne, Amiens, France.,Contributed equally to this work
| | - Xuefen Le Bourhis
- University of Lille, INSERM U908 "Cell Plasticity and Cancer," Villeneuve d'Ascq, France.,Contributed equally to this work
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9
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Koyama R, Minagawa N, Maeda Y, Shinohara T, Hamada T. Metachronous Pancreatic and Thyroid Metastases from Primary Soft-Tissue Myoepithelioma in the Clavicular Region: A Case Report of a Long-Term Survivor. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CASE REPORTS 2020; 21:e920702. [PMID: 31983728 PMCID: PMC6998795 DOI: 10.12659/ajcr.920702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Patient: Male, 69-year-old Final Diagnosis: Metachronous pancreatic and thyroid metastases from primary soft tissue myoepithelioma Symptoms: None Medication:— Clinical Procedure: Surgery Specialty: Surgery
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryota Koyama
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Hokkaido Cancer Center, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Nozomi Minagawa
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Hokkaido Cancer Center, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Yoshiaki Maeda
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Hokkaido Cancer Center, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Toshiki Shinohara
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Hokkaido Cancer Center, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Tomonori Hamada
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Hokkaido Cancer Center, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
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10
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Degner S, Schoon HA, Degner S, Baudis M, Schandelmaier C, Aupperle-Lellbach H, Schöniger S. Expression of Myoepithelial Markers in Mammary Carcinomas of 119 Pet Rabbits. Animals (Basel) 2019; 9:ani9100740. [PMID: 31569405 PMCID: PMC6826665 DOI: 10.3390/ani9100740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2019] [Revised: 09/23/2019] [Accepted: 09/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Mammary cancer is a serious health issue in pet rabbits; prognostic factors are unknown. In a normal mammary gland, glandular secretory cells are surrounded by a single continuous layer of myoepithelial cells. In non-invasive mammary carcinomas, tumor cells are delineated by an intact myoepithelial layer, which is gradually lost to invasive carcinomas. The main aim of this study was to determine in rabbit mammary carcinomas (n = 119) the expression of myoepithelial markers that have prognostic significance in human cancer. Results show that all cases contained some retained myoepithelial cells. In 93% of the tumors, neoplastic cells expressed the myoepithelial marker calponin. There was a statistically significant association between higher percentages of calponin-containing cancer cells and histological features indicative of a better tumor differentiation, i.e., a lower proliferation of tumor cells, an increased percentage of tubular growth within the tumor, and a lower tumor grade, respectively. These results suggest that rabbit mammary carcinomas develop from progression of non-invasive cancer forms, and that calponin expression in cancer cells likely represents a favorable prognostic factor. The latter hypothesis has to be confirmed in long-term follow-up studies. Abstract Most mammary tumors in pet rabbits are carcinomas; prognostic factors are unknown. The aim of this study on rabbit mammary carcinomas was to determine the expression of myoepithelial markers that have a prognostic relevance in human cancers. Mammary carcinomas (n = 119) of female or female-spayed pet rabbits were immunostained for cytokeratin AE1/AE3, vimentin, smooth muscle actin (SMA), and calponin; and percentages of non-neoplastic myoepithelial cells (ME cells) and calponin-positive neoplastic cells were determined. Using statistical analysis, data were correlated with the age of the rabbits and histological tumor characteristics. All carcinomas contained retained spindle-shaped ME, while 115 also contained hypertrophic ME (HME). A statistically significant relationship existed between a higher age and an increase in HME. In 111 carcinomas (93%), tumor cells expressed calponin. There was a significant correlation between higher percentages of calponin-positive tumor cells and a lower mitotic count, an increased percentage of tubular growth, and a lower grading score, respectively. Data suggest that pet rabbit mammary carcinomas develop from progression of in situ cancer and that the extent of calponin expression in tumor cells influences their biological behavior. These results provide the basis for a long-term follow-up on the prognostic significance of calponin expression in mammary cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Degner
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology, University of Leipzig, 04109 Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Heinz-Adolf Schoon
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology, University of Leipzig, 04109 Leipzig, Germany.
| | | | - Mathias Baudis
- Veterinary Practice Ralf Bischoff, 49328 Melle-Markendorf, Germany.
| | - Claudia Schandelmaier
- Laboklin GmbH & Co. KG, Laboratory for clinical diagnostics, 97688 Bad Kissingen, Germany.
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11
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Ding L, Su Y, Fassl A, Hinohara K, Qiu X, Harper NW, Huh SJ, Bloushtain-Qimron N, Jovanović B, Ekram M, Zi X, Hines WC, Alečković M, Gil Del Alcazar C, Caulfield RJ, Bonal DM, Nguyen QD, Merino VF, Choudhury S, Ethington G, Panos L, Grant M, Herlihy W, Au A, Rosson GD, Argani P, Richardson AL, Dillon D, Allred DC, Babski K, Kim EMH, McDonnell CH, Wagner J, Rowberry R, Bobolis K, Kleer CG, Hwang ES, Blum JL, Cristea S, Sicinski P, Fan R, Long HW, Sukumar S, Park SY, Garber JE, Bissell M, Yao J, Polyak K. Perturbed myoepithelial cell differentiation in BRCA mutation carriers and in ductal carcinoma in situ. Nat Commun 2019; 10:4182. [PMID: 31519911 PMCID: PMC6744561 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-12125-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2018] [Accepted: 08/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Myoepithelial cells play key roles in normal mammary gland development and in limiting pre-invasive to invasive breast tumor progression, yet their differentiation and perturbation in ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) are poorly understood. Here, we investigated myoepithelial cells in normal breast tissues of BRCA1 and BRCA2 germline mutation carriers and in non-carrier controls, and in sporadic DCIS. We found that in the normal breast of non-carriers, myoepithelial cells frequently co-express the p63 and TCF7 transcription factors and that p63 and TCF7 show overlapping chromatin peaks associated with differentiated myoepithelium-specific genes. In contrast, in normal breast tissues of BRCA1 mutation carriers the frequency of p63+TCF7+ myoepithelial cells is significantly decreased and p63 and TCF7 chromatin peaks do not overlap. These myoepithelial perturbations in normal breast tissues of BRCA1 germline mutation carriers may play a role in their higher risk of breast cancer. The fraction of p63+TCF7+ myoepithelial cells is also significantly decreased in DCIS, which may be associated with invasive progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lina Ding
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute Boston, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Ying Su
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute Boston, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- Deciphera Pharmaceuticals, Waltham, MA, USA
| | - Anne Fassl
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute Boston, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
- Department of Genetics, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Kunihiko Hinohara
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute Boston, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Xintao Qiu
- Center for Functional Cancer Epigenetics, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Nicholas W Harper
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute Boston, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Sung Jin Huh
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute Boston, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- ImmunoGen, Inc, Waltham, MA, USA
| | - Noga Bloushtain-Qimron
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute Boston, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
- EMEA Site Intelligence and Activation, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Bojana Jovanović
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute Boston, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Muhammad Ekram
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute Boston, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- WuXi NextCODE, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Xiaoyuan Zi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA
- Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, P.R. China
| | - William C Hines
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
- University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Maša Alečković
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute Boston, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Carlos Gil Del Alcazar
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute Boston, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Ryan J Caulfield
- Lurie Family Imaging Center, Center for Biomedical Imaging in Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute Boston, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Dennis M Bonal
- Lurie Family Imaging Center, Center for Biomedical Imaging in Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute Boston, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Quang-De Nguyen
- Lurie Family Imaging Center, Center for Biomedical Imaging in Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute Boston, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Vanessa F Merino
- Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21231, USA
| | - Sibgat Choudhury
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute Boston, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- Metamark Genetics Inc, Worcester, MA, USA
| | | | - Laura Panos
- Baylor-Charles A. Sammons Cancer Center, Dallas, TX, 75246, USA
| | - Michael Grant
- Baylor-Charles A. Sammons Cancer Center, Dallas, TX, 75246, USA
| | - William Herlihy
- Baylor-Charles A. Sammons Cancer Center, Dallas, TX, 75246, USA
| | - Alfred Au
- University of California San Francisco Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
| | - Gedge D Rosson
- Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21231, USA
| | - Pedram Argani
- Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21231, USA
| | - Andrea L Richardson
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Deborah Dillon
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - D Craig Allred
- Department of Pathology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Kirsten Babski
- Sutter Roseville Medical Center, Roseville, CA, 95661, USA
| | - Elizabeth Min Hui Kim
- Sutter Roseville Medical Center, Roseville, CA, 95661, USA
- Cancer Treatment Centers of America, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | | | - Jon Wagner
- Sutter Roseville Medical Center, Roseville, CA, 95661, USA
| | - Ron Rowberry
- Sutter Roseville Medical Center, Roseville, CA, 95661, USA
| | | | - Celina G Kleer
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - E Shelley Hwang
- University of California San Francisco Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
- Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Joanne L Blum
- Baylor-Charles A. Sammons Cancer Center, Dallas, TX, 75246, USA
| | - Simona Cristea
- Department of Data Science, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute Boston, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
- Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health Boston, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University Cambridge, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
| | - Piotr Sicinski
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute Boston, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
- Department of Genetics, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Rong Fan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA
| | - Henry W Long
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute Boston, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
- Center for Functional Cancer Epigenetics, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Saraswati Sukumar
- Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21231, USA
| | - So Yeon Park
- Department of Pathology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Judy E Garber
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute Boston, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Mina Bissell
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Jun Yao
- MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Kornelia Polyak
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute Boston, Boston, MA, 02215, USA.
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
- Center for Functional Cancer Epigenetics, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA.
- Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA.
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12
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Jiao X, Li Z, Wang M, Katiyar S, Di Sante G, Farshchian M, South AP, Cocola C, Colombo D, Reinbold R, Zucchi I, Wu K, Tabas I, Spike BT, Pestell RG. Dachshund Depletion Disrupts Mammary Gland Development and Diverts the Composition of the Mammary Gland Progenitor Pool. Stem Cell Reports 2018; 12:135-151. [PMID: 30554919 PMCID: PMC6335505 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2018.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2018] [Revised: 11/14/2018] [Accepted: 11/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
DACH1 abundance is reduced in human malignancies, including breast cancer. Herein DACH1 was detected among multipotent fetal mammary stem cells in the embryo, among mixed lineage precursors, and in adult basal cells and (ERα+) luminal progenitors. Dach1 gene deletion at 6 weeks in transgenic mice reduced ductal branching, reduced the proportion of mammary basal cells (Lin− CD24med CD29high) and reduced abundance of basal cytokeratin 5, whereas DACH1 overexpression induced ductal branching, increased Gata3 and Notch1, and expanded mammosphere formation in LA-7 breast cells. Mammary gland-transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) activity, known to reduce ductal branching and to reduce the basal cell population, increased upon Dach1 deletion, associated with increased SMAD phosphorylation. Association of the scaffold protein Smad anchor for receptor activation with Smad2/3, which facilitates TGF-β activation, was reduced by endogenous DACH1. DACH1 increases basal cells, enhances ductal formation and restrains TGF-β activity in vivo. Dach1 is expressed in mammary gland fetal stem cells and adult luminal cells Dach1 expands mammary gland basal/myoepithelial cells Dach1 induces post-natal mammary gland ductal formation Dach1 retrains TGF-β activity in the mammary gland in vivo
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuanmao Jiao
- Pennsylvania Cancer and Regenerative Medicine Research Center, Baruch S. Blumberg Institute, 3805 Old Easton Road, Doylestown, PA 18902, USA
| | - Zhiping Li
- Pennsylvania Cancer and Regenerative Medicine Research Center, Baruch S. Blumberg Institute, 3805 Old Easton Road, Doylestown, PA 18902, USA
| | - Min Wang
- Pennsylvania Cancer and Regenerative Medicine Research Center, Baruch S. Blumberg Institute, 3805 Old Easton Road, Doylestown, PA 18902, USA
| | - Sanjay Katiyar
- Department of Cancer Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Bluemle Life Sciences Building, 233 South 10(th) Street, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | - Gabriele Di Sante
- Pennsylvania Cancer and Regenerative Medicine Research Center, Baruch S. Blumberg Institute, 3805 Old Easton Road, Doylestown, PA 18902, USA
| | - Mehdi Farshchian
- Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Bluemle Life Sciences Building, 233 South 10(th) Street, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | - Andrew P South
- Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Bluemle Life Sciences Building, 233 South 10(th) Street, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | - Cinzia Cocola
- Istituto Tecnologie Biomediche, Consiglio Nazionale Delle Ricerche, Via Cervi 93, Segrate, 20090 Milano, Italy
| | - Daniele Colombo
- Istituto Tecnologie Biomediche, Consiglio Nazionale Delle Ricerche, Via Cervi 93, Segrate, 20090 Milano, Italy
| | - Rolland Reinbold
- Istituto Tecnologie Biomediche, Consiglio Nazionale Delle Ricerche, Via Cervi 93, Segrate, 20090 Milano, Italy
| | - Ileana Zucchi
- Istituto Tecnologie Biomediche, Consiglio Nazionale Delle Ricerche, Via Cervi 93, Segrate, 20090 Milano, Italy
| | - Kongming Wu
- Department of Oncology, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, P.R. China
| | - Ira Tabas
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA; Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA; Department of Physiology and Cellular Biophysics, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Benjamin T Spike
- Huntsman Cancer Institute, Department of Oncological Sciences, University of Utah, 2000 Circle of Hope, Room 2505, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Richard G Pestell
- Pennsylvania Cancer and Regenerative Medicine Research Center, Baruch S. Blumberg Institute, 3805 Old Easton Road, Doylestown, PA 18902, USA; Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637551, Singapore.
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13
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Ghosh A, Sarkar S, Banerjee S, Behbod F, Tawfik O, McGregor D, Graff S, Banerjee SK. MIND model for triple-negative breast cancer in syngeneic mice for quick and sequential progression analysis of lung metastasis. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0198143. [PMID: 29813119 PMCID: PMC5973560 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0198143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2018] [Accepted: 05/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Mouse models of breast cancer with specific molecular subtypes (e.g., ER or HER2 positive) in an immunocompetent or an immunocompromised environment significantly contribute to our understanding of cancer biology, despite some limitations, and they give insight into targeted therapies. However, an ideal triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) mouse model is lacking. What has been missing in the TNBC mouse model is a sequential progression of the disease in an essential native microenvironment. This notion inspired us to develop a TNBC-model in syngeneic mice using a mammary intraductal (MIND) method. To achieve this goal, Mvt-1and 4T1 TNBC mouse cell lines were injected into the mammary ducts via nipples of FVB/N mice and BALB/c wild-type immunocompetent mice, respectively. We established that the TNBC-MIND model in syngeneic mice could epitomize all breast cancer progression stages and metastasis into the lungs via lymphatic or hematogenous dissemination within four weeks. Collectively, the syngeneic mouse-TNBC-MIND model may serve as a unique platform for further investigation of the underlying mechanisms of TNBC growth and therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arnab Ghosh
- Cancer Research Unit, VA Medical Center, Kansas City, Missouri, United States of America
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, United States of America
| | - Sandipto Sarkar
- Cancer Research Unit, VA Medical Center, Kansas City, Missouri, United States of America
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, United States of America
| | - Snigdha Banerjee
- Cancer Research Unit, VA Medical Center, Kansas City, Missouri, United States of America
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, United States of America
| | - Fariba Behbod
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, United States of America
| | - Ossama Tawfik
- Saint Luke’s Hospital of Kansas City, Kansas City, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Douglas McGregor
- Cancer Research Unit, VA Medical Center, Kansas City, Missouri, United States of America
- Pathology Department, VA Medical Center, Kansas City, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Stephanie Graff
- Cancer Research Unit, VA Medical Center, Kansas City, Missouri, United States of America
- Sarah Cannon Cancer Center at HCA Midwest Health, Overland Park, Kansas, United States of America
| | - Sushanta K. Banerjee
- Cancer Research Unit, VA Medical Center, Kansas City, Missouri, United States of America
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, United States of America
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, United States of America
- * E-mail: ,
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Abstract
Background The aim of presenting this work is to describe a matrix producing carcinoma with anaplastic myoepithelial cell foci, with the coexistence of in situ myoepithelial carcinoma which originated from a sclerosing adenosis. Case report A 51-year-old perimenopausal woman presented with a hard irregular lump in her left breast. After histological confirmation of malignancy the patient underwent a modified radical mastectomy. The tumor was composed of a sclerosed fibroadenoma and preexisting sclerosing adenosis with poorly differentiated overt carcinoma within the cartilaginous matrix. There were foci of ordinary intermediate-grade carcinoma in situ and myoepithelial carcinoma in situ. Results We performed immunohistochemistry by the streptavidin-biotin horseradish peroxidase method. Estrogen receptor and progesterone receptor were negative, and so was c-erbB-2. Both the invasive and the in situ components were positive for CK7, CK19, CK14, vimentin, smooth muscle actin, nerve growth factor receptor, and epidermal growth factor receptor. By contrast, CK5/6 immunoexpression was found only in the in situ component. Negativity was found for p63 and CD10 within the tumor. While cytoplasmic bcl-2 immunoexpression was detected in some of the tumor cells of the invasive component, intranuclear p53 expression was found to be positive not only in the invasive component but also in the in situ component of the tumor. Conclusion The histopathological findings and the immunohistochemistry results support the derivation of the tumor from myoepithelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Handan Kaya
- Department of Pathology, Marmara University Hospital School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Bahadir Güllüoğlu
- Department of Surgery, Marmara University Hospital School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Erkin Aribal
- Department of Radiology, Marmara University Hospital School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
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15
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Zeng Z, Hou CJ, Hu QH, Liu Y, Wang C, Wei R, Fan XM. Mammography and ultrasound effective features in differentiating basal-like and normal-like subtypes of triple negative breast cancer. Oncotarget 2017; 8:79670-79679. [PMID: 29108347 PMCID: PMC5668080 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.19053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2016] [Accepted: 06/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of our study was to find effective features of mammography and ultrasound in differentiating Basal-like breast cancer (BBC) and Normal-like breast cancer (NBC), two subtypes of triple negative breast cancer (TNBC). From January 2014 to March 2017, we retrospectively reviewed 91 patients who were pathologically confirmed as TNBC. According to immunohistochemical cytokeratin 5/6 (CK5/6) and Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor (EGFR), TNBCs were classified into BBCs group and NBCs group. Both CK5/6 and EGFR were negative defined to be NBC, whereas if any of CK5/6 or EGFR was positive then defined as BBC. BBCs group concluded 65 (71.4%) cases and NBCs group concluded26 (28.6%) cases. Ultrasound images and mammograms were reevaluated by breast imaging experts according to the breast imaging reporting and data system (BI-RADS) 4th edition. On mammography, masses margins had significant differences between BBCs group and NBCs group (P = 0.024). Most BBCs margins exhibited microlobulated (30/64, 46.9%) or spiculated (25/64, 39.0%), whereas most NBCs margins exhibited microlobulated (17/23, 73.9%). On ultrasound, BBCs were more frequently to present as larger than 20mm lesions (52/65, 80.0%) and more likely to have angular or spiculated margins (35/65, 53.8%), additionally, compared with NBCs, BBCs were less likely to have calcification (1/65, 1.5%). Other mammography and ultrasound features showed no significant differences between the two groups. In conclusion, we have found some effective features of mammography and ultrasound that could be helpful in differentiating BBC and NBC, which will provide some useful references for clinical diagnosis and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeng Zeng
- Department of Ultrasound, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Chun Jie Hou
- Department of Ultrasound, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Qiao Hong Hu
- Department of Ultrasound, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Ying Liu
- Department of Ultrasound, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Ceng Wang
- Department of Ultrasound, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Ran Wei
- Department of Ultrasound, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiao Ming Fan
- Department of Ultrasound, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
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16
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Yodsurang V, Tanikawa C, Miyamoto T, Lo PHY, Hirata M, Matsuda K. Identification of a novel p53 target, COL17A1, that inhibits breast cancer cell migration and invasion. Oncotarget 2017; 8:55790-55803. [PMID: 28915553 PMCID: PMC5593524 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.18433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2017] [Accepted: 05/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
p53 mutation is a marker of poor prognosis in breast cancers. To identify downstream targets of p53, we screened two transcriptome datasets, including cDNA microarrays of MCF10A breast epithelial cells with wild-type p53 or p53-null background, and RNA sequence analysis of breast invasive carcinoma. Here, we unveil ten novel p53 target candidates that are up-regulated after the induction of p53 in wild-type cells. Their expressions are also high in breast invasive carcinoma tissues with wild-type p53. The GO analysis identified epidermis development and ectoderm development, which COL17A1 participates, as significantly up-regulated by wild-type p53. The COL17A1 expressions increased in a p53-dependent manner in human breast cells and mouse mammary tissues. Reporter assay and ChIP assay identified intronic p53-binding sequences in the COL17A1 gene. The MDA-MB-231 cells that genetically over-express COL17A1 gene product exhibited reduced migration and invasion in vitro. Similarly, COL17A1 expression was decreased in metastatic tumors compared to primary tumors and normal tissues, even from the same patients. Moreover, high COL17A1 expression was associated with longer survival of patients with invasive breast carcinoma. In conclusion, we revealed that COL17A1 is a novel p53 transcriptional target in breast tissues that inhibits cell migration and invasion and is associated with better prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Varalee Yodsurang
- Laboratory of Clinical Genome Sequencing, Department of Computational Biology and Medical Sciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Minato, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Chizu Tanikawa
- Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Human Genome Center, Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takafumi Miyamoto
- Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Human Genome Center, Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Paulisally Hau Yi Lo
- Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Human Genome Center, Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Makoto Hirata
- Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Human Genome Center, Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Koichi Matsuda
- Laboratory of Clinical Genome Sequencing, Department of Computational Biology and Medical Sciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Minato, Tokyo, Japan.,Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Human Genome Center, Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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17
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Wang Y, Jindal S, Martel M, Wu Y, Schedin P, Troxell M. Myoepithelial cells in lobular carcinoma in situ: distribution and immunophenotype. Hum Pathol 2016; 55:126-34. [PMID: 27195907 DOI: 10.1016/j.humpath.2016.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2016] [Revised: 04/15/2016] [Accepted: 05/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Myoepithelial cells have important physical and paracrine roles in breast tissue development, maintenance, and tumor suppression. Recent molecular and immunohistochemical studies have demonstrated phenotypic alterations in ductal carcinoma in situ-associated myoepithelial cells. Although the relationship of lobular carcinoma in situ (LCIS) and myoepithelial cells was described in 1980, further characterization of LCIS-associated myoepithelial cells is lacking. We stained 27 breast specimens harboring abundant LCIS with antibodies to smooth muscle myosin heavy chain, smooth muscle actin, and calponin. Dual stains for E-cadherin/smooth muscle myosin heavy chain and CK7/p63 were also performed. In each case, the intensity and distribution of staining in LCIS-associated myoepithelial cells were compared with normal breast tissue on the same slide. In 78% of the cases, LCIS-associated myoepithelial cells demonstrated decreased staining intensity for one or more myoepithelial markers. The normal localization of myoepithelial cells (flat against the basement membrane, pattern N) was seen in 96% of LCIS, yet 85% of cases had areas with myoepithelial cell cytoplasm oriented perpendicular to the basement membrane (pattern P), and in 30% of cases, myoepithelial cells appeared focally admixed with LCIS cells (pattern C). This study characterizes detailed architectural and immunophenotypic alterations of LCIS-associated myoepithelial cells. The finding of variably diminished staining favors application of several myoepithelial immunostains in clinical practice. The interaction of LCIS with myoepithelial cells, especially in light of the perpendicular and central architectural arrangements, deserves further mechanistic investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Wang
- Department of Pathology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239
| | - Sonali Jindal
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Cancer Biology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239
| | - Maritza Martel
- Department of Pathology, Providence Health and Services, Portland, OR 97213
| | - Yaping Wu
- Department of Pathology, Providence Health and Services, Portland, OR 97213
| | - Pepper Schedin
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Cancer Biology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239; Oregon Health & Science University, Knight Cancer Institute, Portland, OR 97239
| | - Megan Troxell
- Department of Pathology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239; Oregon Health & Science University, Knight Cancer Institute, Portland, OR 97239.
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18
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Ruszczyk M, Zirpoli G, Kumar S, Bandera EV, Bovbjerg DH, Jandorf L, Khoury T, Hwang H, Ciupak G, Pawlish K, Schedin P, Masso-Welch P, Ambrosone CB, Hong CC. Breast cancer risk factor associations differ for pure versus invasive carcinoma with an in situ component in case-control and case-case analyses. Cancer Causes Control 2015; 27:183-98. [PMID: 26621543 DOI: 10.1007/s10552-015-0696-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2015] [Accepted: 11/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Invasive ductal carcinoma (IDC) is diagnosed with or without a ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) component. Previous analyses have found significant differences in tumor characteristics between pure IDC lacking DCIS and mixed IDC with DCIS. We will test our hypothesis that pure IDC represents a form of breast cancer with etiology and risk factors distinct from mixed IDC/DCIS. METHODS We compared reproductive risk factors for breast cancer risk, as well as family and smoking history between 831 women with mixed IDC/DCIS (n = 650) or pure IDC (n = 181), and 1,620 controls, in the context of the Women's Circle of Health Study (WCHS), a case-control study of breast cancer in African-American and European-American women. Data on reproductive and lifestyle factors were collected during interviews, and tumor characteristics were abstracted from pathology reports. Case-control and case-case analyses were conducted using unconditional logistic regression. RESULTS Most risk factors were similarly associated with pure IDC and mixed IDC/DCIS. However, among postmenopausal women, risk of pure IDC was lower in women with body mass index (BMI) 25 to <30 [odds ratio (OR) 0.66; 95 % confidence interval (CI) 0.35-1.23] and BMI ≥ 30 (OR 0.33; 95 % CI 0.18-0.67) compared to women with BMI < 25, with no associations with mixed IDC/DCIS. In case-case analyses, women who breastfed up to 12 months (OR 0.55; 95 % CI 0.32-0.94) or longer (OR 0.47; 95 % CI 0.26-0.87) showed decreased odds of pure IDC than mixed IDC/DCIS compared to those who did not breastfeed. CONCLUSIONS Associations with some breast cancer risk factors differed between mixed IDC/DCIS and pure IDC, potentially suggesting differential developmental pathways. These findings, if confirmed in a larger study, will provide a better understanding of the developmental patterns of breast cancer and the influence of modifiable risk factors, which in turn could lead to better preventive measures for pure IDC, which have worse disease prognosis compared to mixed IDC/DCIS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie Ruszczyk
- Department of Biotechnical and Clinical Laboratory Sciences, University at Buffalo, 12 Capen Hall, Buffalo, NY, 14214, USA.
| | - Gary Zirpoli
- Department of Cancer Prevention and Control, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Elm & Carlton Sts., Buffalo, NY, 14263, USA.
| | - Shicha Kumar
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Elm & Carlton Sts., Buffalo, NY, 14263, USA.
| | - Elisa V Bandera
- Population Science/Cancer Prevention and Control Program, Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, 195 Little Albany St., New Brunswick, NJ, 08903, USA. .,Department of Epidemiology, Rutgers School of Public Health, 683 Hoes Ln W, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA.
| | - Dana H Bovbjerg
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, 5150 Centre Ave., Pittsburgh, PA, 15232, USA.
| | - Lina Jandorf
- Department of Oncology Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 1428 Madison Ave., New York, NY, 10029, USA.
| | - Thaer Khoury
- Department of Pathology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Elm & Carlton Streets, Buffalo, NY, 14263, USA.
| | - Helena Hwang
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas, Southwestern Medical Center, 5325 Harry Hines Blvd., Dallas, TX, 75390, USA.
| | - Gregory Ciupak
- Department of Cancer Prevention and Control, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Elm & Carlton Sts., Buffalo, NY, 14263, USA.
| | - Karen Pawlish
- New Jersey State Cancer Registry, New Jersey Department of Health, 140 East Front Street, Trenton, NJ, 08625, USA.
| | - Pepper Schedin
- Department of Cell, Development and Cancer Biology, Oregon Health Sciences University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Pkwy, Portland, OR, 97239, USA.
| | - Patricia Masso-Welch
- Department of Biotechnical and Clinical Laboratory Sciences, University at Buffalo, 12 Capen Hall, Buffalo, NY, 14214, USA.
| | - Christine B Ambrosone
- Department of Cancer Prevention and Control, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Elm & Carlton Sts., Buffalo, NY, 14263, USA.
| | - Chi-Chen Hong
- Department of Cancer Prevention and Control, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Elm & Carlton Sts., Buffalo, NY, 14263, USA.
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Sánchez-Céspedes R, Millán Y, Guil-Luna S, Reymundo C, Espinosa de Los Monteros A, Martín de Las Mulas J. Myoepithelial cells in canine mammary tumours. Vet J 2015; 207:45-52. [PMID: 26639832 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2015.10.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2014] [Revised: 10/07/2015] [Accepted: 10/10/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Mammary tumours are the most common neoplasms of female dogs. Compared to mammary tumours of humans and cats, myoepithelial (ME) cell involvement is common in canine mammary tumours (CMT) of any subtype. Since ME cell involvement in CMT influences both histogenetic tumour classification and prognosis, correct identification of ME cells is important. This review describes immunohistochemical methods for identification of canine mammary ME cells used in vivo. In addition, phenotypic and genotypic methods to isolate ME cells for in vitro studies to analyse tumour-suppressor protein production and gene expression are discussed. The contribution of ME cells to both histogenetic classifications and the prognosis of CMT is compared with other species and the potential use of ME cells as a method to identify carcinoma in situ is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yolanda Millán
- Department of Comparative Pathology, University of Córdoba, 14014 Córdoba, Spain
| | - Silvia Guil-Luna
- Department of Comparative Pathology, University of Córdoba, 14014 Córdoba, Spain
| | - Carlos Reymundo
- Department of Pathology, University of Córdoba, 14071 Córdoba, Spain
| | - Antonio Espinosa de Los Monteros
- Unit of Histology and Animal Pathology, Institute for Animal Health, Veterinary School, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, 35413 Las Palmas, Spain
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Krasnapolski MA, Lodillinsky C, Bal De Kier Joffé E, Eiján AM. Hypoxia-induced nitric oxide release by luminal cells stimulates proliferation and uPA secretion of myoepithelial cells in a bicellular murine mammary tumor. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2015; 141:1727-38. [PMID: 25687381 DOI: 10.1007/s00432-015-1934-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2015] [Accepted: 02/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION LM38 murine mammary adenocarcinoma model is formed by LM38-LP (myoepithelial and luminal), LM38-HP (luminal) and LM38-D2 (myoepithelial) cell lines. In a previous work, we had shown that LM38-HP and LM38-D2 cell lines are less malignant than the bicellular LM38-LP cell line. PURPOSE To study the role of nitric oxide (NO) as one of the mediators of functional interactions between malignant luminal and myoepithelial cells. METHODS AND RESULTS Using immunohistochemistry, in vivo iNOS expression was only detected in the luminal cells of bicellular LM38-LP and most cells of LM38-HP tumors. In cobalt-induced pseudohypoxia, LM38-LP and LM38-HP cell lines significantly increased HIF-1α and iNOS expression (Western blotting) and therefore NO production (Griess method). This increase was inhibited by the iNOS inhibitor 1400 W. On the other side, NO was not detectable in LM38-D2 cells either in basal or in pseudohypoxia. In addition, pseudohypoxia increased urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA) secretion by LM38-LP and LM38-HP cells and migration in the LM38-LP cell line, without modulating these properties in LM38-D2 cells (radial caseinolysis). The NO donor DETA/NONOate (500 μM) was able to increase uPA secretion and in vitro growth of LM38-D2. In agreement, 1400 W prevented in vivo growth of the myoepithelial LM38-D2 cells. CONCLUSIONS Hypoxia leads to an enhanced NO production by the luminal component, through HIF-1α and iNOS, which can stimulate myoepithelial cell proliferation and uPA secretion. In these new conditions, myoepithelial cells might act as an invasive forefront generating gaps that could help luminal cells to escape from the primary tumor.
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Phenotypic and Functional Characterization of Ductal Carcinoma In Situ-Associated Myoepithelial Cells. Clin Breast Cancer 2015; 15:335-42. [PMID: 25700939 DOI: 10.1016/j.clbc.2015.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2014] [Accepted: 01/14/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) is contained by myoepithelial cells that are morphologically similar to normal breast tissue myoepithelial cells. However, phenotypic and functional characteristics of DCIS-associated myoepithelial cells are not known. In this study, we aimed to assess the characteristics of DCIS-associated myoepithelial cells. MATERIALS AND METHODS Immunophenotypic and functional characteristics of myoepithelial cells of pure DCIS, the DCIS component of infiltrating duct carcinoma (IDC), and the adjacent normal breast tissue of both groups (30 cases in each group) was assessed using phenotypic (CK5/6, CK14, p63, and calponin) and functional markers (maspin and CXCL14). RESULTS There was a decrease in expression of CK14, p63, and calponin in pure DCIS-associated myoepithelial cells compared with normal breast tissue myoepithelial cells (43.3% vs. 80.3%, 3.3% vs. 70%, 46.6 vs. 93.3%, respectively) and in the DCIS component of IDC compared with normal breast tissue myoepithelial cells (56.6% vs. 100%, 3.3% vs. 73.3%, 56.6% vs. 96.6%, respectively). CK5/6 expression was low to absent in myoepithelial cells of pure DCIS and the DCIS component of IDC as well as normal breast tissue myoepithelial cells. Maspin was expressed in all samples of normal breast tissue; however, 20% of pure DCIS and 26.6% of the DCIS component of IDC showed decreased expression. CXCL14 expression was greater in pure DCIS compared with adjacent normal breast tissue and the DCIS component of IDC. CONCLUSION Decreased expression of myoepithelial cell markers in DCIS suggests that DCIS-associated myoepithelial cells are phenotypically different from their normal counterparts. Two or more markers, preferably p63 and calponin, should be used to distinguish in situ from invasive breast carcinomas.
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22
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Liu D, Xiong H, Ellis AE, Northrup NC, Rodriguez CO, O'Regan RM, Dalton S, Zhao S. Molecular homology and difference between spontaneous canine mammary cancer and human breast cancer. Cancer Res 2014; 74:5045-56. [PMID: 25082814 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-14-0392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Spontaneously occurring canine mammary cancer represents an excellent model of human breast cancer, but is greatly understudied. To better use this valuable resource, we performed whole-genome sequencing, whole-exome sequencing, RNA-seq, and/or high-density arrays on twelve canine mammary cancer cases, including seven simple carcinomas and four complex carcinomas. Canine simple carcinomas, which histologically match human breast carcinomas, harbor extensive genomic aberrations, many of which faithfully recapitulate key features of human breast cancer. Canine complex carcinomas, which are characterized by proliferation of both luminal and myoepithelial cells and are rare in human breast cancer, seem to lack genomic abnormalities. Instead, these tumors have about 35 chromatin-modification genes downregulated and are abnormally enriched with active histone modification H4-acetylation, whereas aberrantly depleted with repressive histone modification H3K9me3. Our findings indicate the likelihood that canine simple carcinomas arise from genomic aberrations, whereas complex carcinomas originate from epigenomic alterations, reinforcing their unique value. Canine complex carcinomas offer an ideal system to study myoepithelial cells, the second major cell lineage of the mammary gland. Canine simple carcinomas, which faithfully represent human breast carcinomas at the molecular level, provide indispensable models for basic and translational breast cancer research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deli Liu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute of Bioinformatics, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia
| | - Huan Xiong
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute of Bioinformatics, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia
| | - Angela E Ellis
- College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia
| | - Nicole C Northrup
- College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia
| | - Carlos O Rodriguez
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California
| | - Ruth M O'Regan
- The Winship Cancer Center, Emory School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Stephen Dalton
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute of Bioinformatics, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia
| | - Shaying Zhao
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute of Bioinformatics, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia.
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23
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Rao RS, Patil S, Amrutha N, Sanketh D, Agarwal A. The ambiguous salivary myoepithelial cells. J Contemp Dent Pract 2014; 15:523-8. [PMID: 25576124 DOI: 10.5005/jp-journals-10024-1573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Salivary gland neoplasms present with a diverse histological pattern which is mainly because of the presence of specialized myoepithelial cells (MECs). These are contractile epithelial cells with smooth muscle like properties. They have been also noticed in mammary glands, lacrimal glands, prostate gland, and the sweat glands and have varied functions. MECs play an important role in the histogenesis of many salivary gland tumors. Knowledge of MECs leads to a better understanding of the histological diversity of salivary gland neoplasms. This article reviews the physiology, histology, identification and role of these cells in salivary gland pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roopa S Rao
- Professor and Head, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, MS Ramaiah Dental College and Hospital, Bengaluru, Karnataka India
| | - Shankargouda Patil
- Associate Professor, Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Dental Sciences, MS Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences Bengaluru, Karnataka, India, e-mail:
| | - N Amrutha
- Postgraduate Student, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, MS Ramaiah Dental College and Hospital, Bengaluru, Karnataka India
| | - Ds Sanketh
- Postgraduate Student, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, MS Ramaiah Dental College and Hospital, Bengaluru, Karnataka India
| | - Anveeta Agarwal
- Postgraduate Student, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, MS Ramaiah Dental College and Hospital, Bengaluru, Karnataka India
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Dieterich M, Hartwig F, Stubert J, Klöcking S, Kundt G, Stengel B, Reimer T, Gerber B. Accompanying DCIS in breast cancer patients with invasive ductal carcinoma is predictive of improved local recurrence-free survival. Breast 2014; 23:346-51. [PMID: 24559611 DOI: 10.1016/j.breast.2014.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2013] [Revised: 10/28/2013] [Accepted: 01/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) often accompanies invasive ductal carcinoma (IDC). The presence of co-existing DCIS is postulated to present as a less aggressive phenotype than IDC alone. PATIENTS AND METHODS Patients diagnosed with hormone receptor-positive breast cancer receiving mastectomy were evaluated. Only patients without adjuvant radio- and chemotherapy were included to decrease treatment bias on local recurrence (LR). RESULTS Of 2239 breast cancer patients, 198 fulfilled the inclusion criteria. The overall LR rate was 11.6%. Tumor stage (p = 0.002), nodal status (pN2 vs. pN0, p = 0.023) and pure IDC compared with IDC-DCIS (p = 0.029) were multivariate independent factors for increased LR risk. Patients with IDC-DCIS were significantly younger (p < 0.001), had smaller tumors (p = 0.001), less lymph node involvement (p = 0.012). The LR rate was significantly increased in patients with pure IDC (p = 0.012). The time to distant metastases was decreased in patients with pure IDC compared with that observed in patients with IDC-DCIS (log rank = 0.030). CONCLUSION Invasive ductal carcinoma accompanied by DCIS is associated with lower LR. The prognostic value of co-existing DCIS in the adjuvant decision-making process may be considered a new independent prognostic marker. This finding needs further studies to evaluate its usefulness in premenopausal women.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Dieterich
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Breast Unit, University of Rostock, Suedring 81, 18059 Rostock, Germany.
| | - F Hartwig
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Breast Unit, University of Rostock, Suedring 81, 18059 Rostock, Germany
| | - J Stubert
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Breast Unit, University of Rostock, Suedring 81, 18059 Rostock, Germany
| | - S Klöcking
- Cancer Registry Rostock, Department of Radiotherapy, University of Rostock, Suedring 75, 18059 Rostock, Germany
| | - G Kundt
- Institute for Biostatistics and Informatics in Medicine, University of Rostock, Ernst-Heydemann-Str. 8, 18057 Rostock, Germany
| | - B Stengel
- Institute for Pathology, Hospital Suedstadt, Suedring 81, 18059 Rostock, Germany
| | - T Reimer
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Breast Unit, University of Rostock, Suedring 81, 18059 Rostock, Germany
| | - B Gerber
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Breast Unit, University of Rostock, Suedring 81, 18059 Rostock, Germany
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Boecker W, Stenman G, Loening T, Andersson MK, Bankfalvi A, von Holstein S, Heegaard S, Lange A, Berg T, Samoilova V, Tiemann K, Buchwalow I. K5/K14-positive cells contribute to salivary gland-like breast tumors with myoepithelial differentiation. Mod Pathol 2013; 26:1086-100. [PMID: 23558567 DOI: 10.1038/modpathol.2013.45] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2012] [Revised: 01/14/2013] [Accepted: 01/14/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Salivary gland-like tumors of the breast show a great variety of architectural patterns and cellular differentiations such as glandular, myoepithelial, squamous, and even mesenchymal phenotypes. However, currently little is known about the evolution and cellular differentiation of these tumors. For that reason, we performed an in situ triple immunofluorescence lineage/differentiation tracing (isTILT) and qRT-PCR study of basal (K5/K14), glandular (K7/K8/18), and epidermal-specific squamous (K10) keratins, p63, and smooth muscle actin (SMA; myoepithelial marker) with the aim to construct and trace different cell lineages and define their cellular hierarchy in tumors with myoepithelial differentiation. isTILT analysis of a series of 28 breast, salivary, and lacrimal gland tumors, including pleomorphic adenomas (n=8), epithelial-myoepithelial tumors (n=9), and adenoid cystic carcinomas (n=11) revealed that all tumor types contained K5/K14-positive progenitor cells in varying frequencies from a few percent up to 15%. These K5/K14-positive tumor cells were found to differentiate to glandular- (K8/18-positive) and myoepithelial-lineage (SMA-positive)-specific cells and were also shown to generate various heterologeous cell differentiations such as squamous and mesenchymal progenies. p63 was co-expressed with K5/K14 in basal-like progenitor cells, myoepithelial, and squamous cells but not in glandular cells. Our results show that the corresponding counterpart tumors of breast and salivary/lacrimal glands have identical cellular compositions. Taken together, our isTILT and RNA-expression data indicate that look-alike tumors of the breast represent a special subgroup of basal-type tumors with benign or usually low malignant potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Werner Boecker
- Institute for Hematopathology, Reference Center for Gynaeco- and Breast-pathology, Hamburg, Germany.
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26
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Schöniger S, Horn LC, Schoon HA. Tumors and tumor-like lesions in the mammary gland of 24 pet rabbits: a histomorphological and immunohistochemical characterization. Vet Pathol 2013; 51:569-80. [PMID: 23892377 DOI: 10.1177/0300985813497486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this retrospective study (2004-2011) was to examine mammary tumors and tumor-like lesions in 24 pet rabbits by histopathology and immunohistochemistry. Rabbits were aged 2 to 8 years. Seventeen were female and 7 female-spayed. Diagnosed tumor-like lesions were lobular hyperplasia (2 rabbits) and multiple cysts (10 rabbits). Tumors included cystadenoma (7 tumors; 3 rabbits), intraductal papilloma (2 tumors; 1 rabbit), intraductal papillary carcinoma (1 tumor), adenocarcinoma (14 tumors; 13 rabbits), adenosquamous carcinoma (2 tumors; 2 rabbits), and matrix-producing carcinoma (1 tumor). The most frequently diagnosed lesion was invasive carcinoma (n = 17). Ten rabbits had several lesions. Immunohistochemistry for calponin and p63 showed that the diagnosed tumor-like lesions, benign tumors, and noninvasive carcinoma had a peripheral myoepithelial layer that was lacking in the invasive carcinomas. In 13 of 14 (93%) of the invasive carcinomas, however, there were variable numbers of calponin- and/or p63-immunopositive cells ranging from 0.1% to 40% with morphological features of either retained nonneoplastic myoepithelial cells or neoplastic epithelial cells with a myoepithelial differentiation. Tumor recurrence was reported in the rabbit with the matrix-producing carcinoma and in 3 rabbits with mammary adenocarcinomas displaying ≥20 mitotic figures in 10 high-power fields and high numbers of neoplastic cells with a myoepithelial differentiation (19%-39%). The rabbit with the matrix-producing mammary carcinoma developed cutaneous metastases confirmed by histopathology. This study shows that different types of mammary tumor-like lesions and tumors can occur in pet rabbits.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Schöniger
- Institute of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Leipzig, An den Tierkliniken 33, 04103 Leipzig, Germany.
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27
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R S, Padu K, Singh Th B, Sharma MB, Singh TSC. Myoepithelial carcinoma of the breast. J Clin Diagn Res 2013; 7:1191-3. [PMID: 23905139 DOI: 10.7860/jcdr/2013/6075.3097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2013] [Accepted: 04/24/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Breast carcinoma is the commonest cancer among females in a majority of the Indian cities. The advances in the research and management have improved the breast cancer survival significantly in the past three decades globally. Adenocarcinoma is the commonest histological variant which arises from the ductal epithelia. The myoepithelial cells (ME) are the normal components of the breast parenchyma, which separate the ductal epithelia from the basement membrane and the stroma. The pure ME cell carcinoma is extremely rare and only 38 cases have been reported so far in the indexed literature. This may owe to the difficulties in the identification, and the non availability of established diagnostic criteria. We herein describe the clinical, radiological and the pathological characteristics of a case of myoepithelial carcinoma, to supplement the available literature. The possible impact of these cells in clinical practice was also reviewed. Identification and the further research on the genesis of these tumours, and the pathways by which the ME cells regulate the milieu interior of the breast epithelia, may unravel new molecular targets to prevent or treat both epithelial and myoepithelial cancers at early stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santhosh R
- Junior Resident, Department of Surgery, Regional Institute of Medical Sciences , Imphal, India
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28
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Todaro LB, Veloso MJ, Campodónico PB, Puricelli LI, Farías EF, Bal de Kier Joffé ED. A clinically relevant bi-cellular murine mammary tumor model as a useful tool for evaluating the effect of retinoic acid signaling on tumor progression. Breast Cancer 2012; 20:342-56. [PMID: 22374508 DOI: 10.1007/s12282-012-0342-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2011] [Accepted: 01/30/2012] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The effect of retinoic acid (RA) on breast cancer progression is controversial. Our objective was to obtain information about breast cancer progression, taking advantage of the ER-negative murine mammary adenocarcinoma model LM38 (LM38-LP constituted by luminal (LEP) and myoepithelial-like cells (MEP), LM38-HP mainly composed of spindle-shaped epithelial cells, and LM38-D2 containing only large myoepithelial cells), and to validate the role of the retinoic acid receptors (RARs) in each cell-type compartment. MATERIALS AND METHODS We studied the expression and functionality of the RARs in LM38 cell lines. We analyzed cell growth and cell cycle distribution, apoptosis, the activity of proteases, motility properties, and expression of the molecules involved in these pathways. We also evaluated tumor growth and dissemination in vivo under retinoid treatment. RESULTS LM38 cell lines expressed most retinoic receptor isotypes that were functional. However, only the bi-cellular LM38-LP cells responded to retinoids by increasing RARβ2 and CRBP1 expression. The growth of LM38 cell sublines was inhibited by retinoids, first by inducing arrest in MEP cells, then apoptosis in LEP cells. Retinoids induced inhibitory effects on motility, invasiveness, and activity of proteolytic enzymes, mainly in the LM38-LP cell line. In in-vivo assays with the LM38-LP cell line, RA treatment impaired both primary tumor growth and lung metastases dissemination. CONCLUSION These in-vivo and in-vitro results show that to achieve maximum effects of RA on tumor progression both the LEP and MEP cell compartments have to be present, suggesting that the interaction between the LEP and MEP cells is crucial to full activation of the RARs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Beatriz Todaro
- Research Area, Institute of Oncology "Angel H. Roffo", University of Buenos Aires, 5481 San Martín Ave, C1417DTB, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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29
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Khamis ZI, Sahab ZJ, Sang QXA. Active roles of tumor stroma in breast cancer metastasis. Int J Breast Cancer 2012; 2012:574025. [PMID: 22482059 PMCID: PMC3296264 DOI: 10.1155/2012/574025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2011] [Revised: 11/04/2011] [Accepted: 11/11/2011] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Metastasis is the major cause of death for breast cancer patients. Tumors are heterogenous cellular entities composed of cancer cells and cells of the microenvironment in which they reside. A reciprocal dynamic interaction occurs between the tumor cells and their surrounding stroma under physiological and pathological conditions. This tumor-host communication interface mediates the escape of tumor cells at the primary site, survival of circulating cancer cells in the vasculature, and growth of metastatic cancer at secondary site. Each step of the metastatic process is accompanied by recruitment of stromal cells from the microenvironment and production of unique array of growth factors and chemokines. Stromal microenvironment may play active roles in breast cancer metastasis. Elucidating the types of cells recruited and signal pathways involved in the crosstalk between tumor cells and stromal cells will help identify novel strategies for cotargeting cancer cells and tumor stromal cells to suppress metastasis and improve patient outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahraa I. Khamis
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Institute of Molecular Biophysics, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306-4390, USA
| | - Ziad J. Sahab
- Department of Oncology and Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC 20007, USA
| | - Qing-Xiang Amy Sang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Institute of Molecular Biophysics, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306-4390, USA
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30
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Abstract
Much evidence now suggests that angiotensin II has roles in normal functions of the breast that may be altered or attenuated in cancer. Both angiotensin type 1 (AT1) and type 2 (AT2) receptors are present particularly in the secretory epithelium. Additionally, all the elements of a tissue renin-angiotensin system, angiotensinogen, prorenin and angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE), are also present and distributed in different cell types in a manner suggesting a close relationship with sites of angiotensin II activity. These findings are consistent with the concept that stromal elements and myoepithelium are instrumental in maintaining normal epithelial structure and function. In disease, this system becomes disrupted, particularly in invasive carcinoma. Both AT1 and AT2 receptors are present in tumours and may be up-regulated in some. Experimentally, angiotensin II, acting via the AT1 receptor, increases tumour cell proliferation and angiogenesis, both these are inhibited by blocking its production or function. Epidemiological evidence on the effect of expression levels of ACE or the distribution of ACE or AT1 receptor variants in many types of cancer gives indirect support to these concepts. It is possible that there is a case for the therapeutic use of high doses of ACE inhibitors and AT1 receptor blockers in breast cancer, as there may be for AT2 receptor agonists, though this awaits full investigation. Attention is drawn to the possibility of blocking specific AT1-mediated intracellular signalling pathways, for example by AT1-directed antibodies, which exploit the possibility that the extracellular N-terminus of the AT1 receptor may have previously unsuspected signalling roles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gavin P Vinson
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, London E1 4NS, UK.
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31
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Hua X, Yu L, Huang X, Liao Z, Xian Q. Expression and role of fibroblast activation protein-alpha in microinvasive breast carcinoma. Diagn Pathol 2011; 6:111. [PMID: 22067528 PMCID: PMC3228672 DOI: 10.1186/1746-1596-6-111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2011] [Accepted: 11/08/2011] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Diagnosis of ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) in breast cancer cases is challenging for pathologist due to a variety of in situ patterns and artefacts, which could be misinterpreted as stromal invasion. Microinvasion is detected by the presence of cytologically malignant cells outside the confines of the basement membrane and myoepithelium. When malignant cells invade the stroma, there is tissue remodeling induced by perturbed stromal-epithelial interactions. Carcinoma-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) are main cells in the microenvironment of the remodeled tumor-host interface. They are characterized by the expression of the specific fibroblast activation protein-alpha (FAP-α), and differ from that of normal fibroblasts exhibiting an immunophenotype of CD34. We hypothesized that staining for FAP-α may be helpful in determining whether DCIS has microinvasion. METHODS 349 excised breast specimens were immunostained for smooth muscle actin SMA, CD34, FAP-α, and Calponin. Study material was divided into 5 groups: group 1: normal mammary tissues of healthy women after plastic surgery; group 2: usual ductal hyperplasia (UDH); group 3: DCIS without microinvasion on H & E stain; group 4: DCIS with microinvasion on H & E stain (DCIS-MI), and group 5: invasive ductal carcinoma (IDC). A comparative evaluation of the four immunostains was conducted. RESULTS Our results demonstrated that using FAP-α and Calponin adjunctively improved the sensitivity of pathological diagnosis of DCIS-MI by 11.29%, whereas the adjunctive use of FAP-α and Calponin improved the sensitivity of pathological diagnosis of DCIS by 13.6%. CONCLUSIONS This study provides the first evidence that immunostaining with FAP-α and Calponin can serve as a novel marker for pathologically diagnosing whether DCIS has microinvasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing Hua
- Department of Pathology, the Forth Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, 510220 Guangzhou, China
- Department of Pathology, Guangzhou Red Cross Hospital, 510220 Guangzhou, China
| | - Lina Yu
- Department of Pathology, College of Basic Medicine, Southern Medical University, 510515 Guangzhou, China
- Department of Pathology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, 510515 Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoxiao Huang
- Department of Pathology, the Forth Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, 510220 Guangzhou, China
- Department of Pathology, Guangzhou Red Cross Hospital, 510220 Guangzhou, China
| | - Zexiao Liao
- Department of Pathology, the Forth Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, 510220 Guangzhou, China
- Department of Pathology, Guangzhou Red Cross Hospital, 510220 Guangzhou, China
| | - Qi Xian
- Department of Pathology, the Forth Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, 510220 Guangzhou, China
- Department of Pathology, Guangzhou Red Cross Hospital, 510220 Guangzhou, China
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32
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Nottingham Prognostic Index in triple-negative breast cancer: a reliable prognostic tool? BMC Cancer 2011; 11:299. [PMID: 21762477 PMCID: PMC3151231 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-11-299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2011] [Accepted: 07/15/2011] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A breast cancer prognostic tool should ideally be applicable to all types of invasive breast lesions. A number of studies have shown histopathological grade to be an independent prognostic factor in breast cancer, adding prognostic power to nodal stage and tumour size. The Nottingham Prognostic Index has been shown to accurately predict patient outcome in stratified groups with a follow-up period of 15 years after primary diagnosis of breast cancer. Clinically, breast tumours that lack the expression of Oestrogen Receptor, Progesterone Receptor and Human Epidermal growth factor Receptor 2 (HER2) are identified as presenting a "triple-negative" phenotype or as triple-negative breast cancers. These poor outcome tumours represent an easily recognisable prognostic group of breast cancer with aggressive behaviour that currently lack the benefit of available systemic therapy. There are conflicting results on the prevalence of lymph node metastasis at the time of diagnosis in triple-negative breast cancer patients but it is currently accepted that triple-negative breast cancer does not metastasize to axillary nodes and bones as frequently as the non-triple-negative carcinomas, favouring instead, a preferentially haematogenous spread. Hypothetically, this particular tumour dissemination pattern would impair the reliability of using Nottingham Prognostic Index as a tool for triple-negative breast cancer prognostication. METHODS The present study tested the effectiveness of the Nottingham Prognostic Index in stratifying breast cancer patients of different subtypes with special emphasis in a triple-negative breast cancer patient subset versus non- triple-negative breast cancer. RESULTS We demonstrated that besides the fact that TNBC disseminate to axillary lymph nodes as frequently as luminal or HER2 tumours, we also showed that TNBC are larger in size compared with other subtypes and almost all grade 3. Additionally, survival curves demonstrated that these prognostic factors are equally important to stratify different survival outcomes in non-TNBC as in TNBC. We also showed that the NPI retains the ability to stratify and predict survival of TNBC patients. CONCLUSION The importance of this study relies on the need of prognostication improvements on TNBC, showing, at a clinical standpoint, that Nottingham Prognostic Index is as a truthful prognostic tool in TNBC.
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Langman G, Andrews CL, Weissferdt A. WT1 expression in salivary gland pleomorphic adenomas: a reliable marker of the neoplastic myoepithelium. Mod Pathol 2011; 24:168-74. [PMID: 21057459 DOI: 10.1038/modpathol.2010.190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Pleomorphic adenoma is a benign salivary gland neoplasm with a diverse morphology. This is considered to be a function of the neoplastic myoepithelium, which shows histological and immunophenotypical variability. Wilms' tumor 1 gene (WT1) protein, involved in bidirectional mesenchymal-epithelial transition, has been detected by reverse transcription PCR in salivary gland tumors showing myoepithelial-epithelial differentiation. The aim of this study was to investigate the immunoreactivity of WT1 in pleomorphic adenomas and to compare the pattern of staining with p63 and calponin, two reliable markers of myoepithelial cells. A total of 31 cases of pleomorphic adenoma were selected. The myoepithelium was classified as myoepithelial-like (juxtatubular and spindled), modified myoepithelium (myxoid, chondroid and plasmacytoid) and transformed myoepithelium (solid epithelioid, squamous and basaloid cribriform). Immunohistochemistry for WT1, p63 and calponin was assessed in each myoepithelial component, as well as in nonneoplastic myoepithelial cells and inner tubular epithelial cells. There was no immunostaining of tubular epithelial cells by any of the markers. In contrast to p63 and calponin, WT1 did not react with normal myoepithelial cells. Cytoplasmic WT1 staining was present in all pleomorphic adenomas, and in 29 cases (94%), >50% of neoplastic myoepithelial cells were highlighted. p63 and calponin stained the myoepithelium in 30 tumors. In comparison, 50% of cells were positive in 21 (68%) and 9 (29%) cases of p63 and calponin, respectively. Staining with WT1 showed less variability across the spectrum of myoepithelial differentiation with the difference most marked in the transformed myoepithelium. WT1 is a sensitive marker of the neoplastic myoepithelial cell in pleomorphic adenomas. The role of this protein in influencing the mesenchymal-epithelial state of cells suggests that WT1 and the myoepithelial cell have an important role in the histogenesis of pleomorphic adenomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerald Langman
- Department of Cellular Pathology, Birmingham Heartlands Hospital, West Midlands, UK.
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Expression of 14-3-3 σ protein in normal and neoplastic canine mammary gland. Vet J 2011; 190:345-51. [PMID: 21251859 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2010.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2010] [Revised: 12/09/2010] [Accepted: 12/12/2010] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
14-3-3 σ protein is a negative cell cycle regulator, with both reduced and elevated levels associated with cancer in humans. This study assessed the expression of this protein in canine mammary tissues using immunohistochemistry and Western blotting. 14-3-3 σ was detected in 97% of the mammary tissue samples examined and was found in both myoepithelial (MECs) and epithelial (ECs) cells. Expression levels were elevated and reduced in neoplastic ECs and MECs, respectively (P<0.001). Intense expression of 14-3-3 σ was detected in neoplastic ECs infiltrating blood vessels and lymph nodes and suggests a possible role for this protein in the malignant transformation of mammary neoplasms. Moreover, double immunostaining for 14-3-3 σ and the MEC-specific marker p63, confirmed that 14-3-3 σ is a highly sensitive marker of MECs since all p63-positive cells were also positive for 14-3-3 σ. However, this protein is not exclusive to MECs as ECs also labelled positively.
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Cannata D, Lann D, Wu Y, Elis S, Sun H, Yakar S, Lazzarino DA, Wood TL, Leroith D. Elevated circulating IGF-I promotes mammary gland development and proliferation. Endocrinology 2010; 151:5751-61. [PMID: 20926579 PMCID: PMC2999497 DOI: 10.1210/en.2010-0792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Animal studies have shown that IGF-I is essential for mammary gland development. Previous studies have suggested that local IGF-I rather than circulating IGF-I is the major mediator of mammary gland development. In the present study we used the hepatic IGF-I transgenic (HIT) and IGF-I knockout/HIT (KO-HIT) mouse models to examine the effects of enhanced circulating IGF-I on mammary development in the presence and absence of local IGF-I. HIT mice express the rat IGF-I transgene under the transthyretin promoter in the liver and have elevated circulating IGF-I and normal tissue IGF-I levels. The KO-HIT mice have no tissue IGF-I and increased circulating IGF-I. Analysis of mammary gland development reveals a greater degree of complexity in HIT mice as compared to control and KO-HIT mice, which demonstrate similar degrees of mammary gland complexity. Immunohistochemical evaluation of glands of HIT mice also suggests an enhanced degree of proliferation of the mammary gland, whereas KO-HIT mice exhibit mammary gland proliferation similar to control mice. In addition, HIT mice have a higher percentage of proliferating myoepithelial and luminal cells than control mice, whereas KO-HIT mice have an equivalent percentage of proliferating myoepithelial and luminal cells as control mice. Thus, our findings show that elevated circulating IGF-I levels are sufficient to promote normal pubertal mammary epithelial development. However, HIT mice demonstrate more pronounced mammary gland development when compared to control and KO-HIT mice. This suggests that both local and endocrine IGF-I play roles in mammary gland development and that elevated circulating IGF-I accelerates mammary epithelial proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dara Cannata
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Bone Diseases, The Samuel Bronfman Department of Medicine, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York 10029, USA
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Avci A, Günhan O, Cakalağaoğlu F, Günal A, Celasun B. The cell with a thousand faces: detection of myoepithelial cells and their contributions in the cytological diagnosis of salivary gland tumors. Diagn Cytopathol 2010; 40:220-7. [PMID: 20891000 DOI: 10.1002/dc.21544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2010] [Accepted: 08/09/2010] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Myoepithelial cells are an important component of salivary gland tumors and are partly responsible from the diverse histology of them. In this study, we focus on the myoepithelial cell differentiation by using cytological morphology in a various types of salivary gland tumors especially with regard to their contribution to the diagnosis. The relation of myoepithelial cells with stromal matrix and the associated epithelial cells were evaluated. Cytologic slides of one hundred and forty one benign and twenty malignant salivary gland tumors were examined for identification of morphologically different myoepithelial cells such as; spindle-stellate, polygonal-epitheloid, plasmacytoid, basal and clear types. The best examples of myoepithelial cells were detected in pleomorphic adenomas, in some monomorphic adenomas and in the adenoid cystic carcinoma cases. Most of the pleomorphic adenomas were composed more than one type of myoepithelial cells and epitheloid-spindle cell combination was frequent. Basal and clear cell types of myoepithelial cells closely resembled the epithelial cells and their identification was relatively difficult. Identification of myoepithelial cell types was easier when they were associated with stromal matrix material and stood as a secondary layer around tubule-forming epithelial cells. Myoepithelial cell components of various salivary gland tumors may be quite different and identification of myoepithelial cell types may pose difficulties. A confident cytologic identification of myoepithelial cells may be critical part of diagnosing salivary gland tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arzu Avci
- Department of Pathology, Atatürk Research and Education Hospital, İzmir, Turkey
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Abstract
This Review outlines the understanding and management of triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC). TNBC shares morphological and genetic abnormalities with basal-like breast cancer (BLBC), a subgroup of breast cancer defined by gene-expression profiling. However, TNBC and BLBC tumors are heterogeneous and overlap is incomplete. Breast cancers found in BRCA1 mutation carriers are also frequently triple negative and basal like. TNBC and BLBC occur most frequently in young women, especially African Americans, and tend to exhibit aggressive, metastatic behavior. These tumors respond to conventional chemotherapy but relapse more frequently than hormone receptor-positive, luminal subtypes and have a worse prognosis. New systemic therapies are urgently needed as most patients with TNBC and/or BLBC relapse with distant metastases, and hormonal therapies and HER2-targeted agents are ineffective in this group of tumors. Poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase inhibitors, angiogenesis inhibitors, EGFR-targeted agents, and src kinase and mTOR inhibitors are among the therapeutic agents being actively investigated in clinical trials in patients with TNBC and/or BRCA1-associated tumors. Increased understanding of the genetic abnormalities involved in the pathogenesis of TNBC, BLBC and BRCA1-associated tumors is opening up new therapeutic possibilities for these hard-to-treat breast cancers.
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Schnitt SJ. Molecular biology of breast tumor progression: a view from the other side. Int J Surg Pathol 2010; 18:170S-173S. [PMID: 20484285 DOI: 10.1177/1066896910370773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Stuart J Schnitt
- Department of Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA 02215, USA.
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Dias Pereira P, Lopes C, Matos A, Cortez P, Gärtner F, Medeiros R, Lopes C. Caveolin-1 in Diagnosis and Prognosis of Canine Mammary Tumours: Comparison of Evaluation Systems. J Comp Pathol 2010; 143:87-93. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcpa.2010.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2009] [Revised: 11/30/2009] [Accepted: 01/04/2010] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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CD10 (Neutral Endopeptidase) Expression in Myoepithelial Cells of Salivary Neoplasms. Appl Immunohistochem Mol Morphol 2010; 18:172-8. [PMID: 19752720 DOI: 10.1097/pai.0b013e3181b8f7c5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
CD10 is a cell surface peptidase expressed in a wide variety of normal and neoplastic tissues, including breast myoepithelial cells. In salivary glands, expression of CD10 has only been used to identify neoplastic myoepithelial cells of pleomorphic adenomas and myoepithelial carcinomas. However, its accuracy in other salivary tumors with myoepithelial component has yet to be analyzed. We examined 72 salivary tumors with myoepithelial differentiation using immunohistochemical technique to detect CD10. In salivary glands, CD10 expression was not detected in myoepithelial cells. Only fibrocytes within the intralobular stroma were CD10 positive. In neoplastic myoepithelial cells, CD10 expression was found in 25.71% of benign and 32.43% of malignant neoplasms. When the different groups of tumors were compared, epithelial-myoepithelial carcinomas (EMEC) showed a stark contrast with the others (83.3% of cases with CD10 expression). Surprisingly, adenoid cystic carcinomas and basal cell adenomas were negative in 100% of the cases. Myoepitheliomas, pleomorphic adenomas, and myoepithelial carcinomas were positive in 27.7%, 30.0%, and 40% of the cases, respectively. In conclusion, salivary neoplastic myoepithelial cells gain CD10 expression in relation to their normal counterparts. However, the gain of this protein is not a sensitive marker for detecting myoepithelial cells in the majority of the tumors, except for EMEC. The high expression of CD10 by this carcinoma can be a valuable tool to separate EMEC from the tubular variant of adenoid cystic carcinomas in small incisional biopsies, where the precise diagnosis may be impossible.
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Intermediate filament dynamics and breast cancer: aberrant promoter methylation of the Synemin gene is associated with early tumor relapse. Oncogene 2010; 29:4814-25. [PMID: 20543860 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2010.229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Synemin (SYNM) is a type IV intermediate filament that has recently been shown to interact with the LIM domain protein zyxin, thereby possibly modulating cell adhesion and cell motility. Owing to this multiplicity of potential functions relevant to cancer development, we initiated a study to decipher SYNM expression and regulation in benign human breast tissue and breast cancer. Dot blot array analysis showed significant SYNM mRNA downregulation in 86% (n=100, P<0.001) of breast cancers compared with their normal tissue counterparts, a result that was confirmed by real-time PCR analysis (n=36, P<0.0001). Immunohistochemistry analysis showed abundant SYNM protein expression in healthy myoepithelial breast cells, whereas SYNM expression loss was evident in 57% (n=37, P<0.001) of breast cancer specimens. Next, we analyzed methylation of the SYNM promoter to clarify whether the SYNM gene can be silenced by epigenetic means. Indeed, methylation-specific PCR analysis showed tumor-specific SYNM promoter methylation in 27% (n=195) of breast cancers. As expected, SYNM promoter methylation was tightly associated (P<0.0001) with SYNM expression loss. In-depth analysis of the SYNM promoter by pyrosequencing showed extensive CpG methylation of DNA elements supposed to regulate gene transcription. Demethylating treatment of SYNM methylated breast cancer cell lines with 5-aza-2-deoxycytidine clearly reestablished the SYNM expression. Statistical analysis of the patient cohort showed a close association between SYNM promoter methylation and unfavorable recurrence-free survival (hazard ratio=2.941, P=0.0282). Furthermore, SYNM methylation positively correlated with lymph node metastases (P=0.0177) and advanced tumor grade (P=0.0275), suggesting that SYNM methylation is associated with aggressive forms of breast cancer. This is the first study on the epigenetic regulation of the SYNM gene in a cancer entity. We provide first hints that SYNM could represent a novel putative breast tumor suppressor gene that is prone to epigenetic silencing. SYNM promoter methylation may become a useful predictive biomarker to stratify breast cancer patients' risk for tumor relapse.
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Phenotypic Alterations in Myoepithelial Cells Associated With Benign Sclerosing Lesions of the Breast. Am J Surg Pathol 2010; 34:896-900. [DOI: 10.1097/pas.0b013e3181dd60d3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Graham JD, Mote PA, Salagame U, Balleine RL, Huschtscha LI, Clarke CL. Hormone-responsive model of primary human breast epithelium. J Mammary Gland Biol Neoplasia 2009; 14:367-79. [PMID: 19936891 DOI: 10.1007/s10911-009-9160-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2009] [Accepted: 11/06/2009] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Retention of hormone responsiveness in primary culture models of human breast is essential for studies aimed at understanding the mechanisms of action of the ovarian hormones in the human breast. In this chapter we describe the development of a culture model of primary human breast that retains critical features of the tissue in vivo. We find that primary normal human breast tissue in embedded culture recapitulates the morphology, cell lineages, functional gene expression characteristics and estrogen and progesterone receptor responsiveness of the breast in vivo. The ratio of luminal to myoepithelial cells after culture recapitulates that observed in the uncultured tissue, highlighting the fact that progenitor cells capable of giving rise to both epithelial cell lineages are retained in this model system. By contrast, primary cells placed into monolayer culture, even for a single passage, lose bipotent progenitors, and the myoepithelial lineage predominates, demonstrating the rapidity with which phenotypic changes and selection occur in normal breast cells, unless cultured under conditions that prevent this outcome. Primary matrix-embedded culture of normal human breast cells provides researchers with a new opportunity to understand ovarian hormone action in the human breast.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Dinny Graham
- Westmead Institute for Cancer Research, Westmead Millennium Institute, Westmead, New South Wales, 2145, Australia
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Vékony H, Röser K, Löning T, Ylstra B, Meijer GA, van Wieringen WN, van de Wiel MA, Carvalho B, Kok K, Leemans CR, van der Waal I, Bloemena E. Copy number gain at 8q12.1-q22.1 is associated with a malignant tumor phenotype in salivary gland myoepitheliomas. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 2009; 48:202-12. [PMID: 19009612 DOI: 10.1002/gcc.20631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Salivary gland myoepithelial tumors are relatively uncommon tumors with an unpredictable clinical course. More knowledge about their genetic profiles is necessary to identify novel predictors of disease. In this study, we subjected 27 primary tumors (15 myoepitheliomas and 12 myoepithelial carcinomas) to genome-wide microarray-based comparative genomic hybridization (array CGH). We set out to delineate known chromosomal aberrations in more detail and to unravel chromosomal differences between benign myoepitheliomas and myoepithelial carcinomas. Patterns of DNA copy number aberrations were analyzed by unsupervised hierarchical cluster analysis. Both benign and malignant tumors revealed a limited amount of chromosomal alterations (median of 5 and 7.5, respectively). In both tumor groups, high frequency gains (> or =20%) were found mainly at loci of growth factors and growth factor receptors (e.g., PDGF, FGF(R)s, and EGFR). In myoepitheliomas, high frequency losses (> or =20%) were detected at regions of proto-cadherins. Cluster analysis of the array CGH data identified three clusters. Differential copy numbers on chromosome arm 8q and chromosome 17 set the clusters apart. Cluster 1 contained a mixture of the two phenotypes (n = 10), cluster 2 included mostly benign tumors (n = 10), and cluster 3 only contained carcinomas (n = 7). Supervised analysis between malignant and benign tumors revealed a 36 Mbp-region at 8q being more frequently gained in malignant tumors (P = 0.007, FDR = 0.05). This is the first study investigating genomic differences between benign and malignant myoepithelial tumors of the salivary glands at a genomic level. Both unsupervised and supervised analysis of the genomic profiles revealed chromosome arm 8q to be involved in the malignant phenotype of salivary gland myoepitheliomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hedy Vékony
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery/Oral Pathology, Academic Centre for Dentistry (ACTA), VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Graham JD, Mote PA, Salagame U, van Dijk JH, Balleine RL, Huschtscha LI, Reddel RR, Clarke CL. DNA replication licensing and progenitor numbers are increased by progesterone in normal human breast. Endocrinology 2009; 150:3318-26. [PMID: 19342456 PMCID: PMC2703536 DOI: 10.1210/en.2008-1630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Proliferation in the nonpregnant human breast is highest in the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle when serum progesterone levels are high, and exposure to progesterone analogues in hormone replacement therapy is known to elevate breast cancer risk, yet the proliferative effects of progesterone in the human breast are poorly understood. In a model of normal human breast, we have shown that progesterone increased incorporation of 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine and increased cell numbers by activation of pathways involved in DNA replication licensing, including E2F transcription factors, chromatin licensing and DNA replication factor 1 (Cdt1), and the minichromosome maintenance proteins and by increased expression of proteins involved in kinetochore formation including Ras-related nuclear protein (Ran) and regulation of chromosome condensation 1 (RCC1). Progenitor cells competent to give rise to both myoepithelial and luminal epithelial cells were increased by progesterone, showing that progesterone influences epithelial cell lineage differentiation. Therefore, we have demonstrated that progesterone augments proliferation of normal human breast cells by both activating DNA replication licensing and kinetochore formation and increasing bipotent progenitor numbers.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Dinny Graham
- Westmead Institute for Cancer Research, Westmead Hospital, Westmead, New South Wales 2145, Australia
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Schnitt SJ. The transition from ductal carcinoma in situ to invasive breast cancer: the other side of the coin. Breast Cancer Res 2009; 11:101. [PMID: 19291276 PMCID: PMC2687714 DOI: 10.1186/bcr2228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The factors associated with the progression of ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) to invasive breast cancer are poorly understood. Many studies of this subject focus on the role of molecular and genetic alterations in the neoplastic epithelial cells. However, emerging evidence suggests that transition from DCIS to invasive cancer is strongly dependent upon alterations in the microenvironment. The potential roles of myoepithelial cells and of stromal-epithelial interaction are of particular interest in this regard.
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Phenotypic Alterations in Ductal Carcinoma In Situ-associated Myoepithelial Cells. Am J Surg Pathol 2009; 33:227-32. [DOI: 10.1097/pas.0b013e318180431d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Abstract
Breast cancer is a heterogeneous disease that encompasses several distinct entities with remarkably different biological characteristics and clinical behaviour. Currently, breast cancer patients are managed according to algorithms based on a constellation of clinical and histopathological parameters in conjunction with assessment of hormone receptor (oestrogen and progesterone receptor) status and HER2 overexpression/gene amplification. Although effective tailored therapies have been developed for patients with hormone receptor-positive or HER2+ disease, chemotherapy is the only modality of systemic therapy for patients with breast cancers lacking the expression of these markers (triple-negative cancers). Recent microarray expression profiling analyses have demonstrated that breast cancers can be systematically characterized into biologically and clinically meaningful groups. These studies have led to the re-discovery of basal-like breast cancers, which preferentially show a triple-negative phenotype. Both triple-negative and basal-like cancers preferentially affect young and African-American women, are of high histological grade and have more aggressive clinical behaviour. Furthermore, a significant overlap between the biological and clinical characteristics of sporadic triple-negative and basal-like cancers and breast carcinomas arising in BRCA1 mutation carriers has been repeatedly demonstrated. In this review, we critically address the characteristics of basal-like and triple-negative cancers, their similarities and differences, their response to chemotherapy as well as strategies for the development of novel therapeutic targets for these aggressive types of breast cancer. In addition, the possible mechanisms are discussed leading to BRCA1 pathway dysfunction in sporadic triple-negative and basal-like cancers and animal models for these tumour types.
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Affiliation(s)
- J S Reis-Filho
- The Breakthrough Breast Cancer Research Centre, Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK.
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Tan DSP, Marchió C, Jones RL, Savage K, Smith IE, Dowsett M, Reis-Filho JS. Triple negative breast cancer: molecular profiling and prognostic impact in adjuvant anthracycline-treated patients. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2007; 111:27-44. [PMID: 17922188 DOI: 10.1007/s10549-007-9756-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 247] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2007] [Accepted: 09/06/2007] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We analysed the clinical features, distribution of basal markers, prevalence of oncogene amplification, and outcome of triple negative (TN) compared to those of non-TN cancers in a series of adjuvant-anthracycline treated breast cancer patients. METHODS We examined the prognostic impact of the TN and BL phenotype in 245 breast cancer patients uniformly treated with adjuvant anthracycline-based chemotherapy following primary surgery, with regards to local relapse-free (LRFS), metastasis free (MFS), and breast cancer specific survival (BCSS). A comparative analysis of the clinicopathological characteristics, expression of basal markers (cytokeratins (Cks) 5/6, 14, 17, EGFR, and caveolin 1 and 2), MIB-1, p53 and topoisomerase II alpha, and prevalence of CCND1, MYC and TOP2A amplification in TN and non-TN breast tumours was performed. RESULTS TN cancers were significantly associated with the expression of basal markers (all P < 0.0001). However 19.4% of TN tumours were negative for basal markers, whilst 7.3% of non-TN tumours expressed basal markers. TN phenotype was significantly associated with p53, MIB-1 and topoisomerase II alpha (all, P < 0.01) expression. No TN cancer harboured amplification of CCND1 or TOP2A. In univariate analysis, TN and BL phenotype were significantly associated with shorter MFS (both, P < 0.01) and BCSS (both, P < 0.005) but not LRFS. CONCLUSIONS Despite treatment with standard dose anthracycline-based chemotherapy, the clinical outcome of TN and BL cancers remains poor. Alternative chemotherapeutic regimens and/or novel therapeutic approaches are warranted. Although a significant phenotypic overlap exists between TN and basal-like tumours, the TN phenotype is not an ideal surrogate marker for basal-like breast cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- David S P Tan
- The Breakthrough Breast Cancer Research Centre, Institute of Cancer Research, 237 Fulham Road, London, SW3 6JB, UK
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Bhatia A, Das A, Kumar Y. Rare co-existence of multifocal myoepitheliosis with infiltrating ductal carcinoma of the breast. J Clin Pathol 2007; 60:1057-8. [PMID: 17761742 PMCID: PMC1972433 DOI: 10.1136/jcp.2006.042531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alka Bhatia
- Department of Histopathology, Chandigarh, India
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