1
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Wang Y, Du Y, Jin X, Xia Y, Zhao Y, Wu Z, Gomi K, Zhang W. Temperature-dependent alcohol acyltransferase reactions as the main enzymatic way to produce short-chain (C4-C8) and medium-chain (C9-C13) esters over the whole Daqu-making process. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2023; 103:3939-3949. [PMID: 36352497 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.12327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2022] [Revised: 10/01/2022] [Accepted: 11/10/2022] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The ester-synthesis enzymes influenced by environmental factors during Daqu-making process largely determine the flavor of Chinese liquor, but the main ester-synthesis enzyme and its key influencer remain unclear. Here, the volatile ester profiles over the whole Daqu-making process, under different treatments, for at least 90 days, were carefully analyzed, and the potential ester-synthesis enzymes, as well as their dependently environmental factors, were explored. RESULTS In the detected 46 volatile esters, only the short-chain (C4-C8) and medium-chain (C9-C13) ester content obviously changed, as the primary contributor discriminating different samples. Their trends were both consistent with that of the alcohols and the primary metabolism, which included alcohol acyltransferases (AATs) reaction with alcohols and acyl-CoAs as the substrates. Among the potential ester-synthesis enzymes, the typical AAT activity also exhibited the highest correlation with the short- and medium-chain esters (r > 0.78, P < 0.05). The Mantel test between environmental factors and ester production showed that temperature of Daqu was directly correlated with the short-chain esters (r = 0.58, P < 0.01) and AAT activity (r = 0.56, P < 0.01). Further, the short- and medium-chain ester content in Daqu under the treatment nearer to the reported optimal temperature of 40-50 °C of AATs reaction was overall higher than that of the other treatment Daqu. CONCLUSION This study revealed that the temperature-dependent AATs reaction was the main enzymatic method producing the short- and medium-chain esters over the whole Daqu-making process. The results could contribute to the flavor improvement of Baijiu. © 2022 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Wang
- College of Biomass Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yake Du
- College of Biomass Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xuelian Jin
- College of Biomass Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yu Xia
- College of Biomass Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yajiao Zhao
- College of Biomass Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Zhengyun Wu
- College of Biomass Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Katsuya Gomi
- Laboratory of Fermentation Microbiology, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Wenxue Zhang
- College of Biomass Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- School of Liquor-Brewing Engineering, Sichuan University of Jinjiang College, Meishan, China
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2
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Zhang Y, Guo X, Yang H, Shi S. The Studies in Constructing Yeast Cell Factories for the Production of Fatty Acid Alkyl Esters. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022; 9:799032. [PMID: 35087801 PMCID: PMC8787340 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2021.799032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Accepted: 11/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Fatty acid alkyl esters have broad applications in biofuels, lubricant formulas, paints, coatings, and cosmetics. Traditionally, these esters are mostly produced through unsustainable and energy-intensive processes. In contrast, microbial production of esters from renewable and sustainable feedstocks may provide a promising alternative and has attracted widespread attention in recent years. At present, yeasts are used as ideal hosts for producing such esters, due to their availability for high-density fermentation, resistance to phage infection, and tolerance against toxic inhibitors. Here, we summarize recent development on the biosynthesis of alkyl esters, including fatty acid ethyl esters (FAEEs), fatty acid short-branched chain alkyl esters (FASBEs), and wax esters (WEs) by various yeast cell factories. We focus mainly on the enzyme engineering strategies of critical wax ester synthases, and the pathway engineering strategies employed for the biosynthesis of various ester products. The bottlenecks that limit productivity and their potential solutions are also discussed in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Zhang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, China.,CAS Key Laboratory of Microbial Physiological and Metabolic Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiao Guo
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Huaiyi Yang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Microbial Physiological and Metabolic Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Shuobo Shi
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, China
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3
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Chaturvedi S, Gupta AK, Bhattacharya A, Dutta T, Nain L, Khare SK. Overexpression and repression of key rate-limiting enzymes (acetyl CoA carboxylase and HMG reductase) to enhance fatty acid production from Rhodotorula mucilaginosa. J Basic Microbiol 2020; 61:4-14. [PMID: 32896907 DOI: 10.1002/jobm.202000407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Revised: 08/05/2020] [Accepted: 08/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Implementing two-way strategies to enhance the lipid production in Rhodotorula mucilaginosa with the help of metabolic engineering was focused on the overexpression of acetyl coenzyme A carboxylase (ACC1 carboxylase) gene and repression of 3-hydroxy 3-methylglutaryl reductase (HMG-CoA reductase). Using an inducer (sodium citrate) and inhibitor (rosuvastatin), the amounts of biomass, lipid, and carotenoid were estimated. In the presence of inhibitor (200 mM), 62% higher lipid concentration was observed, while 44% enhancement was recorded when inducer (3 mM) was used. A combination of both inhibitor and inducer resulted in a 57% increase in lipid concentration by the oleaginous yeast. These results were again confirmed by real-time polymerase chain reaction by targeting the expression of the genes coding for ACC1 carboxylase and 13-fold increase was recorded in the presence of inducer as compared with control. This combined strategy (inducer and inhibitor use) has been reported for the first time as far as the best of our knowledge. The metabolic engineering strategies reported here will be a powerful approach for the enhanced commercial production of lipids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shivani Chaturvedi
- Enzyme and Microbial Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology, New Delhi, India
| | - Amit K Gupta
- RNA Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology, New Delhi, India
| | - Amrik Bhattacharya
- Enzyme and Microbial Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology, New Delhi, India
| | - Tanmay Dutta
- RNA Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology, New Delhi, India
| | - Lata Nain
- Division of Microbiology, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India
| | - Sunil K Khare
- Enzyme and Microbial Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology, New Delhi, India
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4
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Vollheyde K, Yu D, Hornung E, Herrfurth C, Feussner I. The Fifth WS/DGAT Enzyme of the Bacterium Marinobacter aquaeolei VT8. Lipids 2020; 55:479-494. [PMID: 32434279 DOI: 10.1002/lipd.12250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2019] [Revised: 04/09/2020] [Accepted: 04/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Wax esters (WE) belong to the class of neutral lipids. They are formed by an esterification of a fatty alcohol and an activated fatty acid. Dependent on the chain length and desaturation degree of the fatty acid and the fatty alcohol moiety, WE can have diverse physicochemical properties. WE derived from monounsaturated long-chain acyl moieties are of industrial interest due to their very good lubrication properties. Whereas WE were obtained in the past from spermaceti organs of the sperm whale, industrial WE are nowadays mostly produced chemically from fossil fuels. In order to produce WE more sustainably, attempts to produce industrial WE in transgenic plants are steadily increasing. To achieve this, different combinations of WE producing enzymes are expressed in developing Arabidopsis thaliana or Camelina sativa seeds. Here we report the identification and characterization of a fifth wax synthase from the organism Marinobacter aquaeolei VT8, MaWSD5. It belongs to the class of bifunctional wax synthase/acyl-CoA:diacylglycerol O-acyltransferases (WSD). The protein was purified to homogeneity. In vivo and in vitro substrate analyses revealed that MaWSD5 is able to synthesize WE but no triacylglycerols. The protein produces WE from saturated and monounsaturated mid- and long-chain substrates. Arabidopsis thaliana seeds expressing a fatty acid reductase from Marinobacter aquaeolei VT8 and MaWSD5 produce WE. Main WE synthesized are 20:1/18:1 and 20:1/20:1. This makes MaWSD5 a suitable candidate for industrial WE production in planta.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Vollheyde
- Department for Plant Biochemistry, Albrecht-von-Haller-Institute for Plant Sciences, University of Goettingen, 37077, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Dan Yu
- Department for Plant Biochemistry, Albrecht-von-Haller-Institute for Plant Sciences, University of Goettingen, 37077, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Ellen Hornung
- Department for Plant Biochemistry, Albrecht-von-Haller-Institute for Plant Sciences, University of Goettingen, 37077, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Cornelia Herrfurth
- Department for Plant Biochemistry, Albrecht-von-Haller-Institute for Plant Sciences, University of Goettingen, 37077, Goettingen, Germany.,Service Unit for Metabolomics and Lipidomics, Goettingen Center for Molecular Biosciences (GZMB), University of Goettingen, D-37077, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Ivo Feussner
- Department for Plant Biochemistry, Albrecht-von-Haller-Institute for Plant Sciences, University of Goettingen, 37077, Goettingen, Germany.,Service Unit for Metabolomics and Lipidomics, Goettingen Center for Molecular Biosciences (GZMB), University of Goettingen, D-37077, Goettingen, Germany.,Department for Plant Biochemistry, Goettingen Center for Molecular Biosciences (GZMB), University of Goettingen, 37077, Goettingen, Germany
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5
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Yu A, Zhao Y, Li J, Li S, Pang Y, Zhao Y, Zhang C, Xiao D. Sustainable production of FAEE biodiesel using the oleaginous yeast Yarrowia lipolytica. Microbiologyopen 2020; 9:e1051. [PMID: 32342649 PMCID: PMC7349176 DOI: 10.1002/mbo3.1051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2019] [Revised: 03/27/2020] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Fatty acid ethyl esters (FAEEs) are fatty acid‐derived molecules and serve as an important form of biodiesel. The oleaginous yeast Yarrowia lipolytica is considered an ideal host platform for the production of fatty acid‐derived products due to its excellent lipid accumulation capacity. In this proof‐of‐principle study, several metabolic engineering strategies were applied for the overproduction of FAEE biodiesel in Y. lipolytica. Here, chromosome‐based co‐overexpression of two heterologous genes, namely, PDC1 (encoding pyruvate decarboxylase) and ADH1 (encoding alcohol dehydrogenase) from Saccharomyces cerevisiae, and the endogenous GAPDH (encoding glyceraldehyde‐3‐phosphate dehydrogenase) gene of Y. lipolytica resulted in successful biosynthesis of ethanol at 70.8 mg/L in Y. lipolytica. The engineered Y. lipolytica strain expressing the ethanol synthetic pathway together with a heterologous wax ester synthase (MhWS) exhibited the highest FAEE titer of 360.8 mg/L, which is 3.8‐fold higher than that of the control strain when 2% exogenous ethanol was added to the culture medium of Y. lipolytica. Furthermore, a synthetic microbial consortium comprising an engineered Y. lipolytica strain that heterologously expressed MhWS and a S. cerevisiae strain that could provide ethanol as a substrate for the production of the final product in the final engineered Y. lipolytica strain was created in this study. Finally, this synthetic consortium produced FAEE biodiesel at a titer of 4.8 mg/L under the optimum coculture conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aiqun Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology of the Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, Tianjin Engineering Research Center of Microbial Metabolism and Fermentation Process Control, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, China
| | - Yu Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology of the Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, Tianjin Engineering Research Center of Microbial Metabolism and Fermentation Process Control, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, China
| | - Jian Li
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology of the Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, Tianjin Engineering Research Center of Microbial Metabolism and Fermentation Process Control, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, China
| | - Shenglong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology of the Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, Tianjin Engineering Research Center of Microbial Metabolism and Fermentation Process Control, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, China
| | - Yaru Pang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology of the Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, Tianjin Engineering Research Center of Microbial Metabolism and Fermentation Process Control, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, China
| | - Yakun Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology of the Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, Tianjin Engineering Research Center of Microbial Metabolism and Fermentation Process Control, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, China
| | - Cuiying Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology of the Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, Tianjin Engineering Research Center of Microbial Metabolism and Fermentation Process Control, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, China
| | - Dongguang Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology of the Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, Tianjin Engineering Research Center of Microbial Metabolism and Fermentation Process Control, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, China
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6
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Hu Y, Zhu Z, Nielsen J, Siewers V. Engineering Saccharomyces cerevisiae cells for production of fatty acid-derived biofuels and chemicals. Open Biol 2020; 9:190049. [PMID: 31088249 PMCID: PMC6544985 DOI: 10.1098/rsob.190049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae is a widely used cell factory for the production of fuels and chemicals, in particular ethanol, a biofuel produced in large quantities. With a need for high-energy-density fuels for jets and heavy trucks, there is, however, much interest in the biobased production of hydrocarbons that can be derived from fatty acids. Fatty acids also serve as precursors to a number of oleochemicals and hence provide interesting platform chemicals. Here, we review the recent strategies applied to metabolic engineering of S. cerevisiae for the production of fatty acid-derived biofuels and for improvement of the titre, rate and yield (TRY). This includes, for instance, redirection of the flux towards fatty acids through engineering of the central carbon metabolism, balancing the redox power and varying the chain length of fatty acids by enzyme engineering. We also discuss the challenges that currently hinder further TRY improvements and the potential solutions in order to meet the requirements for commercial application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yating Hu
- 1 Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology , 41296 Gothenburg , Sweden.,2 Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Chalmers University of Technology , 41296 Gothenburg , Sweden
| | - Zhiwei Zhu
- 1 Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology , 41296 Gothenburg , Sweden.,2 Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Chalmers University of Technology , 41296 Gothenburg , Sweden
| | - Jens Nielsen
- 1 Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology , 41296 Gothenburg , Sweden.,2 Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Chalmers University of Technology , 41296 Gothenburg , Sweden.,3 Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark , 2800 Kgs Lyngby , Denmark.,4 BioInnovation Institute , Ole Måløes Vej, 2200 Copenhagen N , Denmark
| | - Verena Siewers
- 1 Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology , 41296 Gothenburg , Sweden.,2 Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Chalmers University of Technology , 41296 Gothenburg , Sweden
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7
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Lee JW, Trinh CT. Microbial biosynthesis of lactate esters. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS 2019; 12:226. [PMID: 31548868 PMCID: PMC6753613 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-019-1563-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2019] [Accepted: 09/07/2019] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Green organic solvents such as lactate esters have broad industrial applications and favorable environmental profiles. Thus, manufacturing and use of these biodegradable solvents from renewable feedstocks help benefit the environment. However, to date, the direct microbial biosynthesis of lactate esters from fermentable sugars has not yet been demonstrated. RESULTS In this study, we present a microbial conversion platform for direct biosynthesis of lactate esters from fermentable sugars. First, we designed a pyruvate-to-lactate ester module, consisting of a lactate dehydrogenase (ldhA) to convert pyruvate to lactate, a propionate CoA-transferase (pct) to convert lactate to lactyl-CoA, and an alcohol acyltransferase (AAT) to condense lactyl-CoA and alcohol(s) to make lactate ester(s). By generating a library of five pyruvate-to-lactate ester modules with divergent AATs, we screened for the best module(s) capable of producing a wide range of linear, branched, and aromatic lactate esters with an external alcohol supply. By co-introducing a pyruvate-to-lactate ester module and an alcohol (i.e., ethanol, isobutanol) module into a modular Escherichia coli (chassis) cell, we demonstrated for the first time the microbial biosynthesis of ethyl and isobutyl lactate esters directly from glucose. In an attempt to enhance ethyl lactate production as a proof-of-study, we re-modularized the pathway into (1) the upstream module to generate the ethanol and lactate precursors and (2) the downstream module to generate lactyl-CoA and condense it with ethanol to produce the target ethyl lactate. By manipulating the metabolic fluxes of the upstream and downstream modules through plasmid copy numbers, promoters, ribosome binding sites, and environmental perturbation, we were able to probe and alleviate the metabolic bottlenecks by improving ethyl lactate production by 4.96-fold. We found that AAT is the most rate-limiting step in biosynthesis of lactate esters likely due to its low activity and specificity toward the non-natural substrate lactyl-CoA and alcohols. CONCLUSIONS We have successfully established the biosynthesis pathway of lactate esters from fermentable sugars and demonstrated for the first time the direct fermentative production of lactate esters from glucose using an E. coli modular cell. This study defines a cornerstone for the microbial production of lactate esters as green solvents from renewable resources with novel industrial applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jong-Won Lee
- Bredesen Center for Interdisciplinary Research and Graduate Education, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN USA
- Center for Bioenergy Innovation, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN USA
| | - Cong T. Trinh
- Bredesen Center for Interdisciplinary Research and Graduate Education, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN USA
- Center for Bioenergy Innovation, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN USA
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Tennessee, 1512 Middle Dr., DO#432, Knoxville, TN 37996 USA
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8
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Arhar S, Natter K. Common aspects in the engineering of yeasts for fatty acid- and isoprene-based products. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2019; 1864:158513. [PMID: 31465888 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2019.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2019] [Revised: 06/26/2019] [Accepted: 08/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The biosynthetic pathways for most lipophilic metabolites share several common principles. These substances are built almost exclusively from acetyl-CoA as the donor for the carbon scaffold and NADPH is required for the reductive steps during biosynthesis. Due to their hydrophobicity, the end products are sequestered into the same cellular compartment, the lipid droplet. In this review, we will summarize the efforts in the metabolic engineering of yeasts for the production of two major hydrophobic substance classes, fatty acid-based lipids and isoprenoids, with regard to these common aspects. We will compare and discuss the results of genetic engineering strategies to construct strains with enhanced synthesis of the precursor acetyl-CoA and with modified redox metabolism for improved NADPH supply. We will also discuss the role of the lipid droplet in the storage of the hydrophobic product and review the strategies to either optimize this organelle for higher capacity or to achieve excretion of the product into the medium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Arhar
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, NAWI Graz, University of Graz, Humboldtstrasse 50/II, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Klaus Natter
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, NAWI Graz, University of Graz, Humboldtstrasse 50/II, 8010 Graz, Austria.
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9
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Soong YHV, Liu N, Yoon S, Lawton C, Xie D. Cellular and metabolic engineering of oleaginous yeast Yarrowia lipolytica for bioconversion of hydrophobic substrates into high-value products. Eng Life Sci 2019; 19:423-443. [PMID: 32625020 DOI: 10.1002/elsc.201800147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2018] [Revised: 12/12/2018] [Accepted: 02/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The non-conventional oleaginous yeast Yarrowia lipolytica is able to utilize both hydrophilic and hydrophobic carbon sources as substrates and convert them into value-added bioproducts such as organic acids, extracellular proteins, wax esters, long-chain diacids, fatty acid ethyl esters, carotenoids and omega-3 fatty acids. Metabolic pathway analysis and previous research results show that hydrophobic substrates are potentially more preferred by Y. lipolytica than hydrophilic substrates to make high-value products at higher productivity, titer, rate, and yield. Hence, Y. lipolytica is becoming an efficient and promising biomanufacturing platform due to its capabilities in biosynthesis of extracellular lipases and directly converting the extracellular triacylglycerol oils and fats into high-value products. It is believed that the cell size and morphology of the Y. lipolytica is related to the cell growth, nutrient uptake, and product formation. Dimorphic Y. lipolytica demonstrates the yeast-to-hypha transition in response to the extracellular environments and genetic background. Yeast-to-hyphal transition regulating genes, such as YlBEM1, YlMHY1 and YlZNC1 and so forth, have been identified to involve as major transcriptional factors that control morphology transition in Y. lipolytica. The connection of the cell polarization including cell cycle and the dimorphic transition with the cell size and morphology in Y. lipolytica adapting to new growth are reviewed and discussed. This review also summarizes the general and advanced genetic tools that are used to build a Y. lipolytica biomanufacturing platform.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Hue Valerie Soong
- Massachusetts Biomanufacturing Center Department of Chemical Engineering University of Massachusetts Lowell Lowell MA USA
| | - Na Liu
- Massachusetts Biomanufacturing Center Department of Chemical Engineering University of Massachusetts Lowell Lowell MA USA
| | - Seongkyu Yoon
- Massachusetts Biomanufacturing Center Department of Chemical Engineering University of Massachusetts Lowell Lowell MA USA
| | - Carl Lawton
- Massachusetts Biomanufacturing Center Department of Chemical Engineering University of Massachusetts Lowell Lowell MA USA
| | - Dongming Xie
- Massachusetts Biomanufacturing Center Department of Chemical Engineering University of Massachusetts Lowell Lowell MA USA
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10
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Petronikolou N, Nair SK. Structural and Biochemical Studies of a Biocatalyst for the Enzymatic Production of Wax Esters. ACS Catal 2018; 8:6334-6344. [PMID: 31559109 DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.8b00787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Wax esters are high-value products whose enzymatic synthesis is of increasing biotechnological interest. The fabrication of cell factories that mass-produce wax esters may provide a facile route towards a sustainable, and environment-friendly approach to a large-scale process for this commodity chemical. An expedient route for wax-ester biocatalysis may be facilitated by the action of enzymes termed wax ester synthases/diacylglycerol acyltransferases (WS/DGAT), which produce wax esters using fatty acids and alcohols as a precursor. In this work, we report the structure for a member of the WS/DGAT superfamily. The structural data in conjunction with bioinformatics and mutational analyses allowed us to identify the substrate binding pockets, and residues that may be important for catalysis. Using this information as a guide, we generated a mutant with preference towards shorter acyl-substrates. This study demonstrates the efficacy of a structure-guided engineering effort towards a WS/DGAT variant with preference towards wax esters of desired lengths.
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11
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Gao Q, Cao X, Huang YY, Yang JL, Chen J, Wei LJ, Hua Q. Overproduction of Fatty Acid Ethyl Esters by the Oleaginous Yeast Yarrowia lipolytica through Metabolic Engineering and Process Optimization. ACS Synth Biol 2018; 7:1371-1380. [PMID: 29694786 DOI: 10.1021/acssynbio.7b00453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Recent advances in the production of biofuels by microbes have attracted attention due to increasingly limited fossil fuels. Biodiesels, especially fatty acid ethyl esters (FAEEs), are considered a potentially fully sustainable fuel in the near future due to similarities with petrodiesels and compatibility with existing infrastructure. However, biosynthesis of FAEEs is limited by the supply of precursor lipids and acetyl-CoA. In the present study, we explored the production potential of an engineered biosynthetic pathway coupled to the addition of ethanol in the oleaginous yeast Yarrowia lipolytica. This type of yeast is able to supply a greater amount of precursor lipids than species typically used. To construct the FAEEs synthesis pathway, WS genes that encode wax ester synthases (WSs) from different species were codon-optimized and heterologously expressed in Y. lipolytica. The most productive engineered strain was found to express a WS gene from Marinobacter hydrocarbonoclasticus strain DSM 8798. To stepwisely increase FAEEs production, we optimized the promoter of WS overexpression, eliminated β-oxidation by deleting the PEX10 gene in our engineered strains, and redirected metabolic flux toward acetyl-CoA. The new engineered strain, coupled with an optimized ethanol concentration, led to an approximate 5.5-fold increase in extracellular FAEEs levels compared to the wild-type strain and a maximum FAEEs titer of 1.18 g/L in shake flask cultures. In summary, the present study demonstrated that an engineered Y. lipolytica strain possessed a high capacity for FAEEs production and may serve as a platform for more efficient biodiesel production in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, PR China
| | - Xuan Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, PR China
| | - Yu-Ying Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, PR China
| | - Jing-Lin Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, PR China
| | - Jun Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, PR China
| | - Liu-Jing Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, PR China
| | - Qiang Hua
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, PR China
- Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center for Biomanufacturing Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, PR China
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12
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Turner TL, Kim H, Kong II, Liu JJ, Zhang GC, Jin YS. Engineering and Evolution of Saccharomyces cerevisiae to Produce Biofuels and Chemicals. ADVANCES IN BIOCHEMICAL ENGINEERING/BIOTECHNOLOGY 2018; 162:175-215. [PMID: 27913828 DOI: 10.1007/10_2016_22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
To mitigate global climate change caused partly by the use of fossil fuels, the production of fuels and chemicals from renewable biomass has been attempted. The conversion of various sugars from renewable biomass into biofuels by engineered baker's yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) is one major direction which has grown dramatically in recent years. As well as shifting away from fossil fuels, the production of commodity chemicals by engineered S. cerevisiae has also increased significantly. The traditional approaches of biochemical and metabolic engineering to develop economic bioconversion processes in laboratory and industrial settings have been accelerated by rapid advancements in the areas of yeast genomics, synthetic biology, and systems biology. Together, these innovations have resulted in rapid and efficient manipulation of S. cerevisiae to expand fermentable substrates and diversify value-added products. Here, we discuss recent and major advances in rational (relying on prior experimentally-derived knowledge) and combinatorial (relying on high-throughput screening and genomics) approaches to engineer S. cerevisiae for producing ethanol, butanol, 2,3-butanediol, fatty acid ethyl esters, isoprenoids, organic acids, rare sugars, antioxidants, and sugar alcohols from glucose, xylose, cellobiose, galactose, acetate, alginate, mannitol, arabinose, and lactose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy L Turner
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Heejin Kim
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA.,Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - In Iok Kong
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA.,Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Jing-Jing Liu
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA.,Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Guo-Chang Zhang
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Yong-Su Jin
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA. .,Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA.
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13
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Garcia-Ruiz E, HamediRad M, Zhao H. Pathway Design, Engineering, and Optimization. ADVANCES IN BIOCHEMICAL ENGINEERING/BIOTECHNOLOGY 2018; 162:77-116. [PMID: 27629378 DOI: 10.1007/10_2016_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
Abstract
The microbial metabolic versatility found in nature has inspired scientists to create microorganisms capable of producing value-added compounds. Many endeavors have been made to transfer and/or combine pathways, existing or even engineered enzymes with new function to tractable microorganisms to generate new metabolic routes for drug, biofuel, and specialty chemical production. However, the success of these pathways can be impeded by different complications from an inherent failure of the pathway to cell perturbations. Pursuing ways to overcome these shortcomings, a wide variety of strategies have been developed. This chapter will review the computational algorithms and experimental tools used to design efficient metabolic routes, and construct and optimize biochemical pathways to produce chemicals of high interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Garcia-Ruiz
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Mohammad HamediRad
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Huimin Zhao
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA.
- Departments of Chemistry, Biochemistry, and Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA.
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14
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Miklaszewska M, Dittrich-Domergue F, Banaś A, Domergue F. Wax synthase MhWS2 from Marinobacter hydrocarbonoclasticus: substrate specificity and biotechnological potential for wax ester production. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2018; 102:4063-4074. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-018-8878-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2017] [Revised: 02/02/2018] [Accepted: 02/12/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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15
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Cui Y, Zhao J, Wang Y, Qin S, Lu Y. Characterization and engineering of a dual-function diacylglycerol acyltransferase in the oleaginous marine diatom Phaeodactylum tricornutum. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS 2018; 11:32. [PMID: 29449880 PMCID: PMC5806285 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-018-1029-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2017] [Accepted: 01/23/2018] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Photosynthetic oleaginous microalgae are promising feedstocks for biofuels. Acyl-CoA:diacylglycerol acyltransferases (DGATs) represent rich sources for engineering microalgal lipid production. The principal activity of DGATs has been defined as a single-function enzyme catalyzing the esterification of diacylglycerol with acyl-CoA. RESULTS A dual-function PtWS/DGAT associated with diatom Phaeodactylum tricornutum is discovered in the current study. Distinctive to documented microalgal DGAT types, PtWS/DGAT exhibits activities of both a wax ester synthase (WS) and a DGAT. WS/DGATs are broadly distributed in microalgae, with different topology and phylogeny from those of DGAT1s, DGAT2s, and DGAT3s. In vitro and in vivo assays revealed that PtWS/DGAT, functioning as either a WS or a DGAT, exhibited a preference on saturated FA substrate. Endogenous overexpression of PtWS/DGAT demonstrated that the DGAT activity was dominant, whereas the WS activity was condition dependent and relatively minor. Compared with the wild type (WT), overexpression of PtWS/DGAT in the diatom resulted in increased levels of total lipids (TL) and triacylglycerol (TAG) regardless of nitrogen availability. The stability and scalability of the introduced traits were further investigated at a 10-L photobioreactor, where the mutant growth resembled WT, with moderately increased productivity of TL and TAG. Furthermore, the production of wax esters increased considerably (from undetectable levels to 2.83%) under nitrogen-deplete conditions. CONCLUSIONS PtWS/DGAT is a bifunctional enzyme and may serve as a promising target for the engineering of microalga-based oils and waxes for future industrial use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yulin Cui
- Key Laboratory of Coastal Biology and Biological Resource Utilization, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai, 264003 Shandong China
| | - Jialin Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Coastal Biology and Biological Resource Utilization, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai, 264003 Shandong China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 101408 China
| | - Yinchu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Coastal Biology and Biological Resource Utilization, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai, 264003 Shandong China
| | - Song Qin
- Key Laboratory of Coastal Biology and Biological Resource Utilization, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai, 264003 Shandong China
| | - Yandu Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Resource Utilization in South China Sea, College of Oceanology, Hainan University, Haikou, Hainan 570228 China
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16
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Darvishi F, Fathi Z, Ariana M, Moradi H. Yarrowia lipolytica as a workhorse for biofuel production. Biochem Eng J 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2017.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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17
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Duan L, Ding W, Liu X, Cheng X, Cai J, Hua E, Jiang H. Biosynthesis and engineering of kaempferol in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Microb Cell Fact 2017; 16:165. [PMID: 28950867 PMCID: PMC5615808 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-017-0774-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2017] [Accepted: 09/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Kaempferol is a flavonol with broad bioactivity of anti-oxidant, anti-cancer, anti-diabetic, anti-microbial, cardio-protective and anti-asthma. Microbial synthesis of kaempferol is a promising strategy because of the low content in primary plant source. METHODS In this study, the biosynthesis pathway of kaempferol was constructed in the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae to produce kaempferol de novo, and several biological measures were taken for high production. RESULTS Firstly, a high efficient flavonol synthases (FLS) from Populus deltoides was introduced into the biosynthetic pathway of kaempferol. Secondly, a S. cerevisiae recombinant was constructed for de novo synthesis of kaempferol, which generated about 6.97 mg/L kaempferol from glucose. To further promote kaempferol production, the acetyl-CoA biosynthetic pathway was overexpressed and p-coumarate was supplied as substrate, which improved kaempferol titer by about 23 and 120%, respectively. Finally, a fed-batch process was developed for better kaempferol fermentation performance, and the production reached 66.29 mg/L in 40 h. CONCLUSIONS The titer of kaempferol in our engineered yeast is 2.5 times of the highest reported titer. Our study provides a possible strategy to produce kaempferol using microbial cell factory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijin Duan
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin, China.,Key Laboratory of Systems Microbial Biotechnology, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, China
| | - Wentao Ding
- Key Laboratory of Systems Microbial Biotechnology, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, China
| | - Xiaonan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Systems Microbial Biotechnology, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaozhi Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Systems Microbial Biotechnology, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, China
| | - Jing Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macau, China
| | - Erbing Hua
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin, China.
| | - Huifeng Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Systems Microbial Biotechnology, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, China.
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18
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Fernandez-Moya R, Da Silva NA. Engineering Saccharomyces cerevisiae for high-level synthesis of fatty acids and derived products. FEMS Yeast Res 2017; 17:4111148. [DOI: 10.1093/femsyr/fox071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2017] [Accepted: 09/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
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19
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Tang X, Feng L, Chen L, Chen WN. Engineering Saccharomyces cerevisiae for Efficient Biosynthesis of Fatty Alcohols Based on Enhanced Supply of Free Fatty Acids. ACS OMEGA 2017; 2:3284-3290. [PMID: 30023691 PMCID: PMC6044801 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.7b00065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2017] [Accepted: 04/20/2017] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, production of fatty acid derivatives has attracted much attention because of their wide range of applications in renewable oleochemicals. Microorganisms such as Saccharomyces cerevisiae provided an ideal cell factory for such chemical synthesis. In this study, an efficient strategy for the synthesis of fatty alcohols based on enhanced supply of free fatty acids (FFAs) was constructed. The FAA1 and FAA4 genes encoding two acyl-CoA synthetases in S. cerevisiae were deleted, resulting in the accumulation of FFAs with carbon chain length from C8 to C18. The coexpression of the carboxylic acid reductase gene (car) from Mycobacterium marinum and the phosphopantetheinyl transferase gene (sfp) from Bacillus subtilis successfully converted the accumulated FFAs into fatty alcohols. The concentration of the total fatty alcohols reached 24.3 mg/L, which is in agreement with that of the accumulated FFAs. To further increase the supply of FFAs, the DGAI encoding the acyl-CoA:diacylglycerol acyltransferase involved in the rate-limiting step of triacylglycerols storage was codeleted with FAA1 and FAA4, and the acyl-CoA thioesterase gene (acot) was expressed together with car and sfp, resulting in an enhanced production of fatty alcohols, the content of which increased to 31.2 mg/L. The results herein demonstrated the efficiency of the engineered pathway for the production of fatty acid derivatives using FFAs as precursors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoling Tang
- Key
Laboratory of Bioorganic Synthesis of Zhejiang Province, College of
Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang
University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, P. R. China
- School
of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 62 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 637459, Singapore
| | - Lilin Feng
- Key
Laboratory of Bioorganic Synthesis of Zhejiang Province, College of
Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang
University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, P. R. China
| | - Liwei Chen
- School
of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 62 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 637459, Singapore
| | - Wei Ning Chen
- School
of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 62 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 637459, Singapore
- E-mail: . Phone: +6563162870. Fax: +6562259865
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20
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Chen X, Yang X, Shen Y, Hou J, Bao X. Increasing Malonyl-CoA Derived Product through Controlling the Transcription Regulators of Phospholipid Synthesis in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. ACS Synth Biol 2017; 6:905-912. [PMID: 28132498 DOI: 10.1021/acssynbio.6b00346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Malonyl-CoA is a precursor of a variety of compounds such as polyketides and flavonoids. In Saccharomyces cerevisiae, malonyl-CoA concentration is tightly regulated and therefore maintained at a very low level, limiting the production of malonyl-CoA-derived chemicals. Here we manipulated the phospholipid synthesis transcriptional regulators to control the malonyl-CoA levels and increase the downstream product. Through manipulating different regulators including Ino2p, Ino4p, Opi1p, and a series of synthetic Ino2p variants, combining with studying the inositol and choline effect, the engineered strain achieved a 9-fold increase of the titer of malonyl-CoA-derived product 3-hydroxypropionic acid, which is among the highest improvement relative to previously reported strategies. Our study provides a new strategy to regulate malonyl-CoA availability and will contribute to the production of other highly valued malonyl-CoA-derived chemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxu Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial
Technology, School of Life Science, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Xiaoyu Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial
Technology, School of Life Science, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Yu Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial
Technology, School of Life Science, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Jin Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial
Technology, School of Life Science, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Xiaoming Bao
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial
Technology, School of Life Science, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
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21
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Menendez-Bravo S, Comba S, Gramajo H, Arabolaza A. Metabolic engineering of microorganisms for the production of structurally diverse esters. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2017; 101:3043-3053. [PMID: 28275821 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-017-8179-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2016] [Revised: 02/02/2017] [Accepted: 02/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Conventional petroleum-based chemical industry, although economically still thriving, is now facing great socio-political challenges due to the increasing concerns on climate change and limited availability of fossil resources. In this context, microbial production of fuels and commodity oleochemicals from renewable biomass is being considered a promising sustainable alternative. The increasing understanding of cellular systems has enabled the redesign of microbial metabolism for the production of compounds present in many daily consumer products such as esters, waxes, fatty acids (FA) and fatty alcohols. Small aliphatic esters are important flavour and fragrance elements while long-chain esters, composed of FA esterified to fatty alcohols, are widely used in lubricant formulas, paints, coatings and cosmetics. Here, we review recent advances in the biosynthesis of these types of mono alkyl esters in vivo. We focus on the critical ester bond-forming enzymes and the latest metabolic engineering strategies employed for the biosynthesis of a wide range of products ranging from low-molecular-weight esters to waxy compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simón Menendez-Bravo
- Microbiology Division, IBR (Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Rosario), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario (UNR), Ocampo y Esmeralda (2000), Rosario, Argentina
| | - Santiago Comba
- Microbiology Division, IBR (Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Rosario), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario (UNR), Ocampo y Esmeralda (2000), Rosario, Argentina
| | - Hugo Gramajo
- Microbiology Division, IBR (Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Rosario), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario (UNR), Ocampo y Esmeralda (2000), Rosario, Argentina.
| | - Ana Arabolaza
- Microbiology Division, IBR (Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Rosario), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario (UNR), Ocampo y Esmeralda (2000), Rosario, Argentina.
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22
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Zhang N, Mao Z, Luo L, Wan X, Huang F, Gong Y. Two bifunctional enzymes from the marine protist Thraustochytrium roseum: biochemical characterization of wax ester synthase/acyl-CoA:diacylglycerol acyltransferase activity catalyzing wax ester and triacylglycerol synthesis. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS 2017; 10:185. [PMID: 28725265 PMCID: PMC5513132 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-017-0869-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2017] [Accepted: 07/06/2017] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Triacylglycerols (TAGs) and wax esters (WEs) are important neutral lipids which serve as energy reservoir in some plants and microorganisms. In recent years, these biologically produced neutral lipids have been regarded as potential alternative energy sources for biofuel production because of the increased interest on developing renewable and environmentally benign alternatives for fossil fuels. In bacteria, the final step in TAG and WE biosynthetic pathway is catalyzed by wax ester synthase/acyl coenzyme A (acyl-CoA):diacylglycerol acyltransferase (WS/DGAT). This bifunctional WS/DGAT enzyme is also a key enzyme in biotechnological production of liquid WE via engineering of plants and microorganisms. To date, knowledge about this class of biologically and biotechnologically important enzymes is mainly from biochemical characterization of WS/DGATs from Arabidopsis, jojoba and some bacteria that can synthesize both TAGs and WEs intracellularly, whereas little is known about WS/DGATs from eukaryotic microorganisms. RESULTS Here, we report the identification and characterization of two bifunctional WS/DGAT enzymes (designated TrWSD4 and TrWSD5) from the marine protist Thraustochytrium roseum. Both TrWSD4 and TrWSD5 comprise a WS-like acyl-CoA acyltransferase domain and the recombinant proteins purified from Escherichia coli Rosetta (DE3) have substantial WS and lower DGAT activity. They exhibit WS activity towards various-chain-length saturated and polyunsaturated acyl-CoAs and fatty alcohols ranging from C10 to C18. TrWSD4 displays WS activity with the lowest Km value of 0.14 μM and the highest kcat/Km value of 1.46 × 105 M-1 s-1 for lauroyl-CoA (C12:0) in the presence of 100 μM hexadecanol, while TrWSD5 exhibits WS activity with the lowest Km value of 0.96 μM and the highest kcat/Km value of 9.83 × 104 M-1 s-1 for decanoyl-CoA (C10:0) under the same reaction condition. Both WS/DGAT enzymes have the highest WS activity at 37 and 47 °C, and WS activity was greatly decreased when temperature exceeds 47 °C. TrWSD4 and TrWSD5 are insensitive to ionic strength and reduced WS activity was observed when salt concentration exceeded 800 mM. The potential of T. roseum WS/DGATs to establish novel process for biotechnological production of WEs was demonstrated by heterologous expression in recombinant yeast. Expression of either TrWSD4 or TrWSD5 in Saccharomyces cerevisiae quadruple mutant H1246, which is devoid of storage lipids, resulted in the accumulation of WEs, but not any detectable TAGs, indicating a predominant WS activity in yeast. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrates both in vitro WS and DGAT activity of two T. roseum WS/DGATs, which were characterized as unspecific acyltransferases accepting a broad range of acyl-CoAs and fatty alcohols as substrates for WS activity but displaying substrate preference for medium-chain acyl-CoAs. In vivo characterization shows that these two WS/DGATs predominantly function as wax synthase and presents the feasibility for production of WEs by heterologous hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nannan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Oil Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Oil Crops Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, 430062 China
| | - Zejing Mao
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Oil Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Oil Crops Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, 430062 China
| | - Ling Luo
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Oil Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Oil Crops Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, 430062 China
| | - Xia Wan
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Oil Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Oil Crops Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, 430062 China
| | - Fenghong Huang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Lipid Chemistry and Nutrition, Oil Crops Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, 430062 China
| | - Yangmin Gong
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Oil Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Oil Crops Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, 430062 China
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Cheon S, Kim HM, Gustavsson M, Lee SY. Recent trends in metabolic engineering of microorganisms for the production of advanced biofuels. Curr Opin Chem Biol 2016; 35:10-21. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2016.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2016] [Revised: 07/14/2016] [Accepted: 08/07/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Wenning L, Yu T, David F, Nielsen J, Siewers V. Establishing very long-chain fatty alcohol and wax ester biosynthesis inSaccharomyces cerevisiae. Biotechnol Bioeng 2016; 114:1025-1035. [DOI: 10.1002/bit.26220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2016] [Revised: 10/31/2016] [Accepted: 11/09/2016] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Leonie Wenning
- Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, Systems and Synthetic Biology; Chalmers University of Technology; Kemivägen 10 Göteborg SE-412 96 Sweden
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability; Chalmers University of Technology; Kemivägen Göteborg Sweden
| | - Tao Yu
- Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, Systems and Synthetic Biology; Chalmers University of Technology; Kemivägen 10 Göteborg SE-412 96 Sweden
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability; Chalmers University of Technology; Kemivägen Göteborg Sweden
| | - Florian David
- Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, Systems and Synthetic Biology; Chalmers University of Technology; Kemivägen 10 Göteborg SE-412 96 Sweden
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability; Chalmers University of Technology; Kemivägen Göteborg Sweden
| | - Jens Nielsen
- Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, Systems and Synthetic Biology; Chalmers University of Technology; Kemivägen 10 Göteborg SE-412 96 Sweden
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability; Chalmers University of Technology; Kemivägen Göteborg Sweden
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability; Technical University of Denmark; Kemitorvet Lyngby Denmark
| | - Verena Siewers
- Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, Systems and Synthetic Biology; Chalmers University of Technology; Kemivägen 10 Göteborg SE-412 96 Sweden
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability; Chalmers University of Technology; Kemivägen Göteborg Sweden
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Biobased production of alkanes and alkenes through metabolic engineering of microorganisms. J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol 2016; 44:613-622. [PMID: 27565672 PMCID: PMC5408033 DOI: 10.1007/s10295-016-1814-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2016] [Accepted: 07/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Advancement in metabolic engineering of microorganisms has enabled bio-based production of a range of chemicals, and such engineered microorganism can be used for sustainable production leading to reduced carbon dioxide emission there. One area that has attained much interest is microbial hydrocarbon biosynthesis, and in particular, alkanes and alkenes are important high-value chemicals as they can be utilized for a broad range of industrial purposes as well as ‘drop-in’ biofuels. Some microorganisms have the ability to biosynthesize alkanes and alkenes naturally, but their production level is extremely low. Therefore, there have been various attempts to recruit other microbial cell factories for production of alkanes and alkenes by applying metabolic engineering strategies. Here we review different pathways and involved enzymes for alkane and alkene production and discuss bottlenecks and possible solutions to accomplish industrial level production of these chemicals by microbial fermentation.
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Lin JL, Zhu J, Wheeldon I. Rapid ester biosynthesis screening reveals a high activity alcohol-O-acyltransferase (AATase) from tomato fruit. Biotechnol J 2016; 11:700-7. [PMID: 26814045 DOI: 10.1002/biot.201500406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2015] [Revised: 11/24/2015] [Accepted: 01/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Ethyl and acetate esters are naturally produced in various yeasts, plants, and bacteria. The biosynthetic pathways that produce these esters share a common reaction step, the condensation of acetyl/acyl-CoA with an alcohol by alcohol-O-acetyl/acyltransferase (AATase). Recent metabolic engineering efforts exploit AATase activity to produce fatty acid ethyl esters as potential diesel fuel replacements as well as short- and medium-chain volatile esters as fragrance and flavor compounds. These efforts have been limited by the lack of a rapid screen to quantify ester biosynthesis. Enzyme engineering efforts have also been limited by the lack of a high throughput screen for AATase activity. Here, we developed a high throughput assay for AATase activity and used this assay to discover a high activity AATase from tomato fruit, Solanum lycopersicum (Atf-S.l). Atf1-S.l exhibited broad specificity towards acyl-CoAs with chain length from C4 to C10 and was specific towards 1-pentanol. The AATase screen also revealed new acyl-CoA substrate specificities for Atf1, Atf2, Eht1, and Eeb1 from Saccharomyces cerevisiae, and Atf-C.m from melon fruit, Cucumis melo, thus increasing the pool of characterized AATases that can be used in ester biosynthesis of ester-based fragrance and flavor compounds as well as fatty acid ethyl ester biofuels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jyun-Liang Lin
- Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Riverside, CA, USA
| | - Jie Zhu
- Biochemistry, University of California, Riverside, CA, USA
| | - Ian Wheeldon
- Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Riverside, CA, USA.
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Chen L, Lee J, Ning Chen W. The use of metabolic engineering to produce fatty acid-derived biofuel and chemicals in Saccharomyces cerevisiae: a review. AIMS BIOENGINEERING 2016. [DOI: 10.3934/bioeng.2016.4.468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
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28
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Beller HR, Lee TS, Katz L. Natural products as biofuels and bio-based chemicals: fatty acids and isoprenoids. Nat Prod Rep 2015. [PMID: 26216573 DOI: 10.1039/c5np00068h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Although natural products are best known for their use in medicine and agriculture, a number of fatty acid-derived and isoprenoid natural products are being developed for use as renewable biofuels and bio-based chemicals. This review summarizes recent work on fatty acid-derived compounds (fatty acid alkyl esters, fatty alcohols, medium- and short-chain methyl ketones, alkanes, α-olefins, and long-chain internal alkenes) and isoprenoids, including hemiterpenes (e.g., isoprene and isopentanol), monoterpenes (e.g., limonene), and sesquiterpenes (e.g., farnesene and bisabolene).
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Affiliation(s)
- Harry R Beller
- Joint BioEnergy Institute (JBEI), 5885 Hollis Street, Emeryville, California, 94608 USA.
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29
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Shi S, Ji H, Siewers V, Nielsen J. Improved production of fatty acids bySaccharomyces cerevisiaethrough screening a cDNA library from the oleaginous yeastYarrowia lipolytica. FEMS Yeast Res 2015; 16:fov108. [DOI: 10.1093/femsyr/fov108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
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30
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Expanded metabolite coverage of Saccharomyces cerevisiae extract through improved chloroform/methanol extraction and tert-butyldimethylsilyl derivatization. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ancr.2015.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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31
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Röttig A, Wolf S, Steinbüchel A. In vitro characterization of five bacterial WS/DGAT acyltransferases regarding the synthesis of biotechnologically relevant short-chain-length esters. EUR J LIPID SCI TECH 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ejlt.201500200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Annika Röttig
- Institut für Molekulare Mikrobiologie und Biotechnologie; Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster; Münster Germany
| | - Sebastian Wolf
- Institut für Molekulare Mikrobiologie und Biotechnologie; Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster; Münster Germany
| | - Alexander Steinbüchel
- Institut für Molekulare Mikrobiologie und Biotechnologie; Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster; Münster Germany
- Faculty of Environmental Sciences; King Abdulaziz University; Jeddah Saudi Arabia
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de Jong BW, Siewers V, Nielsen J. Physiological and transcriptional characterization of Saccharomyces cerevisiae engineered for production of fatty acid ethyl esters. FEMS Yeast Res 2015; 16:fov105. [PMID: 26590613 DOI: 10.1093/femsyr/fov105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Saccharomyces cerevisiae has previously been engineered to become a cell factory for the production of fatty acid ethyl esters (FAEEs), molecules suitable for crude diesel replacement. To find new metabolic engineering targets for the improvement of FAEE cell factories, three different FAEE-producing strains of S. cerevisiae, constructed previously, were compared and characterized by quantification of key fluxes and genome-wide transcription analysis. From both the physiological and the transcriptional data, it was indicated that strain CB2I20, with high expression of a heterologous wax ester synthase gene (ws2) and strain BdJ15, containing disruptions of genes DGA1, LRO1, ARE1, ARE2 and POX1, which prevent the conversion of acyl-CoA to sterol esters, triacylglycerides and the degradation to acetyl-CoA, triggered oxidative stress that consequently influenced cellular growth. In the latter strain, stress was possibly triggered by disabling the buffering capacity of lipid droplets in encapsulating toxic fatty acids such as oleic acid. Additionally, it was indicated that there was an increased demand for NADPH required for the reduction steps in fatty acid biosynthesis. In conclusion, our analysis clearly shows that engineering of fatty acid biosynthesis results in transcriptional reprogramming and has a significant effect on overall cellular metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bouke Wim de Jong
- Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, SE-41296 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Verena Siewers
- Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, SE-41296 Gothenburg, Sweden Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Chalmers University of Technology, SE-41296 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Jens Nielsen
- Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, SE-41296 Gothenburg, Sweden Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Chalmers University of Technology, SE-41296 Gothenburg, Sweden Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2970 Hørsholm, Denmark
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Teo WS, Ling H, Yu AQ, Chang MW. Metabolic engineering of Saccharomyces cerevisiae for production of fatty acid short- and branched-chain alkyl esters biodiesel. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS 2015; 8:177. [PMID: 26543501 PMCID: PMC4634726 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-015-0361-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2015] [Accepted: 10/22/2015] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Biodiesel is a mixture of fatty acid short-chain alkyl esters of different fatty acid carbon chain lengths. However, while fatty acid methyl or ethyl esters are useful biodiesel produced commercially, fatty acid esters with branched-chain alcohol moieties have superior fuel properties. Crucially, this includes improved cold flow characteristics, as one of the major problems associated with biodiesel use is poor low-temperature flow properties. Hence, microbial production as a renewable, nontoxic and scalable method to produce fatty acid esters with branched-chain alcohol moieties from biomass is critical. RESULTS We engineered Saccharomyces cerevisiae to produce fatty acid short- and branched-chain alkyl esters, including ethyl, isobutyl, isoamyl and active amyl esters using endogenously synthesized fatty acids and alcohols. Two wax ester synthase genes (ws2 and Maqu_0168 from Marinobacter sp.) were cloned and expressed. Both enzymes were found to catalyze the formation of fatty acid esters, with different alcohol preferences. To boost the ability of S. cerevisiae to produce the aforementioned esters, negative regulators of the INO1 gene in phospholipid metabolism, Rpd3 and Opi1, were deleted to increase flux towards fatty acyl-CoAs. In addition, five isobutanol pathway enzymes (Ilv2, Ilv5, Ilv3, Aro10, and Adh7) targeted into the mitochondria were overexpressed to enhance production of alcohol precursors. By combining these engineering strategies with high-cell-density fermentation, over 230 mg/L fatty acid short- and branched-chain alkyl esters were produced, which is the highest titer reported in yeast to date. CONCLUSIONS In this work, we engineered the metabolism of S. cerevisiae to produce biodiesels in the form of fatty acid short- and branched-chain alkyl esters, including ethyl, isobutyl, isoamyl and active amyl esters. To our knowledge, this is the first report of the production of fatty acid isobutyl and active amyl esters in S. cerevisiae. Our findings will be useful for engineering S. cerevisiae strains toward high-level and sustainable biodiesel production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Suong Teo
- />Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 14 Medical Drive, Singapore, 117597 Singapore
- />NUS Synthetic Biology for Clinical and Technological Innovation (SynCTI), Life Sciences Institute, National University of Singapore, 28 Medical Drive, Singapore, 117456 Singapore
| | - Hua Ling
- />Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 14 Medical Drive, Singapore, 117597 Singapore
- />NUS Synthetic Biology for Clinical and Technological Innovation (SynCTI), Life Sciences Institute, National University of Singapore, 28 Medical Drive, Singapore, 117456 Singapore
| | - Ai-Qun Yu
- />Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 14 Medical Drive, Singapore, 117597 Singapore
- />NUS Synthetic Biology for Clinical and Technological Innovation (SynCTI), Life Sciences Institute, National University of Singapore, 28 Medical Drive, Singapore, 117456 Singapore
| | - Matthew Wook Chang
- />Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 14 Medical Drive, Singapore, 117597 Singapore
- />NUS Synthetic Biology for Clinical and Technological Innovation (SynCTI), Life Sciences Institute, National University of Singapore, 28 Medical Drive, Singapore, 117456 Singapore
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Yan J, Yan Y, Madzak C, Han B. Harnessing biodiesel-producing microbes: from genetic engineering of lipase to metabolic engineering of fatty acid biosynthetic pathway. Crit Rev Biotechnol 2015; 37:26-36. [DOI: 10.3109/07388551.2015.1104531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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35
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Röttig A, Zurek PJ, Steinbüchel A. Assessment of bacterial acyltransferases for an efficient lipid production in metabolically engineered strains of E. coli. Metab Eng 2015; 32:195-206. [PMID: 26460058 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymben.2015.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2015] [Revised: 09/21/2015] [Accepted: 09/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Microbially produced lipids like triacylglycerols or fatty acid ethyl esters are currently of great interest as fuel replacements or other industrially relevant compounds. They can even be produced by non-oleaginous microbes, like Escherichia coli, upon metabolic engineering. However, there is still much room for improvement regarding the yield for a competitive microbial production of lipids or biofuels. We genetically engineered E. coli by expressing fadD, fadR, pgpB, plsB and 'tesA in combination with atfA from Acinetobacter baylyi. A total fatty acid contents of up to 16% (w/w) was obtained on complex media, corresponding to approximately 9% (w/w) triacylglycerols and representing the highest titers of fatty acids and triacylglycerols obtained in E. coli under comparable cultivation conditions, so far. To evaluate further possibilities for an optimization of lipid production, ten promising bacterial wax ester synthase/acyl-Coenzyme A:diacylglycerol acyltransferases were tested and compared. While highest triacylglycerol storage was achieved with AtfA, the mutated variant AtfA-G355I turned out to be most suitable for fatty acid ethyl ester biosynthesis and enabled an accumulation of approx. 500 mg/L without external ethanol supplementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annika Röttig
- Institut für Molekulare Mikrobiologie und Biotechnologie, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, D-48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Paul Jannis Zurek
- Institut für Molekulare Mikrobiologie und Biotechnologie, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, D-48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Alexander Steinbüchel
- Institut für Molekulare Mikrobiologie und Biotechnologie, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, D-48149 Münster, Germany; Faculty of Environmental Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.
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36
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Metabolic engineering of Escherichia coli for production of biodiesel from fatty alcohols and acetyl-CoA. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2015. [PMID: 26205521 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-015-6809-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Microbial production of biodiesel from renewable feedstock has attracted intensive attention. Biodiesel is known to be produced from short-chain alcohols and fatty acyl-CoAs through the expression of wax ester synthase/fatty acyl-CoA: diacylglycerol acyltransferase that catalyzes the esterification of short-chain alcohols and fatty acyl-CoAs. Here, we engineered Escherichia coli to produce various fatty alcohol acetate esters, which depend on the expression of Saccharomyces cerevisiae alcohol acetyltransferase ATF1 that catalyzes the esterification of fatty alcohols and acetyl-CoA. The fatty acid biosynthetic pathways generate fatty acyl-ACPs, fatty acyl-CoAs, or fatty acids, which can be converted to fatty alcohols by fatty acyl-CoA reductase, fatty acyl-ACP reductase, or carboxylic acid reductase, respectively. This study showed the biosynthesis of biodiesel from three fatty acid biosynthetic pathway intermediates.
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37
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Tang X, Lee J, Chen WN. Engineering the fatty acid metabolic pathway in Saccharomyces cerevisiae for advanced biofuel production. Metab Eng Commun 2015; 2:58-66. [PMID: 34150509 PMCID: PMC8193251 DOI: 10.1016/j.meteno.2015.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2015] [Revised: 06/22/2015] [Accepted: 06/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Fatty acid-derived fuels and chemicals have attracted a great deal of attention in recent decades, due to their following properties of high compatibility to gasoline-based fuels and existing infrastructure for their direct utilization, storage and distribution. The yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae is the ideal biofuel producing candidate, based on the wealth of available genetic information and versatile tools designed to manipulate its metabolic pathways. Engineering the fatty acid metabolic pathways in S. cerevisiae is an effective strategy to increase its fatty acid biosynthesis and provide more pathway precursors for production of targeted products. This review summarizes the recent progress in metabolic engineering of yeast cells for fatty acids and fatty acid derivatives production, including the regulation of acetyl-CoA biosynthesis, NADPH production, fatty acid elongation, and the accumulation of activated precursors of fatty acids for converting enzymes. By introducing specific enzymes in the engineered strains, a powerful platform with a scalable, controllable and economic route for advanced biofuel production has been established. Recent progress in metabolic engineering for enhanced fatty acid production. Regulation of acetyl-CoA, NADPH pathway for fatty acid synthesis. Regulation of elongation and catabolic pathway to strength fatty acid synthesis. Enhanced production of activated precursors for fatty acid derivatives production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoling Tang
- School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 62 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 637459, Singapore
| | - Jaslyn Lee
- School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 62 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 637459, Singapore
| | - Wei Ning Chen
- School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 62 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 637459, Singapore
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38
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Lee SY, Kim HM, Cheon S. Metabolic engineering for the production of hydrocarbon fuels. Curr Opin Biotechnol 2015; 33:15-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.copbio.2014.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2014] [Revised: 09/22/2014] [Accepted: 09/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Becker J, Wittmann C. Advanced Biotechnology: Metabolically Engineered Cells for the Bio-Based Production of Chemicals and Fuels, Materials, and Health-Care Products. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015; 54:3328-50. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201409033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 223] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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40
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Biotechnologie von Morgen: metabolisch optimierte Zellen für die bio-basierte Produktion von Chemikalien und Treibstoffen, Materialien und Gesundheitsprodukten. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201409033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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41
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Tsai CS, Kwak S, Turner TL, Jin YS. Yeast synthetic biology toolbox and applications for biofuel production. FEMS Yeast Res 2015; 15:1-15. [PMID: 25195615 DOI: 10.1111/1567-1364.12206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 06/16/2014] [Accepted: 08/31/2014] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Yeasts are efficient biofuel producers with numerous advantages outcompeting bacterial counterparts. While most synthetic biology tools have been developed and customized for bacteria especially for Escherichia coli, yeast synthetic biological tools have been exploited for improving yeast to produce fuels and chemicals from renewable biomass. Here we review the current status of synthetic biological tools and their applications for biofuel production, focusing on the model strain Saccharomyces cerevisiae We describe assembly techniques that have been developed for constructing genes, pathways, and genomes in yeast. Moreover, we discuss synthetic parts for allowing precise control of gene expression at both transcriptional and translational levels. Applications of these synthetic biological approaches have led to identification of effective gene targets that are responsible for desirable traits, such as cellulosic sugar utilization, advanced biofuel production, and enhanced tolerance against toxic products for biofuel production from renewable biomass. Although an array of synthetic biology tools and devices are available, we observed some gaps existing in tool development to achieve industrial utilization. Looking forward, future tool development should focus on industrial cultivation conditions utilizing industrial strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ching-Sung Tsai
- Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Suryang Kwak
- Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA.,Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Timothy L Turner
- Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA.,Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Yong-Su Jin
- Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA .,Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
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Dynamics of the lipid droplet proteome of the Oleaginous yeast rhodosporidium toruloides. EUKARYOTIC CELL 2015; 14:252-64. [PMID: 25576482 DOI: 10.1128/ec.00141-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Lipid droplets (LDs) are ubiquitous organelles that serve as a neutral lipid reservoir and a hub for lipid metabolism. Manipulating LD formation, evolution, and mobilization in oleaginous species may lead to the production of fatty acid-derived biofuels and chemicals. However, key factors regulating LD dynamics remain poorly characterized. Here we purified the LDs and identified LD-associated proteins from cells of the lipid-producing yeast Rhodosporidium toruloides cultured under nutrient-rich, nitrogen-limited, and phosphorus-limited conditions. The LD proteome consisted of 226 proteins, many of which are involved in lipid metabolism and LD formation and evolution. Further analysis of our previous comparative transcriptome and proteome data sets indicated that the transcription level of 85 genes and protein abundance of 77 proteins changed under nutrient-limited conditions. Such changes were highly relevant to lipid accumulation and partially confirmed by reverse transcription-quantitative PCR. We demonstrated that the major LD structure protein Ldp1 is an LD marker protein being upregulated in lipid-rich cells. When overexpressed in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Ldp1 localized on the LD surface and facilitated giant LD formation, suggesting that Ldp1 plays an important role in controlling LD dynamics. Our results significantly advance the understanding of the molecular basis of lipid overproduction and storage in oleaginous yeasts and will be valuable for the development of superior lipid producers.
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43
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Guo Z, Duquesne S, Bozonnet S, Cioci G, Nicaud JM, Marty A, O’Donohue MJ. Development of cellobiose-degrading ability in Yarrowia lipolytica strain by overexpression of endogenous genes. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS 2015; 8:109. [PMID: 26244054 PMCID: PMC4524412 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-015-0289-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2015] [Accepted: 07/22/2015] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Yarrowia lipolytica, one of the most widely studied "nonconventional" oleaginous yeast species, is unable to grow on cellobiose. Engineering cellobiose-degrading ability into this yeast is a vital step towards the development of cellulolytic biocatalysts suitable for consolidated bioprocessing. RESULTS In the present work, we identified six genes encoding putative β-glucosidases in the Y. lipolytica genome. To study these, homologous expression was attempted in Y. lipolytica JMY1212 Zeta. Two strains overexpressing BGL1 (YALI0F16027g) and BGL2 (YALI0B14289g) produced β-glucosidase activity and were able to degrade cellobiose, while the other four did not display any detectable activity. The two active β-glucosidases, one of which was mainly cell-associated while the other was present in the extracellular medium, were purified and characterized. The two Bgls were most active at 40-45°C and pH 4.0-4.5, and exhibited hydrolytic activity on various β-glycoside substrates. Specifically, Bgl1 displayed 12.5-fold higher catalytic efficiency on cellobiose than Bgl2. Significantly, in experiments where cellobiose or cellulose (performed in the presence of a β-glucosidase-deficient commercial cellulase cocktail produced by Trichoderma reseei) was used as carbon source for aerobic cultivation, Y. lipolytica ∆pox co-expressing BGL1 and BGL2 grew better than the Y. lipolytica strains expressing single BGLs. The specific growth rate and biomass yield of Y. lipolytica JMY1212 co-expressing BGL1 and BGL2 were 0.15 h(-1) and 0.50 g-DCW/g-cellobiose, respectively, similar to that of the control grown on glucose. CONCLUSIONS We conclude that the bi-functional Y. lipolytica developed in the current study represents a vital step towards the creation of a cellulolytic yeast strain that can be used for lipid production from lignocellulosic biomass. When used in combination with commercial cellulolytic cocktails, this strain will no doubt reduce enzyme requirements and thus costs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongpeng Guo
- />LISBP-Biocatalysis Group, INSA/INRA UMR 792, Université de Toulouse, 135 Avenue de Rangueil, 31077 Toulouse, France
- />INRA, UMR792 Ingénierie des Systèmes Biologiques et des Procédés, 31400 Toulouse, France
- />CNRS, UMR5504, 31400 Toulouse, France
| | - Sophie Duquesne
- />LISBP-Biocatalysis Group, INSA/INRA UMR 792, Université de Toulouse, 135 Avenue de Rangueil, 31077 Toulouse, France
- />INRA, UMR792 Ingénierie des Systèmes Biologiques et des Procédés, 31400 Toulouse, France
- />CNRS, UMR5504, 31400 Toulouse, France
| | - Sophie Bozonnet
- />LISBP-Biocatalysis Group, INSA/INRA UMR 792, Université de Toulouse, 135 Avenue de Rangueil, 31077 Toulouse, France
- />INRA, UMR792 Ingénierie des Systèmes Biologiques et des Procédés, 31400 Toulouse, France
- />CNRS, UMR5504, 31400 Toulouse, France
| | - Gianluca Cioci
- />LISBP-Biocatalysis Group, INSA/INRA UMR 792, Université de Toulouse, 135 Avenue de Rangueil, 31077 Toulouse, France
- />INRA, UMR792 Ingénierie des Systèmes Biologiques et des Procédés, 31400 Toulouse, France
- />CNRS, UMR5504, 31400 Toulouse, France
| | - Jean-Marc Nicaud
- />INRA, UMR1319 Micalis, 78352 Jouy-en-Josas, France
- />AgroParisTech, UMR Micalis, 78352 Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Alain Marty
- />LISBP-Biocatalysis Group, INSA/INRA UMR 792, Université de Toulouse, 135 Avenue de Rangueil, 31077 Toulouse, France
- />INRA, UMR792 Ingénierie des Systèmes Biologiques et des Procédés, 31400 Toulouse, France
- />CNRS, UMR5504, 31400 Toulouse, France
| | - Michael Joseph O’Donohue
- />LISBP-Biocatalysis Group, INSA/INRA UMR 792, Université de Toulouse, 135 Avenue de Rangueil, 31077 Toulouse, France
- />INRA, UMR792 Ingénierie des Systèmes Biologiques et des Procédés, 31400 Toulouse, France
- />CNRS, UMR5504, 31400 Toulouse, France
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Tao H, Guo D, Zhang Y, Deng Z, Liu T. Metabolic engineering of microbes for branched-chain biodiesel production with low-temperature property. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS 2015; 8:92. [PMID: 26120362 PMCID: PMC4483204 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-015-0270-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2015] [Accepted: 06/05/2015] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The steadily increasing demand for diesel fuels calls for renewable energy sources. This has attracted a growing amount of research to develop advanced, alternative biodiesel worldwide. Several major disadvantages of current biodiesels are the undesirable physical properties such as high viscosity and poor low-temperature operability. Therefore, there is an urgent need to develop novel and advanced biodiesels. RESULTS Inspired by the proven capability of wax ester synthase/acyl-coenzyme A, diacylglycerol acyltransferase (WS/DGAT) to generate fatty acid esters, de novo biosynthesis of fatty acid branched-chain esters (FABCEs) and branched fatty acid branched-chain esters (BFABCEs) was performed in engineered Escherichia coli through combination of the (branched) fatty acid biosynthetic pathway and the branched-chain amino acid biosynthetic pathway. Furthermore, by modifying the fatty acid pathway, we improved FABCE production to 273 mg/L and achieved a high proportion of FABCEs at 99.3 % of total fatty acid esters. In order to investigate the universality of this strategy, Pichia pastoris yeast was engineered and produced desirable levels of FABCEs for the first time with a good starting point of 169 mg/L. CONCLUSIONS We propose new pathways of fatty acid ester biosynthesis and establish proof of concept through metabolic engineering of E. coli and P. pastoris yeast. We were able to produce advanced biodiesels with high proportions FABCEs and BFABCEs. Furthermore, this new strategy promises to achieve advanced biodiesels with beneficial low-temperature properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Tao
- />Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery, Ministry of Education and Wuhan University School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan, 430071 China
- />Hubei Engineering Laboratory for Synthetic Microbiology, Wuhan Institute of Biotechnology, Wuhan, 430075 China
| | - Daoyi Guo
- />Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery, Ministry of Education and Wuhan University School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan, 430071 China
| | - Yuchen Zhang
- />Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery, Ministry of Education and Wuhan University School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan, 430071 China
- />Hubei Engineering Laboratory for Synthetic Microbiology, Wuhan Institute of Biotechnology, Wuhan, 430075 China
| | - Zixin Deng
- />Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery, Ministry of Education and Wuhan University School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan, 430071 China
- />Hubei Engineering Laboratory for Synthetic Microbiology, Wuhan Institute of Biotechnology, Wuhan, 430075 China
- />State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200240 China
| | - Tiangang Liu
- />Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery, Ministry of Education and Wuhan University School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan, 430071 China
- />Hubei Engineering Laboratory for Synthetic Microbiology, Wuhan Institute of Biotechnology, Wuhan, 430075 China
- />Hubei Provincial Cooperative Innovation Center of Industrial Fermentation, Wuhan, 430068 China
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The effects of putative lipase and wax ester synthase/acyl-CoA:diacylglycerol acyltransferase gene knockouts on triacylglycerol accumulation in Gordonia sp. KTR9. J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol 2014; 42:219-27. [PMID: 25487758 DOI: 10.1007/s10295-014-1552-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2014] [Accepted: 11/19/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Previously, we demonstrated triacylglycerol (TAG) accumulation and the in vivo ability to catalyze esters from exogenous short chain alcohol sources in Gordonia sp. strain KTR9. In this study, we investigated the effects that putative lipase (KTR9_0186) and wax ester synthase/acyl-CoA:diacylglycerol acyltransferase (WS/DGAT; KTR9_3844) gene knockouts had on TAG accumulation. Gene disruption of KTR9_0186 resulted in a twofold increase in TAG content in nitrogen starved cells. Lipase mutants subjected to carbon starvation, following nitrogen starvation, retained 75 % more TAGs and retained pigmentation. Transcriptome expression data confirmed the deletion of KTR9_0186 and identified the up-regulation of key genes involved in fatty acid degradation, a likely compensatory mechanism for reduced TAG mobilization. In vitro assays with purified KTR9_3844 demonstrated WS/DGAT activity with short chain alcohols and C16 and C18 fatty acid Co-As. Collectively, these results indicate that Gordonia sp. KTR9 has a suitable tractable genetic background for TAG production as well as the enzymatic capacity to catalyze fatty acid esters from short chain alcohols.
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Muller EEL, Sheik AR, Wilmes P. Lipid-based biofuel production from wastewater. Curr Opin Biotechnol 2014; 30:9-16. [DOI: 10.1016/j.copbio.2014.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2014] [Revised: 03/27/2014] [Accepted: 03/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Metabolic pathway engineering for fatty acid ethyl ester production in Saccharomyces cerevisiae using stable chromosomal integration. J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol 2014; 42:477-86. [PMID: 25422103 DOI: 10.1007/s10295-014-1540-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2014] [Accepted: 11/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Fatty acid ethyl esters are fatty acid derived molecules similar to first generation biodiesel (fatty acid methyl esters; FAMEs) which can be produced in a microbial cell factory. Saccharomyces cerevisiae is a suitable candidate for microbial large scale and long term cultivations, which is the typical industrial production setting for biofuels. It is crucial to conserve the metabolic design of the cell factory during industrial cultivation conditions that require extensive propagation. Genetic modifications therefore have to be introduced in a stable manner. Here, several metabolic engineering strategies for improved production of fatty acid ethyl esters in S. cerevisiae were combined and the genes were stably expressed from the organisms' chromosomes. A wax ester synthase (ws2) was expressed in different yeast strains with an engineered acetyl-CoA and fatty acid metabolism. Thus, we compared expression of ws2 with and without overexpression of alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH2), acetaldehyde dehydrogenase (ALD6) and acetyl-CoA synthetase (acs SE (L641P) ) and further evaluated additional overexpression of a mutant version of acetyl-CoA decarboxylase (ACC1 (S1157A,S659A) ) and the acyl-CoA binding protein (ACB1). The combined engineering efforts of the implementation of ws2, ADH2, ALD6 and acs SE (L641P) , ACC1 (S1157A,S659A) and ACB1 in a S. cerevisiae strain lacking storage lipid formation (are1Δ, are2Δ, dga1Δ and lro1Δ) and β-oxidation (pox1Δ) resulted in a 4.1-fold improvement compared with sole expression of ws2 in S. cerevisiae.
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Recent advances in biosynthesis of fatty acids derived products in Saccharomyces cerevisiae via enhanced supply of precursor metabolites. J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol 2014; 42:437-51. [PMID: 25306882 DOI: 10.1007/s10295-014-1518-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2014] [Accepted: 09/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Fatty acids or their activated forms, fatty acyl-CoAs and fatty acyl-ACPs, are important precursors to synthesize a wide variety of fuels and chemicals, including but not limited to free fatty acids (FFAs), fatty alcohols (FALs), fatty acid ethyl esters (FAEEs), and alkanes. However, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, an important cell factory, does not naturally accumulate fatty acids in large quantities. Therefore, metabolic engineering strategies were carried out to increase the glycolytic fluxes to fatty acid biosynthesis in yeast, specifically to enhance the supply of precursors, eliminate competing pathways, and bypass the host regulatory network. This review will focus on the genetic manipulation of both structural and regulatory genes in each step for fatty acids overproduction in S. cerevisiae, including from sugar to acetyl-CoA, from acetyl-CoA to malonyl-CoA, and from malonyl-CoA to fatty acyl-CoAs. The downstream pathways for the conversion of fatty acyl-CoAs to the desired products will also be discussed.
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Thompson RA, Trinh CT. Enhancing fatty acid ethyl ester production inSaccharomyces cerevisiaethrough metabolic engineering and medium optimization. Biotechnol Bioeng 2014; 111:2200-8. [DOI: 10.1002/bit.25292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2014] [Revised: 05/11/2014] [Accepted: 05/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- R. Adam Thompson
- Bredesen Center for Interdisciplinary Research and Graduate Education; The University of Tennessee; Knoxville Tennessee
| | - Cong T. Trinh
- Bredesen Center for Interdisciplinary Research and Graduate Education; The University of Tennessee; Knoxville Tennessee
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering; The University of Tennessee; Knoxville Tennessee 37996
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Improving production of malonyl coenzyme A-derived metabolites by abolishing Snf1-dependent regulation of Acc1. mBio 2014; 5:e01130-14. [PMID: 24803522 PMCID: PMC4010835 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.01130-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 164] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Acetyl coenzyme A (acetyl-CoA) carboxylase (ACCase) plays a central role in carbon metabolism and has been the site of action for the development of therapeutics or herbicides, as its product, malonyl-CoA, is a precursor for production of fatty acids and other compounds. Control of Acc1 activity in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae occurs mainly at two levels, i.e., regulation of transcription and repression by Snf1 protein kinase at the protein level. Here, we demonstrate a strategy for improving the activity of ACCase in S. cerevisiae by abolishing posttranslational regulation of Acc1 via site-directed mutagenesis. It was found that introduction of two site mutations in Acc1, Ser659 and Ser1157, resulted in an enhanced activity of Acc1 and increased total fatty acid content. As Snf1 regulation of Acc1 is particularly active under glucose-limited conditions, we evaluated the effect of the two site mutations in chemostat cultures. Finally, we showed that our modifications of Acc1 could enhance the supply of malonyl-CoA and therefore successfully increase the production of two industrially important products derived from malonyl-CoA, fatty acid ethyl esters and 3-hydroxypropionic acid. ACCase is responsible for carboxylation of acetyl-CoA to produce malonyl-CoA, which is a crucial step in the control of fatty acid metabolism. ACCase opened the door for pharmaceutical treatments of obesity and diabetes as well as the development of new herbicides. ACCase is also recognized as a promising target for developing cell factories, as its malonyl-CoA product serves as a universal precursor for a variety of high-value compounds in white biotechnology. Yeast ACCase is a good model in understanding the enzyme’s catalysis, regulation, and inhibition. The present study describes the importance of protein phosphorylation in regulation of yeast ACCase and identifies potential regulation sites. This study led to the generation of a more efficient ACCase, which was applied in the production of two high-value compounds derived from malonyl-CoA, i.e., fatty acid ethyl esters that can be used as biodiesel and 3-hydroxypropionic acid that is considered an important platform chemical.
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