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Vaccination route can significantly alter the innate lymphoid cell subsets: a feedback between IL-13 and IFN-γ. NPJ Vaccines 2018; 3:10. [PMID: 29560282 PMCID: PMC5847557 DOI: 10.1038/s41541-018-0048-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2017] [Revised: 02/05/2018] [Accepted: 02/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
This study demonstrates that the fate of a vaccine is influenced by the cytokines produced by the innate lymphoid cells (ILC) recruited to the vaccination site, and it is vaccine route and adjuvant dependent. Intranasal virus vaccination induced ST2/IL-33R+ ILC2 in lung, while intramuscular vaccination induced exclusively IL-25R+ ILC2 in muscle. Interestingly, a larger proportion of IL-13+ ILC2s were detected in muscle following i.m. viral vector vaccination compared to lung post i.n. delivery. These observations revealed that ILC2 were the main source of IL-13 at the vaccination site (24 h post vaccination) responsible for inducing T cells of varying avidities. Moreover, recombinant fowlpox viral vector-based vaccines expressing adjuvants that transiently block IL-13 signalling at the vaccination site using different mechanisms (IL-4R antagonist or IL-13Rα2 adjuvants), revealed that the level of IL-13 present in the milieu also significantly influenced IFN-γ, IL-22 or IL-17A expression by ILC1/ILC3. Specifically, an early IL-13 and IFN-γ co-dependency at the ILC level may also be associated with shaping the downstream antibody responses, supporting the notion that differentially regulating IL-13 signalling via STAT6 or IL-13Rα2 pathways can modify ILC function and the resulting adaptive T- and B-cell immune outcomes reported previously. Moreover, unlike chronic inflammatory or experimentally induced conditions, viral vector vaccination induced uniquely different ILC profiles (i.e., expression of CD127 only on ILC2 not ILC1/ILC3; expression of IFN-γ in both NKP46+ and NKp46- ILCs). Collectively, our data highlight that tailoring a vaccine vector/adjuvant to modulate the ILC cytokine profile according to the target pathogen, may help design more efficacious vaccines in the future.
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Brown Lobbins ML, Shivakumar BR, Postlethwaite AE, Hasty KA. Chronic exposure of interleukin-13 suppress the induction of matrix metalloproteinase-1 by tumour necrosis factor α in normal and scleroderma dermal fibroblasts through protein kinase B/Akt. Clin Exp Immunol 2017; 191:84-95. [PMID: 28884475 DOI: 10.1111/cei.13045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2017] [Revised: 08/29/2017] [Accepted: 08/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Peripheral blood mononuclear cells taken from patients with scleroderma express increased levels of interleukin (IL)-13. Moreover, the expression of matrix metalloproteinase-1 (MMP-1) from involved scleroderma skin fibroblasts is refractory to stimulation by tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-α. To elucidate the mechanism(s) involved, we examined the effect of IL-13 on TNF-α-induced MMP-1 expression in normal and scleroderma human dermal fibroblast lines and studied the involvement of serine/threonine kinase B/protein kinase B (Akt) in this response. Dermal fibroblast lines were stimulated with TNF-α in the presence of varying concentrations of IL-13. Total Akt and pAkt were quantitated using Western blot analyses. Fibroblasts were treated with or without Akt inhibitor VIII in the presence of IL-13 followed by TNF-α stimulation. MMP-1 expression was analysed by real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Statistical analysis was performed using analysis of variance (anova) or Student's t-test. Upon TNF-α stimulation, normal dermal fibroblasts secrete more MMP-1 than systemic sclerosis (SSc) fibroblasts. This increase in MMP-1 is lost when fibroblasts are co-incubated with IL-13 and TNF-α. IL-13 induced a significant increase in levels of pAkt in dermal fibroblasts, while Akt inhibitor VIII reversed the suppressive effects of IL-13 on the response of cultured fibroblasts to TNF-α, increasing their expression of MMP-1. We show that IL-13 suppresses MMP-1 in TNF-α-stimulated normal and scleroderma dermal fibroblast. Akt inhibitor VIII is able to reverse the suppressive effect of IL-13 on MMP-1 expression and protein synthesis. Our data suggest that IL-13 regulates MMP-1 expression in response to TNF-α through an Akt-mediated pathway and may play a role in fibrotic diseases such as scleroderma.
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Affiliation(s)
- M L Brown Lobbins
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Division of Connective Tissue Diseases
| | - B R Shivakumar
- Veterans Administration Medical Center, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - A E Postlethwaite
- Department of Medicine, Division of Connective Tissue Diseases, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Veterans Administration Medical Center
| | - K A Hasty
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Division of Connective Tissue Diseases, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Veterans Administration Medical Center
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3
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Signal transducer and activator of transcription proteins: regulators of myeloid-derived suppressor cell-mediated immunosuppression in cancer. Arch Pharm Res 2016; 39:1597-1608. [DOI: 10.1007/s12272-016-0822-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2016] [Accepted: 08/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Genetic association of key Th1/Th2 pathway candidate genes, IRF2, IL6, IFNGR2, STAT4 and IL4RA, with atopic asthma in the Indian population. J Hum Genet 2015; 60:443-8. [PMID: 25994869 DOI: 10.1038/jhg.2015.45] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2014] [Revised: 04/06/2015] [Accepted: 04/10/2015] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Asthma is a complex, multifactorial disease resulting due to dysregulated immune responses. Genetic factors contribute significantly to asthma pathogenesis, and identification of these factors is one of the major goals in understanding the disease. Th1/Th2 helper differentiation has a critical role in modulating the phenotypes associated with atopic asthma. This study was aimed at identifying genetic modifiers of asthma in selected genes involved in T helper differentiation. A total of 354 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in 33 candidate genes were genotyped in a case-control cohort (cases=147, controls=199) and families (n=247) using Illumina's Golden Gate Assay. Five SNPs, rs3733475A/C (IRF2), rs2069832A/G (IL6), rs2012075G/A (IFNGR2) and rs1400656G/A (STAT4) and rs1805011C/A (IL4RA) were found to be associated with asthma in family based as well as in case-control analyses (P=0.002, P=0.001, P=0.004, P=0.003 and P=0.001, respectively). Interestingly, the minor alleles at these loci showed a protective effect. A five loci haplotype, TAACG, in IRF2 gene, was significantly associated with asthma in families (P=1.1 × 10(-6)) and in case-control cohort (P=0.01). In conclusion, our studies led to identification of some key candidate genes, namely IRF2, IL6, IFNGR2, STAT4 and IL4RA that modulate genetic susceptibility to asthma in the Indian population. Also, this is the first report of independent association of IL6 gene polymorphism with atopic asthma.
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Xiang L, Elci OU, Rehm KE, Marshall GD. Associations between cytokine receptor polymorphisms and variability in laboratory immune parameters in normal humans. Hum Immunol 2014; 75:91-7. [PMID: 24060357 DOI: 10.1016/j.humimm.2013.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2013] [Revised: 08/23/2013] [Accepted: 09/11/2013] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
In every study involving human immune parameters, large inter-subject variability occurs which can make interpretation of results difficult. The aim of this study was to evaluate whether genetic variants in cytokine receptors could associate with variability in laboratory immune measures. A total of 207 normal volunteers were recruited in this study. Immunoregulatory profiles were measured by flow cytometry and genotyping assays were performed by allelic discrimination real-time PCR. Immunoregulatory profiles were categorized according to various single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of cytokine receptors including T-56C and G-611A of IFN-γ receptor 1 (IFNGR1); Q64R of IFNGR2; and Ile50Val, Q576R and S503P of IL4R. Results reveal that Th1 levels were significantly higher in the heterozygous of the IFNGR1 T-56C polymorphism (minor allele) compared to wild-type (WT, major allele) (p = 0.006). For the Q576R of IL4R, Th1/Th2 ratio was significantly lower for the homozygous SNP (Arg/Arg) compared to the WT (Gln/Gln) (p = 0.035). In addition, the significant interaction effects of demographic characteristics on SNP-immune parameter associations were reported as well. We conclude that cytokine receptor polymorphisms might associate with variability in laboratory immune measures. Approach of SNP analysis of cytokine receptors can be useful in categorizing baseline immune responses to more accurately evaluate clinical immune data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lianbin Xiang
- Laboratory of Behavioral Immunology Research, Division of Clinical Immunology and Allergy, Jackson, MS, USA; Department of Medicine, Jackson, MS, USA.
| | - Okan U Elci
- Laboratory of Behavioral Immunology Research, Division of Clinical Immunology and Allergy, Jackson, MS, USA; Center of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, USA
| | - Kristina E Rehm
- Laboratory of Behavioral Immunology Research, Division of Clinical Immunology and Allergy, Jackson, MS, USA; Department of Medicine, Jackson, MS, USA
| | - Gailen D Marshall
- Laboratory of Behavioral Immunology Research, Division of Clinical Immunology and Allergy, Jackson, MS, USA; Department of Medicine, Jackson, MS, USA
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Abstract
Eosinophilic esophagitis (EoE) is a recently recognized, immune-mediated disease characterized clinically by symptoms of esophageal dysfunction and histologically by eosinophil-predominant inflammation. The chronic esophageal eosinophilia of EoE is associated with tissue remodeling that includes epithelial hyperplasia, subepithelial fibrosis, and hypertrophy of esophageal smooth muscle. This remodeling causes the esophageal rings and strictures that frequently complicate EoE and underlies the mucosal fragility that predisposes to painful mucosal tears in the EoE esophagus. The pathogenesis of tissue remodeling in EoE is not completely understood, but emerging studies suggest that secretory products of eosinophils and mast cells, as well as cytokines produced by other inflammatory cells, epithelial cells, and stromal cells in the esophagus, all contribute to the process. Interleukin (IL)-4 and IL-13, Th2 cytokines overproduced in allergic disorders, have direct profibrotic and remodeling effects in EoE. The EoE esophagus exhibits increased expression of transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1, which is a potent activator of fibroblasts and a strong inducer of epithelial-mesenchymal transition. In addition, IL-4, IL-13, and TGF-β all have a role in regulating periostin, an extracellular matrix protein that might influence remodeling by acting as a ligand for integrins, by its effects on eosinophils or by activating fibrogenic genes in the esophagus. Presently, few treatments have been shown to affect the tissue remodeling that causes EoE complications. This report reviews the potential roles of fibroblasts, eosinophils, mast cells, and profibrotic cytokines in esophageal remodeling in EoE and identifies potential targets for future therapies that might prevent EoE complications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rhonda F. Souza
- 2Internal Medicine, Children's Medical Center and the VA North Texas Health Care System, Harold C. Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, and the University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Stuart J. Spechler
- 2Internal Medicine, Children's Medical Center and the VA North Texas Health Care System, Harold C. Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, and the University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
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7
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Lu MP, Chen RX, Wang ML, Zhu XJ, Zhu LP, Yin M, Zhang ZD, Cheng L. Association study on IL4, IL13 and IL4RA polymorphisms in mite-sensitized persistent allergic rhinitis in a Chinese population. PLoS One 2011; 6:e27363. [PMID: 22087298 PMCID: PMC3210163 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0027363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2011] [Accepted: 10/14/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The IL4, IL13, and IL4 receptor α chain (IL4RA) genes are candidate genes for atopic diseases. We hypothesized that the polymorphisms in these genes are associated with persistent allergic rhinitis (PER). Objective To investigate the association of the potential functional polymorphisms in IL4, IL13, and IL4RA with PER induced by house dust mites in a Chinese population. Methods Using the TaqMan method, we genotyped six single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) including C-590T in IL4, C-1055T and Arg130Gln in IL13, and Ile50Val, Ser478Pro and Gln551Arg in IL4RA, in a case-control study of 265 patients with PER and 275 healthy controls. Results We found that the CT/CC genotypes in IL4 C-590T were associated with a significantly decreased risk of mite-sensitized PER [adjusted odds ratio (OR) = 0.64, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.45–0.92], compared to the TT genotype. Furthermore, PER patients with CT/CC genotypes had significantly lower serum levels of total IgE than those with TT genotype (P = 0.001). However, there was no significant association of the IL13 and IL4RA polymorphisms with mite-sensitized PER (P>0.05). Conclusions Our results suggest that the C-590T polymorphism in IL4 may contribute to the susceptibility to mite-sensitized PER in a Chinese population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei-Ping Lu
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ruo-Xi Chen
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Mei-Lin Wang
- Department of Molecular and Genetic Toxicology, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xin-Jie Zhu
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Lu-Ping Zhu
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Min Yin
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
- International Centre for Allergy Research, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zheng-Dong Zhang
- Department of Molecular and Genetic Toxicology, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
- * E-mail: (LC); (Z-DZ)
| | - Lei Cheng
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
- International Centre for Allergy Research, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
- * E-mail: (LC); (Z-DZ)
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Tachdjian R, Mathias C, Al Khatib S, Bryce PJ, Kim HS, Blaeser F, O'Connor BD, Rzymkiewicz D, Chen A, Holtzman MJ, Hershey GK, Garn H, Harb H, Renz H, Oettgen HC, Chatila TA. Pathogenicity of a disease-associated human IL-4 receptor allele in experimental asthma. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 206:2191-204. [PMID: 19770271 PMCID: PMC2757875 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20091480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Polymorphisms in the interleukin-4 receptor α chain (IL-4Rα) have been linked to asthma incidence and severity, but a causal relationship has remained uncertain. In particular, a glutamine to arginine substitution at position 576 (Q576R) of IL-4Rα has been associated with severe asthma, especially in African Americans. We show that mice carrying the Q576R polymorphism exhibited intense allergen-induced airway inflammation and remodeling. The Q576R polymorphism did not affect proximal signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) 6 activation, but synergized with STAT6 in a gene target– and tissue-specific manner to mediate heightened expression of a subset of IL-4– and IL-13–responsive genes involved in allergic inflammation. Our findings indicate that the Q576R polymorphism directly promotes asthma in carrier populations by selectively augmenting IL-4Rα–dependent signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raffi Tachdjian
- Division of Immunology, Allergy, and Rheumatology, Department of Pediatrics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
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9
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Ford AQ, Heller NM, Stephenson L, Boothby MR, Keegan AD. An atopy-associated polymorphism in the ectodomain of the IL-4R(alpha) chain (V50) regulates the persistence of STAT6 phosphorylation. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2009; 183:1607-16. [PMID: 19592641 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0803266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Several commonly occurring polymorphisms in the IL-4R(alpha) have been associated with atopy in humans; the Q576R and the S503P polymorphisms reside in the cytoplasmic domain, whereas the I50 to V50 polymorphism resides in the extracellular domain of the IL-4R(alpha). The effects of these polymorphisms on signaling remain controversial. To determine the effect of the polymorphisms on IL-4 signaling in human cells, we stably transfected the human monocytic cell line U937 with murine IL-4R(alpha) cDNA bearing the I or V at position 50 and the P503/R576 double mutant. Each form of the murine IL-4R(alpha) mediated tyrosine phosphorylation of STAT6 in response to murine IL-4 treatment similar to the induction of tyrosine phosphorylation by human IL-4 signaling through the endogenous human IL-4R(alpha). After IL-4 removal, tyrosine-phosphorylated STAT6 rapidly decayed in cells expressing I50 or P503R576 murine IL-4Ralpha. In contrast, STAT6 remained significantly phosphorylated for several hours after murine IL-4 withdrawal in cells expressing the V50 polymorphism. This persistence in tyrosine-phosphorylated STAT6 was associated with persistence in CIS mRNA expression. Blocking IL-4 signaling during the decay phase using the JAK inhibitor AG490 or the anti-IL-4R(alpha) Ab M1 abrogated the persistence of phosphorylated STAT6 observed in the V50-IL-4R(alpha)-expressing cells. These results indicate that the V50 polymorphism promotes sustained STAT6 phosphorylation and that this process is mediated by continued engagement of IL-4R(alpha), suggesting enhanced responses of V50 IL-4R when IL-4 is limiting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Q Ford
- Center for Vascular and Inflammatory Disease, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
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Chiba Y, Nakazawa S, Todoroki M, Shinozaki K, Sakai H, Misawa M. Interleukin-13 augments bronchial smooth muscle contractility with an up-regulation of RhoA protein. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2008; 40:159-67. [PMID: 18688040 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2008-0162oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Interleukin-13 (IL-13) is one of the central mediators for development of airway hyperresponsiveness in asthma. However, its effect on bronchial smooth muscle (BSM) is not well known. Recent studies revealed an involvement of RhoA/Rho-kinase in BSM contraction, and this pathway has now been proposed as a new target for asthma therapy. To elucidate the role of IL-13 on the induction of BSM hyperresponsiveness, effects of IL-13 on contractility and RhoA expression in BSMs were investigated. Male BALB/c mice were sensitized and repeatedly challenged with ovalbumin antigen. In the repeatedly antigen-challenged mice, marked airway inflammation and BSM hyperresponsiveness with an up-regulation of IL-13 in bronchoalveolar lavage fluids were observed. In cultured human BSM cells, IL-13 caused an up-regulation of RhoA. The IL-13-induced up-regulation of RhoA was inhibited by leflunomide, an inhibitor of signal transducer and activator of transcription 6 (STAT6). In isolated BSM tissues of naive mice, the contractility was significantly enhanced by organ culture in the presence of IL-13. Moreover, in vivo treatment of airways with IL-13 by intranasal instillation caused a BSM hyperresponsiveness with an up-regulation of RhoA in naive mice. These findings suggest that IL-13/STAT6 signaling is critical for development of antigen-induced BSM hyperresponsiveness and that agents that specifically inhibit this pathway in BSM may provide a novel strategy for the treatment of asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshihiko Chiba
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Hoshi University, 2-4-41 Ebara, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 142-8501, Japan.
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11
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Melén E, Umerkajeff S, Nyberg F, Zucchelli M, Lindstedt A, Gullstén H, Wickman M, Pershagen G, Kere J. Interaction between variants in the interleukin-4 receptor alpha and interleukin-9 receptor genes in childhood wheezing: evidence from a birth cohort study. Clin Exp Allergy 2007; 36:1391-8. [PMID: 17083349 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2222.2006.02577.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Several polymorphisms in the IL-4 receptor alpha (IL4RA) gene have been associated with asthma and atopy, but with variable success in different populations. Immunologic studies suggest that IL4RA may interact with other cytokines and receptors, and gene-gene interactions have also been observed with respect to asthma. Such interactions have been proposed to explain partly the difficulties in replicating association studies. METHODS Using the prospective birth cohort BAMSE, we examined eight single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and corresponding haplotypes in the IL4RA gene in relation to wheezing and sensitization up to age 4. We also evaluated potential interaction effects (departure from a multiplicative interaction model) between the IL4RA SNPs and four SNPs in the IL-9 receptor (IL9R) gene previously associated with childhood wheezing. RESULTS We found no main effect of the IL4RA SNPs alone and only weak associations to wheezing and sensitization when haplotypes were considered. Gene-gene interactions between several IL4RA and IL9R SNPs with regard to wheezing were observed (P=0.009), especially between IL4RA Q576R (rs1801275) and IL9R rs731476 (P=0.005). An interaction was also seen between IL4RA and IL9R haplotypes. CONCLUSION Variants in the IL4RA gene alone may not exert any major influence on susceptibility to asthma-related diseases in childhood, but in combination with other genes, such as IL9R, IL4RA may be an important gene for disease susceptibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Melén
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
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Levick S, Loch D, Rolfe B, Reid RC, Fairlie DP, Taylor SM, Brown L. Antifibrotic activity of an inhibitor of group IIA secretory phospholipase A2 in young spontaneously hypertensive rats. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2006; 176:7000-7. [PMID: 16709861 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.176.11.7000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The development of fibrosis in the chronically hypertensive heart is associated with infiltration of inflammatory cells and cardiac hypertrophy. In this study, an inhibitor of the proinflammatory enzyme, group IIA human secretory phospholipase A2 (sPLA2-IIA), has been found to prevent collagen deposition as an important component of cardiovascular remodeling in a rat model of developing chronic hypertension. Daily treatment of young male spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) with an sPLA2-IIA inhibitor (KH064, 5-(4-benzyloxyphenyl)-4S-(phenyl-heptanoylamino)-pentanoic acid, 5 mg/kg/day p.o.) prevented increases in the content of perivascular (SHR 20.6 +/- 0.9%, n = 5; SHR+KH064 14.0 +/- 1.2%, n = 5) and interstitial (SHR 7.9 +/- 0.3%, n = 6; SHR+KH064 5.4 +/- 0.7%, n = 6) collagen in the left ventricle of rat hearts, but did not affect numbers of infiltrating monocytes/macrophages, left ventricular hypertrophy (SHR 2.88 +/- 0.08, n = 12; SHR+KH064 3.09 +/- 0.08 mg/g body weight, n = 9), increased systolic blood pressure, or thoracic aortic responses. This selective antifibrotic activity suggests that sPLA2-IIA may have an important but specific role in cardiac fibrosis, and that its inhibitors could be useful in dissecting molecular pathways leading to fibrotic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott Levick
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
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Lovgren AK, Jania LA, Hartney JM, Parsons KK, Audoly LP, Fitzgerald GA, Tilley SL, Koller BH. COX-2-derived prostacyclin protects against bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2006; 291:L144-56. [PMID: 16473862 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00492.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Prostacyclin is one of a number of lipid mediators elaborated from the metabolism of arachidonic acid by the cyclooxygenase (COX) enzymes. This prostanoid is a potent inhibitor of platelet aggregation, and its production by endothelial cells and protective role in the vasculature are well established. In contrast, much less is known regarding the function of this prostanoid in other disease processes. We show here that COX-2-dependent production of prostacyclin plays an important role in the development of fibrotic lung disease, limiting both the development of fibrosis and the consequential alterations in lung mechanics. In stark contrast, loss of prostaglandin E(2) synthesis and signaling through the G(s)-coupled EP2 and EP4 receptors had no effect on the development of disease. These findings suggest that prostacyclin analogs will protect against bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis in COX-2(-/-) mice. If such protection is observed, investigation of these agents as a novel therapeutic approach to pulmonary fibrosis in humans may be warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alysia Kern Lovgren
- Curriculum in Genetics and Molecular Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 27599, USA
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Murakami S, Nagaya N, Itoh T, Kataoka M, Iwase T, Horio T, Miyahara Y, Sakai Y, Kangawa K, Kimura H. Prostacyclin agonist with thromboxane synthase inhibitory activity (ONO-1301) attenuates bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis in mice. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2006; 290:L59-65. [PMID: 16155090 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00042.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The balance between prostacyclin and thromboxane A2 (TXA2) plays an important role in pulmonary homeostasis. However, little information is available regarding the therapeutic potency of these prostanoids for pulmonary fibrosis. We have recently developed ONO-1301, a novel long-acting prostacyclin agonist with thromboxane synthase inhibitory activity. Thus we investigated whether repeated administration of ONO-1301 attenuates bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis in mice. After intratracheal injection of bleomycin or saline, mice were randomized to receive repeated subcutaneous administration of ONO-1301 or vehicle. Bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) and histological analyses were performed at 3, 7, and 14 days after bleomycin injection. In vitro studies using mouse lung fibroblasts were also performed. ONO-1301 significantly attenuated the development of bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis, as indicated by significant decreases in Ashcroft score and lung hydroxyproline content. ONO-1301 significantly reduced total cell count, neutrophil count, and total protein level in BAL fluid in association with a marked reduction of TXB2. A single administration of ONO-1301 significantly increased plasma cAMP level for >2 h. In vitro, ONO-1301 and a cAMP analog dose-dependently reduced cell proliferation in mouse lung fibroblasts. The reduction in cell proliferation by ONO-1301 was attenuated by a protein kinase A (PKA) inhibitor. Furthermore, bleomycin mice treated with ONO-1301 had a significantly higher survival rate than those given vehicle. These results suggest that repeated administration of ONO-1301 attenuates the development of bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis and improves survival in bleomycin mice, at least in part by inhibition of TXA2 synthesis and activation of the cAMP/PKA pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinsuke Murakami
- Department of Regenerative Medicine and Tissue Engineering, National Cardiovascular Center Research Institute, Osaka 565-8565, Japan
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15
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O'Reilly KMA, Phipps RP, Thatcher TH, Graf BA, Van Kirk J, Sime PJ. Crystalline and amorphous silica differentially regulate the cyclooxygenase-prostaglandin pathway in pulmonary fibroblasts: implications for pulmonary fibrosis. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2005; 288:L1010-6. [PMID: 15665045 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00024.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Inhalation of crystalline (CS) and amorphous silica (AS) results in human pulmonary inflammation. However, silicosis develops only following CS exposure, and the pathogenic mechanisms are poorly understood. This report describes the differential abilities of CS and AS to directly upregulate the early inflammatory mediator COX-2, the recently identified prostaglandin E (PGE) synthase and the downstream mediator PGE2 in primary human lung fibroblasts. Increased cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 gene transcription and protein production were demonstrated by ribonuclease protection assay, Western blot analysis, and immunocytochemistry. In each case the ability of AS to induce COX-2 exceeded that of CS. Similarly, downstream of COX-2, production of the antifibrotic prostaglandin PGE2 was induced in a dose-dependent fashion, but AS was significantly more potent (maximal production: CS = 4,710 pg/ml and AS = 7,651 pg/ml). These increases in COX-2 and PGE2 were preceded by induction of the PGE2 synthase protein, demonstrating the potential role of this novel molecule in silica-mediated inflammation. There was specificity of induction of prostaglandins, as PGF2alpha, but not PGD2, was induced. Using specific COX-2 inhibitors, we showed increased PG production to be dependent on the COX-2 enzyme. Furthermore, stimulation of fibroblasts was particle specific, as silica but not carbon black resulted in fibroblast activation. These results demonstrate that silica can directly stimulate human lung fibroblasts to produce key inflammatory enzymes and prostaglandins. Moreover, they suggest a mechanism to explain the differing fibrogenic potential of CS and AS. The molecules COX-2, PGE synthase, and PGE2 are identified as effectors in silicosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine M A O'Reilly
- Department of Medicine, University of Rochester School of Medicine, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
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Woitsch B, Carr D, Stachel D, Schmid I, Weiland SK, Fritzsch C, von Mutius E, Kabesch M. A comprehensive analysis of interleukin-4 receptor polymorphisms and their association with atopy and IgE regulation in childhood. Int Arch Allergy Immunol 2004; 135:319-24. [PMID: 15564773 DOI: 10.1159/000082326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2004] [Accepted: 08/03/2004] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The interleukin (IL) 4/IL13 pathway is involved in the regulation of IgE production associated with atopic diseases. Numerous polymorphisms have been identified in the coding region of the IL4 receptor alpha chain (IL4Ra) and previous association studies have shown conflicting results. Based on their putative functional role, polymorphisms A148G, T1432C and A1652G, located in the coding region of IL4Ra, were selected for association and haplotype studies in a large German population sample (n = 1,120). METHODS Genotyping was performed using allele-specific PCR and restriction-enzyme-based assays. Haplotypes were estimated, and population-derived IgE percentiles (50% IgE >60 IU/ml, 66% IgE >115 IU/ml and 90% IgE >457 IU/ml) were calculated as outcome variables in a haplotype trend regression analysis. RESULTS In our population, only polymorphism T1432C showed a trend for a protective effect against atopic rhinitis (odds ratio, OR: 0.52, 95% confidence interval, CI: 0.26-1.02, p = 0.05). When haplotypes were calculated, one haplotype was significantly associated with elevated serum IgE levels at the 50th percentile (OR 1.60, 95% CI 1.08-2.37, p = 0.02). CONCLUSIONS These data indicate that IL4Ra polymorphisms, although suggested to be functionally relevant by in vitro studies, have only a minor influence on IgE regulation in our large population sample.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernd Woitsch
- University Children's Hospital Munich, Munich, Germany
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Jordan WJ, Brookes PA, Szydlo RM, Goldman JM, Lechler RI, Ritter MA. IL-13 production by donor T cells is prognostic of acute graft-versus-host disease following unrelated donor stem cell transplantation. Blood 2003; 103:717-24. [PMID: 14512310 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2003-01-0192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the success of human leukocyte antigen (HLA) typing in allogeneic stem cell transplantation (SCT) it is rare to find an unrelated donor that is perfectly matched, making identification of "permissive" mismatches of paramount importance. Here, we describe novel associations between donor T-cell cytokine production during donor-antipatient mixed lymphocyte reactions (MLRs) and acute graft-versus-host disease (aGVHD). The data reveal positive correlations between both Th1-type and Th2-type cytokine production and GVHD and the assay established could potentially represent a useful tool for identification of permissible unrelated SCT donors. Associations between interleukin 13 (IL-13) levels and aGVHD were by far the strongest predictor of a GVHD (P =.0002). All patients suffering severe (grade III) aGVHD following SCT had donors who produced very high pretransplantation IL-13 responses, while those developing little or no aGVHD (grades 0-I) produced no IL-13 at all. IL-13 levels were independent of all other cytokines measured as well as cytotoxic T-lymphocyte precursor (CTLp) frequencies. The cytokines IL-5, interferon gamma (IFN-gamma), and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) also predicted development of aGVHD (P <.05 for all 3), appearing to be coproduced in the assay and correlating with estimated CTLp frequencies. The data challenge the notion that aGVHD is purely a Th1-type cytokine-driven response, high-lighting a novel and highly significant link between the Th2-type cytokine IL-13 and aGVHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- William J Jordan
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College, Hammersmith Hospital, Du Cane Rd, London W12 0NN, United Kingdom.
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Beghé B, Barton S, Rorke S, Peng Q, Sayers I, Gaunt T, Keith TP, Clough JB, Holgate ST, Holloway JW. Polymorphisms in the interleukin-4 and interleukin-4 receptor alpha chain genes confer susceptibility to asthma and atopy in a Caucasian population. Clin Exp Allergy 2003; 33:1111-7. [PMID: 12911786 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2222.2003.01731.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND IL-4 by binding to its receptor (IL-4R) is essential for the development of airway inflammation present in asthma, through the induction of IgE synthesis in B cells and differentiation of T cells to a Th2 phenotype. OBJECTIVE To investigate the role of four common polymorphisms in the IL-4 (IL4-34CT and IL4-589CT) and IL-4Ralpha chain (IL4RAI50V and IL4RAQ576R) genes in conferring susceptibility to the development of atopy and/or asthma. METHODS Two polymorphisms in the IL-4 gene promoter, IL4-34CT and IL4-589CT, and two polymorphisms in the IL-4Ralpha chain gene, IL4RAI50V and IL4RAQ576R, have been genotyped using PCR-based methods in 341 asthmatic families and in 184 non-asthmatic adults recruited from the south of England. RESULTS Case-control analysis did not reveal differences in the distribution of the four polymorphisms between asthmatics and controls. However, the transmission disequilibrium test showed that the IL4-589 T allele was preferentially transmitted to asthmatic children (P=0.036) and that the IL4RAQ576 was preferentially transmitted to children with atopic asthma (P=0.018). Haplotype analysis showed a strong association between the IL4-34T/-589T haplotype and asthma per se (P=0.041), and a strong association between the IL4RA I50/Q576 haplotype and atopic asthma (P=0.006). CONCLUSION Our data suggest that polymorphisms in the IL-4 and IL-4Ralpha chain genes might play a role both conferring susceptibility to and modulating severity of atopy and asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Beghé
- Divisions of Human Genetics Infection, Inflammation and Repair, School of Medicine, University of Southampton, UK.
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Zhang WJ, Koltun WA, Tilberg AF, Thompson JL, Chorney MJ. Genetic control of interleukin-4-induced activation of the human signal transducer and activator of transcription 6 signaling pathway. Hum Immunol 2003; 64:402-15. [PMID: 12651067 DOI: 10.1016/s0198-8859(03)00002-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The interleukin (IL)-4-induced Stat6 signaling pathway is active in a variety of cell types, including immune cells and cancer cells, and plays an important role in the regulation of gene expression, such as CD23 and major histocompatibility complex class II. Using a semiquantitative gel shift assay in which nuclear Stat6 activities were scored, three Stat6 activation phenotypes were defined as Stat6(high) (intense banding), Stat6(low) (medium intensity banding), and Stat6(null) (very low to no discernible banding). These Stat6 phenotypes correlated well with levels of CD23 expression, but not with those of human leukocyte antigen-DR cell-surface display. Pedigree analyses revealed a Mendelian inheritance pattern that can be explained by two STAT6 Pathway (STAT6P) activation genotypes, which we term A and a, where STAT6P*A determines an active Stat6 signaling and STAT6P*a determines an inactive Stat6 signaling, with incomplete dominance. Total Stat6 protein levels failed to correlate with the above Stat6 phenotypes allowing us to propose that IL-4-induced Stat6 signaling is a polygenic quantitative trait regulated by a collection of several contributing genetic loci that functionally interact. The Stat6(null) phenotype may result from a defect in Stat6 signaling, which has important implications with respect to the pathogenesis of cancer and Th1/Th2 cytokine imbalance in autoimmune diseases in general.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Jie Zhang
- Department of Surgery, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA.
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