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Hausburg MA, Williams JS, Banton KL, Mains CW, Roshon M, Bar-Or D. C1 esterase inhibitor-mediated immunosuppression in COVID-19: Friend or foe? CLINICAL IMMUNOLOGY COMMUNICATIONS 2022; 2:83-90. [PMID: 38013973 PMCID: PMC9068237 DOI: 10.1016/j.clicom.2022.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2022] [Revised: 05/03/2022] [Accepted: 05/03/2022] [Indexed: 10/10/2023]
Abstract
From asymptomatic to severe, SARS-CoV-2, causative agent of COVID-19, elicits varying disease severities. Moreover, understanding innate and adaptive immune responses to SARS-CoV-2 is imperative since variants such as Omicron negatively impact adaptive antibody neutralization. Severe COVID-19 is, in part, associated with aberrant activation of complement and Factor XII (FXIIa), initiator of contact system activation. Paradoxically, a protein that inhibits the three known pathways of complement activation and FXIIa, C1 esterase inhibitor (C1-INH), is increased in COVID-19 patient plasma and is associated with disease severity. Here we review the role of C1-INH in the regulation of innate and adaptive immune responses. Additionally, we contextualize regulation of C1-INH and SERPING1, the gene encoding C1-INH, by other pathogens and SARS viruses and propose that viral proteins bind to C1-INH to inhibit its function in severe COVID-19. Finally, we review the current clinical trials and published results of exogenous C1-INH treatment in COVID-19 patients.
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Key Words
- C1 esterase inhibitor
- C1 esterase inhibitor, C1-INH
- C1-INH
- COVID-19
- Complement
- FXII
- Inflammation
- Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus, MERS-CoV
- Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Mtb
- Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus, SARS-CoV
- acquired C1-INH deficiency, AEE
- activated plasma kallikrein, PKa
- antibody-mediated rejection, AMR
- bradykinin, BK
- contact system, CS
- coronavirus disease 2019, COVID-19
- exogenous C1-INH, exC1-INH
- hereditary angioedema, HAE
- high-molecular-weight kininogen, HK
- human immunodeficiency virus, HIV
- interferon, IFN
- interleukin, IL
- ischemia/reperfusion injury, IRI
- mannose-binding lectin, MBL
- prekallikrein, PK
- recombinant C1-INH, rhC1-INH
- serine protease inhibitor, serpin
- tuberculosis, TB
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa A Hausburg
- Department of Trauma Research, Swedish Medical Center, 501 E. Hampden, Englewood, CO 80113, USA
- Department of Trauma Research, St. Anthony Hospital, 11600 W 2nd Pl, Lakewood, CO 80228, USA
- Department of Trauma Research, Penrose Hospital, 2222 N Nevada Ave, Colorado Springs, CO 80907, USA
| | - Jason S Williams
- Department of Trauma Research, Swedish Medical Center, 501 E. Hampden, Englewood, CO 80113, USA
- Department of Trauma Research, St. Anthony Hospital, 11600 W 2nd Pl, Lakewood, CO 80228, USA
- Department of Trauma Research, Penrose Hospital, 2222 N Nevada Ave, Colorado Springs, CO 80907, USA
| | - Kaysie L Banton
- Department of Trauma Research, Swedish Medical Center, 501 E. Hampden, Englewood, CO 80113, USA
| | - Charles W Mains
- Centura Health Trauma Systems, Centura Health, 9100 E Mineral Circle, Centennial, CO 80112, USA
| | - Michael Roshon
- Centura Health Trauma Systems, Centura Health, 9100 E Mineral Circle, Centennial, CO 80112, USA
- Department of Emergency Services, Penrose Hospital, 2222 N Nevada Ave, Colorado Springs, CO 80907, USA
| | - David Bar-Or
- Department of Trauma Research, Swedish Medical Center, 501 E. Hampden, Englewood, CO 80113, USA
- Department of Trauma Research, St. Anthony Hospital, 11600 W 2nd Pl, Lakewood, CO 80228, USA
- Department of Trauma Research, Penrose Hospital, 2222 N Nevada Ave, Colorado Springs, CO 80907, USA
- Department of Molecular Biology, Rocky Vista University, 8401 S Chambers Rd, Parker, CO 80134, USA
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Areeshi MY, Mandal RK, Dar SA, Jawed A, Wahid M, Lohani M, Panda AK, Mishra B, Akhter N, Haque S. IFN-γ +874 A>T (rs2430561) gene polymorphism and risk of pulmonary tuberculosis: a meta-analysis. Arch Med Sci 2021; 17:177-188. [PMID: 33488870 PMCID: PMC7811310 DOI: 10.5114/aoms.2019.88481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2017] [Accepted: 10/15/2017] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The role of interferon gamma (IFN-γ) +874 A>T (rs2430561) gene polymorphism has been evaluated in different ethnicities with pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB) infection, and inconsistent results have been reported. In this study, a meta-analysis was performed to determine the precise association between IFN-γ +874 A>T gene polymorphism and PTB susceptibility. MATERIAL AND METHODS A total of 21 studies comprising 4281 confirmed PTB cases and 5186 healthy controls were included in this meta-analysis by searching the PubMed (Medline), EMBASE, and Google Scholar web-databases. RESULTS We observed reduced risk of PTB in allelic contrast (T vs. A: p = 0.001; OR = 0.818, 95% CI: 0.723-0.926), homozygous (TT vs. AA: p = 0.017; OR = 0.715, 95% CI: 0.543-0.941), heterozygous (AT vs. AA: p = 0.002; OR = 0.782, 95% CI: 0.667-0.917), dominant (TT+AT vs. AA: p = 0.002; OR = 0.768, 95% CI: 0.652-0.906), and recessive (TT vs. AA+AT: p = 0.042; OR = 0.802, 95% CI: 0.649-0.992) genetic models. In ethnicity-wise subgroup analysis, reduced risk of PTB was found in the Caucasian population. However, we did not find an association with any of the genetic models in the Asian population. CONCLUSIONS In conclusion, the IFN-γ +874 A>T gene polymorphism is significantly associated with reduced risk of PTB, showing a protective effect in the overall and in the Caucasian population. However, this polymorphism is not associated with PTB risk in the Asian population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Y. Areeshi
- Research and Scientific Studies Unit, College of Nursing and Allied Health Sciences, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
| | - Raju K. Mandal
- Research and Scientific Studies Unit, College of Nursing and Allied Health Sciences, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sajad A. Dar
- Research and Scientific Studies Unit, College of Nursing and Allied Health Sciences, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
- The University College of Medical Sciences and GTB Hospital (University of Delhi), Delhi, India
| | - Arshad Jawed
- Research and Scientific Studies Unit, College of Nursing and Allied Health Sciences, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohd Wahid
- Research and Scientific Studies Unit, College of Nursing and Allied Health Sciences, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohtashim Lohani
- Department of Emergency Medical Services, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
| | - Aditya K. Panda
- Centre for Life Sciences, Central University of Jharkhand, Ranchi, Jharkhand, India
| | - B.N. Mishra
- Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Engineering and Technology, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Naseem Akhter
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Albaha University, Albaha, Saudi Arabia
| | - Shafiul Haque
- Research and Scientific Studies Unit, College of Nursing and Allied Health Sciences, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
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3
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Genetic polymorphism in association with susceptibility to tuberculosis: a study in a Pakistani population. Braz J Microbiol 2019; 50:429-434. [PMID: 30805894 DOI: 10.1007/s42770-019-00048-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2018] [Accepted: 12/17/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis is becoming a global issue with raising occurrences; particularly in developing countries, the situation is alarming. Besides environmental factors, host genetic factors are vital in disease development. A demographical and genotypic analysis in relation to tuberculosis commencement is conducted in a Pakistani population, and genotypic frequency of EBI3 (rs4740) was analyzed. Allelic frequencies of EBI3 (rs4740) were significantly associated with disease susceptibility in the reviewed population. Analysis for EBI3 (rs4740) genotyping showed a significant association of "GG" with reduced risk for disease. Moreover, females and older age found to be more perilous to develop TB while smoking and a family history of TB are additional risk factors for disease development. Further work with a larger population is necessary to identify the true causative variants of tuberculosis.
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4
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Areeshi MY, Mandal RK, Akhter N, Dar SA, Jawed A, Wahid M, Mahto H, Panda AK, Lohani M, Haque S. A Meta-analysis of MBL2 Polymorphisms and Tuberculosis Risk. Sci Rep 2016; 6:35728. [PMID: 27876780 PMCID: PMC5120291 DOI: 10.1038/srep35728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2016] [Accepted: 10/03/2016] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
MBL2 gene encodes mannose-binding lectin, is a member of innate immune system. Earlier studies revealed that MBL2 gene variants, rs1800451, rs1800450, rs5030737, rs7096206, rs11003125 and rs7095891 are associated with impaired serum level and susceptibility to TB, but their results are inconsistent. A meta-analysis was performed by including 22 studies (7095 TB-patients and 7662 controls) and data were analyzed with respect to associations between alleles, genotypes and minor allele carriers to evaluate the potential association between MBL2 polymorphisms and TB risk. Statistically significant results were found only for the homozygous variant genotype (CC vs. AA: p = 0.045; OR = 0.834, 95% CI = 0.699 to 0.996) of rs1800451 and showed reduced risk of TB in overall population. However, other genetic models of rs1800450, rs5030737, rs7096206, rs11003125, rs7095891 and combined rs1800450, rs1800451, rs5030737 polymorphisms of MBL2 gene did not reveal any association with TB risk. Stratified analysis by ethnicity showed decreased risk of TB in African population for rs1800450 and rs1800451. Whereas, no association was observed between other MBL2 polymorphisms and TB risk in all the evaluated ethnic populations. In conclusion, MBL2 rs1800450 and rs1800451 polymorphisms play a protective role in TB infection and reinforce their critical significance as a potential genetic marker for TB resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Y Areeshi
- Research and Scientific Studies Unit, College of Nursing &Allied Health Sciences, Jazan University, Jazan-45142, Saudi Arabia
| | - Raju K Mandal
- Research and Scientific Studies Unit, College of Nursing &Allied Health Sciences, Jazan University, Jazan-45142, Saudi Arabia
| | - Naseem Akhter
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Albaha University, Albaha-65431, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sajad A Dar
- Research and Scientific Studies Unit, College of Nursing &Allied Health Sciences, Jazan University, Jazan-45142, Saudi Arabia.,The University College of Medical Sciences >B Hospital (University of Delhi), Delhi-110095, India
| | - Arshad Jawed
- Research and Scientific Studies Unit, College of Nursing &Allied Health Sciences, Jazan University, Jazan-45142, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohd Wahid
- Research and Scientific Studies Unit, College of Nursing &Allied Health Sciences, Jazan University, Jazan-45142, Saudi Arabia
| | - Harishankar Mahto
- Centre for Life Sciences, Central University of Jharkhand, Ranchi-835205, Jharkhand, India
| | - Aditya K Panda
- Centre for Life Sciences, Central University of Jharkhand, Ranchi-835205, Jharkhand, India
| | - Mohtashim Lohani
- Research and Scientific Studies Unit, College of Nursing &Allied Health Sciences, Jazan University, Jazan-45142, Saudi Arabia.,Department of Biosciences, Integral University, Lucknow-226026, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Shafiul Haque
- Research and Scientific Studies Unit, College of Nursing &Allied Health Sciences, Jazan University, Jazan-45142, Saudi Arabia.,Department of Biosciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia (A Central University), New Delhi-110025, India
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5
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The Relationship of HLA-DQ Alleles with Tuberculosis Risk: A Meta-analysis. Lung 2015; 193:521-30. [DOI: 10.1007/s00408-015-9747-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2014] [Accepted: 05/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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6
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Sivangala R, Ponnana M, Thada S, Joshi L, Ansari S, Hussain H, Valluri V, Gaddam S. Association of Cytokine Gene Polymorphisms in Patients with Tuberculosis and Their Household Contacts. Scand J Immunol 2014; 79:197-205. [DOI: 10.1111/sji.12136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2013] [Accepted: 11/18/2013] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- R. Sivangala
- Bhagwan Mahavir Medical Research Centre; Hyderabad India
| | - M. Ponnana
- Bhagwan Mahavir Medical Research Centre; Hyderabad India
| | - S. Thada
- Bhagwan Mahavir Medical Research Centre; Hyderabad India
| | - L. Joshi
- Bhagwan Mahavir Medical Research Centre; Hyderabad India
| | - S. Ansari
- Bhagwan Mahavir Medical Research Centre; Hyderabad India
| | - H. Hussain
- Bhagwan Mahavir Medical Research Centre; Hyderabad India
| | - V. Valluri
- Bhagwan Mahavir Medical Research Centre; Hyderabad India
- LEPRA India; Blue Peter Public Health & Research Centre; Cherlapally Hyderabad India
| | - S. Gaddam
- Bhagwan Mahavir Medical Research Centre; Hyderabad India
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7
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Expression, purification and improved antigenicity of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis PstS1 antigen for serodiagnosis. Protein Expr Purif 2013; 95:77-83. [PMID: 24326191 DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2013.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2013] [Revised: 11/18/2013] [Accepted: 11/21/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The phosphate-specific transport substrate binding protein-1 (PstS1) is a potential antigen used for the serological diagnosis of tuberculosis. For a highly specific diagnostic result, it is important that the recombinant PstS1 be highly pure and correctly folded. In this study, the PstS1 was expressed as fusion protein with glutathione-S-transferase (PstS1-GST) and Escherichia coli trigger factor (PstS1-TF) and their immunodiagnostic potentials were evaluated. The insoluble PstS1-GST was denatured and refolded to the native conformation by a step-gradient dilution, followed by purification with affinity chromatography on immobilized glutathione whereas the soluble PstS1-TF was directly purified by Ni-NTA affinity and size-exclusion chromatographies. The levels of antibody responses to PstS1-TF and PstS1-GST were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) in the sera of 22 tuberculosis patients with smear-positive and culture-positive tuberculosis as well as 20 healthy individuals; the antigenicities of the samples were evaluated in terms of sensitivity and specificity. To determine the diagnostic accuracy, receiver operation characteristic (ROC) curves were constructed and then the areas under the ROC curves (AUC) were calculated; the AUC values for PstS1-TF and PstS1-GST were 0.971 and 0.877 with 95% confidence intervals (CI) of 0.927-1.000 and 0.768-0.986, respectively. The specificity of PstS1-TF was reduced from 89.5% to 84.2%, but in case of PstS1-GST it dropped drastically from 78.9% to 26.3% when the sensitivity was raised from 86.4% up to 95.5%. These results indicate that PstS1-TF is capable of producing more accurate and consistent serodiagnostic results than PstS1-GST, possibly due to its conformation being closer to the native state.
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8
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Meenakshi P, Ramya S, Shruthi T, Lavanya J, Mohammed HH, Mohammed SA, Vijayalakshmi V, Sumanlatha G. Association of IL-1β +3954 C/T and IL-10-1082 G/A cytokine gene polymorphisms with susceptibility to tuberculosis. Scand J Immunol 2013; 78:92-7. [PMID: 23654353 DOI: 10.1111/sji.12055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2013] [Accepted: 03/25/2013] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) constitutes the major cause of death due to infectious diseases. Cytokines play a major role in defence against Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection. Polymorphisms in the genes encoding various cytokines have been associated with tuberculosis susceptibility. Household contacts (HHC) are at increased risk of developing the disease. In this study, we examined the association of IL-1β and IL-10 cytokine gene polymorphisms with risk of developing tuberculosis in TB patients, their HHC and healthy controls (HC) using JavaStat and SPSS. Multifactor dimensionality reduction (MDR) analyses were performed to explore the potential gene-gene interactions. The genotype and allele frequencies of IL-1β +3954C/T polymorphism did not vary significantly between TB patients and HC. GG (P < 0.005, OR = 0.219 and 95% CI = 0.059-0.735) and GA (P < 0.0001, OR = 2.938 and 95% CI = 1.526-5.696) genotypes of IL-10-1082 G/A polymorphism were found to be significantly associated with patients versus HC. HHC with CC (P < 0.03, OR = 1.833 and 95% CI = 1.1-3.35) genotype in IL-1β and GA (P < 0.0001, OR = 4.612 and 95% CI = 2.225-9.702) genotype in IL-10 were at increased risk of developing tuberculosis. MDR tests revealed high-risk genotypes in IL-1β and IL-10 based on the association model. Our results demonstrate that the polymorphisms of IL-1β and IL-10 genes may be valuable markers to predict the risk for the development of TB in household contacts.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Meenakshi
- Bhagwan Mahavir Medical Research Centre, Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh, India
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9
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Lei X, Zhu H, Zha L, Wang Y. SP110 gene polymorphisms and tuberculosis susceptibility: a systematic review and meta-analysis based on 10 624 subjects. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2012; 12:1473-80. [PMID: 22691368 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2012.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2012] [Revised: 05/12/2012] [Accepted: 05/25/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB), caused by infection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis, is a major challenge to global public health. The SP110 (Speckled 110) gene, which is considered as a host genetic susceptibility to TB, has been widely studied in recent years, yet the results were somewhat contradictory and indeterminate. We systematically searched published literatures on SP110 polymorphisms and tuberculosis risk until January 2012 in relevant databases, selected studies by previously defined criteria, extracted key data and quantitatively summarized associations of the most extensively studied polymorphisms through meta-analysis. A total of 10 624 subjects from seven case-control studies were included in the present study. In overall meta-analysis, pooled odds ratio of polymorphisms rs1135791, rs9061, rs11556887, rs3948464, rs1346311 were 1.01 (95% CI: 0.71-1.44), 0.86 (95% CI: 0.70-1.04), 0.99 (95% CI: 0.67-1.47), 1.29 (CI: 0.89-1.89) and 0.95 (CI: 0.86-1.04) respectively; the summary odds ratio of sensitivity analysis specifically on pulmonary TB were 1.02 (95% CI: 0.65-1.54) for rs1135791, 0.84 (95% CI: 0.68-1.02) for rs9061, 0.88 (95% CI: 0.57-1.36) for rs11556887, 0.94 (95% CI: 0.85-1.04) for rs1346311; and in the ethnicity stratified analysis, the estimated odds ratio were 0.97 (95% CI: 0.54-1.73) for rs1135791 and 0.86 (95% CI: 0.70-1.04) for rs9061 among Asians. None of the target polymorphisms in SP110 gene observed in the present quantitative synthesis was detected to be significantly associated with TB susceptibility. Given the moderate strength of the results, the complexities of pulmonary and extra-pulmonary host genetic polymorphisms, gene-gene and gene-environment interactions, and the cross-species difference between human and mice, it would not be robust to remark that SP110 has no role in TB progress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xun Lei
- School of Public Health and Health Management, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
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10
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Mortaz E, Varahram M, Farnia P, Bahadori M, Masjedi MR. New Aspects in Immunopathology of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.5402/2012/963879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Our understanding of tuberculosis (TB) pathology and immunology has become extensively deeper and more refined since the identification of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) as the etiologic agent of disease by Dr. Robert Koch in 1882. A great challenge in chronic disease is to understand the complexities, mechanisms, and consequences of host interactions with pathogens. TB, caused by MTB, is a major health problem in world, with 10 million new cases diagnosed each year. Innate immunity is shown playing an important role in the host defense against the MTB, and the first step in this process is recognition of MTB by cells of the innate immune system. Several classes of pattern recognition receptors (PPRs) are involved in the recognition of MTB, including toll-like receptors (TLRs), C-type lectin receptors (CLRs), and nod-like receptors (NLRs). Among the TLR family, TLR1, TLR2, TLR4, and TLR9 and their down streams, proteins play the most prominent roles in the initiation of the immune response against MTB. Beside of TLRs signaling, recently the activation of inflammasome pathway in the pathogenesis of TB much appreciated. Knowledge about these signaling pathways is crucial for understanding the pathophysiology of TB, on one hand, and for the development of novel strategies of vaccination and treatment such as immunotherapy on the other. Given the critical role of TLRs/inflammasome signaling in innate immunity and initiation of the appropriate adaptive response, the regulation of these pathways is likely to be an important determinant of the clinical outcome of MTB infection. In this review paper we focused on the immune response, which is the recognition of MTB by inflammatory innate immune cells following infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- E. Mortaz
- Chronic Respiratory Disease Research Center, National Research Institute of Tuberculosis and Lung Disease (NRITLD), Masih Daneshvari Hospital, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Division of Pharmacology and Pathophysiology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - M. Varahram
- Mycobacteriology Research Centre, National Research Institute of Tuberculosis and Lung Disease, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran
| | - P. Farnia
- Mycobacteriology Research Centre, National Research Institute of Tuberculosis and Lung Disease, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran
| | - M. Bahadori
- Chronic Respiratory Disease Research Center, National Research Institute of Tuberculosis and Lung Disease (NRITLD), Masih Daneshvari Hospital, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - MR Masjedi
- Chronic Respiratory Disease Research Center, National Research Institute of Tuberculosis and Lung Disease (NRITLD), Masih Daneshvari Hospital, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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MAGOMBEDZE GESHAM, GARIRA WINSTON, MWENJE EDDIE. IN-VIVOMATHEMATICAL STUDY OF CO-INFECTION DYNAMICS OF HIV-1 ANDMYCOBACTERIUM TUBERCULOSIS. J BIOL SYST 2011. [DOI: 10.1142/s0218339008002551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Human Immunodeficiency Virus type-1 (HIV-1) fuels the pathogenesis of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) in humans. We develop a mathematical model in an attempt to understand the immune mechanisms that are involved during the co-infection of Mtb and HIV-1. Our study reveals that infection of an Mtb infected individual with HIV-1 results in fast development of active TB. The mathematical model analysis and simulations show that Mtb infection is linked to HIV infection through macrophages and CD4+ T cells. The study shows that depletion of macrophages and CD4+ T cells by HIV-1 worsens the picture of Mtb infection and in-turn Mtb infection affects the progression of HIV-1 infection since it is also capable of inducing rapid replication of HIV. Our analytical and numerical simulations show that macrophages are a potential reservoir of HIV particles during HIV-1 infection. Co-infection simulations reveal that co-infection exacerbates more the pathogen that caused the first infection. Simulations also show that co-infection disease progression patterns converge to a similar trend after a considerable time interval irrespective of which pathogen first caused infection and the second pathogen that caused co-infection. This work suggests directions for further studies and potential treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- GESHAM MAGOMBEDZE
- Departments of Applied Mathematics, National University of Science and Technology, P. O. Box AC939 Ascot, Bulawayo, Zimbabwe
| | - WINSTON GARIRA
- Departments of Applied Mathematics, National University of Science and Technology, P. O. Box AC939 Ascot, Bulawayo, Zimbabwe
| | - EDDIE MWENJE
- Departments of Applied Biology, National University of Science and Technology, P. O. Box AC939 Ascot, Bulawayo, Zimbabwe
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12
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MAGOMBEDZE GESHAM, GARIRA WINSTON, MWENJE EDDIE. MATHEMATICAL MODELING OF CHEMOTHERAPY OF HUMAN TB INFECTION. J BIOL SYST 2011. [DOI: 10.1142/s0218339006001945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
This work assesses the impact of the first line drug regimen on active disease control under the stipulated time of tuberculosis (TB) treatment. In an effort to understand why a robust immune response mechanism sometimes fails to completely control TB infection, we first developed a model that captures the human immune response mechanisms to Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) infection. We then extended the model to include drug therapy. The drug therapy model is used to assess the potency of the recommended six-month TB drug chemotherapy in infected individuals. The efficacy of each drug was explored and observations show that low drug efficacy values result in extension of treatment period. The numerical results confirm typical clinical disease progression patterns noticed in individuals under TB therapy. The drug model simulations and analysis show that administration of the recommended first line three-drug regimen normally cures the TB infection. Using the model, we established that only Isoniazid monotherapy drug treatment, and any combination therapy of two drugs including Isoniazid are potent enough to resolve the TB infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- GESHAM MAGOMBEDZE
- Departments of Applied Mathematics, National University of Science and Technology, PO Box AC939 Ascot, Bulawayo, Zimbabwe
| | - WINSTON GARIRA
- Departments of Applied Mathematics, National University of Science and Technology, PO Box AC939 Ascot, Bulawayo, Zimbabwe
| | - EDDIE MWENJE
- Applied Biology, National University of Science and Technology, PO Box AC939 Ascot, Bulawayo, Zimbabwe
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13
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Wang Q, Zhan P, Qiu LX, Qian Q, Yu LK. TNF-308 gene polymorphism and tuberculosis susceptibility: a meta-analysis involving 18 studies. Mol Biol Rep 2011; 39:3393-400. [PMID: 21735105 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-011-1110-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2011] [Accepted: 06/17/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
A number of studies have investigated the association between TNF-308 (rs1800629 G/A) polymorphisms and the susceptibility towards tuberculosis (TB) in different populations. However, many of these studies provided inconsistent results. In this study, a systematic review and meta-analysis of the published studies was performed to gain a clearer understanding of this association. The PubMed, Embase, Web of Science and CNKI databases were searched for case-control studies published up to Jan 2011, we used no lower date limit. Data were extracted and pooled odds ratios (OR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI) were calculated. A total of 18 publications from 2001 to 2010, involving 2584 TB cases and 3817 controls were included. Overall, for the A allele carriers (G/A + A/A) vs. homozygote GG, the pooled OR was 1.03 (95% CI = 0.89-1.19; P = 0.912 for heterogeneity). For the allele A vs. allele G, the pooled OR was 1.07 (95% CI = 0.93-1.22; P = 0.013 for heterogeneity). In the stratified analysis by ethnicity, among Asians significant risk was found for allele A vs. allele G (OR = 1.22, 95% CI = 1.02-1.47; P = 0.152 for heterogeneity), no significant risks were found among Caucasians. This meta-analysis indicated that the TNF-308 polymorphism was not associated with the risk of TB in the total population, however the significant risk for TNF-308 A allele was found among Asians not Caucasians.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qin Wang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, No. 81 Hospital of PLA, Nanjing, China
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Innate immune recognition of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Clin Dev Immunol 2011; 2011:405310. [PMID: 21603213 PMCID: PMC3095423 DOI: 10.1155/2011/405310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 289] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2010] [Accepted: 01/29/2011] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB), caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB), is a major health problem, with 10 million new cases diagnosed each year. Innate immunity plays an important role in the host defense against M. tuberculosis, and the first step in this process is recognition of MTB by cells of the innate immune system. Several classes of pattern recognition receptors (PPRs) are involved in the recognition of M. tuberculosis, including Toll-like receptors (TLRs), C-type lectin receptors (CLRs), and Nod-like receptors (NLRs). Among the TLR family, TLR2, TLR4, and TLR9 and their adaptor molecule MyD88 play the most prominent roles in the initiation of the immune response against tuberculosis. In addition to TLRs, other PRRs such as NOD2, Dectin-1, Mannose receptor, and DC-SIGN are also involved in the recognition of M. tuberculosis. Human epidemiological studies revealed that genetic variation in genes encoding for PRRs and downstream signaling products influence disease susceptibility, severity, and outcome. More insight into PRRs and the recognition of mycobacteria, combined with immunogenetic studies in TB patients, does not only lead to a better understanding of the pathogenesis of tuberculosis but also may contribute to the design of novel immunotherapeutic strategies.
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Assessment of five antigens from Mycobacterium tuberculosis for serodiagnosis of tuberculosis. CLINICAL AND VACCINE IMMUNOLOGY : CVI 2011; 18:565-70. [PMID: 21288992 DOI: 10.1128/cvi.00507-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB), caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis, is a major public health issue, particularly in developing countries, and thus effective diagnostic methods for TB remain a central theme in basic and clinical research. To evaluate five antigens (38-kDa protein [38kDa], Rv3621c, Rv3618, 38kDa-ESAT-6 [38E6], and Ag85B-HBHA [AH]) in serological tests for TB patients, we recruited 288 patients and 201 healthy controls. The median IgG reactivity to 38kDa, 38E6, and AH was higher than that to Rv3618 and Rv3621c in pulmonary TB. 38kDa and 38E6 provided high sensitivities in pulmonary TB but low sensitivities in extrapulmonary TB (EPTB). The specificities achieved by 38kDa and 38E6 ranged from 82.0% to 93.9% in patients with non-TB respiratory disease (PD) and in controls. 38kDa and 38E6 exhibited lower sensitivities and higher specificities than their combinations with Rv3618. These findings provide useful information on the relative importance of the above five antigens and suggest that combinations of Rv3618 with 38kDa and 38E6 can increase their sensitivities, but their specificities need to be further increased.
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Bai X, Chmura K, Ovrutsky AR, Bowler RP, Scheinman RI, Oberley-Deegan RE, Liu H, Shang S, Ordway D, Chan ED. Mycobacterium tuberculosis increases IP-10 and MIG protein despite inhibition of IP-10 and MIG transcription. Tuberculosis (Edinb) 2011; 91:26-35. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tube.2010.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2010] [Revised: 11/05/2010] [Accepted: 11/16/2010] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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18
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Pleural tuberculosis in patients with early HIV infection is associated with increased TNF-alpha expression and necrosis in granulomas. PLoS One 2009; 4:e4228. [PMID: 19156215 PMCID: PMC2626629 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0004228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2008] [Accepted: 11/23/2008] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Although granulomas may be an essential host response against persistent antigens, they are also associated with immunopathology. We investigated whether HIV co-infection affects histopathological appearance and cytokine profiles of pleural granulomas in patients with active pleural tuberculosis (TB). Granulomas were investigated in pleural biopsies from HIV positive and negative TB pleuritis patients. Granulomas were characterised as necrotic or non-necrotic, graded histologically and investigated for the mRNA expression of IL-12, IFN-gamma, TNF-alpha and IL-4 by in situ hybridisation. In all TB patients a mixed Th1/Th2 profile was noted. Necrotic granulomas were more evident in HIV positive patients with a clear association between TNF-alpha and necrosis. This study demonstrates immune dysregulation which may include TNF-alpha-mediated immunopathology at the site of disease in HIV infected pleural TB patients.
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Schäfer G, Jacobs M, Wilkinson RJ, Brown GD. Non-opsonic recognition of Mycobacterium tuberculosis by phagocytes. J Innate Immun 2008; 1:231-43. [PMID: 20375581 DOI: 10.1159/000173703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2008] [Accepted: 09/08/2008] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The interactions between Mycobacterium tuberculosis and host phagocytes such as macrophages and dendritic cells are central to both immunity and pathogenesis. Many receptors have been implicated in recognition and binding of M. tuberculosis such as the mannose receptor, dendritic-cell-specific intercellular adhesion molecule-3 grabbing nonintegrin, dectin-1 and complement receptor 3 as well as Toll-like receptors, scavenger receptors and CD14. While in vitro studies have demonstrated clear roles for particular receptor(s), in vivo work in receptor-deficient animals often revealed only a minor, or no role, in infection with M. tuberculosis. The initial encounter of phagocytic cells with myco- bacteria appears to be complex and depends on various parameters. It seems likely that infection with M. tuberculosis does not occur via a single receptor-mediated pathway. Rather, multiple receptors play different roles in M. tuberculosis infection, and the overall effect depends on the expression and availability of a particular receptor on a particular cell type and its triggered downstream responses. Moreover, the role of membrane cholesterol for M. tuberculosis interactions with phagocytes adds to the complexity of mycobacterial recognition and response. This review summarizes current knowledge on non-opsonic receptors involved in binding of mycobacteria and discusses the contribution of individual receptors to the recognition process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgia Schäfer
- Institute for Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine, Division of Immunology, CLS, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, South Africa
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Relationship between whole-blood interferon-gamma responses and the risk of active tuberculosis. Tuberculosis (Edinb) 2008; 88:244-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tube.2007.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2007] [Revised: 11/06/2007] [Accepted: 11/29/2007] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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21
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Houshmand M, Banoei MM, Tabarsi P, Panahi MSS, Hooshiar Kashani B, Ebrahimi G, Zargar L, Farnia P, Morris MW, Mansouri D, Velayati AA, Mirsaeidi MS. Do mitochondrial DNA haplogroups play a role in susceptibility to tuberculosis? Respirology 2008; 12:823-7. [PMID: 17986109 DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1843.2007.01163.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Mitochondrial DNA has a unique role in ATP production and subsequent mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS) production in eukaryotic cells and there is a potential role for ROS and oxygen burst against Mycobacterium tuberculosis, an intracellular pathogen. This study aimed to determine whether the frequency of different mitochondrial haplogroups was significantly different in patients with tuberculosis (TB) compared with a normal population. METHODS Mitochondrial DNA haplogroups M, N, J and K were studied by PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism and sequencing. Cases were 54 patients with confirmed smear positive pulmonary TB. Controls were 256 healthy persons. RESULTS There were no statistically significant differences between those with TB and the control group. CONCLUSIONS There was no statistically significant association between mtDNA haplogroups and the presence of TB infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Massoud Houshmand
- National Institute for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Tehran, Iran
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22
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Teijo-Núñez C, Mostaza-Fernández JL, Pérez-Andrada S, Pérez-Simón MR. [Tuberculous esophagomediastinal fistula in a HIV-infected patient]. Enferm Infecc Microbiol Clin 2007; 25:66-7. [PMID: 17261248 DOI: 10.1016/s0213-005x(07)74229-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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American Thoracic Society/Centers for Disease Control and Prevention/Infectious Diseases Society of America: Controlling Tuberculosis in the United States. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2005; 172:1169-227. [PMID: 16249321 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.2508001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 182] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
During 1993-2003, incidence of tuberculosis (TB) in the United States decreased 44% and is now occurring at a historic low level (14,874 cases in 2003). The Advisory Council for the Elimination of Tuberculosis has called for a renewed commitment to eliminating TB in the United States, and the Institute of Medicine has published a detailed plan for achieving that goal. In this statement, the American Thoracic Society (ATS), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), and the Infectious Diseases Society of America (IDSA) propose recommendations to improve the control and prevention of TB in the United States and to progress toward its elimination. This statement is one in a series issued periodically by the sponsoring organizations to guide the diagnosis, treatment, control, and prevention of TB. This statement supersedes the previous statement by ATS and CDC, which was also supported by IDSA and the American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP). This statement was drafted, after an evidence-based review of the subject, by a panel of representatives of the three sponsoring organizations. AAP, the National Tuberculosis Controllers Association, and the Canadian Thoracic Society were also represented on the panel. This statement integrates recent scientific advances with current epidemiologic data, other recent guidelines from this series, and other sources into a coherent and practical approach to the control of TB in the United States. Although drafted to apply to TB-control activities in the United States, this statement might be of use in other countries in which persons with TB generally have access to medical and public health services and resources necessary to make a precise diagnosis of the disease; achieve curative medical treatment; and otherwise provide substantial science-based protection of the population against TB. This statement is aimed at all persons who advocate, plan, and work at controlling and preventing TB in the United States, including persons who formulate public health policy and make decisions about allocation of resources for disease control and health maintenance and directors and staff members of state, county, and local public health agencies throughout the United States charged with control of TB. The audience also includes the full range of medical practitioners, organizations, and institutions involved in the health care of persons in the United States who are at risk for TB.
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Abstract
The hygiene hypothesis was developed in response to data suggesting that the increase in allergic diseases as well as asthma was secondary to a reduced exposure to infectious stimuli. Indeed, the epidemiologic changes, resulting in an increase in atopic disease, have been impressive and intriguing. Furthermore, although there clearly is a genetic component to atopic diseases, genetics cannot account for a marked increase in the incidence and prevalence of allergic manifestations within a few generations. Thus, environmental factors have been suggested as responsible for the changing prevalence. There are two--not mutually exclusive--possibilities, namely, that substances that promote atopy have been added to the environment or that factors that provided protection from allergic disease were lost from the environment. Both outdoor and indoor pollution, along with a long list of other environmental factors, have been proposed. It is of interest that in many developed countries, certain types of pollution have decreased, whereas the prevalence of atopic disease has increased. In this review, we have explored a detailed analysis of a large number of studies that have focused on this issue and suggest that, although the hygiene hypothesis has merit, the stimuli responsible for the new epidemiology remain enigmatic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea T Borchers
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Clinical Immunology, University of California at Davis School of Medicine, TB 192, Davis, CA 95616, USA
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25
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Lee J, Choi K, Olin MR, Cho SN, Molitor TW. Gammadelta T cells in immunity induced by Mycobacterium bovis bacillus Calmette-Guérin vaccination. Infect Immun 2004; 72:1504-11. [PMID: 14977956 PMCID: PMC355996 DOI: 10.1128/iai.72.3.1504-1511.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium bovis bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccination is efficacious for newborns or adults with no previous exposure to environmental mycobacteria. To determine the relative contribution and the nature of gammadelta T-cell receptor-positive T cells in newborns, compared to CD4(+) T cells, in immunity induced by M. bovis BCG vaccination, 4-week-old specific-pathogen-free pigs were vaccinated with M. bovis BCG and monitored by following the gammadelta T-cell immune responses. A flow cytometry-based proliferation assay and intracellular staining for gamma interferon (IFN-gamma) were used to examine gammadelta T-cell responses. Pigs were found to mount Th1-like responses to M. bovis BCG vaccination as determined by immunoproliferation and IFN-gamma production. The gammadelta T-cell lymphoproliferation and IFN-gamma production to stimulation with mycobacterial antigens were significantly enhanced by M. bovis BCG vaccination. The relative number of proliferating gammadelta T cells after stimulating peripheral blood mononuclear cells with Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv culture filtrate protein was higher than that of CD4(+) T cells at an early time point after M. bovis BCG vaccination, but CD4(+) T cells were found to be more abundant at a later time point. Although the gammadelta T-cell responses were dependent on the presence of CD4(+) T cells for the cytokine interleukin-2, the enhanced gammadelta T cells were due to the intrinsic changes of gammadelta T cells caused by M. bovis BCG vaccination rather than being due solely to help from CD4(+) T cells. Our study shows that gammadelta T cells from pigs at early ages are functionally enhanced by M. bovis BCG vaccination and suggests an important role for this T-cell subset in acquired immunity conferred by M. bovis BCG vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinhee Lee
- Department of Clinical and Population Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota 55108, USA
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Velasco-Velázquez MA, Barrera D, González-Arenas A, Rosales C, Agramonte-Hevia J. Macrophage--Mycobacterium tuberculosis interactions: role of complement receptor 3. Microb Pathog 2003; 35:125-31. [PMID: 12927520 DOI: 10.1016/s0882-4010(03)00099-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Tuberculosis is the leading infectious disease in the world. Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the causal agent of this disease, invades macrophages and can replicate inside them. Because invasion of macrophages is a critical step for establishing a mycobacterial infection, there is much interest in understanding the mechanisms for M. tuberculosis entry into macrophages. Complement receptor 3 (CR3) is a heterodimeric surface receptor with multiple binding sites, which can mediate complement-opsonized as well as nonopsonic entrance of M. tuberculosis into macrophages. Here, we describe and discuss the role of CR3 in macrophage[bond]M. tuberculosis interactions. The actual information suggests that CR3 mediates a substantial amount of M. tuberculosis binding to macrophages, but CR3 is not related to the mechanisms that allow mycobacteria to survive and replicate intracellularly. Understanding the mechanisms of macrophage[bond]M. tuberculosis interaction will help developing more effective methods to prevent and treat tuberculosis in the future.
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Muñoz S, Hernández-Pando R, Abraham SN, Enciso JA. Mast cell activation by Mycobacterium tuberculosis: mediator release and role of CD48. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2003; 170:5590-6. [PMID: 12759438 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.170.11.5590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Mast cells (MC) are abundant in the lung and other peripheral tissue, where they participate in inflammatory processes against bacterial infections. Like other effector cells of the innate immune system, MC interact directly with a wide variety of infectious agents. This interaction results in MC activation and inflammatory mediator release. We demonstrated that MC interact with Mycobacterium tuberculosis, triggering the release of several prestored reagents, such as histamine and beta-hexosaminidase, and de novo synthesized cytokines, such as TNF-alpha and IL-6. A number of M. tuberculosis Ags, ESAT-6, MTSA-10, and MPT-63, have been implicated in MC activation and mediator release. A MC plasmalemmal protein, CD48, was implicated in interactions with mycobacteria because CD48 appeared to aggregate in the MC membrane at sites of bacterial binding and because Abs to CD48 inhibited the MC histamine response to mycobacteria. Cumulatively, these findings suggest that MC, even in the absence of opsonins, can directly recognize M. tuberculosis and its Ags and have the potential to play an active role in mediating the host's innate response to M. tuberculosis infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samira Muñoz
- Unidad de Investigación Médica de Enfermedades Infecciosas y Parasitarias, Centro Medico Nacional Siglo XXI, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City, Mexico
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Fraser DA, Bulat-Kardum L, Knezevic J, Babarovic P, Matakovic-Mileusnic N, Dellacasagrande J, Matanic D, Pavelic J, Beg-Zec Z, Dembic Z. Interferon-gamma receptor-1 gene polymorphism in tuberculosis patients from Croatia. Scand J Immunol 2003; 57:480-4. [PMID: 12753505 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-3083.2003.01253.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies have indicated that the interleukin-12/interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) axis is important in mycobacterial infection susceptibility. Using an intronic (CA)n polymorphic microsatellite marker within the IFN-gamma receptor-1 (IFNGR1) gene, we have compared the allelic frequencies of this marker in hospitalized tuberculosis patients (n = 120) with that of controls (n = 87) from Rijeka, Croatia. We identified 13 (CA)n alleles in the tuberculosis patients, whereas only 10 were found in the controls. A significant difference between one allelic marker and the control group was observed (P = 0.02, 95% confidence interval 0.14-0.94), suggesting a possible protective association. In contrast, several other allelic markers showed a trend towards association with the disease. We also found a trend towards an increased frequency in homozygosity of one allelic marker in patients (11.7%) as compared with controls (4.6%). We conclude that there is no evidence for disease association of the IFNGR1 gene marker in Mendelian-type (single-allele) inheritance. However, our results also suggest that unidentified allelic variations in the IFNGR1 gene might elevate or decrease the risk in this ethnic population, as a part of the multigenic predisposition to tuberculosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- D A Fraser
- Institute of Immunology, Department of Oral Biology, University in Oslo, Oslo, Norway
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Abstract
In the past 30 years, more than 30 new aetiological agents of infectious disease have been identified. Some of these are responsible for entirely novel and life-threatening disorders, such as AIDS, Ebola fever, hantavirus pulmonary syndrome and Nipah virus encephalitis. During the same period, some longstanding infectious diseases (such as tuberculosis) have became resurgent, as a result of a combination of complacency, increased travel and social dislocation, and also increasing drug resistance. This review looks at some of the key unmet needs in this therapeutic area and discusses strategies to address them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noel J C Snell
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College School of Medicine, Dovehouse Street, SW3 6LY, London, UK.
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