1
|
Zhang L, Feng Q, Kong W. ECM Microenvironment in Vascular Homeostasis: New Targets for Atherosclerosis. Physiology (Bethesda) 2024; 39:0. [PMID: 38984789 DOI: 10.1152/physiol.00028.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2023] [Revised: 03/05/2024] [Accepted: 03/23/2024] [Indexed: 07/11/2024] Open
Abstract
Alterations in vascular extracellular matrix (ECM) components, interactions, and mechanical properties influence both the formation and stability of atherosclerotic plaques. This review discusses the contribution of the ECM microenvironment in vascular homeostasis and remodeling in atherosclerosis, highlighting Cartilage oligomeric matrix protein (COMP) and its degrading enzyme ADAMTS7 as examples, and proposes potential avenues for future research aimed at identifying novel therapeutic targets for atherosclerosis based on the ECM microenvironment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lu Zhang
- Medical Research Center, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Qianqian Feng
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Vascular Homeostasis and Remodeling, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Kong
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Vascular Homeostasis and Remodeling, Peking University, Beijing, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Beck HC, Skovgaard AC, Mohammadnejad A, Palstrøm NB, Nielsen PF, Mengel-From J, Hjelmborg J, Rasmussen LM, Soerensen M. A Mass Spectrometry-Based Proteome Study of Twin Pairs Discordant for Incident Acute Myocardial Infarction within Three Years after Blood Sampling Suggests Novel Biomarkers. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:2638. [PMID: 38473885 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25052638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Revised: 02/09/2024] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Acute myocardial infarction (AMI) is a major cause of mortality and morbidity worldwide, yet biomarkers for AMI in the short- or medium-term are lacking. We apply the discordant twin pair design, reducing genetic and environmental confounding, by linking nationwide registry data on AMI diagnoses to a survey of 12,349 twins, thereby identifying 39 twin pairs (48-79 years) discordant for their first-ever AMI within three years after blood sampling. Mass spectrometry of blood plasma identified 715 proteins. Among 363 proteins with a call rate > 50%, imputation and stratified Cox regression analysis revealed seven significant proteins (FDR < 0.05): FGD6, MCAM, and PIK3CB reflected an increased level in AMI twins relative to their non-AMI co-twins (HR > 1), while LBP, IGHV3-15, C1RL, and APOC4 reflected a decreased level in AMI twins relative to their non-AMI co-twins (HR < 1). Additional 50 proteins were nominally significant (p < 0.05), and bioinformatics analyses of all 57 proteins revealed biology within hemostasis, coagulation cascades, the immune system, and the extracellular matrix. A protein-protein-interaction network revealed Fibronectin 1 as a central hub. Finally, technical validation confirmed MCAM, LBP, C1RL, and APOC3. We put forward novel biomarkers for incident AMI, a part of the proteome field where markers are surprisingly rare and where additional studies are highly needed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hans Christian Beck
- Center for Individualized Medicine in Arterial Diseases, Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Odense University Hospital, J. B. Winsloews Vej 4, 5000 Odense, Denmark
| | - Asmus Cosmos Skovgaard
- The Danish Twin Registry and Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Biodemography, Department of Public Health, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, 5230 Odense, Denmark
| | - Afsaneh Mohammadnejad
- The Danish Twin Registry and Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Biodemography, Department of Public Health, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, 5230 Odense, Denmark
| | - Nicolai Bjødstrup Palstrøm
- Center for Individualized Medicine in Arterial Diseases, Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Odense University Hospital, J. B. Winsloews Vej 4, 5000 Odense, Denmark
| | - Palle Fruekilde Nielsen
- Center for Individualized Medicine in Arterial Diseases, Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Odense University Hospital, J. B. Winsloews Vej 4, 5000 Odense, Denmark
| | - Jonas Mengel-From
- The Danish Twin Registry and Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Biodemography, Department of Public Health, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, 5230 Odense, Denmark
| | - Jacob Hjelmborg
- The Danish Twin Registry and Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Biodemography, Department of Public Health, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, 5230 Odense, Denmark
| | - Lars Melholt Rasmussen
- Center for Individualized Medicine in Arterial Diseases, Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Odense University Hospital, J. B. Winsloews Vej 4, 5000 Odense, Denmark
| | - Mette Soerensen
- The Danish Twin Registry and Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Biodemography, Department of Public Health, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, 5230 Odense, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Odense University Hospital, J. B. Winsloews Vej 4, 5000 Odense, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Nieddu G, Formato M, Lepedda AJ. Searching for Atherosclerosis Biomarkers by Proteomics: A Focus on Lesion Pathogenesis and Vulnerability. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:15175. [PMID: 37894856 PMCID: PMC10607641 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242015175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Revised: 10/11/2023] [Accepted: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Plaque rupture and thrombosis are the most important clinical complications in the pathogenesis of stroke, coronary arteries, and peripheral vascular diseases. The identification of early biomarkers of plaque presence and susceptibility to ulceration could be of primary importance in preventing such life-threatening events. With the improvement of proteomic tools, large-scale technologies have been proven valuable in attempting to unravel pathways of atherosclerotic degeneration and identifying new circulating markers to be utilized either as early diagnostic traits or as targets for new drug therapies. To address these issues, different matrices of human origin, such as vascular cells, arterial tissues, plasma, and urine, have been investigated. Besides, proteomics was also applied to experimental atherosclerosis in order to unveil significant insights into the mechanisms influencing atherogenesis. This narrative review provides an overview of the last twenty years of omics applications to the study of atherogenesis and lesion vulnerability, with particular emphasis on lipoproteomics and vascular tissue proteomics. Major issues of tissue analyses, such as plaque complexity, sampling, availability, choice of proper controls, and lipoproteins purification, will be raised, and future directions will be addressed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Antonio Junior Lepedda
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy; (G.N.); (M.F.); Antonio Junior Lepedda (A.J.L.)
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Theofilis P, Sagris M, Antonopoulos AS, Oikonomou E, Tsioufis K, Tousoulis D. Non-Invasive Modalities in the Assessment of Vulnerable Coronary Atherosclerotic Plaques. Tomography 2022; 8:1742-1758. [PMID: 35894012 PMCID: PMC9326642 DOI: 10.3390/tomography8040147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2022] [Revised: 07/04/2022] [Accepted: 07/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Coronary atherosclerosis is a complex, multistep process that may lead to critical complications upon progression, revolving around plaque disruption through either rupture or erosion. Several high-risk features are associated with plaque vulnerability and may add incremental prognostic information. Although invasive imaging modalities such as optical coherence tomography or intravascular ultrasound are considered to be the gold standard in the assessment of vulnerable coronary atherosclerotic plaques (VCAPs), contemporary evidence suggests a potential role for non-invasive methods in this context. Biomarkers associated with deleterious pathophysiologic pathways, including inflammation and extracellular matrix degradation, have been correlated with VCAP characteristics and adverse prognosis. However, coronary computed tomography (CT) angiography has been the most extensively investigated technique, significantly correlating with invasive method-derived VCAP features. The estimation of perivascular fat attenuation as well as radiomic-based approaches represent additional concepts that may add incremental information. Cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has also been evaluated in clinical studies, with promising results through the various image sequences that have been tested. As far as nuclear cardiology is concerned, the implementation of positron emission tomography in the VCAP assessment currently faces several limitations with the myocardial uptake of the radiotracer in cases of fluorodeoxyglucose use, as well as with motion correction. Moreover, the search for the ideal radiotracer and the most adequate combination (CT or MRI) is still ongoing. With a look to the future, the possible combination of imaging and circulating inflammatory and extracellular matrix degradation biomarkers in diagnostic and prognostic algorithms may represent the essential next step for the assessment of high-risk individuals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Panagiotis Theofilis
- 1st Cardiology Department, “Hippokration” General Hospital, Medical School, University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece; (M.S.); (A.S.A.); (E.O.); (K.T.); (D.T.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Marios Sagris
- 1st Cardiology Department, “Hippokration” General Hospital, Medical School, University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece; (M.S.); (A.S.A.); (E.O.); (K.T.); (D.T.)
| | - Alexios S. Antonopoulos
- 1st Cardiology Department, “Hippokration” General Hospital, Medical School, University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece; (M.S.); (A.S.A.); (E.O.); (K.T.); (D.T.)
| | - Evangelos Oikonomou
- 1st Cardiology Department, “Hippokration” General Hospital, Medical School, University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece; (M.S.); (A.S.A.); (E.O.); (K.T.); (D.T.)
- 3rd Cardiology Department, Thoracic Diseases Hospital “Sotiria”, University of Athens Medical School, 11527 Athens, Greece
| | - Konstantinos Tsioufis
- 1st Cardiology Department, “Hippokration” General Hospital, Medical School, University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece; (M.S.); (A.S.A.); (E.O.); (K.T.); (D.T.)
| | - Dimitris Tousoulis
- 1st Cardiology Department, “Hippokration” General Hospital, Medical School, University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece; (M.S.); (A.S.A.); (E.O.); (K.T.); (D.T.)
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Hu ZK, Niu JL, Lin JJ, Guo Y, Dong LH. Proteomics of restenosis model in LDLR-deficient hamsters coupled with the proliferative rat vascular smooth muscle cells reveals a new mechanism of vascular remodeling diseases. J Proteomics 2022; 264:104634. [PMID: 35661764 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2022.104634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2021] [Revised: 05/25/2022] [Accepted: 05/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
A major pathological mechanism involved in vascular remodeling diseases is the proliferation and migration of vascular smooth muscle cells. The lipid distribution of golden hamsters is similar to that of humans, which makes them an excellent study model for studying the pathogenesis and molecular characteristics of vascular remodeling diseases. We performed proteomic analysis on Sprague Dawley rat VSMCs (rVSMCs) and restenosis hamsters with low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR) deficiency as part of this study. We have also performed the enrichment analysis of differentially modified proteins in regards to Gene Ontology, Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway, and protein domain. 1070 differentially abundant proteins were assessed in rVSMCs before and after platelet-derived growth factor-BB (PDGF-BB) stimulation. Specifically, 1246 proteins displayed significant differences in the restenosis model in LDLR-deficient hamsters. An analysis of crosstalk between LDLR+/- hamsters artery restenosis and proliferating rVSMCs revealed 130 differentially expressed proteins, including 67 up-regulated proteins and 63 downregulated proteins. Enrichment analysis with KEGG showed differential proteins to be mainly concentrated in metabolic pathways. There are numerous differentially abundant proteins but particularly two proteins (phosphofructokinase 1 of liver type and lactate dehydrogenase A) were found to be up-regulated by PDGF-BB stimulation of rVSMCs and in a restenosis model of hamsters with LDLR+/- expression. SIGNIFICANCE: Based on bioinformatics, we have found glycolysis pathway plays an important role in both the LDLR+/- hamsters restenosis model and the proliferation of rVSMCs. Some key glycolysis enzymes may likely be developed either as new biomarkers or drug targets for vascular remodeling diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhao-Kun Hu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Basic Medicine, Cardiovascular Medical Science Center, Key Laboratory of Medical Biotechnology of Hebei Province, The Key Laboratory of Neural and Vascular Biology, Ministry of Education, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, 050017, China
| | - Jiang-Ling Niu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Basic Medicine, Cardiovascular Medical Science Center, Key Laboratory of Medical Biotechnology of Hebei Province, The Key Laboratory of Neural and Vascular Biology, Ministry of Education, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, 050017, China
| | - Jia-Jie Lin
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Basic Medicine, Cardiovascular Medical Science Center, Key Laboratory of Medical Biotechnology of Hebei Province, The Key Laboratory of Neural and Vascular Biology, Ministry of Education, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, 050017, China
| | - Yu Guo
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Basic Medicine, Cardiovascular Medical Science Center, Key Laboratory of Medical Biotechnology of Hebei Province, The Key Laboratory of Neural and Vascular Biology, Ministry of Education, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, 050017, China
| | - Li-Hua Dong
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Basic Medicine, Cardiovascular Medical Science Center, Key Laboratory of Medical Biotechnology of Hebei Province, The Key Laboratory of Neural and Vascular Biology, Ministry of Education, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, 050017, China.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Proteomic Studies of Blood and Vascular Wall in Atherosclerosis. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222413267. [PMID: 34948066 PMCID: PMC8707794 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222413267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Revised: 12/02/2021] [Accepted: 12/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The review is devoted to the analysis of literature data related to the role of proteomic studies in the study of atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases. Diagnosis of patients with atherosclerotic plaques before clinical manifestations is an arduous task. The review presents the results of research on the new proteomic potential biomarkers of coronary heart disease, coronary atherosclerosis, acute coronary syndrome, myocardial infarction, carotid artery atherosclerosis. Also, the analysis of literature data on proteomic studies of the vascular wall was carried out. To assess the involvement of proteins in the pathological process of atherosclerosis, it is important to investigate the specific relationships between proteins in the arteries, expression and concentration of proteins. The development of proteomic technologies has made it possible to analyse the number of proteins associated with the development of the disease. Analysis of the proteomic profile of the vascular wall in atherosclerosis can help to detect possible diagnostically significant protein structures or potential biomarkers of the disease and develop novel approaches to the diagnosis of atherosclerosis and its complications.
Collapse
|
7
|
Ben Braiek A, Chahed H, Dumont F, Abdelhak F, Hichem D, Gamra H, Baudin B. Identification of biomarker panels as predictors of severity in coronary artery disease. J Cell Mol Med 2020; 25:1518-1530. [PMID: 33381894 PMCID: PMC7875935 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.16244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2020] [Revised: 09/23/2020] [Accepted: 11/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are implicated in atherosclerotic plaque rupture and recondition. Specific tissue inhibitors (TIMPs) control MMP functions. Both MMPs and TIMPs are potential biomarkers of plaque instability. Elevated Apo‐CII and CIII and Apo‐E levels are recognized as cardiovascular disease risk factors. We aimed to establish the best blood biomarker panel to evaluate the coronary artery disease (CAD) severity. Plasma levels of MMP‐3 and MMP‐9, TIMP‐1 and TIMP‐2, Apo‐CII, Apo‐CIII and Apo‐E were measured in 472 patients with CAD evaluated by coronary angiography and electrocardiography, and in 285 healthy controls. MMP‐3 and MMP‐9 plasma levels in CAD patients were significantly increased (P < 0.001) compared to controls (3.54‐ and 3.81‐fold, respectively). Furthermore, these increments are modulated by CAD severity as well as for Apo‐CII and Apo‐CIII levels (P < 0.001). TIMPs levels were decreased in CAD versus controls (P < 0.001) and in inverse correlation to MMPs. Standard ROC curve approach showed the importance of panels of biomarkers, including MMP‐3, MMP‐9, TIMP‐1, TIMP‐2, Apo‐CII and Apo‐CIII, for disease aggravation diagnosis. A high area under curve (AUC) value (0.995) was reached for the association of MMP‐9, TIMP‐2 and Apo‐CIII. The unbalance between MMPs and TIMPs in vascular wall and dyslipidaemia creates favourable conditions for plaque disruption. Our study suggests that the combination of MMP‐9, TIMP‐2 and Apo‐CIII values (‘CAD aggravation panel’) characterizes the severity of CAD, that is electrophysiological state, number of involved vessels, stent disposal and type of stent.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Assia Ben Braiek
- Service de Biochimie, DMU BioGem, Hôpital Saint-Antoine, Paris, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France.,Molecular Biology Departments, Faculty of Pharmacy, Monastir University, Monastir, Tunisia.,UMS IPSIT - UFR Pharmacie, Université Paris-Saclay, Chatenay-Malabry, France
| | - Hinda Chahed
- Molecular Biology Departments, Faculty of Pharmacy, Monastir University, Monastir, Tunisia
| | - Florent Dumont
- UMS IPSIT - UFR Pharmacie, Université Paris-Saclay, Chatenay-Malabry, France
| | - Fodha Abdelhak
- Department of Cardiology, Fattouma Bourguiba Hospital, Monastir, Tunisia.,Department of Cardiology, Farhat Hached Hospital, Sousse, Tunisia
| | - Denguir Hichem
- Department of Cardiology, Fattouma Bourguiba Hospital, Monastir, Tunisia.,The Regional Hospital Mohamed Ben Sassi, Gabes, Tunisia
| | - Habib Gamra
- Department of Cardiology, Fattouma Bourguiba Hospital, Monastir, Tunisia
| | - Bruno Baudin
- Service de Biochimie, DMU BioGem, Hôpital Saint-Antoine, Paris, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France.,INSERM UMR 1193 - UFR Pharmacie, Université Paris-Saclay, Châtenay-Malabry, France
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Integrated Plasma and Tissue Proteomics Reveals Attractin Release by Intraluminal Thrombus of Abdominal Aortic Aneurysms and Improves Aneurysm Growth Prediction in Humans. Ann Surg 2020; 275:1206-1211. [PMID: 33065636 DOI: 10.1097/sla.0000000000004439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Discovery of novel biomarkers for abdominal aortic aneurysm growth (AAA) prediction. BACKGROUND Novel biomarker of AAA growth is a recognised priority in research. Our prior work implicated intraluminal thrombus (ILT) in AAAs to be a potential source of systemic mediators during AAA progression. Here we applied a mass spectrometry proteomics pipeline to discover novel biomarkers for AAA growth prediction. METHODS Patients were prospectively recruited. Plasma samples were collected at baseline (n = 62). AAA growth was recorded at 12 months. In Experiment 1, plasma samples from the fastest and slowest growth patients (n = 10 each) were compared. In Experiment 2, plasma samples were collected before and at 10-12 weeks after surgery (n = 29). In Experiment 3, paired ILT and omental biopsies were collected intra-operatively during open surgical repair (n = 3). In Experiment 4, tissue secretome was obtained from ex-vivo culture of these paired tissue samples. Samples were subjected to a liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) workflow to discover novel biomarkers. RESULTS We discovered 3 proteins that are: (i) present in ILT; (ii) released by ILT; (iii) reduced in circulation after AAA surgery; (iv) differs between fast and slow growth AAAs. One of these is Attractin. Plasma Attractin correlates significantly with future AAA growth (Spearman r = 0.35, P < 0.005). Using Attractin and AAA diameter as input variables, the AUROC for predicting no growth and fast growth of AAA at 12 months is 85% and 76%, respectively. CONCLUSION We show that ILT of AAAs releases mediators during the natural history of AAA growth. These are novel biomarkers for AAA growth prediction in humans.
Collapse
|
9
|
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory disease of the arterial wall and the primary underlying cause of cardiovascular disease. Data from in vivo imaging, cell-lineage tracing and knockout studies in mice, as well as clinical interventional studies and advanced mRNA sequencing techniques, have drawn attention to the role of T cells as critical drivers and modifiers of the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. CD4+ T cells are commonly found in atherosclerotic plaques. A large body of evidence indicates that T helper 1 (TH1) cells have pro-atherogenic roles and regulatory T (Treg) cells have anti-atherogenic roles. However, Treg cells can become pro-atherogenic. The roles in atherosclerosis of other TH cell subsets such as TH2, TH9, TH17, TH22, follicular helper T cells and CD28null T cells, as well as other T cell subsets including CD8+ T cells and γδ T cells, are less well understood. Moreover, some T cells seem to have both pro-atherogenic and anti-atherogenic functions. In this Review, we summarize the knowledge on T cell subsets, their functions in atherosclerosis and the process of T cell homing to atherosclerotic plaques. Much of our understanding of the roles of T cells in atherosclerosis is based on findings from experimental models. Translating these findings into human disease is challenging but much needed. T cells and their specific cytokines are attractive targets for developing new preventive and therapeutic approaches including potential T cell-related therapies for atherosclerosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ryosuke Saigusa
- Division of Inflammation Biology, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Holger Winkels
- Division of Inflammation Biology, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Klaus Ley
- Division of Inflammation Biology, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA, USA.
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
George MJ, Kleveland O, Garcia‐Hernandez J, Palmen J, Lovering R, Wiseth R, Aukrust P, Engmann J, Damås JK, Hingorani AD, Gullestad L, Casas JP, Ueland T. Novel Insights Into the Effects of Interleukin 6 Antagonism in Non-ST-Segment-Elevation Myocardial Infarction Employing the SOMAscan Proteomics Platform. J Am Heart Assoc 2020; 9:e015628. [PMID: 32515246 PMCID: PMC7429051 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.119.015628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2019] [Accepted: 04/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Background Interleukin 6 concentration is associated with myocardial injury, heart failure, and mortality after myocardial infarction. In the Norwegian tocilizumab non-ST-segment-elevation myocardial infarction trial, the first randomized trial of interleukin 6 blockade in myocardial infarction, concentration of both C-reactive protein and troponin T were reduced in the active treatment arm. In this follow-up study, an aptamer-based proteomic approach was employed to discover additional plasma proteins modulated by tocilizumab treatment to gain novel insights into the effects of this therapeutic approach. Methods and Results Plasma from percutaneous coronary intervention-treated patients, 24 in the active intervention and 24 in the placebo-control arm, drawn 48 hours postrandomization were randomly selected for analysis with the SOMAscan assay. Employing slow off-rate aptamers, the relative abundance of 1074 circulating proteins was measured. Proteins identified as being significantly different between groups were subsequently measured by enzyme immunoassay in the whole trial cohort (117 patients) at all time points (days 1-3 [7 time points] and 3 and 6 months). Five proteins identified by the SOMAscan assay, and subsequently confirmed by enzyme immunoassay, were significantly altered by tocilizumab administration. The acute-phase proteins lipopolysaccharide-binding protein, hepcidin, and insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 4 were all reduced during the hospitalization phase, as was the monocyte chemoattractant C-C motif chemokine ligand 23. Proteinase 3, released primarily from neutrophils, was significantly elevated. Conclusions Employing the SOMAscan aptamer-based proteomics platform, 5 proteins were newly identified that are modulated by interleukin 6 antagonism and may mediate the therapeutic effects of tocilizumab in non-ST-segment-elevation myocardial infarction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marc J. George
- Department of Clinical PharmacologyUniversity College LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Ola Kleveland
- Clinic of CardiologySt Olavs HospitalTrondheimNorway
- Department of Circulation and Medical ImagingNorwegian University of Science and Technology NTNUTrondheimNorway
| | - Jorge Garcia‐Hernandez
- Centre for Cardiovascular GeneticsInstitute of Cardiovascular ScienceUniversity College LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Jutta Palmen
- Centre for Cardiovascular GeneticsInstitute of Cardiovascular ScienceUniversity College LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Ruth Lovering
- Functional Gene Annotation, Preclinical and Fundamental ScienceInstitute of Cardiovascular ScienceUniversity College LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Rune Wiseth
- Clinic of CardiologySt Olavs HospitalTrondheimNorway
- Department of Circulation and Medical ImagingNorwegian University of Science and Technology NTNUTrondheimNorway
| | - Pål Aukrust
- K.G. Jebsen Thrombosis Research and Expertise CenterUniversity of TromsøTromsøNorway
- Research Institute of Internal MedicineOslo University Hospital RikshospitaletOsloNorway
- Institute of Clinical MedicineUniversity of OsloNorway
- K.G. Jebsen Centre of Inflammatory ResearchUniversity of OsloNorway
- Section of Clinical Immunology and Infectious DiseasesOslo University Hospital RikshospitaletOsloNorway
| | - Jorgen Engmann
- Centre for Cardiovascular GeneticsInstitute of Cardiovascular ScienceUniversity College LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Jan Kristian Damås
- Centre of Molecular Inflammation ResearchDepartment of Clinical and Molecular MedicineNTNUTrondheimNorway
- Department of Infectious DiseasesSt Olav’s HospitalTrondheim University HospitalTrondheimNorway
| | - Aroon D. Hingorani
- Centre for Cardiovascular GeneticsInstitute of Cardiovascular ScienceUniversity College LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Lars Gullestad
- Institute of Clinical MedicineUniversity of OsloNorway
- Department of CardiologyOslo University Hospital RikshospitaletOsloNorway
- K.G. Jebsen Cardiac Research Centre and Centre for Heart Failure ResearchUniversity of OsloNorway
| | - Juan P. Casas
- Institute of Health InformaticsUniversity College LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
- Massachusetts Veterans Epidemiology Research and Information Center (MAVERIC)BostonMA
| | - Thor Ueland
- K.G. Jebsen Thrombosis Research and Expertise CenterUniversity of TromsøTromsøNorway
- Research Institute of Internal MedicineOslo University Hospital RikshospitaletOsloNorway
- Institute of Clinical MedicineUniversity of OsloNorway
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Parker SJ, Chen L, Spivia W, Saylor G, Mao C, Venkatraman V, Holewinski RJ, Mastali M, Pandey R, Athas G, Yu G, Fu Q, Troxlair D, Vander Heide R, Herrington D, Van Eyk JE, Wang Y. Identification of Putative Early Atherosclerosis Biomarkers by Unsupervised Deconvolution of Heterogeneous Vascular Proteomes. J Proteome Res 2020; 19:2794-2806. [PMID: 32202800 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.0c00118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Coronary artery disease remains a leading cause of death in industrialized nations, and early detection of disease is a critical intervention target to effectively treat patients and manage risk. Proteomic analysis of mixed tissue homogenates may obscure subtle protein changes that occur uniquely in underlying tissue subtypes. The unsupervised 'convex analysis of mixtures' (CAM) tool has previously been shown to effectively segregate cellular subtypes from mixed expression data. In this study, we hypothesized that CAM would identify proteomic information specifically informative to early atherosclerosis lesion involvement that could lead to potential markers of early disease detection. We quantified the proteome of 99 paired abdominal aorta (AA) and left anterior descending coronary artery (LAD) specimens (N = 198 specimens total) acquired during autopsy of young adults free of diagnosed cardiac disease. The CAM tool was then used to segregate protein subsets uniquely associated with different underlying tissue types, yielding markers of normal and fibrous plaque (FP) tissues in LAD and AA (N = 62 lesions markers). CAM-derived FP marker expression was validated against pathologist estimated luminal surface involvement of FP, as well as in an orthogonal cohort of "pure" fibrous plaque, fatty streak, and normal vascular specimens. A targeted mass spectrometry (MS) assay quantified 39 of 62 CAM-FP markers in plasma from women with angiographically verified coronary artery disease (CAD, N = 46) or free from apparent CAD (control, N = 40). Elastic net variable selection with logistic regression reduced this list to 10 proteins capable of classifying CAD status in this cohort with <6% misclassification error, and a mean area under the receiver operating characteristic curve of 0.992 (confidence interval 0.968-0.998) after cross validation. The proteomics-CAM workflow identified lesion-specific molecular biomarker candidates by distilling the most representative molecules from heterogeneous tissue types.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah J Parker
- Heart Institute & Advanced Clinical Biosystems Research Institute, Cedars Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California 90048, United States
| | - Lulu Chen
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Arlington, Virginia 24061, United States
| | - Weston Spivia
- Heart Institute & Advanced Clinical Biosystems Research Institute, Cedars Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California 90048, United States
| | - Georgia Saylor
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, North Carolina 27101, United States
| | - Chunhong Mao
- Biocomplexity Institute & Initiative, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, United States
| | - Vidya Venkatraman
- Heart Institute & Advanced Clinical Biosystems Research Institute, Cedars Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California 90048, United States
| | - Ronald J Holewinski
- Heart Institute & Advanced Clinical Biosystems Research Institute, Cedars Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California 90048, United States
| | - Mitra Mastali
- Heart Institute & Advanced Clinical Biosystems Research Institute, Cedars Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California 90048, United States
| | - Rakhi Pandey
- Heart Institute & Advanced Clinical Biosystems Research Institute, Cedars Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California 90048, United States
| | - Grace Athas
- Department of Pathology, Louisiana State University, New Orleans, Louisiana 70112, United States
| | - Guoqiang Yu
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Arlington, Virginia 24061, United States
| | - Qin Fu
- Heart Institute & Advanced Clinical Biosystems Research Institute, Cedars Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California 90048, United States
| | - Dana Troxlair
- Department of Pathology, Louisiana State University, New Orleans, Louisiana 70112, United States
| | - Richard Vander Heide
- Department of Pathology, Louisiana State University, New Orleans, Louisiana 70112, United States
| | - David Herrington
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, North Carolina 27101, United States
| | - Jennifer E Van Eyk
- Heart Institute & Advanced Clinical Biosystems Research Institute, Cedars Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California 90048, United States
| | - Yue Wang
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Arlington, Virginia 24061, United States
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Eslava-Alcon S, Extremera-García MJ, González-Rovira A, Rosal-Vela A, Rojas-Torres M, Beltran-Camacho L, Sanchez-Gomar I, Jiménez-Palomares M, Alonso-Piñero JA, Conejero R, Doiz E, Olarte J, Foncubierta-Fernández A, Lozano E, García-Cozar FJ, Rodríguez-Piñero M, Alvarez-Llamas G, Duran-Ruiz MC. Molecular signatures of atherosclerotic plaques: An up-dated panel of protein related markers. J Proteomics 2020; 221:103757. [PMID: 32247173 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2020.103757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2020] [Revised: 03/14/2020] [Accepted: 03/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis remains the leading cause of ischemic syndromes such as myocardial infarction or brain stroke, mainly promoted by plaque rupture and subsequent arterial blockade. Identification of vulnerable or high-risk plaques constitutes a major challenge, being necessary to identify patients at risk of occlusive events in order to provide them with appropriate therapies. Clinical imaging tools have allowed the identification of certain structural indicators of prone-rupture plaques, including a necrotic lipidic core, intimal and adventitial inflammation, extracellular matrix dysregulation, and smooth muscle cell depletion and micro-calcification. Additionally, alternative approaches focused on identifying molecular biomarkers of atherosclerosis have also been applied. Among them, proteomics has provided numerous protein markers currently investigated in clinical practice. In this regard, it is quite uncertain that a single molecule can describe plaque rupture, due to the complexity of the process itself. Therefore, it should be more accurate to consider a set of markers to define plaques at risk. Herein, we propose a selection of 76 proteins, from classical inflammatory to recently related markers, all of them identified in at least two proteomic studies analyzing unstable atherosclerotic plaques. Such panel could be used as a prognostic signature of plaque instability.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Eslava-Alcon
- Biomedicine, Biotechnology and Public Health Department, Cadiz University, Spain; Institute of Biomedical Research Cadiz (INIBICA), Spain
| | - M J Extremera-García
- Biomedicine, Biotechnology and Public Health Department, Cadiz University, Spain; Institute of Biomedical Research Cadiz (INIBICA), Spain
| | - A González-Rovira
- Biomedicine, Biotechnology and Public Health Department, Cadiz University, Spain; Institute of Biomedical Research Cadiz (INIBICA), Spain
| | - A Rosal-Vela
- Institute of Biomedical Research Cadiz (INIBICA), Spain
| | - M Rojas-Torres
- Biomedicine, Biotechnology and Public Health Department, Cadiz University, Spain; Institute of Biomedical Research Cadiz (INIBICA), Spain
| | - L Beltran-Camacho
- Biomedicine, Biotechnology and Public Health Department, Cadiz University, Spain; Institute of Biomedical Research Cadiz (INIBICA), Spain
| | | | - M Jiménez-Palomares
- Biomedicine, Biotechnology and Public Health Department, Cadiz University, Spain; Institute of Biomedical Research Cadiz (INIBICA), Spain
| | - J A Alonso-Piñero
- Biomedicine, Biotechnology and Public Health Department, Cadiz University, Spain; Institute of Biomedical Research Cadiz (INIBICA), Spain
| | - R Conejero
- Angiology & Vascular Surgery Unit, Hospital Universitario Puerta del Mar, Cadiz, Spain
| | - E Doiz
- Angiology & Vascular Surgery Unit, Hospital Universitario Puerta del Mar, Cadiz, Spain
| | - J Olarte
- Angiology & Vascular Surgery Unit, Virgen Macarena Hospital, Seville, Spain
| | - A Foncubierta-Fernández
- Institute of Biomedical Research Cadiz (INIBICA), Spain; UGC Joaquín Pece, Distrito Sanitario Bahía de Cádiz-La Janda, Cádiz, Spain
| | - E Lozano
- Institute of Biomedical Research Cadiz (INIBICA), Spain; Internal Medicine Unit, Hospital de Jerez, Jerez, Spain
| | - F J García-Cozar
- Biomedicine, Biotechnology and Public Health Department, Cadiz University, Spain; Institute of Biomedical Research Cadiz (INIBICA), Spain
| | - M Rodríguez-Piñero
- Angiology & Vascular Surgery Unit, Hospital Universitario Puerta del Mar, Cadiz, Spain
| | - G Alvarez-Llamas
- Immunology Department, IIS-Fundación Jimenez Diaz-UAM, Madrid, Spain; REDINREN, Madrid, Spain
| | - M C Duran-Ruiz
- Biomedicine, Biotechnology and Public Health Department, Cadiz University, Spain; Institute of Biomedical Research Cadiz (INIBICA), Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Stakhneva EM, Meshcheryakova IA, Demidov EA, Starostin KV, Sadovski EV, Peltek SE, Voevoda MI, Chernyavskii AM, Volkov AM, Ragino YI. A Proteomic Study of Atherosclerotic Plaques in Men with Coronary Atherosclerosis. Diagnostics (Basel) 2019; 9:diagnostics9040177. [PMID: 31703357 PMCID: PMC6963888 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics9040177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2019] [Revised: 11/05/2019] [Accepted: 11/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: To study the changes in protein composition of atherosclerotic plaques at different stages of their development in coronary atherosclerosis using proteomics. Methods: The object of research consisted of homogenates of atherosclerotic plaques from coronary arteries at different stages of development, obtained from 15 patients. Plaque proteins were separated by two-dimensional electrophoresis. The resultant protein spots were identified by the matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization method with peptide mass mapping. Results: Groups of differentially expressed proteins, in which the amounts of proteins differed more than twofold (p < 0.05), were identified in pools of homogenates of atherosclerotic plaques at three stages of development. The amounts of the following proteins were increased in stable atherosclerotic plaques at the stage of lipidosis and fibrosis: vimentin, tropomyosin β-chain, actin, keratin, tubulin β-chain, microfibril-associated glycoprotein 4, serum amyloid P-component, and annexin 5. In plaques at the stage of fibrosis and calcification, the amounts of mimecan and fibrinogen were increased. In unstable atherosclerotic plaque of the necrotic–dystrophic type, the amounts of human serum albumin, mimecan, fibrinogen, serum amyloid P-component and annexin were increased. Conclusion: This proteomic study identifies the proteins present in atherosclerotic plaques of coronary arteries by comparing their proteomes at three different stages of plaque development during coronary atherosclerosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ekaterina M. Stakhneva
- Research Institute of Internal and Preventive Medicine - Branch of the Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, 630089 Novosibirsk, Russia; (E.V.S.); (M.I.V.); (Y.I.R.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +7-(383)-264-2516; Fax: +73832642516
| | - Irina A. Meshcheryakova
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia; (I.A.M.); (E.A.D.); (K.V.S.); (S.E.P.)
| | - Evgeny A. Demidov
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia; (I.A.M.); (E.A.D.); (K.V.S.); (S.E.P.)
| | - Konstantin V. Starostin
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia; (I.A.M.); (E.A.D.); (K.V.S.); (S.E.P.)
| | - Evgeny V. Sadovski
- Research Institute of Internal and Preventive Medicine - Branch of the Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, 630089 Novosibirsk, Russia; (E.V.S.); (M.I.V.); (Y.I.R.)
| | - Sergey E. Peltek
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia; (I.A.M.); (E.A.D.); (K.V.S.); (S.E.P.)
| | - Michael I. Voevoda
- Research Institute of Internal and Preventive Medicine - Branch of the Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, 630089 Novosibirsk, Russia; (E.V.S.); (M.I.V.); (Y.I.R.)
| | - Alexander M. Chernyavskii
- The Federal State Budgetary Institution “National Medical Research Center named academician E.N. Meshalkin” of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, 630055 Novosibirsk, Russia; (A.M.C.); (A.M.V.)
| | - Alexander M. Volkov
- The Federal State Budgetary Institution “National Medical Research Center named academician E.N. Meshalkin” of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, 630055 Novosibirsk, Russia; (A.M.C.); (A.M.V.)
| | - Yuliya I. Ragino
- Research Institute of Internal and Preventive Medicine - Branch of the Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, 630089 Novosibirsk, Russia; (E.V.S.); (M.I.V.); (Y.I.R.)
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Integrated Physiological and Biochemical Assessments for the Prediction of Growth of Abdominal Aortic Aneurysms in Humans. Ann Surg 2019; 270:e1-e3. [DOI: 10.1097/sla.0000000000003154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
|
15
|
Hai Q, Ritchey B, Robinet P, Alzayed AM, Brubaker G, Zhang J, Smith JD. Quantitative Trait Locus Mapping of Macrophage Cholesterol Metabolism and CRISPR/Cas9 Editing Implicate an ACAT1 Truncation as a Causal Modifier Variant. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2017; 38:83-91. [PMID: 29097366 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.117.310173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2017] [Accepted: 10/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Cholesterol metabolism is a dynamic process involving intracellular trafficking, cholesterol esterification, and cholesterol ester hydrolysis. Our objective was to identify genes that regulate macrophage cholesterol metabolism. APPROACHES AND RESULTS We performed quantitative trait loci mapping of free and esterified cholesterol levels and the ratio of esterified to free cholesterol in acetylated low-density lipoprotein-loaded bone marrow-derived macrophages from an AKR×DBA/2 strain intercross. Ten distinct cholesterol modifier loci were identified, and bioinformatics was used to prioritize candidate genes. The strongest locus was located on distal chromosome 1, which we named Mcmm1 (macrophage cholesterol metabolism modifier 1). This locus harbors the Soat1 (sterol O-acyltransferase 1) gene, encoding Acyl-coenzyme A:cholesterol acyltransferase 1 (ACAT1), which esterifies free cholesterol. The parental AKR strain has an exon 2 deletion in Soat1, which leads to a 33 amino acid N-terminal truncation in ACAT1. CRISPR/Cas9 editing of DBA/2 embryonic stem cells was performed to replicate the AKR strain Soat1 exon 2 deletion, while leaving the remainder of the genome unaltered. DBA/2 stem cells and stem cells heterozygous and homozygous for the Soat1 exon 2 deletion were differentiated into macrophages and loaded with acetylated low-density lipoprotein. DBA/2 stem cell-derived macrophages accumulated less free cholesterol and more esterified cholesterol relative to cells heterozygous and homozygous for the Soat1 exon 2 deletion. CONCLUSIONS A Soat1 deletion present in AKR mice, and resultant N-terminal ACAT1 truncation, was confirmed to be a significant modifier of macrophage cholesterol metabolism. Other Mcmm loci candidate genes were prioritized via bioinformatics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qimin Hai
- From the Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Henan, China (Q.H., J.Z.); Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland, OH (Q.H., B.R., P.R., A.M.A., G.B., J.D.S); and Department of Chemistry, Cleveland State University, OH (B.R.)
| | - Brian Ritchey
- From the Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Henan, China (Q.H., J.Z.); Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland, OH (Q.H., B.R., P.R., A.M.A., G.B., J.D.S); and Department of Chemistry, Cleveland State University, OH (B.R.)
| | - Peggy Robinet
- From the Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Henan, China (Q.H., J.Z.); Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland, OH (Q.H., B.R., P.R., A.M.A., G.B., J.D.S); and Department of Chemistry, Cleveland State University, OH (B.R.)
| | - Alexander M Alzayed
- From the Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Henan, China (Q.H., J.Z.); Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland, OH (Q.H., B.R., P.R., A.M.A., G.B., J.D.S); and Department of Chemistry, Cleveland State University, OH (B.R.)
| | - Greg Brubaker
- From the Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Henan, China (Q.H., J.Z.); Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland, OH (Q.H., B.R., P.R., A.M.A., G.B., J.D.S); and Department of Chemistry, Cleveland State University, OH (B.R.)
| | - Jinying Zhang
- From the Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Henan, China (Q.H., J.Z.); Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland, OH (Q.H., B.R., P.R., A.M.A., G.B., J.D.S); and Department of Chemistry, Cleveland State University, OH (B.R.).
| | - Jonathan D Smith
- From the Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Henan, China (Q.H., J.Z.); Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland, OH (Q.H., B.R., P.R., A.M.A., G.B., J.D.S); and Department of Chemistry, Cleveland State University, OH (B.R.).
| |
Collapse
|