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Gebru H, Deyessa N, Medhin G, Kloos H. Childhood Intestinal Parasitic Reinfection, Sanitation and Hygiene Practice in Eastern Ethiopia: Case Control Study. Infect Drug Resist 2024; 17:1791-1802. [PMID: 38752169 PMCID: PMC11094539 DOI: 10.2147/idr.s455037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2024] [Accepted: 05/03/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Background The recurrence of intestinal parasitic infections (IPIs) can lead to different problems that can be transferred from generation to generation. Sanitation and hygienic practices have vital role in the parasitic reinfection. In poor hygienic and sanitation condition children may live in a continuous cycle of infection and reinfection. Objective To assess childhood IP reinfection and its association with sanitation and hygienic practice in eastern Ethiopia. Methods A population-based case-control design was used in this study. Data were collected from 75 reinfected cases and 147 unmatched controls. Fecal specimens were observed for parasites using direct smear and formol ether techniques. Epi-Info and SPSS (the statistical package for social science) were used for data entry and analysis, respectively. Logistic regression analysis was conducted to identify significant associations (P<0.05) between variables. Results The overall IP reinfection rate within 24 weeks after treatment was 33.8% (75/222), with a 95% CI=27.7%-40.5%. The frequency of intestinal protozoa was 18%, and for helminths was 15.8%. Children who swam in a polluted water had 3.7 times greater odds of IP reinfection than children who did not swim (P =0.01, 95% CI: 1.4-10.0). Children who regularly bathed in streams and children who bathed both at home and in streams were found to have 12.6 times and 5.8 times higher odds of IP reinfection than children who bathed regularly at home (P=0.002, 95% CI:2.5-64.8) and (P = 0.042, 95% CI:1.1-31.3), respectively. Children in households that owned domestic animals had 4.5 times higher odds of IP reinfection than the reference group (P = 0.013, 95% CI: 1.3-12.5). Conclusion IP reinfection rates were significantly associated with habits of swimming in a polluted water, places of bathing, and ownership of domestic animals. Therefore, efforts should be made considering such factors to minimize IP reinfection in the area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heroda Gebru
- Ethiopian Institute of Water Resources, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Negussie Deyessa
- School of Public Health, College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Girmay Medhin
- Aklilu Lemma Institute of Pathobiology, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Helmut Kloos
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
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Labana RV, Borda MCNM, Campo RTA, Ocampo MAV. The Interplay Between Household Risk Perception of Parasitic Infections and Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene (WASH) Practices: Evidence From an Urban Poor Community in the Philippines. Cureus 2024; 16:e57532. [PMID: 38707156 PMCID: PMC11067986 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.57532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/03/2024] [Indexed: 05/07/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Parasitic diseases pose challenges in impoverished urban settlements with limited access to clean water, proper hygiene, and sanitation (WASH). This study assesses WASH practices and risk perceptions of parasitic infections among households in the Bataan Shipyard and Engineering Corporation (BASECO) Compound in Manila, an urban poor community in the Philippines. METHODS A cross-sectional study design was employed to collect data through a self-administered questionnaire. Descriptive statistical analysis was performed to assess the sociodemographic profile, household WASH practices, and respondents' risk perception of parasitic infections. Linear regression analysis was utilized to examine the relationship between these variables. RESULTS A survey was conducted with 363 households, of which 237 (65.3%) used distilled and purified water from the water refilling stations in the community for drinking. Meanwhile, 120 households (33.10%) consumed tap water. Boiling water was a commonly used method (n=146; 56.60%) for treating drinking water. Most households had flush toilets with septic tanks (n=244; 67.20%), water sources for handwashing (n=307; 84.57%) and soap for handwashing (n=356; 98.10%). On average, they washed their hands 6-10 times daily (n=159; 43.80%). Most households were aware that drinking untreated water (n=318; 87.6%), improper food washing (n=309; 85.1%), using contaminated water sources (n=301; 82.9%), and consuming raw or undercooked meat (n=298; 82.1%) could lead to parasitic infections. 316 respondents (87.1%) identified diarrhea as the most common symptom of parasitic infection. Relationships were found between access to drinking water and the number of household members (B=0.191; p-value=0.001), personal hygiene and the respondents' knowledge of parasitic infections (B=0.112; p-value=0.047), and the overall WASH score with household income (B=0.105; p-value=0.045). CONCLUSIONS The WASH conditions in BASECO, Manila need improvement. Factors associated with their WASH practices include risk perception of parasitic diseases, socioeconomic disparity, and household overcrowding. These factors play a crucial role in identifying areas for improvement and promoting health policies for urban poor communities in the Philippines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan V Labana
- Center for Integrated Community Science Research, Research Institute for Science and Technology, Polytechnic University of the Philippines, Manila, PHL
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Polytechnic University of the Philippines, Manila, PHL
| | - Ma Cate Nicole M Borda
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Polytechnic University of the Philippines, Manila, PHL
| | - Ryan Toribio A Campo
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Polytechnic University of the Philippines, Manila, PHL
| | - Maria Antonia V Ocampo
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Polytechnic University of the Philippines, Manila, PHL
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Oyeyemi OT, Ogundahunsi O, Schunk M, Fatem RG, Shollenberger LM. Neglected tropical disease (NTD) diagnostics: current development and operations to advance control. Pathog Glob Health 2024; 118:1-24. [PMID: 37872790 PMCID: PMC10769148 DOI: 10.1080/20477724.2023.2272095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Neglected tropical diseases (NTDs) have become important public health threats that require multi-faceted control interventions. As late treatment and management of NTDs contribute significantly to the associated burdens, early diagnosis becomes an important component for surveillance and planning effective interventions. This review identifies common NTDs and highlights the progress in the development of diagnostics for these NTDs. Leveraging existing technologies to improve NTD diagnosis and improving current operational approaches for deployment of developed diagnostics are crucial to achieving the 2030 NTD elimination target. Point-of-care NTD (POC-NTD) diagnostic tools are recommended preferred diagnostic options in resource-constrained areas for mapping risk zones and monitoring treatment efficacy. However, few are currently available commercially. Technical training of remote health care workers on the use of POC-NTD diagnostics, and training of health workers on the psychosocial consequences of these diagnostics are critical in harnessing POC-NTD diagnostic potential. While the COVID-19 pandemic has challenged the possibility of achieving NTD elimination in 2030 due to the disruption of healthcare services and dwindling financial support for NTDs, the possible contribution of NTDs in exacerbating COVID-19 pandemic should motivate NTD health system strengthening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oyetunde T. Oyeyemi
- Department of Biosciences and Biotechnology, University of Medical Sciences, Ondo, Nigeria
- Department of Biological Sciences, Old Dominion University, Virginia, USA
| | - Olumide Ogundahunsi
- The Central Office for Research and Development (CORD), University of Medical Sciences, Ondo, Nigeria
| | - Mirjam Schunk
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Medical Center of the University of Munich (LMU) institution, Munich, Germany
| | - Ramzy G. Fatem
- Schistosome Biological Supply Center, Theodor Bilharz Research Institute, Giza, Egypt
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Adrizain R, Nagari MV, Sukandar H, Berbudi A, Setiabudi D, Setiabudiawan B. Surveillance of Soil-Transmitted Helminth Infection in Preschool Child Population: Do Changes in Behavior and Immunological Responses Affect Prevalence? Trop Med Infect Dis 2024; 9:33. [PMID: 38393122 PMCID: PMC10892740 DOI: 10.3390/tropicalmed9020033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2023] [Revised: 01/23/2024] [Accepted: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Soil-transmitted helminths (STHs) persist as a significant global public health issue among neglected tropical diseases (NTDs), particularly in children. STH infection can induce immune responses that affect the course of the disease; if treatment fails, chronic infection can lead to stunting, especially among children aged 24-59 months, which is a vulnerable period for growth and development. We conducted a correlational, cross-sectional data collection study to evaluate the characteristics and association of 25(OH)D, interleukin-5 (IL-5), and interleukin-13 (IL-13) with the prevalence of STH infection in children aged 24-59 months in Bandung District, Indonesia, in October 2019-January 2023. We recruited 694 subjects (401 stunted and 293 normal-height children). The prevalence of STH infection among the stunted and normal-height groups was 5.7% (95% CI: 3.85-8.46%) and 3.4% (95% CI; 1.86-6.17%) (p = 0.156), respectively. The probability of the prevalence of STH infection in children with levels of 25(OH)D, IL-5, and IL-13 below the cut-off point was 6,93 to 16.71 times higher. We found a relationship between IL-5, IL-13, and environmental factors and the prevalence of STH infection in stunted children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riyadi Adrizain
- Department of Child Health, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung 40161, Indonesia (B.S.)
| | | | - Hadyana Sukandar
- Department of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung 40161, Indonesia
| | - Afiat Berbudi
- Department of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung 40161, Indonesia;
| | - Djatnika Setiabudi
- Department of Child Health, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung 40161, Indonesia (B.S.)
| | - Budi Setiabudiawan
- Department of Child Health, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung 40161, Indonesia (B.S.)
- Faculty of Medicine, President University, Bekasi 17550, Indonesia
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Oluwasanya G, Omoniyi A, Perera D, Layi-Adigun B, Thuy L, Qadir M. Water quality, WASH, and gender: differential impacts on health and well-being in Abeokuta City, Nigeria. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2023; 195:1255. [PMID: 37773234 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-023-11833-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2023] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/01/2023]
Abstract
It is often assumed that humans experience the effect of poor water quality like multiple health and socioeconomic impacts in the same way. But these impacts are not gender neutral due to inequalities caused by physiological composition, age marginalization, and socioeconomic conditions, among others. A mixed method, comprising water quality assessment, a survey of 456 individuals, and medical record collection, was applied to examine the differential impacts of water quality and WASH practices in Abeokuta City, Nigeria. The assessment shows that without point-of-use water treatment, the water sources in the area are not safe for potable purposes, as the waters are hard in the sequence of borehole > surface water > hand-dug well > sachet water, with elevated levels of calcium (> 75 mg/L) and not free from microbial contamination. Among the area population segments, men and boys (relative to women and girls) may be more susceptible (55%) to the compounding health effects associated with the hardness and high calcium concentration in water. Girls are the most affected by the associated impacts of water collection. Men and boys are more vulnerable to the consequences of poor hygiene, while women are more susceptible to the health effects of toilet cleaning and the sharing of sanitation facilities, among others. We conclude that there are differential impacts of unsafe water, WASH services, and practices on human health. Gendered statistics through sex-disaggregated data is crucial to unmasking the differential impacts, which are neither gender neutral nor evenly distributed between women and men, and boys and girls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grace Oluwasanya
- United Nations University Institute for Water, Environment and Health (UNU-INWEH), Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.
- School of Geography and Health Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada.
- Federal University of Agriculture, (FUNAAB), Abeokuta, Nigeria.
| | | | - Duminda Perera
- United Nations University Institute for Water, Environment and Health (UNU-INWEH), Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- School of Geography and Health Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
- Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Laurens Thuy
- United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization World Water Assessment Programme (UNESCO WWAP), Perugia, Italy
| | - Manzoor Qadir
- United Nations University Institute for Water, Environment and Health (UNU-INWEH), Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- School of Geography and Health Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
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Maigoro AY, Muhammad M, Bello B, Useh U, Lee S. Exploration of Gut Microbiome Research in Africa: A Scoping Review. J Med Food 2023; 26:616-623. [PMID: 37523293 DOI: 10.1089/jmf.2023.k.0005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The crucial role of the gut microbiome in various diseases has led to increased interest in interventions and therapeutics targeting the human microbiome. Accordingly, the current scoping review analyzed the diseases and interventions involved in gut microbiome research in Africa. The electronic databases of PubMed, Google Scholar, and Scopus were searched from inception to October 2021. This study identified 48 studies involving 7073 study participants. Of the 48 studies, 20 (42%) used interventions to modulate gut microbiota, whereas the remaining 28 (58%) did not. Out of the total African countries, only 13% were involved in intervention-based gut microbiome research, whereas a larger proportion of 67% were not involved in any gut microbiome research. The interventions used in gut microbiome research in Africa include supplements, natural products, educational approaches, associated pathogens, albendazole, fresh daily yogurt, iron-containing lipid-based nutrient supplements, fecal microbiota transplant, and prophylactic cotrimoxazole. This scoping review highlights the current state of gut microbiome research in Africa. The findings of this review can inform the design of future studies and interventions aimed at improving gut health in African populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdulkadir Yusif Maigoro
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Mubarak Muhammad
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Bashir Bello
- Lifestyle Diseases Research Entity, Faculty of Health Sciences, North-West University, Vanderbijlpark, South Africa
| | - Ushotanefe Useh
- Lifestyle Diseases Research Entity, Faculty of Health Sciences, North-West University, Vanderbijlpark, South Africa
| | - Soojin Lee
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Korea
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Athiyyah AF, Surono IS, Ranuh RG, Darma A, Basuki S, Rossyanti L, Sudarmo SM, Venema K. Mono-Parasitic and Poly-Parasitic Intestinal Infections among Children Aged 36-45 Months in East Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia. Trop Med Infect Dis 2023; 8:tropicalmed8010045. [PMID: 36668952 PMCID: PMC9866443 DOI: 10.3390/tropicalmed8010045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Revised: 12/29/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The prevalence of intestinal parasitic infection remains high in developing countries, especially because of geographic and socio-demographic factors. This study aimed to evaluate intestinal parasitic infection, as well as its risk factors, among children aged 36-45 months in a rural area (North Kodi) and an urban area (Kupang) of East Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia. Anthropometry, socio-demographic factors and personal hygiene practices were assessed. A total of 214 children participated in the study, and 200 stool samples were collected for intestinal parasite examination. Approximately 30.5% (61/200) of the children were infected with one or more intestinal parasites (67.2%; 41/61 being mono-parasitic infections and 32.8%; 20/61 being poly-parasitic infections). A total of 85 intestinal parasites were detected, consisting of 35.3% (30/85) protozoa and 64.7% (55/85) helminths. The predominant protozoa were Giardia lamblia (43%; 13/30) and Blastocystis spp. (33.3%; 10/30), whereas the predominant helminths were Trichuris trichiura (50.9%; 28/55) and Ascaris lumbricoides (43.6%; 24/55). Moreover, intestinal parasitic infection was associated with rural area (OR 4.5; 95%CI 2.3-8.6); the absence of treatment with deworming drugs (OR 2.56; 95%CI 1.3-5.0); sanitation facilities without a septic tank (OR 4.3; 95%CI 2.1-8.5); unclean water as a source of drinking water (OR 4.67; 95%CI 2.4-9.4); no handwashing practice after defecation (OR 3.2; 95%CI 1.4-7.3); and stunted children (OR 4.4; 95%CI 2.3-8.3). In conclusion, poly-parasitic infections were common in this study. Poor personal hygiene practice and sanitation factors contributed to the high prevalence of intestinal parasitic infection in 36-45-month-old children in East Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alpha F. Athiyyah
- Department of Child Health, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya 60286, Indonesia
- Department of Child Health, Dr. Soetmo General Hospital, Surabaya 60286, Indonesia
| | - Ingrid S. Surono
- Food Technology Department, Faculty of Engineering, Bina Nusantara University, Jakarta 11480, Indonesia
- Correspondence:
| | - Reza G. Ranuh
- Department of Child Health, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya 60286, Indonesia
- Department of Child Health, Dr. Soetmo General Hospital, Surabaya 60286, Indonesia
| | - Andy Darma
- Department of Child Health, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya 60286, Indonesia
- Department of Child Health, Dr. Soetmo General Hospital, Surabaya 60286, Indonesia
| | - Sukmawati Basuki
- Department of Medical Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya 60115, Indonesia
- Malaria Study Group/Laboratory of Malaria, Institute of Tropical Disease, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya 60286, Indonesia
| | - Lynda Rossyanti
- Department of Medical Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya 60115, Indonesia
- Malaria Study Group/Laboratory of Malaria, Institute of Tropical Disease, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya 60286, Indonesia
| | - Subijanto M. Sudarmo
- Department of Child Health, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya 60286, Indonesia
- Department of Child Health, Dr. Soetmo General Hospital, Surabaya 60286, Indonesia
| | - Koen Venema
- Centre for Health Eating & Food Innovation, Maastricht University–Campus Venlo, 5928 SZ Venlo, The Netherlands
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Salou Bachirou Z, Mignanwande ZF, Bokossa H, Degnonvi H, Djossou P, Hondjrebo F, Amoukpo H, Anagonou EG, Agbo I, Toffa D, Ba R, Gine A, Diez G, Johnson RC. WASH and NTDs: Outcomes and lessons learned from the implementation of a formative research study in NTD skin co-endemic communities in Benin. Front Med (Lausanne) 2023; 10:1022314. [PMID: 36926314 PMCID: PMC10011489 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2023.1022314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Neglected Tropical Diseases (NTDs) are a diverse group of bacterial, viral, parasitic and fungal diseases affecting people, most of whom live below the poverty threshold. Several control strategies are defined against these diseases, including chemotherapy and Water, Hygiene and Sanitation (WASH). This study assesses the effect of promoting hygiene and sanitation on soil-transmitted helminthiasis s and NTDs of the skin. It took place in the communes of Ze, Lalo, and Zangnanado, three municipalities located in the south of Benin. This is a formative research that took place in three phases. The first phase entailed a baseline informations and situational analysis of the state of hygiene and health, using soil-transmitted helminthiasis and wound hygiene practices as cases studies. In the second phase, interventions to promote improved hygiene and sanitation were implemented. The third phase was devoted to post-intervention evaluation. The situation analysis showed that the prevalence of soil-transmitted helminthiasis was 6.43 and 7.10% in the municipalities of Ze and Lalo, respectively. In the communes of Zangnanado, the most common wound management practices identified were: putting sand or ashes in the wounds to keep flies away, the use of medicinal plants and the application of powder from antibiotic capsules for wound dressing. The post-intervention evaluation showed a decrease in the prevalence of soil-transmitted helminthiasis from 6.43 to 1.19% in the municipality of Lalo and from 7.10 to 1.75% in the municipality of Ze. In the commune of Zangnanado, a significant shift in wound management practices was noted, which led to the healing of several chronic wounds. This research supports the evidence that WASH-based interventions are very important to tackle neglected tropical diseases NTDs in addition to specific diseases based interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoulkifl Salou Bachirou
- Interfaculty Center for Training and Research in Environment for Sustainable Development (CIFRED), University of Abomey-Calavi, Abomey Calavi, Benin
| | - Zinsou Franck Mignanwande
- Interfaculty Center for Training and Research in Environment for Sustainable Development (CIFRED), University of Abomey-Calavi, Abomey Calavi, Benin
| | - Hervé Bokossa
- Interfaculty Center for Training and Research in Environment for Sustainable Development (CIFRED), University of Abomey-Calavi, Abomey Calavi, Benin
| | - Horace Degnonvi
- Interfaculty Center for Training and Research in Environment for Sustainable Development (CIFRED), University of Abomey-Calavi, Abomey Calavi, Benin
| | - Parfait Djossou
- Interfaculty Center for Training and Research in Environment for Sustainable Development (CIFRED), University of Abomey-Calavi, Abomey Calavi, Benin
| | - Flora Hondjrebo
- Interfaculty Center for Training and Research in Environment for Sustainable Development (CIFRED), University of Abomey-Calavi, Abomey Calavi, Benin
| | - Hermione Amoukpo
- Interfaculty Center for Training and Research in Environment for Sustainable Development (CIFRED), University of Abomey-Calavi, Abomey Calavi, Benin
| | - Esai Gimatal Anagonou
- Interfaculty Center for Training and Research in Environment for Sustainable Development (CIFRED), University of Abomey-Calavi, Abomey Calavi, Benin
| | - Inès Agbo
- Interfaculty Center for Training and Research in Environment for Sustainable Development (CIFRED), University of Abomey-Calavi, Abomey Calavi, Benin
| | - Damien Toffa
- Interfaculty Center for Training and Research in Environment for Sustainable Development (CIFRED), University of Abomey-Calavi, Abomey Calavi, Benin
| | - Rafiatou Ba
- Interfaculty Center for Training and Research in Environment for Sustainable Development (CIFRED), University of Abomey-Calavi, Abomey Calavi, Benin
| | | | | | - Roch Christian Johnson
- Interfaculty Center for Training and Research in Environment for Sustainable Development (CIFRED), University of Abomey-Calavi, Abomey Calavi, Benin
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Gaffan N, Kpozèhouen A, Dégbey C, Glèlè Ahanhanzo Y, Glèlè Kakaï R, Salamon R. Household access to basic drinking water, sanitation and hygiene facilities: secondary analysis of data from the demographic and health survey V, 2017-2018. BMC Public Health 2022; 22:1345. [PMID: 35836162 PMCID: PMC9284778 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-022-13665-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2022] [Accepted: 06/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In Benin, access to water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) remains an issue. This study aims to provide an overview of household access to basic WASH services based on nationally representative data. METHOD Secondary analyses were run using the 'HOUSEHOLD' dataset of the fifth Demographic and Health Survey 2017-2018. The dependent variables were household access to individual and combined basic WASH services. The characteristics of the household head and those related to the composition, wealth and environment of the household were independent variables. After a descriptive analysis of all study variables, multivariate logistic regression was performed to identify predictors of outcome variables. RESULTS The study included 14,156 households. Of these, 63.98% (95% CI = 61.63-66.26), 13.28% (95% CI = 12.10-14.57) and 10.11% (95% CI = 9.19-11.11) had access to individual basic water, sanitation and hygiene facilities, respectively. Also, 3% (95% CI = 2.53-3.56) of households had access to combined basic WASH services. Overall, the richest households and few, and those headed by people aged 30 and over, female and with higher levels of education, were the most likely to have access to individual and combined basic WASH services. In addition, disparities based on the department of residence were observed. CONCLUSION The authors suggest a multifactorial approach that addresses the identified determinants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Gaffan
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Regional Institute of Public Health, University of Abomey-Calavi, Ouidah, Benin.
| | - Alphonse Kpozèhouen
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Regional Institute of Public Health, University of Abomey-Calavi, Ouidah, Benin
| | - Cyriaque Dégbey
- Department of Environmental Health, Regional Institute of Public Health, University of Abomey Calavi, Ouidah, Benin.,University Hospital Hygiene Clinic, National Hospital and University Centre Hubert Koutoukou Maga, Cotonou, Benin
| | - Yolaine Glèlè Ahanhanzo
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Regional Institute of Public Health, University of Abomey-Calavi, Ouidah, Benin
| | - Romain Glèlè Kakaï
- Laboratory of Biomathematics and Forest Estimations, University of Abomey-Calavi, Cotonou, Benin
| | - Roger Salamon
- Institute of Public Health, Epidemiology and Development, Victor Segalen University, Bordeaux, France
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Yaro CA, Kogi E, Luka SA, Alkazmi L, Kabir J, Opara KN, Batiha GES, Bayo K, Chikezie FM, Alabi AB, Yunusa SI. Evaluation of School-Based Health Education Intervention on the Incidence of Soil-Transmitted Helminths in Pupils of Rural Communities of Eastern Kogi State, North Central Nigeria. J Parasitol Res 2022; 2022:3117646. [PMID: 35256907 PMCID: PMC8898101 DOI: 10.1155/2022/3117646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2021] [Accepted: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The negative impact of soil-transmitted helminths (STHs) in Nigeria is enormous, and it poses serious public health issues and concerns. This study was undertaken to investigate the impact of health education intervention on reinfection of STHs in pupils of rural schools of Kogi East, North Central Nigeria. A total of 10 schools with the highest prevalence of STHs at baseline were selected from the 45 schools assessed during the baseline survey. These 10 schools were randomly paired into two groups of 5 schools per group. Five schools were dewormed and given health education (DHE) intervention while the other 5 schools were dewormed only (DO) without health education. Reassessment of schools for reinfection was carried out for a period of 12 months. Data obtained were analyzed using descriptive statistics. Student's t-test was used to make comparison between interventions in the incidence of infections. Analysis was carried out at p < 0.05. Reinfection with STHs was observed from the 28th week (7th month) of both interventions with incidence of 0.29 (2 pupils) and 1.00 (7 pupils) in DO and DHE schools, respectively. In the 36th week (9th month), incidence observed in schools given DHE was 0.56 (5 pupils) while incidence of 0.89 (8 pupils) was observed in DO schools, and there was no significant difference (t = -1.000, p = 0.347) between the interventions. At 48th week (12th month), there was no significant difference (t = -0.547, p = 0.599) in incidence between the DHE and DO schools with incidence of 1.00 (12 pupils) and 0.83 (10 pupils), respectively. Hookworms had an incidence of 0.78 (7 pupils) at DHE schools and 0.56 (5 pupils) at DO schools in the 36th week while an incidence of 0.92 (11 pupils) and 0.83 (10 pupils) at DHE and DO schools, respectively, in the 48th week. Ascaris lumbricoides was only observed in DHE schools in a pupil with an incidence of 0.11 (1 pupil) and 0.08 (1 pupil) at 36th and 48th weeks. There was no significant difference in the prevalence of the parasites between DO and DHE intervention groups (p > 0.05). School-based health education intervention had no significant impact on STH incidence in pupils of rural schools in Kogi East. Community-based deworming should be encouraged alongside improvement in the water, sanitation, and hygiene infrastructures and practices at both school and home.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clement Ameh Yaro
- Department of Animal and Environmental Biology, University of Uyo, Uyo, Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria
| | - Ezekiel Kogi
- Department of Zoology, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Kaduna State, Nigeria
| | | | - Luay Alkazmi
- Biology Department, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah 21955, Saudi Arabia
| | - Junaidu Kabir
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Ahmadu University, Zaria, Kaduna State, Nigeria
| | - Kenneth Nnamdi Opara
- Department of Animal and Environmental Biology, University of Uyo, Uyo, Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria
| | - Gaber El-Saber Batiha
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Damanhour University, Damanhour 22511, AlBeheira, Egypt
| | - Kamba Bayo
- Department of Zoology, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Kaduna State, Nigeria
| | - Friday Maduka Chikezie
- Department of Animal and Environmental Biology, University of Uyo, Uyo, Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria
| | - Albert Bamigbade Alabi
- Neglected Tropical Disease Control Program, Kogi State Ministry of Health, Lokoja, Kogi State, Nigeria
| | - Salamat Ibrahim Yunusa
- Neglected Tropical Disease Control Program, Kogi State Ministry of Health, Lokoja, Kogi State, Nigeria
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Prevalence of Intestinal Parasitic Infections and Associated Risk Factors among Pregnant Women Attending Prenatal Care in the Northwestern Ethiopia. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 2021:3387742. [PMID: 34977238 PMCID: PMC8718307 DOI: 10.1155/2021/3387742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2021] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Intestinal parasitic infections (IPIs) are the common health problems in developing countries with low socioeconomic and poor living conditions. IPIs affect millions of pregnant women worldwide and may lead to adverse maternal and fetal effects. The present study was aimed at determining the prevalence and associated risk factors of IPIs among pregnant women in Ethiopia. A hospital-based cross-sectional study involving 384 pregnant women was conducted from November 2018 to March 2019. Relevant information on potential risk factors associated with IPIs was gathered using a semistructured questionnaire. Stool samples were collected and examined using wet mount and formol-ether concentration techniques. Logistic regression was used to evaluate the possible association between dependent and independent variables. The overall prevalence of IPIs was 36.7%. Seven species of parasites were identified. The most prevalent intestinal protozoan parasite identified was Entamoeba histolytica/dispar (9.6%) followed by Giardia intestinalis (8.9%). The predominant helminth parasite identified was Ascaris lumbricoides (8.6%), followed by hookworm (5.2%), Taenia spp. (3.6%), Strongyloides stercoralis (1.3%), and Schistosoma mansoni (1.04%). Six pregnant women (1.56%) had infection by two parasite species. The odds of IPIs were higher among illiterates (AOR = 4.63), lowest monthly income earners (AOR = 3.49), primigravida (pregnant for the first time) (AOR = 2.04), those who used unboiled well/stream/river water for drinking (AOR = 14.55), ate soil (AOR = 2.32), and consumed raw vegetables (AOR = 1.91). The prevalence of IPIs in the study subjects was substantially high. Thus, screening of the women for IPIs and providing health education during their antenatal care (ANC) visit are recommended to prevent possible adverse maternal and fetal effects resulting from these infections.
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Malika NM, Barbagelatta G, Penny M, Reynolds KA, Sinclair R. Impact of Housing and Infrastructure on handwashing in Peru. Int Health 2021; 13:615-623. [PMID: 32239138 PMCID: PMC10553400 DOI: 10.1093/inthealth/ihaa008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2019] [Revised: 01/24/2020] [Accepted: 01/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The metropolitan area of Lima, Peru has a third of the nation's population living in slum dwellings that are hypothesized to contribute to inefficient household hygienic practices. The purpose of this study was to quantitatively assess which living conditions have the greatest impact on handwashing practices. METHODS A cross-sectional epidemiological design of participants ≥16 y of age from San Juan de Miraflores, a slum on the outskirts of Lima, Peru, was used. Poisson regression was applied to assess the impact of living conditions on handwashing practices. RESULTS We could not demonstrate a relationship between living conditions (home structure, overcrowding, water, grey water disposal) and reported handwashing. The reported lack of handwashing is associated with the number of children in the home (those with children <5 y of age were more likely not to report washing their hands) and length of stay in the slum in years. CONCLUSIONS Living conditions play an important role in one's health, therefore improved study designs are needed to determine which strategies are likely to be the most effective in improving outcomes for slum dwellers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nipher M Malika
- Loma Linda University School of Public Health, 11188 Anderson Street, Loma Linda, CA 92350, USA
| | | | - Mary Penny
- Instituto de Investigacion Nutricional, Av. La Molina 1885 Peru
| | - Kelly A Reynolds
- University of Arizona, Mel and Enid Zuckerman College of Public Health, 1295 N. Martin Avenue Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Ryan Sinclair
- Loma Linda University School of Public Health, 11188 Anderson Street, Loma Linda, CA 92350, USA
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Sebaa S, Behnke JM, Baroudi D, Hakem A, Abu-Madi MA. Prevalence and risk factors of intestinal protozoan infection among symptomatic and asymptomatic populations in rural and urban areas of southern Algeria. BMC Infect Dis 2021; 21:888. [PMID: 34461837 PMCID: PMC8406907 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-021-06615-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2021] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Intestinal parasitic infections are amongst the most common infections worldwide and have been identified as one of the most significant causes of morbidity and mortality among disadvantaged populations. This comparative cross-sectional study was conducted to assess the prevalence of intestinal protozoan infections and to identify the significant risk factors associated with intestinal parasitic infections in Laghouat province, Southern Algeria. METHODS A comparative cross-sectional study was conducted, involving 623 symptomatic and 1654 asymptomatic subjects. Structured questionnaires were used to identify environmental, socio demographic and behavioral factors. Stool specimens were collected and examined using direct wet mount, formalin-ether concentration, xenic in vitro culture and staining methods. RESULTS A highly significant difference of prevalence was found between symptomatic (82.3%) and asymptomatic subjects (14.9%), with the majority attributable to protozoan infection. The most common species in the symptomatic subjects were Blastocystis spp. (43.8%), E. histolytica/dispar (25.4%) and Giardia intestinalis (14.6%) and more rarely Enterobius vermicularis (02.1%), Teania spp. (0.6%) and Trichuris trichiura (0.2%), while in asymptomatic population Blastocystis spp. (8%), Entamoeba coli (3.3%) and Entamoeba histolytica/dispar (2.5%) were the most common parasites detected with no case of helminth infection. Multivariate log-linear analysis showed that contact with animals was the main risk factor for transmission of these protozoa in both populations. Furthermore, living in rural areas was significantly associated with combined protozoan infection in the asymptomatic population, whereas, in the symptomatic population an increasing trend of protozoan infection was detected in the hot season. In addition, Blastocystis spp. and G. intestinalis infection were found to be associated with host sex and contact with animals across the study period. CONCLUSIONS Based on these results, several strategies are recommended in order to effectively reduce these infections including good animal husbandry practices, health education focused on good personal hygiene practices and adequate sanitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soumia Sebaa
- Laboratory of Exploration and Valorization of Steppic Ecosystems, Faculty SNV, University of Ziane Achour, 17000, Djelfa, Algeria
| | - Jerzy M Behnke
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK
| | - Djamel Baroudi
- Food Hygiene Laboratory Quality Analysis System, National Veterinary School, Algiers, Algeria
| | - Ahcene Hakem
- Laboratory of Exploration and Valorization of Steppic Ecosystems, Faculty SNV, University of Ziane Achour, 17000, Djelfa, Algeria.,Research Center in Agropastoralism, Moudjbara Road, 17000, Djelfa, Algeria
| | - Marawan A Abu-Madi
- Department of Biomedical Science, College of Health Sciences, Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Research Unit, QU-Health, Qatar University, P.O. Box 2713, Doha, Qatar.
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Moos B, Williams D, Bolon I, Mupfasoni D, Abela-Ridder B, Ruiz de Castaneda R. A scoping review of current practices on community engagement in rural East Africa: Recommendations for snakebite envenoming. Toxicon X 2021; 11:100073. [PMID: 34381992 PMCID: PMC8334718 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxcx.2021.100073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2021] [Revised: 07/03/2021] [Accepted: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Community empowerment and engagement is one of the four strategic aims highlighted in the WHO strategy to prevent and control snakebite envenoming. Inappropriate health-seeking behaviours contribute to adverse outcomes, and community engagement is key in driving behavioural change. WHO has highlighted East Africa as a geographical area of concern for snakebite envenoming. The overall aim of the project is to develop a community engagement toolkit for snakebite envenoming and other NTDs. The objective of this scoping review was to identify current practices in recent community engagement in rural East Africa; the applicability of these results to snakebite envenoming are discussed. PubMed, Web of Science, PsycINFO and Google Scholar were searched from 1 January 2017 to 3 September 2020. Search terms were used to identify publications which related to rural communities and health or disease, for both humans and animals. After reviewing the full papers for all geographical areas, 112 publications were included, 30 of which were conducted in East Africa. Papers included nine different countries and covered a broad range of health topics; notably, water, sanitation and hygiene, nutrition, and maternal and child health. Only one publication considered animal health. The most common form of engagement was in the context of a group meeting, lecture, presentation, discussion or question and answer session (63.3%). A variety of locations within the community were used to engage with people, the most common being an individual's household (23.3%). Communication factors was the key influencer for engagement, both positively and negatively. Key barriers to engagement include local languages and health beliefs, literacy levels, mobile phone ownership and the level of mobile Internet coverage, burden of agricultural work and weather conditions. This study provides an extensive overview of recent public health community engagement in East Africa, which will serve as a useful resource for any group seeking to plan an intervention in remote and rural areas in East Africa. Furthermore, it serves as a guide to help tailor community engagement to snakebite envenoming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bethany Moos
- Hedena Health, 207 London Road, Headington, Oxford, UK
| | - David Williams
- Department of Control of Neglected Tropical Diseases, World Health Organization, Avenue Appia 20, CH-1211, Geneva 27, Switzerland
| | - Isabelle Bolon
- Institute of Global Health, Department of Community Health and Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Campus Biotech, Chemin des Mines 9, CH-1202, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Denise Mupfasoni
- Department of Control of Neglected Tropical Diseases, World Health Organization, Avenue Appia 20, CH-1211, Geneva 27, Switzerland
| | - Bernadette Abela-Ridder
- Department of Control of Neglected Tropical Diseases, World Health Organization, Avenue Appia 20, CH-1211, Geneva 27, Switzerland
| | - Rafael Ruiz de Castaneda
- Division of Tropical and Humanitarian Medicine & Institute of Global Health, Department of Community Health and Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
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Bowman DD. Ascaris and Toxocara as foodborne and waterborne pathogens. Res Vet Sci 2020; 135:1-7. [PMID: 33412474 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2020.12.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2020] [Revised: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
This is a review on the current status of Ascaris and Toxocara as agents of disease as a foodborne pathogen that is often transmitted onto produce via contaminated water. The paper introduces the parasites, their biology, disease caused, and mode of transmission. It summarizes recent research on methods for the detection of the parasites on crops, their prevalence in recent surveys of ready to eat plants in different parts of the world, and potential aspects of their means for remediation on vegetable crops. Also discussed is the ubiquitous nature of the presence of these eggs in the environment due to the many humans infected and means currently underway to control these parasites though improve water quality, sanitation, and hygiene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dwight D Bowman
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14850, United States of America.
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Gebretsadik D, Tesfaye M, Adamu A, Zewde G. Prevalence of Intestinal Parasitic Infection and Its Associated Factors Among School Children in Two Primary Schools in Harbu Town, North East Ethiopia: Cross-Sectional Study. Pediatric Health Med Ther 2020; 11:179-188. [PMID: 32607051 PMCID: PMC7297451 DOI: 10.2147/phmt.s252061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2020] [Accepted: 05/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Intestinal parasitic infections (IPIs) are major health problems in many developing countries. School children between the ages of 5 and 15 years suffer the highest infection rate and parasitic burden that are attributed to poor sanitation and hygiene. In Ethiopia, the prevalence of IPIs among school children is high (ranging from 66.7% to 83.8%). METHODS School-based cross-sectional study was conducted in two primary schools at Harbu Town, Northeast Ethiopia from February to May, 2018. Systematic random sampling technique was employed to select study participants from the two school compounds. The sample size was determined by a single population proportion statistical formula and the minimum numbers of study participants defined were 400 school children. Socio-demographic and risk factor-related information were collected using structured questionnaire. Data about detection and identification of intestinal parasites were obtained from laboratory examination of stool specimen by using wet mount and formol-ether concentration techniques. Stool specimen from each study participant was collected using clean, properly labeled and leak-proof stool cup. The data were processed and analyzed using SPSS version 20 software. RESULTS Out of a total of 400 study participants, 86 (21.5%) were found with one or more IPIs. Six different types of intestinal parasites were identified, Entamoeba histolytica was the most 33 (8.3%) detected parasite followed by Hymenolopis nana 19 (4.8%) and Schistosoma mansoni 19 (4.8%). The least identified parasite was Giardia lamblia, detected only from four study participants. Male study participants showed 2.42 times risk (AOR = 2.42, 95% CI = 1.25-4.7, P = 0.009) of acquiring parasitic infection than female. Presence of water body near to home and having contact with water bodies showed 7.64 (AOR= 7.64, 95% CI= 3.3-17.8, P= 0.000) and 4.6 (AOR=4.6, 95% CI: 2.04-10.57, P= 0.000) times risk of infection with parasitic infection among school children, respectively. CONCLUSION IPIs were highly prevalent health problem among the two primary school children in Harbu Town. Sex, availability of water bodies near to house and contact with water bodies were having significant association with the prevalence of IPIs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Gebretsadik
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Wollo University, Dessie, Ethiopia
| | - Melkam Tesfaye
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Wollo University, Dessie, Ethiopia
| | - Aderaw Adamu
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Wollo University, Dessie, Ethiopia
| | - Gashaw Zewde
- Ataye District Hospital, Ataye, North Shoa, Ethiopia
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Huang C, Li R, Chen J, Liabsuetrakul T, Shi W. Preliminary investigation of demographic signatures of intestinal parasitic infection in rural residents of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region in China. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CLINICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL PATHOLOGY 2020; 13:1185-1189. [PMID: 32509093 PMCID: PMC7270683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2020] [Accepted: 03/27/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Our present study was designed to initially unveil the epidemiological characteristics and underlying etiology of intestinal parasitic infection (IPI) in rural residents of Guangxi province in China through conducting a community-based cross-sectional survey. MATERIAL AND METHODS By use of an epidemiological questionnaire survey and morphologic examination, a total 700 residents from dissimilar regions around rural areas in Guangxi province were recruited for fecal samples to explore ethnic differences in IPI. The fecal specimen was collected and used for microscopic inspection of visible signs of parasitic eggs. In addition, parasitic egg samples were screened and identified to characterize the parasite-bearing IPI cases. RESULTS The statistical epidemiologic data exhibited that the early pathologic signs of ethnicity-sorted IPI-based rural residents occurred in a two-week period, such as headache and itchy skin. Following further one-year tracing, some potential pathological symptoms of rural locales with IPI were screened and identified, including diarrhea and anemia. Insufficient education seemed to be an underlying cause of IPI in rural residents. In addition, further morphologic signs of parasitic eggs and protozoa in IPI-based residents with pathologic symptoms were validated. CONCLUSIONS Overall, these preliminary epidemiologic findings demonstrate that detectable pathologic signs of IPI-based rural residents in Guangxi province were associated with poor education, thus local government needs a strategy for reducing IPI and improving quality of life in locals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Huang
- Epidemiology Unit, Faculty of Medicine, Prince of Songkla UniversityHat Yai, Songkhla 90110, Thailand
- Health Management Unit, Faculty of Humanities and Management, Guilin Medical UniversityGuilin, China
| | - Rong Li
- Key Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Microenvironmental Regulation, Guilin Medical UniversityGuilin, China
| | - Jian Chen
- Key Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Microenvironmental Regulation, Guilin Medical UniversityGuilin, China
| | - Tippawan Liabsuetrakul
- Epidemiology Unit, Faculty of Medicine, Prince of Songkla UniversityHat Yai, Songkhla 90110, Thailand
| | - Wuxiang Shi
- Health Management Unit, Faculty of Humanities and Management, Guilin Medical UniversityGuilin, China
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Ascaris lumbricoides is a common infection, and mainly affects children living in low-income areas. Water and sanitation improvement, health education, and drug treatment may help break the cycle of transmission, and effective drugs will reduce morbidity. OBJECTIVES To compare the efficacy and safety of anthelmintic drugs (albendazole, mebendazole, ivermectin) for treating people with Ascaris infection. SEARCH METHODS We searched the Cochrane Infectious Disease Group Specialized Register, CENTRAL, MEDLINE, Embase, LILACS, three other databases, and reference lists of included studies, without language restrictions, up to 4 July 2019. SELECTION CRITERIA Randomized controlled trials (RCT) that compared albendazole, mebendazole, and ivermectin in children and adults with confirmed Ascaris infection. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS Two review authors independently assessed studies for inclusion, assessed risk of bias, and extracted data from the included trials. A third review author checked the quality of data extraction. We used the Cochrane 'Risk of bias' assessment tool to determine the risk of bias in included trials. We used risk ratios (RRs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) to compare dichotomous outcomes in treatment and control groups. We used the fixed-effect model for studies with low heterogeneity and the random-effects model for studies with moderate to high heterogeneity. We assessed the certainty of the evidence using the GRADE approach. We used the control rate average to provide illustrative cure rates in the comparison groups. MAIN RESULTS We included 30 parallel-group RCTs, which enrolled 6442 participants from 17 countries across Africa, Asia, Central America and the Caribbean, and South America. Participants were from 28 days to 82 years of age, recruited from school, communities, and health facilities. Twenty studies were funded or co-funded by manufacturers, while 10 studies were independent of manufacturer funding. Twenty-two trials had a high risk of bias for one or two domains (blinding, incomplete outcome data, selective reporting). Single dose of albendazole (four trials), mebendazole (three trials) or ivermectin (one trial) was compared to placebo. Parasitological cure at 14 to 60 days was high in all the studies (illustrative cure of 93.0% in the anthelmintic group and 16.1% in the placebo group; RR 6.29, 95% CI 3.91 to 10.12; 8 trials, 1578 participants; moderate-certainty evidence). Single dose of albendazole is as effective as multiple doses of albendazole (illustrative cure of 93.2% with single dose, 94.3% with multiple doses; RR 0.98, 95% CI 0.92 to 1.05; 3 trials, 307 participants; high-certainty evidence); or as single dose of mebendazole (illustrative cure of 98.0% with albendazole, 96.9% with mebendazole; RR 1.01, 95% CI 1.00 to 1.02; 6 trials, 2131 participants; high-certainty evidence). Studies did not detect a difference between a single dose of albendazole and a single dose of ivermectin (cure rates of 87.8% with albendazole, 90.2% with ivermectin; RR 0.99, 95% CI 0.91 to 1.08; 3 trials, 519 participants; moderate-certainty evidence). Across all the studies, failure after single dose of albendazole ranged from 0.0% to 30.3%, mebendazole from 0.0% to 22.2%, and ivermectin from 0.0% to 21.6%. The egg reduction rate (ERR) measured up to 60 days after the treatment was high in all treated groups, regardless of the anthelmintic used (range 96% to 100%). It was not possible to evaluate parasitological cure by classes of infection intensity. No included trials reported complication or serious adverse events. Other adverse events were apparently similar among the compared anthelmintic groups (moderate- to low-certainty evidence). The most commonly reported other adverse events were nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, diarrhoea, headache, and fever. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS Single-dose of albendazole, mebendazole, and ivermectin all appeared effective against Ascaris lumbricoides infection, yielding high parasitological cure and large reductions in eggs excreted, with no differences detected between them. The drugs appear to be safe to treat children and adults with confirmed Ascaris infection. There is little to choose between drugs and regimens in terms of cure or adverse events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucieni O Conterno
- State University of Campinas (UNICAMP)Medical School, Department of Internal Medicine, Infectious Diseases DivisionRua Tessália Vieira de Camargo, 126Cidade Universitária "Zeferino Vaz"CampinasSão PauloBrazil13083‐887
| | - Marilia D Turchi
- Federal University of GoiasDepartment of Public Health, Institute of Tropical Pathology and Public HealthRua Amorinopolis QdR2 Lt13 Residencial GoiasAlphaville FlamboyantGoianiaGoiasBrazil74884‐540
| | - Ione Corrêa
- Botucatu Medical School, UNESP ‐ Univ Estadual PaulistaDepartment of NursingDistrito de Rubião Júnior, s/nBotucatuSão PauloBrazil18603‐970
| | - Ricardo Augusto Monteiro de Barros Almeida
- Botucatu Medical School, UNESP ‐ Univ Estadual PaulistaDepartment of Tropical Diseases and Imaging DiagnosisAv. Prof. Montenegro, s/nDistrito de Rubiao JrBotucatuSao PauloBrazil18618‐970
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Abstract
Water literacy has become a fundamental aspect in today’s society, as its conservation, preservation and management is key to ensuring human survival. The purpose of this paper was to analyze the effectiveness of flipped learning methodology on a traditional training practice in water literacy at the first level of secondary education. The flipped learning method consisted in providing the contents to the students before the class sessions, encouraging an active learning. A descriptive study was adopted with two experimental groups, two control groups and only post-test. An ad hoc questionnaire was used as an instrument to measure the parameters: Socio-educational, Motivation, Interactions, Autonomy, Collaboration; Deepening of contents; Problem solving, Class time and Ratings. The final sample was composed of 120 students, divided into four groups of 30 students each. The application of the treatment in the experimental groups lasted 10 sessions of 55 min. The results indicate that the use of time in class, the autonomy and the deepening of the contents were the aspects that improved most with the flipped learning approach. However, no significant differences in ratings were found. Finally, the main findings and their implications for water literacy are discussed.
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Gizaw Z, Addisu A. Evidence of Households' Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene (WASH) Performance Improvement Following a WASH Education Program in Rural Dembiya, Northwest Ethiopia. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH INSIGHTS 2020; 14:1178630220903100. [PMID: 32076370 PMCID: PMC7003158 DOI: 10.1177/1178630220903100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2019] [Accepted: 01/06/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene (WASH) promotion is a viable solution to prevent enteric infections. It focuses on hygiene education, where a number of theoretical models have emerged which attempt to guide behavior change interventions. This study was, therefore, conducted to evaluate the effectiveness WASH education program on households' WASH performance in rural Dembiya, northwest Ethiopia. METHOD An uncontrolled before-and-after intervention study was conducted. Baseline and endline surveys were done among 225 and 302 randomly selected households with under-5 children, respectively, using a structured questionnaire and observational checklists. Percent point change was used to see the effect of the intervention. Pearson χ2 and Fisher exact tests were used to test for statistically significant percentage point changes on the basis of P < .05. RESULT Access to adequate sanitation was significantly improved from 43.1% at the baseline to 50.7% at the endline (P < .05). Access to protected water sources was high at the baseline (73.8%) and remained high (81.1%) at the endline (P < .05). Significant proportion of households (58.3%) practiced good drinking water handling at the endline compared with the baseline (6.7%) (P < .001). Practice of home-based water treatment was improved at the endline (47%) compared with the baseline (7.6%) (P < .001). The general hygienic condition of children was significantly improved at the end of the intervention compared with the conditions before the intervention (P < .05). At the end of the intervention, mothers' hand washing practice was improved to 68.2% from 24.4% at the baseline (P < .001). Moreover, 52.4% and 69.5% of the households at the baseline and endline, respectively, had good food safety practice (P < .05). CONCLUSION The proportion of households who practiced water safety, basic sanitation, good personal hygiene, and basic food safety measures significantly increased at the endline. This significant increment clearly showed that our WASH interventions were effective to improve households' WASH performance in rural Dembiya. The local health office need, therefore, strengthens the WASH education program.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zemichael Gizaw
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health and Safety, Institute of Public Health, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Ayenew Addisu
- Department of Parasitology, School of Biomedical Science, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
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Prevalence and associated factors of scabies among schoolchildren in Dabat district, northwest Ethiopia, 2018. Environ Health Prev Med 2019; 24:67. [PMID: 31785612 PMCID: PMC6885305 DOI: 10.1186/s12199-019-0824-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2019] [Accepted: 10/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Scabies is a skin infestation caused by the mite Sarcoptes scabiei that causes a pruritic skin eruption. In Ethiopia, the disease is common especially during natural or manmade disasters such as flooding, drought, civil war and conflict, poor water supply and sanitation, and overcrowding living condition. Though scabies is becoming a major public health problem, especially in low resource settings, there has been no study that reported the prevalence of scabies in the study area. The aim of this study, therefore, was to assess the prevalence of scabies and associated factors among students in primary schools in Dabat district, northwest Ethiopia. Method An institutional-based cross-sectional study was employed to determine the prevalence of scabies and associated factors among schoolchildren in Dabat district. A total of 494 students selected by a multi-stage sampling technique were included in this study. Scabies was diagnosed by medical practitioners based on lesions observed on body surfaces after a physical examination. Bivariable and multivariable binary logistic regression analyses were performed using SPSS version 20. Significance level was obtained at p value < 0.05. Result The prevalence of scabies was 9.3% (46/494) with 95% CI (5.66%, 12.94%). Among schoolchildren who were infested by scabies, 65.22% (30/46) had a mild, 28.26% (13/46) had moderate, and 6.52% (3/46) had severe lesions. Studying at a rural school (AOR = 2.99, 95% CI 1.33, 6.71), had illiterate father (AOR = 5.11, 95% CI 2.25, 11.58), being grade level 1–4 (AOR = 3.91, 95% CI 1.69, 9.05), rarely taking a bath (AOR = 3.54, 95% CI 1.36, 9.25), contact with a person with itching symptom (AOR = 2.66, 95% CI 1. 21, 5.83), a family member with itchy symptoms (AOR = 4.76, 95% CI 2.20, 10.28), not living with both parents (AOR = 2.49, 95% CI 1.02, 6.06), and using water only for hand washing (AOR = 4.38, 95% CI 1.78, 10.76) were factors associated with scabies infestation among schoolchildren. Conclusion The prevalence of human scabies among schoolchildren in Dabat district northwest Ethiopia was high. The school localization, first cycle level of education, paternal educational status, frequency of taking a bath, and contact with a person having itchy lesions, presence of a family member with itchy lesion, and type of frequently used hand washing material were the factors significantly impacting the occurrence of scabies. Special attention should be given to students at first cycle education as they are at the highest risk of infestation.
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Ssemugabo C, Wafula ST, Ndejjo R, Oporia F, Osuret J, Musoke D, Halage AA. Knowledge and practices of households on safe water chain maintenance in a slum community in Kampala City, Uganda. Environ Health Prev Med 2019; 24:45. [PMID: 31200642 PMCID: PMC6570909 DOI: 10.1186/s12199-019-0799-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2019] [Accepted: 05/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background More than half of the disease burden in Uganda can be prevented through improving water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH). In slum communities, water supply is insufficient but also highly contaminated; therefore, ensuring that the safe water chain is maintained by households is paramount to preventing water-related diseases. This study aimed at assessing knowledge and practices of households on safe water chain maintenance in slum communities in Kampala City, Uganda. Methods This was a community-based cross-sectional study carried out among 395 households in slum communities in Kampala, Uganda. Data were collected using a semi-structured questionnaire. Prevalence ratios (PRs) and their 95% confidence intervals were used as a measure of association between safe water chain management and associated knowledge and practice factors. The PRs were obtained using a multivariable modified Poisson regression with logarithm as the link function, with robust standard errors. Results Majority (76.7%, 303/395) of the households collected their water from a piped water system and paid for the water (72.9%, 288/395). Almost all (97.2%, 384/395) of the participants said that they knew the dangers associated with drinking unsafe water, boiled their drinking water (95.4%, 377/395), and used storage containers that minimize contamination (97.0%, 383/395). However, only (32.4%, 128/395) of the households satisfactorily maintained the safe water chain. Female- (adjusted PR = 1.82, 95% CI (1.19–2.78)) and student-led households (adjusted PR = 1.58, 95% CI (1.03–2.41)) and those whose heads had attained post-primary education (adjusted PR = 1.48, 95% CI (1.02–2.17)) were more likely to satisfactorily maintain the safe water chain. This was similar among members who thought most contamination occurs during storage (adjusted PR = 1.47, 95% CI (1.10–1.97)). Conclusion Only a third of the households maintained the safe water chain satisfactory. Female-led, student-led, and post-primary educated-led household and household that thought most contamination occurs during storage were more likely to maintain the safe water chain. There is a need to improve the level of awareness about the importance of the safe water chain among slum dwellers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles Ssemugabo
- Department of Disease Control and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, Kampala, Uganda.
| | - Solomon Tsebeni Wafula
- Department of Disease Control and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Rawlance Ndejjo
- Department of Disease Control and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Frederick Oporia
- Department of Disease Control and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Jimmy Osuret
- Department of Disease Control and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, Kampala, Uganda
| | - David Musoke
- Department of Disease Control and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Abdullah Ali Halage
- Department of Disease Control and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, Kampala, Uganda
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