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Ahmad S, Tabassum J, Sheng Z, Lv Y, Chen W, Zeb A, Dong N, Ali U, Shao G, Wei X, Hu S, Tang S. Loss-of-function of PGL10 impairs photosynthesis and tolerance to high-temperature stress in rice. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2024; 176:e14369. [PMID: 38828612 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.14369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2024] [Revised: 04/22/2024] [Accepted: 05/12/2024] [Indexed: 06/05/2024]
Abstract
High temperature (HT) affects the production of chlorophyll (Chl) pigment and inhibits cellular processes that impair photosynthesis, and growth and development in plants. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying heat stress in rice are not fully understood yet. In this study, we identified two mutants varying in leaf color from the ethylmethanesulfonate mutant library of indica rice cv. Zhongjiazao-17, which showed pale-green leaf color and variegated leaf phenotype under HT conditions. Mut-map revealed that both mutants were allelic, and their phenotype was controlled by a single recessive gene PALE GREEN LEAF 10 (PGL10) that encodes NADPH:protochlorophyllide oxidoreductase B, which is required for the reduction of protochlorophyllide into chlorophyllide in light-dependent tetrapyrrole biosynthetic pathway-based Chl synthesis. Overexpression-based complementation and CRISPR/Cas9-based knockout analyses confirmed the results of Mut-map. Moreover, qRT-PCR-based expression analysis of PGL10 showed that it expresses in almost all plant parts with the lowest expression in root, followed by seed, third leaf, and then other green tissues in both mutants, pgl10a and pgl10b. Its protein localizes in chloroplasts, and the first 17 amino acids from N-terminus are responsible for signals in chloroplasts. Moreover, transcriptome analysis performed under HT conditions revealed that the genes involved in the Chl biosynthesis and degradation, photosynthesis, and reactive oxygen species detoxification were differentially expressed in mutants compared to WT. Thus, these results indicate that PGL10 is required for maintaining chloroplast function and plays an important role in rice adaptation to HT stress conditions by controlling photosynthetic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shakeel Ahmad
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou, China
| | - Javaria Tabassum
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhonghua Sheng
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yusong Lv
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou, China
| | - Wei Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou, China
| | - Aqib Zeb
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou, China
| | - Nannan Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou, China
| | - Umed Ali
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou, China
| | - Gaoneng Shao
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiangjin Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou, China
| | - Shikai Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou, China
| | - Shaoqing Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou, China
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Vedalankar P, Tripathy BC. Light dependent protochlorophyllide oxidoreductase: a succinct look. PHYSIOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY OF PLANTS : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2024; 30:719-731. [PMID: 38846463 PMCID: PMC11150229 DOI: 10.1007/s12298-024-01454-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2023] [Revised: 03/01/2024] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 06/09/2024]
Abstract
Reducing protochlorophyllide (Pchlide) to chlorophyllide (Chlide) is a major regulatory step in the chlorophyll biosynthesis pathway. This reaction is catalyzed by light-dependent protochlorophyllide oxidoreductase (LPOR) in oxygenic phototrophs, particularly angiosperms. LPOR-NADPH and Pchlide form a ternary complex to be efficiently photo-transformed to synthesize Chlide and, subsequently, chlorophyll during the transition from skotomorphogenesis to photomorphogenesis. Besides lipids, carotenoids and poly-cis xanthophylls influence the formation of the photoactive LPOR complexes and the PLBs. The crystal structure of LPOR reveals evolutionarily conserved cysteine residues implicated in the Pchlide binding and catalysis around the active site. Different isoforms of LPOR viz PORA, PORB, and PORC expressed at different stages of chloroplast development play a photoprotective role by quickly transforming the photosensitive Pchlide to Chlide. Non-photo-transformed Pchlide acts as a photosensitizer to generate singlet oxygen that causes oxidative stress and cell death. Therefore, different isoforms of LPOR have evolved and differentially expressed during plant development to protect plants from photodamage and thus play a pivotal role during photomorphogenesis. This review brings out the salient features of LPOR structure, structure-function relationships, and ultra-fast photo transformation of Pchlide to Chlide by oligomeric and polymeric forms of LPOR.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Baishnab C. Tripathy
- Department of Biotechnology, Sharda University, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh 201310 India
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Lim C, Kim Y, Shim Y, Cho SH, Yang TJ, Song YH, Kang K, Paek NC. Rice OsGATA16 is a positive regulator for chlorophyll biosynthesis and chloroplast development. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2024; 117:599-615. [PMID: 37902786 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.16517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2023] [Revised: 09/18/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 10/31/2023]
Abstract
Chloroplasts are essential organelles in plants that contain chlorophylls and facilitate photosynthesis for growth and development. As photosynthetic efficiency significantly impacts crop productivity, understanding the regulatory mechanisms of chloroplast development has been crucial in increasing grain and biomass production. This study demonstrates the involvement of OsGATA16, an ortholog of Arabidopsis GATA, NITRATE INDUCIBLE, CARBON-METABOLISM INVOLVED (GNC), and GNC-LIKE/CYTOKININ-RESPONSIVE GATA FACTOR 1 (GNL/CGA1), in chlorophyll biosynthesis and chloroplast development in rice (Oryza sativa). The osgata16-1 knockdown mutants produced pale-green leaves, while OsGATA16-overexpressed plants (OsGATA16-OE1) generated dark-green leaves, compared to their parental japonica rice. Reverse transcription and quantitative PCR analysis revealed downregulation of genes related to chloroplast division, chlorophyll biosynthesis, and photosynthesis in the leaves of osgata16-1 and upregulation in those of OsGATA16-OE1. Additionally, in vivo binding assays showed that OsGATA16 directly binds to the promoter regions of OsHEMA, OsCHLH, OsPORA, OsPORB, and OsFtsZ, and upregulates their expression. These findings indicate that OsGATA16 serves as a positive regulator controlling chlorophyll biosynthesis and chloroplast development in rice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaemyeong Lim
- Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Bioresources, Plant Genomics and Breeding Institute, Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Youngoh Kim
- Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Bioresources, Plant Genomics and Breeding Institute, Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yejin Shim
- Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Bioresources, Plant Genomics and Breeding Institute, Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Hwan Cho
- Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Bioresources, Plant Genomics and Breeding Institute, Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae-Jin Yang
- Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Bioresources, Plant Genomics and Breeding Institute, Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Hun Song
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Kiyoon Kang
- Division of Life Sciences, Incheon National University, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Nam-Chon Paek
- Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Bioresources, Plant Genomics and Breeding Institute, Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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4
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Yang X, Nabi Mandal MS, Diao H, Du J, Pu X, Li X, Yang J, Zeng Y, Li Z, Li J, Hossain A, Ali MK. Geographic differences and variation of functional components of brown rice in 690 mini-core collections from global germplasms. Heliyon 2023; 9:e23035. [PMID: 38149206 PMCID: PMC10750027 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e23035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Revised: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 11/24/2023] [Indexed: 12/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective To understand the geographic differences and variations in the functional components of brown rice cores collected from global rice germplasms. Methods Four functional components, γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA), resistant starch (RS), total flavonoids, and alkaloids, in brown rice from 690 mini-core collections from 31 countries from five continents and the International Rice Research Institute, were analyzed using a spectrophotometry colorimetric method, and the results were statistically validated. Conclusion The highest average amounts of functional components were obtained in Asian germplasms, except for GABA, and total flavonoids were highest in brown rice from Europe and Oceania, followed by Asia. The highest coefficient of variation for GABA was observed in Asia; that for RS and total flavonoids was observed in Africa, followed by Asia; and that for alkaloids was observed in America, followed by Asia. Overall, Asian countries were the most prominent and representative zones with the highest genotypic potential for functional components of brown rice. Forty-one rice accessions with enriched functional components originated mostly from biodiversity-rich areas in China, followed by those in the Philippines. Late sowing favored the enrichment of these components in brown rice. The current study provides a reference for rice breeding with enriched functional constituents, and guidelines for screening functional rice that could be used for human chronic disease research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaomeng Yang
- Biotechnology and Germplasm Resources Institute, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Agricultural Biotechnology Key Laboratory of Yunnan Province/Key Laboratory of the Southwestern Crop Gene Resources and Germplasm Innovation, Scientific Observation Station of Rice Germplasm Resources of Yunnan, Ministry of Agriculture, Kunming, Yunnan, 650205, China
| | - Md Siddikun Nabi Mandal
- Biotechnology and Germplasm Resources Institute, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Agricultural Biotechnology Key Laboratory of Yunnan Province/Key Laboratory of the Southwestern Crop Gene Resources and Germplasm Innovation, Scientific Observation Station of Rice Germplasm Resources of Yunnan, Ministry of Agriculture, Kunming, Yunnan, 650205, China
- Bangladesh Wheat and Maize Research Institute, Dinajpur, 5200, Bangladesh
| | - Henan Diao
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, 650201, China
- Heihe Branch of Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Heihe, Heilongjiang, 164300, China
| | - Juan Du
- Biotechnology and Germplasm Resources Institute, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Agricultural Biotechnology Key Laboratory of Yunnan Province/Key Laboratory of the Southwestern Crop Gene Resources and Germplasm Innovation, Scientific Observation Station of Rice Germplasm Resources of Yunnan, Ministry of Agriculture, Kunming, Yunnan, 650205, China
| | - Xiaoying Pu
- Biotechnology and Germplasm Resources Institute, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Agricultural Biotechnology Key Laboratory of Yunnan Province/Key Laboratory of the Southwestern Crop Gene Resources and Germplasm Innovation, Scientific Observation Station of Rice Germplasm Resources of Yunnan, Ministry of Agriculture, Kunming, Yunnan, 650205, China
| | - Xia Li
- Biotechnology and Germplasm Resources Institute, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Agricultural Biotechnology Key Laboratory of Yunnan Province/Key Laboratory of the Southwestern Crop Gene Resources and Germplasm Innovation, Scientific Observation Station of Rice Germplasm Resources of Yunnan, Ministry of Agriculture, Kunming, Yunnan, 650205, China
| | - Jiazhen Yang
- Biotechnology and Germplasm Resources Institute, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Agricultural Biotechnology Key Laboratory of Yunnan Province/Key Laboratory of the Southwestern Crop Gene Resources and Germplasm Innovation, Scientific Observation Station of Rice Germplasm Resources of Yunnan, Ministry of Agriculture, Kunming, Yunnan, 650205, China
| | - Yawen Zeng
- Biotechnology and Germplasm Resources Institute, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Agricultural Biotechnology Key Laboratory of Yunnan Province/Key Laboratory of the Southwestern Crop Gene Resources and Germplasm Innovation, Scientific Observation Station of Rice Germplasm Resources of Yunnan, Ministry of Agriculture, Kunming, Yunnan, 650205, China
| | - Zichao Li
- Key Laboratory of Crop Heterosis and Utilization, Ministry of Education/Beijing Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Jianbin Li
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, 650201, China
| | - Akbar Hossain
- Bangladesh Wheat and Maize Research Institute, Dinajpur, 5200, Bangladesh
| | - Muhammad Kazim Ali
- Karachi Institute of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering (KIBGE), University of Karachi, Karachi, 75270, Pakistan
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Kim DH, Lim SH, Lee JY. Expression of RsPORB Is Associated with Radish Root Color. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:plants12112214. [PMID: 37299194 DOI: 10.3390/plants12112214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2023] [Revised: 05/18/2023] [Accepted: 05/29/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Radish (Raphanus sativus) plants exhibit varied root colors due to the accumulation of chlorophylls and anthocyanins compounds that are beneficial for both human health and visual quality. The mechanisms of chlorophyll biosynthesis have been extensively studied in foliar tissues but remain largely unknown in other tissues. In this study, we examined the role of NADPH:protochlorophyllide oxidoreductases (PORs), which are key enzymes in chlorophyll biosynthesis, in radish roots. The transcript level of RsPORB was abundantly expressed in green roots and positively correlated with chlorophyll content in radish roots. Sequences of the RsPORB coding region were identical between white (948) and green (847) radish breeding lines. Additionally, virus-induced gene silencing assay with RsPORB exhibited reduced chlorophyll contents, verifying that RsPORB is a functional enzyme for chlorophyll biosynthesis. Sequence comparison of RsPORB promoters from white and green radishes showed several insertions and deletions (InDels) and single-nucleotide polymorphisms. Promoter activation assays using radish root protoplasts verified that InDels of the RsPORB promoter contribute to its expression level. These results suggested that RsPORB is one of the key genes underlying chlorophyll biosynthesis and green coloration in non-foliar tissues, such as roots.
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Affiliation(s)
- Da-Hye Kim
- Division of Horticultural Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology, Hankyong National University, Anseong 17579, Republic of Korea
- Research Institute of International Technology and Information, Hankyong National University, Anseong 17579, Republic of Korea
| | - Sun-Hyung Lim
- Division of Horticultural Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology, Hankyong National University, Anseong 17579, Republic of Korea
- Research Institute of International Technology and Information, Hankyong National University, Anseong 17579, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Yeol Lee
- National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Rural Development Administration, Jeonju 54874, Republic of Korea
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6
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B J, Hosahatti R, Koti PS, Devappa VH, Ngangkham U, Devanna P, Yadav MK, Mishra KK, Aditya JP, Boraiah PK, Gaber A, Hossain A. Phenotypic and Genotypic screening of fifty-two rice (Oryza sativa L.) genotypes for desirable cultivars against blast disease. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0280762. [PMID: 36897889 PMCID: PMC10004593 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0280762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 01/08/2023] [Indexed: 03/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Magnaporthe oryzae, the rice blast fungus, is one of the most dangerous rice pathogens, causing considerable crop losses around the world. In order to explore the rice blast-resistant sources, initially performed a large-scale screening of 277 rice accessions. In parallel with field evaluations, fifty-two rice accessions were genotyped for 25 major blast resistance genes utilizing functional/gene-based markers based on their reactivity against rice blast disease. According to the phenotypic examination, 29 (58%) and 22 (42%) entries were found to be highly resistant, 18 (36%) and 29 (57%) showed moderate resistance, and 05 (6%) and 01 (1%), respectively, were highly susceptible to leaf and neck blast. The genetic frequency of 25 major blast resistance genes ranged from 32 to 60%, with two genotypes having a maximum of 16 R-genes each. The 52 rice accessions were divided into two groups based on cluster and population structure analysis. The highly resistant and moderately resistant accessions are divided into different groups using the principal coordinate analysis. According to the analysis of molecular variance, the maximum diversity was found within the population, while the minimum diversity was found between the populations. Two markers (RM5647 and K39512), which correspond to the blast-resistant genes Pi36 and Pik, respectively, showed a significant association to the neck blast disease, whereas three markers (Pi2-i, Pita3, and k2167), which correspond to the blast-resistant genes Pi2, Pita/Pita2, and Pikm, respectively, showed a significant association to the leaf blast disease. The associated R-genes might be utilized in rice breeding programmes through marker-assisted breeding, and the identified resistant rice accessions could be used as prospective donors for the production of new resistant varieties in India and around the world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeevan B
- ICAR-Vivekananda Parvatiya Krishi Anusandhan Sansthan, Almora, Uttarakhand, India
| | | | - Prasanna S Koti
- The University of Trans-Disciplinary Health Sciences and Technology, Jarakabande Kaval, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | | | - Umakanta Ngangkham
- ICAR- Research Complex for North- Eastern Hill Region, Manipur centre, Imphal, Manipur, India
| | - Pramesh Devanna
- Rice Pathology Laboratory, AICRIP, Gangavathi, University of Agricultural Sciences, Raichur, Karnataka, India
| | - Manoj Kumar Yadav
- ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, Regional Station, Karnal, Haryana, India
| | - Krishna Kant Mishra
- ICAR-Vivekananda Parvatiya Krishi Anusandhan Sansthan, Almora, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Jay Prakash Aditya
- ICAR-Vivekananda Parvatiya Krishi Anusandhan Sansthan, Almora, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Palanna Kaki Boraiah
- Project Coordinating Unit, ICAR-AICRP on Small Millets, UAS, GKVK, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Ahmed Gaber
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Taif University, Taif, Saudi Arabia
| | - Akbar Hossain
- Department of Agronomy, Bangladesh Wheat and Maize Research Institute, Dinajpur, Bangladesh
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Li C, Ran M, Liu J, Wang X, Wu Q, Zhang Q, Yang J, Yi F, Zhang H, Zhu JK, Zhao C. Functional analysis of CqPORB in the regulation of chlorophyll biosynthesis in Chenopodium quinoa. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:1083438. [PMID: 36578328 PMCID: PMC9791128 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.1083438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Protochlorophyllide oxidoreductase (POR) plays a key role in catalyzing the light-dependent reduction of protochlorophyllide (Pchlide) to chlorophyllide (Chlide), and thus promotes the transit from etiolated seedlings to green plants. In this study, by exploring ethyl methanesulfonate (EMS)-mediated mutagenesis in Chenopodium quinoa NL-6 variety, we identified a mutant nl6-35 that displays faded green leaf and reduced chlorophyll (Chl) and carotenoid contents. Bulk segregant analysis (BSA) revealed that a mutation in CqPORB gene is genetically associated with the faded green leaf of the nl6-35 mutant. Further study indicates that the nl6-35 mutant exhibits abnormal grana stacks and compromised conversion of Pchlide to Chlide upon illumination, suggesting the important role of CqPORB in producing photoactive Pchlide. Totally three CqPOR isoforms, including CqPORA, CqPORA-like, and CqPORB are identified in NL-6 variety. Transcriptional analysis shows that the expression of all these three CqPOR isoforms is regulated in light- and development-dependent manners, and in mature quinoa plants only CqPORB isoform is predominantly expressed. Subcellular localization analysis indicates that CqPORB is exclusively localized in chloroplast. Together, our study elucidates the important role of CqPORB in the regulation of Chl biosynthesis and chloroplast development in quinoa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Li
- Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Minyuan Ran
- Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jianwei Liu
- Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaoxiao Wang
- Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Qingbing Wu
- Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Qiang Zhang
- Bright Agricultural Development (Group) Co., Ltd., Shanghai, China
| | - Jing Yang
- Bright Agricultural Development (Group) Co., Ltd., Shanghai, China
| | - Feng Yi
- Bright Agricultural Development (Group) Co., Ltd., Shanghai, China
| | - Heng Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Jian-Kang Zhu
- Institute of Advanced Biotechnology and School of Life Sciences, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
| | - Chunzhao Zhao
- Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
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8
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Zhu C, Lou Y, Yang K, Liu Y, Xiao X, Li Z, Guo D, Sun H, Gao Z. Integrative analyses of morphology, physiology, and transcriptional expression profiling reveal miRNAs involved in culm color in bamboo. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:992794. [PMID: 36164374 PMCID: PMC9508110 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.992794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Culm color variation is an interesting phenomenon that contributes to the breeding of new varieties of ornamental plants during domestication. De-domesticated variation is considered ideal for identifying and interpreting the molecular mechanisms of plant mutations. However, the variation in culm color of bamboo remains unknown. In the present study, yellow and green culms generated from the same rhizome of Phyllostachys vivax cv. Aureocaulis (P. vivax) were used to elucidate the molecular mechanism of culm color formation. Phenotypic and physiological data showed that environmental suitability was higher in green culms than in yellow culms. High-throughput sequencing analysis showed 295 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and 22 differentially expressed miRNAs (DEMs) in two different colored bamboo culms. There were 103 DEM-DEG interaction pairs, of which a representative "miRNA-mRNA" regulatory module involved in photosynthesis and pigment metabolism was formed by 14 DEM-DEG pairs. The interaction of the three key pairs was validated by qPCR and dual-luciferase assays. This study provides new insights into the molecular mechanism of miRNAs involved in P. vivax culm color formation, which provides evidence for plant de-domestication and is helpful for revealing the evolutionary mechanism of bamboo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenglei Zhu
- Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration/Beijing for Bamboo and Rattan Science and Technology, Beijing, China
- Institute of Gene Science and Industrialization for Bamboo and Rattan Resources, International Center for Bamboo and Rattan, Beijing, China
| | - Yongfeng Lou
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Biotechnology, Jiangxi Academy of Forestry, Nanchang, China
| | - Kebin Yang
- Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration/Beijing for Bamboo and Rattan Science and Technology, Beijing, China
- Institute of Gene Science and Industrialization for Bamboo and Rattan Resources, International Center for Bamboo and Rattan, Beijing, China
| | - Yan Liu
- Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration/Beijing for Bamboo and Rattan Science and Technology, Beijing, China
- Institute of Gene Science and Industrialization for Bamboo and Rattan Resources, International Center for Bamboo and Rattan, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoyan Xiao
- Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration/Beijing for Bamboo and Rattan Science and Technology, Beijing, China
- Institute of Gene Science and Industrialization for Bamboo and Rattan Resources, International Center for Bamboo and Rattan, Beijing, China
| | - Ziyang Li
- Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration/Beijing for Bamboo and Rattan Science and Technology, Beijing, China
- Institute of Gene Science and Industrialization for Bamboo and Rattan Resources, International Center for Bamboo and Rattan, Beijing, China
| | - Dong Guo
- Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration/Beijing for Bamboo and Rattan Science and Technology, Beijing, China
- Institute of Gene Science and Industrialization for Bamboo and Rattan Resources, International Center for Bamboo and Rattan, Beijing, China
| | - Huayu Sun
- Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration/Beijing for Bamboo and Rattan Science and Technology, Beijing, China
- Institute of Gene Science and Industrialization for Bamboo and Rattan Resources, International Center for Bamboo and Rattan, Beijing, China
| | - Zhimin Gao
- Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration/Beijing for Bamboo and Rattan Science and Technology, Beijing, China
- Institute of Gene Science and Industrialization for Bamboo and Rattan Resources, International Center for Bamboo and Rattan, Beijing, China
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9
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Shah AA, Yasin NA, Mudassir M, Ramzan M, Hussain I, Siddiqui MH, Ali HM, Shabbir Z, Ali A, Ahmed S, Kumar R. Iron oxide nanoparticles and selenium supplementation improve growth and photosynthesis by modulating antioxidant system and gene expression of chlorophyll synthase (CHLG) and protochlorophyllide oxidoreductase (POR) in arsenic-stressed Cucumis melo. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2022; 307:119413. [PMID: 35525515 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.119413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2021] [Revised: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 05/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Current research reveals the positive role of iron oxide nanoparticles (IONPs) and selenium (Se) in extenuation of arsenic (As) induced toxicity in Cucumis melo. C. melo plants grown in As spiked soil (20 mg kg-1 As) showed reduced growth, chlorophyll (Chl) content, photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductivity and transpiration. On the other hand, the alone applications of IONPs or Se improved growth and physiochemical parameters of C. melo plants. Additionally, exogenous application IONPs and Se synergistically improved the activity of antioxidative enzymes and glyoxalase system in C. melo plants. In addition, the collective treatment of IONPs and Se reduced As uptake, enhanced rate of photosynthesis and increased gas exchange attributes of C. melo plants under As stress. Interactive effect of IONPs and Se regulated reduced glutathione (GSH), oxidized glutathione (GSSG) and ascorbate (AsA) content in C. melo plants exposed to As-contaminated Soil. IONPs and Se treatment also regulated expression of respiratory burst oxidase homologue D (RBOHD) gene, chlorophyll synthase (CHLG) and protochlorophyllide oxidoreductase (POR). Therefore, the combined treatment of IONPs and Se may enhance the growth of crop plants by alleviating As stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anis Ali Shah
- Department of Botany, Division of Science and Technology, University of Education, Lahore, Pakistan.
| | - Nasim Ahmad Yasin
- Senior Superintendent Gardens, RO-II office, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | | | - Musarrat Ramzan
- Department of Botany, Islamia University Bahawalpur, Pakistan
| | - Iqtidar Hussain
- Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture, Gomal University, Dera Ismail Khan, KPK, Pakistan
| | - Manzer H Siddiqui
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hayssam M Ali
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Zunera Shabbir
- Agronomy, Horticulture and Plant Science Department, South Dakota State University, USA
| | - Aamir Ali
- Department of Botany, University of Sargodha, Sargodha, Pakistan
| | - Shakil Ahmed
- Institute of Botany, University of the Punjab, Pakistan
| | - Ritesh Kumar
- Department of Agronomy, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, 66506, USA
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10
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You X, Wang S, Li G, Du L, Dong X. Microplastics in the soil: A review of distribution, anthropogenic impact, and interaction with soil microorganisms based on meta-analysis. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 832:154975. [PMID: 35378178 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.154975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Revised: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Microplastics (MPs) are widespread anthropogenic pollutants that contaminate the terrestrial environment and serve as vectors of other contaminants. They trigger toxic effects during their migration and transmission, affecting the soil ecosystem and eventually presenting a serious threat to human health via the food chain. However, comprehensive studies on the distribution of MPs in soil and their correlation with human activities and terrestrial ecosystems are still lacking. In this study, we detected a significant difference in the MP size (both for the size <1 mm (P < 0.01) and the size 1-2 mm (P < 0.05)) in China and other countries based on bibliometric and meta-analysis. Principal component analysis revealed regional variations in MP distribution. The correlation analysis between MP characteristics and anthropogenic activities in China further revealed that industrial production was linked to polypropylene microplastics (PP-MPs) abundance (P < 0.01). We also discussed the interaction between soil MPs and ecosystems, such as soil microbial community, since the transportation of MPs was associated with its distribution and environmental factors in the soil. Linear regression analysis further showed that environmental variables, such as culture temperature, were negatively related to MPs' degradation efficiency by the fungi (P < 0.05). This study aims to evaluate the distribution, transfer, and impact of MPs, and their interaction with the soil ecosystem and provides information on the prevention and management of MP pollution in the terrestrial environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinxin You
- Department of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Wenzhou Vocational College of Science and Technology, Wenzhou 325006, PR China
| | - Sheng Wang
- Department of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Wenzhou Vocational College of Science and Technology, Wenzhou 325006, PR China
| | - Gang Li
- Department of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Wenzhou Vocational College of Science and Technology, Wenzhou 325006, PR China
| | - Linna Du
- Department of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Wenzhou Vocational College of Science and Technology, Wenzhou 325006, PR China; Wencheng Institution of Modern Agriculture and Health-Care Industry, Wenzhou 325300, PR China.
| | - Xinjiao Dong
- School of Life & Environmental Science, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325027, PR China
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11
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The Combination of Conventional QTL Analysis, Bulked-Segregant Analysis, and RNA-Sequencing Provide New Genetic Insights into Maize Mesocotyl Elongation under Multiple Deep-Seeding Environments. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23084223. [PMID: 35457037 PMCID: PMC9032596 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23084223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2022] [Revised: 04/09/2022] [Accepted: 04/09/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Mesocotyl length (MES) is an important trait that affects the emergence of maize seedlings after deep-seeding and is closely associated with abiotic stress. The elucidation of constitutive-QTLs (cQTLs) and candidate genes for MES and tightly molecular markers are thus of great importance in marker-assisted selection (MAS) breeding. Therefore, the objective of this study was to perform detailed genetic analysis of maize MES across 346 F2:3 families, 30/30 extreme bulks of an F2 population, and two parents by conventional QTL analysis, bulked-segregation analysis (BSA), and RNA-sequencing when maize was sown at the depths of 3, 15, and 20 cm, respectively. QTL analysis identified four major QTLs in Bin 1.09, Bin 3.04, Bin 4.06–4.07, and Bin 6.01 under two or more environments, which explained 2.89–13.97% of the phenotypic variance within a single environment. BSA results revealed the presence of seven significantly linked SNP/InDel regions on chromosomes 1 and 4, and six SNP/InDel regions and the major QTL of qMES4-1 overlapped and formed a cQTL, cQMES4, within the 160.98–176.22 Mb region. In total, 18,001 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified across two parents by RNA-sequencing, and 24 of these genes were conserved core DEGs. Finally, we validated 15 candidate genes in cQMES4 to involve in cell wall structure, lignin biosyntheis, phytohormones (auxin, abscisic acid, brassinosteroid) signal transduction, circadian clock, and plant organ formation and development. Our findings provide a basis for MAS breeding and enhance our understanding of the deep-seeding tolerance of maize.
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12
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Yeh SY, Lin HH, Chang YM, Chang YL, Chang CK, Huang YC, Ho YW, Lin CY, Zheng JZ, Jane WN, Ng CY, Lu MY, Lai IL, To KY, Li WH, Ku MSB. Maize Golden2-like transcription factors boost rice chloroplast development, photosynthesis, and grain yield. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 188:442-459. [PMID: 34747472 PMCID: PMC9049120 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiab511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2021] [Accepted: 10/10/2021] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Chloroplasts are the sites for photosynthesis, and two Golden2-like factors act as transcriptional activators of chloroplast development in rice (Oryza sativa L.) and maize (Zea mays L.). Rice OsGLK1 and OsGLK2 are orthologous to maize ZmGLK1 (ZmG1) and ZmGLK2 (ZmG2), respectively. However, while rice OsGLK1 and OsGLK2 act redundantly to regulate chloroplast development in mesophyll cells, maize ZmG1 and ZmG2 are functionally specialized and expressed in different cell-specific manners. To boost rice chloroplast development and photosynthesis, we generated transgenic rice plants overexpressing ZmG1 and ZmG2, individually or simultaneously, with constitutive promoters (pZmUbi::ZmG1 and p35S::ZmG2) or maize promoters (pZmG1::ZmG1, pZmG2::ZmG2, and pZmG1::ZmG1/pZmG2::ZmG2). Both ZmG1 and ZmG2 genes were highly expressed in transgenic rice leaves. Moreover, ZmG1 and ZmG2 showed coordinated expression in pZmG1::ZmG1/pZmG2::ZmG2 plants. All Golden2-like (GLK) transgenic plants had higher chlorophyll and protein contents, Rubisco activities and photosynthetic rates per unit leaf area in flag leaves. However, the highest grain yields occurred when maize promoters were used; pZmG1::ZmG1, pZmG2::ZmG2, and pZmG1::ZmG1/pZmG2::ZmG2 transgenic plants showed increases in grain yield by 51%, 47%, and 70%, respectively. In contrast, the pZmUbi::ZmG1 plant produced smaller seeds without yield increases. Transcriptome analysis indicated that maize GLKs act as master regulators promoting the expression of both photosynthesis-related and stress-responsive regulatory genes in both rice shoot and root. Thus, by promoting these important functions under the control of their own promoters, maize GLK1 and GLK2 genes together dramatically improved rice photosynthetic performance and productivity. A similar approach can potentially improve the productivity of many other crops.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Yao-Ming Chang
- Biodiversity Research Center, Academia
Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia
Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Lun Chang
- Department of Bioagricultural Science, National
Chiayi University, Chiayi 600, Taiwan
| | - Chao-Kang Chang
- Biodiversity Research Center, Academia
Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Cin Huang
- Biodiversity Research Center, Academia
Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Wen Ho
- Biodiversity Research Center, Academia
Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| | - Chu-Yin Lin
- Biodiversity Research Center, Academia
Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| | - Jun-Ze Zheng
- Department of Bioagricultural Science, National
Chiayi University, Chiayi 600, Taiwan
| | - Wann-Neng Jane
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia
Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Yeung Ng
- Biodiversity Research Center, Academia
Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| | - Mei-Yeh Lu
- Biodiversity Research Center, Academia
Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| | - I-Ling Lai
- Graduate Institute of Bioresources, National
Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung 912,
Taiwan
| | - Kin-Ying To
- Agricultural Biotechnology Research Center, Academia
Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Hsiung Li
- Biodiversity Research Center, Academia
Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of
Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
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13
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Daryani P, Darzi Ramandi H, Dezhsetan S, Mirdar Mansuri R, Hosseini Salekdeh G, Shobbar ZS. Pinpointing genomic regions associated with root system architecture in rice through an integrative meta-analysis approach. TAG. THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS. THEORETISCHE UND ANGEWANDTE GENETIK 2022; 135:81-106. [PMID: 34623472 DOI: 10.1007/s00122-021-03953-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Applying an integrated meta-analysis approach led to identification of meta-QTLs/ candidate genes associated with rice root system architecture, which can be used in MQTL-assisted breeding/ genetic engineering of root traits. Root system architecture (RSA) is an important factor for facilitating water and nutrient uptake from deep soils and adaptation to drought stress conditions. In the present research, an integrated meta-analysis approach was employed to find candidate genes and genomic regions involved in rice RSA traits. A whole-genome meta-analysis was performed for 425 initial QTLs reported in 34 independent experiments controlling RSA traits under control and drought stress conditions in the previous twenty years. Sixty-four consensus meta-QTLs (MQTLs) were detected, unevenly distributed on twelve rice chromosomes. The confidence interval (CI) of the identified MQTLs was obtained as 0.11-14.23 cM with an average of 3.79 cM, which was 3.88 times narrower than the mean CI of the original QTLs. Interestingly, 52 MQTLs were co-located with SNP peak positions reported in rice genome-wide association studies (GWAS) for root morphological traits. The genes located in these RSA-related MQTLs were detected and explored to find the drought-responsive genes in the rice root based on the RNA-seq and microarray data. Multiple RSA and drought tolerance-associated genes were found in the MQTLs including the genes involved in auxin biosynthesis or signaling (e.g. YUCCA, WOX, AUX/IAA, ARF), root angle (DRO1-related genes), lateral root development (e.g. DSR, WRKY), root diameter (e.g. OsNAC5), plant cell wall (e.g. EXPA), and lignification (e.g. C4H, PAL, PRX and CAD). The genes located within both the SNP peak positions and the QTL-overview peaks for RSA are suggested as novel candidate genes for further functional analysis. The promising candidate genes and MQTLs can be used as basis for genetic engineering and MQTL-assisted breeding of root phenotypes to improve yield potential, stability and performance in a water-stressed environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parisa Daryani
- Department of Agronomy & Plant Breeding, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, Iran
- Department of Systems Biology, Agricultural Biotechnology Research Institute of Iran (ABRII), Agricultural Research Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), 31535-1897, Karaj, Iran
| | - Hadi Darzi Ramandi
- Department of Molecular Physiology, Agricultural Biotechnology Research Institute of Iran, Agricultural Research Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Karaj, Iran
| | - Sara Dezhsetan
- Department of Agronomy & Plant Breeding, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, Iran.
| | - Raheleh Mirdar Mansuri
- Department of Systems Biology, Agricultural Biotechnology Research Institute of Iran (ABRII), Agricultural Research Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), 31535-1897, Karaj, Iran
| | - Ghasem Hosseini Salekdeh
- Department of Systems Biology, Agricultural Biotechnology Research Institute of Iran (ABRII), Agricultural Research Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), 31535-1897, Karaj, Iran
- Department of Molecular Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Zahra-Sadat Shobbar
- Department of Systems Biology, Agricultural Biotechnology Research Institute of Iran (ABRII), Agricultural Research Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), 31535-1897, Karaj, Iran.
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14
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Jo HE, Son SY, Lee CH. Comparison of Metabolome and Functional Properties of Three Korean Cucumber Cultivars. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:882120. [PMID: 35498687 PMCID: PMC9051474 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.882120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) is consumed worldwide and various cultivars have been developed to enhance fruit quality. However, few studies have comprehensively evaluated the quality of various cultivars. We carried out a metabolomics approach to study the three different cucumber cultivars (Chuichung, White Dadagi, and Mini) and their parts (peel and flesh) coupled with antioxidant activities. The amino acids, sugars, flavonoids, carotenoids, and chlorophylls were upregulated in Mini flesh; however, in the case of peel, they were highly expressed in Chuichung. The highest antioxidant activity was observed in the peel of Chuichung and flesh of Mini. Through correlation analysis between metabolites and antioxidant activity, apigenin and quercetin derivatives, chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, lutein, α-carotene, and β-carotene were found to be significantly positively correlated with antioxidant activity. To understand the metabolism of these compounds, we performed a comprehensive pathway analysis using a metabolomics approach and analysis of associated gene expression. In secondary metabolism, the expression levels of carotenoid-related genes (15-cis-phytoene synthase and ζ-carotene desaturase) and chlorophyll-related genes (protochlorophyllide reductase and glutamyl-tRNA reductase) were consistent with the metabolome analysis data. Collectively, carotenoid and chlorophyll metabolism were upregulated in Chuichung peel and Mini flesh, which had the highest antioxidant activity in each part. These bioactive compounds can be used as biomarkers of commercial cucumber fruit quality. Accordingly, this study offers integrative insights into the quality of different cucumber cultivars and explores valuable metabolites and genes that are helpful in improving quality with functional properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyo Eun Jo
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Su Young Son
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Choong Hwan Lee
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul, South Korea
- Research Institute for Bioactive-Metabolome Network, Konkuk University, Seoul, South Korea
- *Correspondence: Choong Hwan Lee,
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15
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Sameer H, Victor G, Katalin S, Henrik A. Elucidation of ligand binding and dimerization of NADPH:protochlorophyllide (Pchlide) oxidoreductase from pea (Pisum sativum L.) by structural analysis and simulations. Proteins 2021; 89:1300-1314. [PMID: 34021929 DOI: 10.1002/prot.26151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2020] [Revised: 02/18/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
NADPH:protochlorophyllide (Pchlide) oxidoreductase (POR) is a key enzyme of chlorophyll biosynthesis in angiosperms. It is one of few known photoenzymes, which catalyzes the light-activated trans-reduction of the C17-C18 double bond of Pchlide's porphyrin ring. Due to the light requirement, dark-grown angiosperms cannot synthesize chlorophyll. No crystal structure of POR is available, so to improve understanding of the protein's three-dimensional structure, its dimerization, and binding of ligands (both the cofactor NADPH and substrate Pchlide), we computationally investigated the sequence and structural relationships among homologous proteins identified through database searches. The results indicate that α4 and α7 helices of monomers form the interface of POR dimers. On the basis of conserved residues, we predicted 11 functionally important amino acids that play important roles in POR binding to NADPH. Structural comparison of available crystal structures revealed that they participate in formation of binding pockets that accommodate the Pchlide ligand, and that five atoms of the closed tetrapyrrole are involved in non-bonding interactions. However, we detected no clear pattern in the physico-chemical characteristics of the amino acids they interact with. Thus, we hypothesize that interactions of these atoms in the Pchlide porphyrin ring are important to hold the ligand within the POR binding site. Analysis of Pchlide binding in POR by molecular docking and PELE simulations revealed that the orientation of the nicotinamide group is important for Pchlide binding. These findings highlight the complexity of interactions of porphyrin-containing ligands with proteins, and we suggest that fit-inducing processes play important roles in POR-Pchlide interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hassan Sameer
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Guallar Victor
- ICREA, Passeig Lluís Companys 23, Barcelona, Spain
- Barcelona Supercomputing Center (BSC), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Solymosi Katalin
- Department of Plant Anatomy, Institute of Biology, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Aronsson Henrik
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
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16
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Solymosi K, Mysliwa-Kurdziel B. The Role of Membranes and Lipid-Protein Interactions in the Mg-Branch of Tetrapyrrole Biosynthesis. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:663309. [PMID: 33995458 PMCID: PMC8113382 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.663309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Chlorophyll (Chl) is essential for photosynthesis and needs to be produced throughout the whole plant life, especially under changing light intensity and stress conditions which may result in the destruction and elimination of these pigments. All steps of the Mg-branch of tetrapyrrole biosynthesis leading to Chl formation are carried out by enzymes associated with plastid membranes. Still the significance of these protein-membrane and protein-lipid interactions in Chl synthesis and chloroplast differentiation are not very well-understood. In this review, we provide an overview on Chl biosynthesis in angiosperms with emphasis on its association with membranes and lipids. Moreover, the last steps of the pathway including the reduction of protochlorophyllide (Pchlide) to chlorophyllide (Chlide), the biosynthesis of the isoprenoid phytyl moiety and the esterification of Chlide are also summarized. The unique biochemical and photophysical properties of the light-dependent NADPH:protochlorophyllide oxidoreductase (LPOR) enzyme catalyzing Pchlide photoreduction and located to peculiar tubuloreticular prolamellar body (PLB) membranes of light-deprived tissues of angiosperms and to envelope membranes, as well as to thylakoids (especially grana margins) are also reviewed. Data about the factors influencing tubuloreticular membrane formation within cells, the spectroscopic properties and the in vitro reconstitution of the native LPOR enzyme complexes are also critically discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katalin Solymosi
- Department of Plant Anatomy, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Beata Mysliwa-Kurdziel
- Department of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
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17
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Mishra D, Shekhar S, Chakraborty S, Chakraborty N. Wheat 2-Cys peroxiredoxin plays a dual role in chlorophyll biosynthesis and adaptation to high temperature. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2021; 105:1374-1389. [PMID: 33283912 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.15119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2020] [Revised: 11/28/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
The molecular mechanism of high-temperature stress (HTS) response, in plants, has so far been investigated using transcriptomics, while the dynamics of HTS-responsive proteome remain unexplored. We examined the adaptive responses of the resilient wheat cultivar 'Unnat Halna' and dissected the HTS-responsive proteome landscape. This led to the identification of 55 HTS-responsive proteins (HRPs), which are predominantly involved in metabolism and defense pathways. Interestingly, HRPs included a 2-cysteine peroxiredoxin (2CP), designated Ta2CP, presumably involved in stress perception and adaptation. Complementation of Ta2CP in yeast and heterologous expression in Arabidopsis demonstrated its role in thermotolerance. Both Ta2CP silencing and overexpression inferred the involvement of Ta2CP in plant growth and chlorophyll biosynthesis. We demonstrated that Ta2CP interacts with protochlorophyllide reductase b, TaPORB. Reduced TaPORB expression was found in Ta2cp-silenced plants, while upregulation was observed in Ta2CP-overexpressed plants. Furthermore, the downregulation of Ta2CP in Taporb-silenced plants and reduction of protochlorophyllide in Ta2cp-silenced plants suggested the key role of Ta2CP in chlorophyll metabolism. Additionally, the transcript levels of AGPase1 and starch were increased in Ta2cp-silenced plants. More significantly, HTS-treated Ta2cp-silenced plants showed adaptive responses despite increased reactive oxygen species and peroxide concentrations, which might help in rapid induction of high-temperature acclimation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Divya Mishra
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research, Jawaharlal Nehru University Campus, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Shubhendu Shekhar
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research, Jawaharlal Nehru University Campus, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Subhra Chakraborty
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research, Jawaharlal Nehru University Campus, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Niranjan Chakraborty
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research, Jawaharlal Nehru University Campus, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, 110067, India
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18
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Frontini M, Boisnard A, Frouin J, Ouikene M, Morel JB, Ballini E. Genome-wide association of rice response to blast fungus identifies loci for robust resistance under high nitrogen. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2021; 21:99. [PMID: 33602120 PMCID: PMC7893971 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-021-02864-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2020] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nitrogen fertilization is known to increase disease susceptibility, a phenomenon called Nitrogen-Induced Susceptibility (NIS). In rice, this phenomenon has been observed in infections with the blast fungus Magnaporthe oryzae. A previous classical genetic study revealed a locus (NIS1) that enhances susceptibility to rice blast under high nitrogen fertilization. In order to further address the underlying genetics of plasticity in susceptibility to rice blast after fertilization, we analyzed NIS under greenhouse-controlled conditions in a panel of 139 temperate japonica rice strains. A genome-wide association analysis was conducted to identify loci potentially involved in NIS by comparing susceptibility loci identified under high and low nitrogen conditions, an approach allowing for the identification of loci validated across different nitrogen environments. We also used a novel NIS Index to identify loci potentially contributing to plasticity in susceptibility under different nitrogen fertilization regimes. RESULTS A global NIS effect was observed in the population, with the density of lesions increasing by 8%, on average, under high nitrogen fertilization. Three new QTL, other than NIS1, were identified. A rare allele of the RRobN1 locus on chromosome 6 provides robust resistance in high and low nitrogen environments. A frequent allele of the NIS2 locus, on chromosome 5, exacerbates blast susceptibility under the high nitrogen condition. Finally, an allele of NIS3, on chromosome 10, buffers the increase of susceptibility arising from nitrogen fertilization but increases global levels of susceptibility. This allele is almost fixed in temperate japonicas, as a probable consequence of genetic hitchhiking with a locus involved in cold stress adaptation. CONCLUSIONS Our results extend to an entire rice subspecies the initial finding that nitrogen increases rice blast susceptibility. We demonstrate the usefulness of estimating plasticity for the identification of novel loci involved in the response of rice to the blast fungus under different nitrogen regimes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathias Frontini
- BGPI, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, INRAE, Institut Agro, Montpellier, France
| | | | - Julien Frouin
- AGAP, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, INRAE, Institut Agro, Montpellier, France
| | - Malika Ouikene
- Groupe de Valorisation des Produits Agricoles (GVAPRO), Alger, Algeria
| | - Jean Benoit Morel
- BGPI, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, INRAE, Institut Agro, Montpellier, France
| | - Elsa Ballini
- BGPI, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, INRAE, Institut Agro, Montpellier, France
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19
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Wang M, Chen L, Liang Z, He X, Liu W, Jiang B, Yan J, Sun P, Cao Z, Peng Q, Lin Y. Metabolome and transcriptome analyses reveal chlorophyll and anthocyanin metabolism pathway associated with cucumber fruit skin color. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2020; 20:386. [PMID: 32831013 PMCID: PMC7444041 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-020-02597-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2020] [Accepted: 08/12/2020] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fruit skin color play important role in commercial value of cucumber, which is mainly determined by the content and composition of chlorophyll and anthocyanins. Therefore, understanding the related genes and metabolomics involved in composition of fruit skin color is essential for cucumber quality and commodity value. RESULTS The results showed that chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b and carotenoid content in fruit skin were higher in Lv (dark green skin) than Bai (light green skin) on fruit skin. Cytological observation showed more chloroplast existed in fruit skin cells of Lv. A total of 162 significantly different metabolites were found between the fruit skin of the two genotypes by metabolome analysis, including 40 flavones, 9 flavanones, 8 flavonols, 6 anthocyanins, and other compounds. Crucial anthocyanins and flavonols for fruit skin color, were detected significantly decreased in fruit skin of Bai compared with Lv. By RNA-seq assay, 4516 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified between two cultivars. Further analyses suggested that low expression level of chlorophyll biosynthetic genes, such as chlM, por and NOL caused less chlorophylls or chloroplast in fruit skin of Bai. Meanwhile, a predicted regulatory network of anthocyanin biosynthesis was established to illustrate involving many DEGs, especially 4CL, CHS and UFGT. CONCLUSIONS This study uncovered significant differences between two cucumber genotypes with different fruit color using metabolome and RNA-seq analysis. We lay a foundation to understand molecular regulation mechanism on formation of cucumber skin color, by exploring valuable genes, which is helpful for cucumber breeding and improvement on fruit skin color.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Wang
- Vegetable Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for New Technology Research of Vegetables, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Lin Chen
- Vegetable Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for New Technology Research of Vegetables, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Zhaojun Liang
- Vegetable Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for New Technology Research of Vegetables, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Xiaoming He
- Vegetable Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for New Technology Research of Vegetables, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Wenrui Liu
- Vegetable Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for New Technology Research of Vegetables, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Biao Jiang
- Vegetable Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for New Technology Research of Vegetables, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Jinqiang Yan
- Vegetable Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for New Technology Research of Vegetables, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Piaoyun Sun
- Vegetable Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for New Technology Research of Vegetables, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Zhenqiang Cao
- Vegetable Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for New Technology Research of Vegetables, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Qingwu Peng
- Vegetable Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China.
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for New Technology Research of Vegetables, Guangzhou, 510640, China.
| | - Yu'e Lin
- Vegetable Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China.
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for New Technology Research of Vegetables, Guangzhou, 510640, China.
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20
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Azarin K, Usatov A, Makarenko M, Kozel N, Kovalevich A, Dremuk I, Yemelyanova A, Logacheva M, Fedorenko A, Averina N. A point mutation in the photosystem I P700 chlorophyll a apoprotein A1 gene confers variegation in Helianthus annuus L. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2020; 103:373-389. [PMID: 32166486 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-020-00997-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2019] [Accepted: 03/09/2020] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Even a point mutation in the psaA gene mediates chlorophyll deficiency. The role of the plastid signal may perform the redox state of the compounds on the acceptor-side of PSI. Two extranuclear variegated mutants of sunflower, Var1 and Var33, were investigated. The yellow sectors of both mutants were characterized by an extremely low chlorophyll and carotenoid content, as well as poorly developed, unstacked thylakoid membranes. A full-genome sequencing of the cpDNA revealed mutations in the psaA gene in both Var1 and Var33. The cpDNA from the yellow sectors of Var1 differs from those in the wild type by only a single, non-synonymous substitution (Gly734Glu) in the psaA gene, which encodes a subunit of photosystem (PS) I. In the cpDNA from the yellow sectors of Var33, the single-nucleotide insertion in the psaA gene was revealed, leading to frameshift at the 580 amino acid position. Analysis of the photosynthetic electron transport demonstrated an inhibition of the PSI and PSII activities in the yellow tissues of the mutant plants. It has been suggested that mutations in the psaA gene of both Var1 and Var33 led to the disruption of PSI. Due to the non-functional PSI, photosynthetic electron transport is blocked, which, in turn, leads to photodamage of PSII. These data are confirmed by immunoblotting analysis, which showed a significant reduction in PsbA in the yellow leaf sectors, but not PsaA. The expression of chloroplast and nuclear genes encoding the PSI subunits (psaA, psaB, and PSAN), the PSII subunits (psbA, psbB, and PSBW), the antenna proteins (LHCA1, LHCB1, and LHCB4), the ribulose 1.5-bisphosphate carboxylase subunits (rbcL and RbcS), and enzymes of chlorophyll biosynthesis were down-regulated in the yellow leaf tissue. The extremely reduced transcriptional activity of the two protochlorophyllide oxidoreductase (POR) genes involved in chlorophyll biosynthesis is noteworthy. The disruption of NADPH synthesis, due to the non-functional PSI, probably led to a significant reduction in NADPH-protochlorophyllide oxidoreductase in the yellow sectors of Var1 and Var33. A dramatic decrease in chlorophyllide was shown in the yellow sectors. A reduction in NADPH-protochlorophyllide oxidoreductase, along with photodegradation, has been suggested as a result of chlorophyll deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirill Azarin
- Southern Federal University, Rostov-on-Don, Russian Federation.
| | | | - Maksim Makarenko
- Southern Federal University, Rostov-on-Don, Russian Federation
- Institute for Information Transmission Problems, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Nikolay Kozel
- Institute of Biophysics and Cell Engineering, National Academy of Sciences of Belarus, Minsk, Belarus
| | | | - Irina Dremuk
- Institute of Biophysics and Cell Engineering, National Academy of Sciences of Belarus, Minsk, Belarus
| | - Anna Yemelyanova
- Institute of Biophysics and Cell Engineering, National Academy of Sciences of Belarus, Minsk, Belarus
| | - Mariya Logacheva
- Institute for Information Transmission Problems, Moscow, Russian Federation
- Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | | | - Nataliya Averina
- Institute of Biophysics and Cell Engineering, National Academy of Sciences of Belarus, Minsk, Belarus
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21
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Dixit S, Singh UM, Singh AK, Alam S, Venkateshwarlu C, Nachimuthu VV, Yadav S, Abbai R, Selvaraj R, Devi MN, Ramayya PJ, Badri J, Ram T, Lakshmi J, Lakshmidevi G, Lrk JV, Padmakumari AP, Laha GS, Prasad MS, Seetalam M, Singh VK, Kumar A. Marker Assisted Forward Breeding to Combine Multiple Biotic-Abiotic Stress Resistance/Tolerance in Rice. RICE (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2020; 13:29. [PMID: 32472217 PMCID: PMC7260318 DOI: 10.1186/s12284-020-00391-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2019] [Accepted: 05/12/2020] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Unfavorable climatic changes have led to an increased threat of several biotic and abiotic stresses over the past few years. Looking at the massive damage caused by these stresses, we undertook a study to develop high yielding climate-resilient rice, using genes conferring resistance against blast (Pi9), bacterial leaf blight (BLB) (Xa4, xa5, xa13, Xa21), brown planthopper (BPH) (Bph3, Bph17), gall midge (GM) (Gm4, Gm8) and QTLs for drought tolerance (qDTY1.1 and qDTY3.1) through marker-assisted forward breeding (MAFB) approach. RESULT Seven introgression lines (ILs) possessing a combination of seven to ten genes/QTLs for different biotic and abiotic stresses have been developed using marker-assisted selection (MAS) breeding method in the background of Swarna with drought QTLs. These ILs were superior to the respective recurrent parent in agronomic performance and also possess preferred grain quality with intermediate to high amylose content (AC) (23-26%). Out of these, three ILs viz., IL1 (Pi9+ Xa4+ xa5+ Xa21+ Bph17+ Gm8+ qDTY1.1+ qDTY3.1), IL6 (Pi9+ Xa4+ xa5+ Xa21+ Bph3+ Bph17+ Gm4+ Gm8+ qDTY1.1+ qDTY3.1) and IL7 (Pi9+ Xa4+ xa5+ Bph3+ Gm4+ qDTY1.1+ qDTY3.1) had shown resistance\tolerance for multiple biotic and abiotic stresses both in the field and glasshouse conditions. Overall, the ILs were high yielding under various stresses and importantly they also performed well in non-stress conditions without any yield penalty. CONCLUSION The current study clearly illustrated the success of MAS in combining tolerance to multiple biotic and abiotic stresses while maintaining higher yield potential and preferred grain quality. Developed ILs with seven to ten genes in the current study showed superiority to recurrent parent Swarna+drought for multiple-biotic stresses (blast, BLB, BPH and GM) together with yield advantages of 1.0 t ha- 1 under drought condition, without adverse effect on grain quality traits under non-stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shilpi Dixit
- International Rice Research Institute (IRRI), South-Asia Hub, ICRISAT, Hyderabad, India
| | - Uma Maheshwar Singh
- International Rice Research Institute (IRRI), South-Asia Hub, ICRISAT, Hyderabad, India
- International Rice Research Institute, South Asia Regional Centre (ISARC), Varanasi, 221006, India
| | - Arun Kumar Singh
- International Rice Research Institute (IRRI), South-Asia Hub, ICRISAT, Hyderabad, India
| | - Shamshad Alam
- International Rice Research Institute (IRRI), South-Asia Hub, ICRISAT, Hyderabad, India
| | - Challa Venkateshwarlu
- International Rice Research Institute (IRRI), South-Asia Hub, ICRISAT, Hyderabad, India
| | | | - Shailesh Yadav
- International Rice Research Institute (IRRI), South-Asia Hub, ICRISAT, Hyderabad, India
| | - Ragavendran Abbai
- International Rice Research Institute (IRRI), South-Asia Hub, ICRISAT, Hyderabad, India
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Gatersleben, Germany
| | - Ramchander Selvaraj
- International Rice Research Institute (IRRI), South-Asia Hub, ICRISAT, Hyderabad, India
| | - M Nagamallika Devi
- International Rice Research Institute (IRRI), South-Asia Hub, ICRISAT, Hyderabad, India
| | | | - Jyothi Badri
- ICAR-Indian Institute of Rice Research (IIRR), Rajendranagar, Hyderabad, India
| | - T Ram
- ICAR-Indian Institute of Rice Research (IIRR), Rajendranagar, Hyderabad, India
| | - Jhansi Lakshmi
- ICAR-Indian Institute of Rice Research (IIRR), Rajendranagar, Hyderabad, India
| | - G Lakshmidevi
- ICAR-Indian Institute of Rice Research (IIRR), Rajendranagar, Hyderabad, India
| | - Jai Vidhya Lrk
- ICAR-Indian Institute of Rice Research (IIRR), Rajendranagar, Hyderabad, India
| | | | - G S Laha
- ICAR-Indian Institute of Rice Research (IIRR), Rajendranagar, Hyderabad, India
| | - M S Prasad
- ICAR-Indian Institute of Rice Research (IIRR), Rajendranagar, Hyderabad, India
| | - Malathi Seetalam
- Professor Jayashankar Telangana State Agricultural University (PJTSAU), RARS, Warangal, India
| | - Vikas Kumar Singh
- International Rice Research Institute (IRRI), South-Asia Hub, ICRISAT, Hyderabad, India
| | - Arvind Kumar
- International Rice Research Institute (IRRI), South-Asia Hub, ICRISAT, Hyderabad, India.
- International Rice Research Institute, South Asia Regional Centre (ISARC), Varanasi, 221006, India.
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22
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Map-Based Cloning and Functional Analysis of YE1 in Rice, Which Is Involved in Light-Dependent Chlorophyll Biogenesis and Photoperiodic Flowering Pathway. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20030758. [PMID: 30754644 PMCID: PMC6387406 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20030758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2019] [Revised: 02/04/2019] [Accepted: 02/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Light is one of the most important environmental factors that affect many aspects of plant growth, including chlorophyll (Chl) synthesis and flowering time. Here, we identified a rice mutant, yellow leaf and early flowering (ye1), and characterized the gene YE1 by using a map-based cloning method. YE1 encodes a heme oxygenase, which is localized to the chloroplasts. YE1 is expressed in various green tissues, especially in leaves, with a diurnal-rhythmic expression pattern, and its transcripts is also induced by light during leaf-greening. The mutant displays decreased Chl contents with less and disorderly thylakoid lamellar layers in chloroplasts, which reduced the photosynthesis rate. The early flowering phenotype of ye1 was not photoperiod-sensitive. Furthermore, the expression levels of Chl biosynthetic genes were downregulated in ye1 seedlings during de-etiolation responses to light. We also found that rhythmic expression patterns of genes involved in photoperiodic flowering were altered in the mutant. Based on these results, we infer that YE1 plays an important role in light-dependent Chl biogenesis as well as photoperiodic flowering pathway in rice.
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23
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Kim SH, Kwon CT, Song G, Koh HJ, An G, Paek NC. The rice zebra3 (z3) mutation disrupts citrate distribution and produces transverse dark-green/green variegation in mature leaves. RICE (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2018; 11:1. [PMID: 29305728 PMCID: PMC5756232 DOI: 10.1186/s12284-017-0196-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2017] [Accepted: 12/27/2017] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rice zebra mutants are leaf variegation mutants that exhibit transverse sectors of green/yellow or green/white in developing or mature leaves. In most cases, leaf variegation is caused by defects in chloroplast biogenesis pathways, leading to an accumulation of reactive oxygen species in a transverse pattern in the leaves. Here, we examine a new type of leaf variegation mutant in rice, zebra3 (z3), which exhibits transverse dark-green/green sectors in mature leaves and lacks the typical yellow or white sectors. RESULTS Map-based cloning revealed that the Z3 locus encodes a putative citrate transporter that belongs to the citrate-metal hydrogen symport (CitMHS) family. CitMHS family members have been extensively studied in bacteria and function as secondary transporters that can transport metal-citrate complexes, but whether CitMHS family transporters exist in eukaryotes remains unknown. To investigate whether Z3 acts as a citrate transporter in rice, we measured citrate levels in wild-type leaves and in the dark-green and green sectors of the leaves of z3 mutants. The results showed that citrates accumulated to high levels in the dark-green sectors of z3 mutant leaves, but not in the green sectors as compared with the wild-type leaves. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that leaf variegation in the z3 mutant is caused by an unbalanced accumulation of citrate in a transverse pattern in the leaves. Taking these results together, we propose that Z3 plays an important role in citrate transport and distribution during leaf development and is a possible candidate for a CitMHS family member in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suk-Hwan Kim
- Department of Plant Science, Plant Genomics and Breeding Institute, Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Choon-Tak Kwon
- Department of Plant Science, Plant Genomics and Breeding Institute, Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
- Present address: Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY, 11724, USA
| | - Giha Song
- Department of Plant Science, Plant Genomics and Breeding Institute, Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee-Jong Koh
- Department of Plant Science, Plant Genomics and Breeding Institute, Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Gynheung An
- Crop Biotech Institute and Graduate School of Biotechnology, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, 17104, Republic of Korea
| | - Nam-Chon Paek
- Department of Plant Science, Plant Genomics and Breeding Institute, Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea.
- Crop Biotechnology Institute, Institutes of Green Bio Science and Technology, Seoul National University, Pyeongchang, 25354, Republic of Korea.
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24
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Song G, Kwon CT, Kim SH, Shim Y, Lim C, Koh HJ, An G, Kang K, Paek NC. The Rice SPOTTED LEAF4 ( SPL4) Encodes a Plant Spastin That Inhibits ROS Accumulation in Leaf Development and Functions in Leaf Senescence. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 9:1925. [PMID: 30666263 PMCID: PMC6330318 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.01925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2018] [Accepted: 12/11/2018] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Lesion mimic mutants (LMMs) are usually controlled by single recessive mutations that cause the formation of necrotic lesions without pathogen invasion. These genetic defects are useful to reveal the regulatory mechanisms of defense-related programmed cell death in plants. Molecular evidence has been suggested that some of LMMs are closely associated with the regulation of leaf senescence in rice (Oryza sativa). Here, we characterized the mutation underlying spotted leaf4 (spl4), which results in lesion formation and also affects leaf senescence in rice. Map-based cloning revealed that the γ ray-induced spl4-1 mutant has a single base substitution in the splicing site of the SPL4 locus, resulting in a 13-bp deletion within the encoded microtubule-interacting-and-transport (MIT) spastin protein containing an AAA-type ATPase domain. The T-DNA insertion spl4-2 mutant exhibited spontaneous lesions similar to those of the spl4-1 mutant, confirming that SPL4 is responsible for the LMM phenotype. In addition, both spl4 mutants exhibited delayed leaf yellowing during dark-induced or natural senescence. Western blot analysis of spl4 mutant leaves suggested possible roles for SPL4 in the degradation of photosynthetic proteins. Punctate signals of SPL4-fused fluorescent proteins were detected in the cytoplasm, similar to the cellular localization of animal spastin. Based on these findings, we propose that SPL4 is a plant spastin that is involved in multiple aspects of leaf development, including senescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giha Song
- Department of Plant Science, Plant Genomics and Breeding Institute, Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Choon-Tak Kwon
- Department of Plant Science, Plant Genomics and Breeding Institute, Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Suk-Hwan Kim
- Department of Plant Science, Plant Genomics and Breeding Institute, Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Yejin Shim
- Department of Plant Science, Plant Genomics and Breeding Institute, Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Chaemyeong Lim
- Department of Plant Science, Plant Genomics and Breeding Institute, Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Hee-Jong Koh
- Department of Plant Science, Plant Genomics and Breeding Institute, Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Gynheung An
- Department of Plant Molecular Systems Biotechnology, Crop Biotech Institute, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Kiyoon Kang
- Department of Plant Science, Plant Genomics and Breeding Institute, Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
- *Correspondence: Kiyoon Kang, Nam-Chon Paek,
| | - Nam-Chon Paek
- Department of Plant Science, Plant Genomics and Breeding Institute, Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
- *Correspondence: Kiyoon Kang, Nam-Chon Paek,
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25
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Sakuraba Y, Kim EY, Han SH, Piao W, An G, Todaka D, Yamaguchi-Shinozaki K, Paek NC. Rice Phytochrome-Interacting Factor-Like1 (OsPIL1) is involved in the promotion of chlorophyll biosynthesis through feed-forward regulatory loops. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2017; 68:4103-4114. [PMID: 28922754 PMCID: PMC5853433 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erx231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2017] [Accepted: 06/09/2017] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
In phototrophic plants, the highly conserved and tightly regulated process of chlorophyll (Chl) biosynthesis comprises multi-step reactions involving more than 15 enzymes. Since the efficiency of Chl biosynthesis strongly affects plant productivity, understanding the underlying regulatory mechanisms in crop plants can be useful for strategies to increase grain and biomass yields. Here, we show that rice (Oryza sativa) Phytochrome-Interacting Factor-Like1 (OsPIL1), a basic helix-loop-helix transcription factor, promotes Chl biosynthesis. The T-DNA insertion knockdown ospil1 mutant showed a pale-green phenotype when grown in a natural paddy field. Transcriptome analysis revealed that several genes responsible for Chl biosynthesis and photosynthesis were significantly down-regulated in ospil1 leaves. Using promoter binding and transactivation assays, we found that OsPIL1 binds to the promoters of two Chl biosynthetic genes, OsPORB and OsCAO1, and promotes their transcription. In addition, OsPIL1 directly up-regulates the expression of two transcription factor genes, GOLDEN2-LIKE1 (OsGLK1) and OsGLK2. OsGLK1 and OsGLK2 both bind to the promoters of OsPORB and OsCAO1, as well as some of genes encoding the light-harvesting complex of photosystems, probably promoting their transcription. Thus, OsPIL1 is involved in the promotion of Chl biosynthesis by up-regulating the transcription of OsPORB and OsCAO1 via trifurcate feed-forward regulatory loops involving two OsGLKs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuhito Sakuraba
- Department of Plant Science, Plant Genomics and Breeding Institute, and Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun-Young Kim
- Department of Plant Science, Plant Genomics and Breeding Institute, and Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Su-Hyun Han
- Department of Plant Science, Plant Genomics and Breeding Institute, and Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Weilan Piao
- Department of Plant Science, Plant Genomics and Breeding Institute, and Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Gynheung An
- Department of Plant Molecular Systems Biotechnology, Crop Biotech Institute, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, Republic of Korea
| | - Daisuke Todaka
- Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Nam-Chon Paek
- Department of Plant Science, Plant Genomics and Breeding Institute, and Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Correspondence:
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