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Wang J, Belosevic M, Stafford JL. Identification of goldfish (Carassius auratus L.) leukocyte immune-type receptors shows alternative splicing as a potential mechanism for receptor diversification. Mol Immunol 2020; 125:83-94. [PMID: 32652363 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2020.06.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2020] [Revised: 06/15/2020] [Accepted: 06/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Leukocyte immune-type receptors (LITRs) are a multigene family of teleost immunoregulatory proteins that share structural, phylogenetic, and likely functional relationships with several innate immune receptor proteins in other vertebrates, including mammals. Originally discovered in channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus), representative IpLITR-types have been shown to regulate diverse innate immune cell effector responses including phagocytosis, degranulation, and cytokine secretion. To date, IpLITRs have been primarily characterized using mammalian cell line expression systems, therefore many unanswered questions remain regarding their actual regulatory roles in fish immunity. In the present study, we report on the preliminary molecular characterization of five goldfish (Carassius auratus) CaLITR-types and the identification of several putative splice variants of these receptors cloned from various goldfish tissues and primary myeloid cell cultures. In general, CaLITR mRNA transcripts were detected in all goldfish tissues tested, and also in primary kidney macrophage and neutrophil cultures. Specifically, CaLITR1 is a functionally ambiguous receptor with no charged amino acids in its transmembrane (TM) segment and is devoid of tyrosine-based signaling motifs in its short cytoplasmic tail (CYT) region. CaLITR2 is a putative activating receptor-type that contains immunotyrosine-based activation motifs (ITAMs) within its long CYT region, and CaLITR3 has a positively charged TM segment, suggesting that it may recruit intracellular stimulatory adaptor signaling molecules. CaLITR4 and CaLITR5 appear to have diverse signaling capabilities since they contain various immunoregulatory signaling motifs within their CYT regions including putative Nck and STAT recruitment motifs as well as ITAM-like and ITIM sequences. We also identified putative CaLITR splice variants with altered extracellular Ig-like domain compositions and variable CYT regions. Interestingly, this suggests that alternative splicing-mediated diversification of CaLITRs can generate receptor forms with possible variable binding and/or intracellular signaling abilities. Overall, these findings reveal new information about the teleost LITRs and sets the stage for exploring how alternative splicing leads to the functional diversification of this complex multigene immunoregulatory receptor family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiahui Wang
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Alberta, Canada
| | - Miodrag Belosevic
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Alberta, Canada
| | - James L Stafford
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Alberta, Canada.
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Bonsignore P, Kuiper JWP, Adrian J, Goob G, Hauck CR. CEACAM3-A Prim(at)e Invention for Opsonin-Independent Phagocytosis of Bacteria. Front Immunol 2020; 10:3160. [PMID: 32117212 PMCID: PMC7026191 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.03160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2019] [Accepted: 12/31/2019] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Phagocytosis is one of the key innate defense mechanisms executed by specialized cells in multicellular animals. Recent evidence suggests that a particular phagocytic receptor expressed by human polymorphonuclear granulocytes, the carcinoembryonic antigen-related cell adhesion molecule 3 (CEACAM3), is one of the fastest-evolving human proteins. In this focused review, we will try to resolve the conundrum why a conserved process such as phagocytosis is conducted by a rapidly changing receptor. Therefore, we will first summarize the biochemical and structural details of this immunoglobulin-related glycoprotein in the context of the human CEACAM family. The function of CEACAM3 for the efficient, opsonin-independent detection and phagocytosis of highly specialized, host-restricted bacteria will be further elaborated. Taking into account the decisive role of CEACAM3 in the interaction with pathogenic bacteria, we will discuss the evolutionary trajectory of the CEACAM3 gene within the primate lineage and highlight the consequences of CEACAM3 polymorphisms in human populations. From a synopsis of these studies, CEACAM3 emerges as an important component of human innate immunity and a prominent example of a dedicated receptor for professional phagocytosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrizia Bonsignore
- Lehrstuhl Zellbiologie, Fachbereich Biologie, Universität Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Johannes W P Kuiper
- Lehrstuhl Zellbiologie, Fachbereich Biologie, Universität Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Jonas Adrian
- Lehrstuhl Zellbiologie, Fachbereich Biologie, Universität Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Griseldis Goob
- Lehrstuhl Zellbiologie, Fachbereich Biologie, Universität Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Christof R Hauck
- Lehrstuhl Zellbiologie, Fachbereich Biologie, Universität Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany.,Konstanz Research School Chemical Biology, Universität Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
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Hänske J, Hammacher T, Grenkowitz F, Mansfeld M, Dau TH, Maksimov P, Friedrich C, Zimmermann W, Kammerer R. Natural selection supports escape from concerted evolution of a recently duplicated CEACAM1 paralog in the ruminant CEA gene family. Sci Rep 2020; 10:3404. [PMID: 32099040 PMCID: PMC7042247 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-60425-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2018] [Accepted: 01/31/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Concerted evolution is often observed in multigene families such as the CEA gene family. As a result, sequence similarity of paralogous genes is significantly higher than expected from their evolutionary distance. Gene conversion, a “copy paste” DNA repair mechanism that transfers sequences from one gene to another and homologous recombination are drivers of concerted evolution. Nevertheless, some gene family members escape concerted evolution and acquire sufficient sequence differences that orthologous genes can be assigned in descendant species. Reasons why some gene family members can escape while others are captured by concerted evolution are poorly understood. By analyzing the entire CEA gene family in cattle (Bos taurus) we identified a member (CEACAM32) that was created by gene duplication and cooption of a unique transmembrane domain exon in the most recent ancestor of ruminants. CEACAM32 shows a unique, testis-specific expression pattern. Phylogenetic analysis indicated that CEACAM32 is not involved in concerted evolution of CEACAM1 paralogs in ruminants. However, analysis of gene conversion events revealed that CEACAM32 is subject to gene conversion but remarkably, these events are found in the leader exon and intron sequences but not in exons coding for the Ig-like domains. These findings suggest that natural selection hinders gene conversion affecting protein sequences of the mature protein and thereby support escape of CEACAM32 from concerted evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana Hänske
- Institute of Immunology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institute, Greifswald - Insel Riems, Germany.,Landesuntersuchungsanstalt für das Gesundheits- und Veterinärwesen Sachsen, Dresden, Germany
| | - Tim Hammacher
- Institute of Immunology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institute, Greifswald - Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Franziska Grenkowitz
- Institute of Immunology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institute, Greifswald - Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Martin Mansfeld
- Institute of Immunology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institute, Greifswald - Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Tung Huy Dau
- Institute of Immunology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institute, Greifswald - Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Pavlo Maksimov
- Institute of Epidemiology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institute, Greifswald - InselRiems, Germany
| | - Christin Friedrich
- Institute of Immunology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institute, Greifswald - Insel Riems, Germany.,Institute of Systems Immunology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Zimmermann
- Tumor Immunology Laboratory, LIFE Center, Department of Urology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
| | - Robert Kammerer
- Institute of Immunology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institute, Greifswald - Insel Riems, Germany.
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Kim SW, Jo A, Im J, Lee HE, Kim HS. Expression analysis of miR-221-3p and its target genes in horses. Genes Genomics 2019; 41:459-465. [PMID: 30604147 DOI: 10.1007/s13258-018-00778-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2018] [Accepted: 12/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A microRNA (miRNA) is a small non-coding RNA (ncRNA) approximately 20 nucleotides long and it affects gene expression through mRNA cleavage or translational repression. Horses (Equus caballus) have been domesticated and bred to enhance their speed for racing. It has been studied extensively with genetic diversity, origins and evolution. OBJECTIVES We examined expression patterns of miR-221-3p and its target gene CDKN1C in various horse tissues. METHODS We used bioinformatic tools to examine target gene, seed region and evolutionary conservation of miR-221-3p. The expression patterns of miR-221-3p and its target gene CDKN1C were analyzed by quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). RESULTS Among eight tissues of horse, miR-221-3p was highly expressed in cerebellum and spleen. On the other hand, only medulla was highly expressed in CDKN1C gene. CONCLUSION Our study provides expression data of miR-221-3p and CDKN1C gene in horse and suggests the fundamental information for future studies in relation to functional importance.
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Affiliation(s)
- So-Won Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Pusan National University, Busan, 46241, Republic of Korea.,Institute of Systems Biology, Pusan National University, Busan, 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Ara Jo
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Pusan National University, Busan, 46241, Republic of Korea.,Institute of Systems Biology, Pusan National University, Busan, 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Jennifer Im
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Pusan National University, Busan, 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee-Eun Lee
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Pusan National University, Busan, 46241, Republic of Korea.,Institute of Systems Biology, Pusan National University, Busan, 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Heui-Soo Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Pusan National University, Busan, 46241, Republic of Korea. .,Institute of Systems Biology, Pusan National University, Busan, 46241, Republic of Korea.
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