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Renoz F, Parisot N, Baa-Puyoulet P, Gerlin L, Fakhour S, Charles H, Hance T, Calevro F. PacBio Hi-Fi genome assembly of Sipha maydis, a model for the study of multipartite mutualism in insects. Sci Data 2024; 11:450. [PMID: 38704391 PMCID: PMC11069519 DOI: 10.1038/s41597-024-03297-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2023] [Accepted: 04/23/2024] [Indexed: 05/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Dependence on multiple nutritional endosymbionts has evolved repeatedly in insects feeding on unbalanced diets. However, reference genomes for species hosting multi-symbiotic nutritional systems are lacking, even though they are essential for deciphering the processes governing cooperative life between insects and anatomically integrated symbionts. The cereal aphid Sipha maydis is a promising model for addressing these issues, as it has evolved a nutritional dependence on two bacterial endosymbionts that complement each other. In this study, we used PacBio High fidelity (HiFi) long-read sequencing to generate a highly contiguous genome assembly of S. maydis with a length of 410 Mb, 3,570 contigs with a contig N50 length of 187 kb, and BUSCO completeness of 95.5%. We identified 117 Mb of repetitive sequences, accounting for 29% of the genome assembly, and predicted 24,453 protein-coding genes, of which 2,541 were predicted enzymes included in an integrated metabolic network with the two aphid-associated endosymbionts. These resources provide valuable genetic and metabolic information for understanding the evolution and functioning of multi-symbiotic systems in insects.
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Affiliation(s)
- François Renoz
- Biodiversity Research Centre, Earth and Life Institute, UCLouvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, 1348, Belgium.
- Univ Lyon, INSA Lyon, INRAE, BF2I, UMR203, Villeurbanne, F-69621, France.
- Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8634, Japan.
| | - Nicolas Parisot
- Univ Lyon, INSA Lyon, INRAE, BF2I, UMR203, Villeurbanne, F-69621, France.
| | | | - Léo Gerlin
- Univ Lyon, INRAE, INSA Lyon, BF2I, UMR203, Villeurbanne, F-69621, France
| | - Samir Fakhour
- Biodiversity Research Centre, Earth and Life Institute, UCLouvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, 1348, Belgium
- Department of Plant Protection, National Institute for Agricultural Research (INRA), Béni-Mellal, 23000, Morocco
| | - Hubert Charles
- Univ Lyon, INSA Lyon, INRAE, BF2I, UMR203, Villeurbanne, F-69621, France
| | - Thierry Hance
- Biodiversity Research Centre, Earth and Life Institute, UCLouvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, 1348, Belgium
| | - Federica Calevro
- Univ Lyon, INRAE, INSA Lyon, BF2I, UMR203, Villeurbanne, F-69621, France.
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Kaweesi T, Colvin J, Campbell L, Visendi P, Maslen G, Alicai T, Seal S. In silico prediction of candidate gene targets for the management of African cassava whitefly ( Bemisia tabaci, SSA1-SG1), a key vector of viruses causing cassava brown streak disease. PeerJ 2024; 12:e16949. [PMID: 38410806 PMCID: PMC10896082 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.16949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2024] [Indexed: 02/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Whiteflies (Bemisia tabaci sensu lato) have a wide host range and are globally important agricultural pests. In Sub-Saharan Africa, they vector viruses that cause two ongoing disease epidemics: cassava brown streak disease and cassava mosaic virus disease. These two diseases threaten food security for more than 800 million people in Sub-Saharan Africa. Efforts are ongoing to identify target genes for the development of novel management options against the whitefly populations that vector these devastating viral diseases affecting cassava production in Sub-Saharan Africa. This study aimed to identify genes that mediate osmoregulation and symbiosis functions within cassava whitefly gut and bacteriocytes and evaluate their potential as key gene targets for novel whitefly control strategies. The gene expression profiles of dissected guts, bacteriocytes and whole bodies were compared by RNAseq analysis to identify genes with significantly enriched expression in the gut and bacteriocytes. Phylogenetic analyses identified three candidate osmoregulation gene targets: two α-glucosidases, SUC 1 and SUC 2 with predicted function in sugar transformations that reduce osmotic pressure in the gut; and a water-specific aquaporin (AQP1) mediating water cycling from the distal to the proximal end of the gut. Expression of the genes in the gut was enriched 23.67-, 26.54- and 22.30-fold, respectively. Genome-wide metabolic reconstruction coupled with constraint-based modeling revealed four genes (argH, lysA, BCAT & dapB) within the bacteriocytes as potential targets for the management of cassava whiteflies. These genes were selected based on their role and essentiality within the different essential amino acid biosynthesis pathways. A demonstration of candidate osmoregulation and symbiosis gene targets in other species of the Bemisia tabaci species complex that are orthologs of the empirically validated osmoregulation genes highlights the latter as promising gene targets for the control of cassava whitefly pests by in planta RNA interference.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tadeo Kaweesi
- Natural Resources Institute, University of greenwich, Chatham Maritime, Kent, United Kingdom
- Rwebitaba Zonal Agricultural Research and Development Institute, National Agricultural Research Organization, Fort Portal, Kabarole, Uganda
- National Crops Resources Research Institute, National Agricultural Research Organization, Kampala, Uganda
| | - John Colvin
- Natural Resources Institute, University of greenwich, Chatham Maritime, Kent, United Kingdom
| | - Lahcen Campbell
- Wellcome Genome Campus, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute (EMBL-EBI), Hinxton, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Paul Visendi
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Innovations in Peptide and Protein Science, The University of Queensland, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Gareth Maslen
- Wellcome Genome Campus, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute (EMBL-EBI), Hinxton, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Titus Alicai
- National Crops Resources Research Institute, National Agricultural Research Organization, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Susan Seal
- Natural Resources Institute, University of greenwich, Chatham Maritime, Kent, United Kingdom
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Morin S, Atkinson PW, Walling LL. Whitefly-Plant Interactions: An Integrated Molecular Perspective. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ENTOMOLOGY 2024; 69:503-525. [PMID: 37816261 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-ento-120120-093940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/12/2023]
Abstract
The rapid advances in available transcriptomic and genomic data and our understanding of the physiology and biochemistry of whitefly-plant interactions have allowed us to gain new and significant insights into the biology of whiteflies and their successful adaptation to host plants. In this review, we provide a comprehensive overview of the mechanisms that whiteflies have evolved to overcome the challenges of feeding on phloem sap. We also highlight the evolution and functions of gene families involved in host perception, evaluation, and manipulation; primary metabolism; and metabolite detoxification. We discuss the emerging themes in plant immunity to whiteflies, focusing on whitefly effectors and their sites of action in plant defense-signaling pathways. We conclude with a discussion of advances in the genetic manipulation of whiteflies and the potential that they hold for exploring the interactions between whiteflies and their host plants, as well as the development of novel strategies for the genetic control of whiteflies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shai Morin
- Department of Entomology, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel;
| | - Peter W Atkinson
- Department of Entomology, University of California, Riverside, California, USA;
| | - Linda L Walling
- Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, University of California, Riverside, California, USA;
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Renoz F. The nutritional dimension of facultative bacterial symbiosis in aphids: Current status and methodological considerations for future research. CURRENT RESEARCH IN INSECT SCIENCE 2023; 5:100070. [PMID: 38222793 PMCID: PMC10787254 DOI: 10.1016/j.cris.2023.100070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2023] [Revised: 11/22/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/16/2024]
Abstract
Aphids are valuable models for studying the functional diversity of bacterial symbiosis in insects. In addition to their ancestral obligate nutritional symbiont Buchnera aphidicola, these insects can host a myriad of so-called facultative symbionts. The diversity of these heritable bacterial associates is now well known, and some of the ecologically important traits associated with them have been well documented. Some twenty years ago, it was suggested that facultative symbionts could play an important role in aphid nutrition, notably by improving feeding performance on specific host plants, thus influencing the adaptation of these insects to host plants. However, the underlying mechanisms have never been elucidated, and the nutritional role that facultative symbionts might perform in aphids remains enigmatic. In this opinion piece, I put forward a series of arguments in support of the hypothesis that facultative symbionts play a central role in aphid nutrition and emphasize methodological considerations for testing this hypothesis in future work. In particular, I hypothesize that the metabolic capacities of B. aphidicola alone may not always be able to counterbalance the nutritional deficiencies of phloem sap. The association with one or several facultative symbionts with extensive metabolic capabilities would then be necessary to buffer the insect from host plant-derived nutrient deficiencies, thus enabling it to gain access to certain host plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- François Renoz
- Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8634, Japan
- Biodiversity Research Centre, Earth and Life Institute, UCLouvain, Croix du Sud 4-5, 1348, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
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Giorgini M, Formisano G, García-García R, Bernat-Ponce S, Beitia F. The Susceptibility of Bemisia tabaci Mediterranean (MED) Species to Attack by a Parasitoid Wasp Changes between Two Whitefly Strains with Different Facultative Endosymbiotic Bacteria. INSECTS 2023; 14:808. [PMID: 37887820 PMCID: PMC10607859 DOI: 10.3390/insects14100808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2023] [Revised: 09/22/2023] [Accepted: 10/06/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023]
Abstract
In this study, two strains of the mitochondrial lineage Q1 of Bemisia tabaci MED species, characterized by a different complement of facultative bacterial endosymbionts, were tested for their susceptibility to be attacked by the parasitoid wasp Eretmocerus mundus, a widespread natural enemy of B. tabaci. Notably, the BtHC strain infected with Hamiltonella and Cardinium was more resistant to parasitization than the BtHR strain infected with Hamiltonella and Rickettsia. The resistant phenotype consisted of fewer nymphs successfully parasitized (containing the parasitoid mature larva or pupa) and in a lower percentage of adult wasps emerging from parasitized nymphs. Interestingly, the resistance traits were not evident when E. mundus parasitism was compared between BtHC and BtHR using parasitoids originating from a colony maintained on BtHC. However, when we moved the parasitoid colony on BtHR and tested E. mundus after it was reared on BtHR for four and seven generations, we saw then that BtHC was less susceptible to parasitization than BtHR. On the other hand, we did not detect any difference in the parasitization of the BtHR strain between the three generations of E. mundus tested. Our findings showed that host strain is a factor affecting the ability of E. mundus to parasitize B. tabaci and lay the basis for further studies aimed at disentangling the role of the facultative endosymbiont Cardinium and of the genetic background in the resistance of B. tabaci MED to parasitoid attack. Furthermore, they highlight that counteradaptations to the variation of B. tabaci defence mechanisms may be rapidly selected in E. mundus to maximize the parasitoid fitness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Massimo Giorgini
- Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, National Research Council of Italy (IPSP-CNR), 80055 Portici, Italy;
| | - Giorgio Formisano
- Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, National Research Council of Italy (IPSP-CNR), 80055 Portici, Italy;
| | - Rosalía García-García
- Centro de Protección Vegetal y Biotecnología, Instituto Valenciano de Investigaciones Agrarias (IVIA), Moncada, 46113 Valencia, Spain; (R.G.-G.); (S.B.-P.); (F.B.)
| | - Saúl Bernat-Ponce
- Centro de Protección Vegetal y Biotecnología, Instituto Valenciano de Investigaciones Agrarias (IVIA), Moncada, 46113 Valencia, Spain; (R.G.-G.); (S.B.-P.); (F.B.)
| | - Francisco Beitia
- Centro de Protección Vegetal y Biotecnología, Instituto Valenciano de Investigaciones Agrarias (IVIA), Moncada, 46113 Valencia, Spain; (R.G.-G.); (S.B.-P.); (F.B.)
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Abstract
Many insects contain endosymbiotic bacteria within their bodies. In multiple endosymbiotic systems comprising two or more symbionts, each of the symbionts is generally localized in a different host cell or tissue. Bemisia tabaci (Sweet potato whitefly) possesses a unique endosymbiotic system where co-obligate symbionts are localized in the same bacteriocytes. Using fluorescence in situ hybridization, we found that endosymbionts in B. tabaci MEAM1 occupy distinct subcellular habitats, or niches, within a single bacteriocyte. Hamiltonella was located adjacent to the nucleus of the bacteriocyte, while Portiera was present in the cytoplasm surrounding Hamiltonella. Immunohistochemical analysis revealed that the endoplasmic reticulum separates the two symbionts. Habitat segregation was maintained for longer durations in female bacteriocytes. The same segregation was observed in three genetically distinct B. tabaci groups (MEAM1, MED Q1, and Asia II 6) and Trialeurodes vaporariorum, which shared a common ancestor with Bemisia over 80 million years ago, even though the coexisting symbionts and the size of bacteriocytes were different. These results suggest that the habitat segregation system existed in the common ancestor and was conserved in both lineages, despite different bacterial partners coexisting with Portiera. Our findings provide insights into the evolution and maintenance of complex endosymbiotic systems and highlight the importance of organelles for the construction of separate niches for endosymbionts. IMPORTANCE Co-obligate endosymbionts in B. tabaci are exceptionally localized within the same bacteriocyte (a specialized cell for endosymbiosis), but the underlying mechanism for their coexistence remains largely unknown. This study provides evidence for niche segregation at the subcellular level between the two symbionts. We showed that the endoplasmic reticulum is a physical barrier separating the two species. Despite differences in co-obligate partners, this subcellular niche segregation was conserved across various whitefly species. The physical proximity of symbionts may enable the efficient biosynthesis of essential nutrients via shared metabolic pathways. The expression "Good fences make good neighbors" appears to be true for insect endosymbiotic systems.
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Yorimoto S, Hattori M, Kondo M, Shigenobu S. Complex host/symbiont integration of a multi-partner symbiotic system in the eusocial aphid Ceratovacuna japonica. iScience 2022; 25:105478. [PMID: 36404929 PMCID: PMC9672956 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2022.105478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Revised: 09/11/2022] [Accepted: 10/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Some hemipteran insects rely on multiple endosymbionts for essential nutrients. However, the evolution of multi-partner symbiotic systems is not well-established. Here, we report a co-obligate symbiosis in the eusocial aphid, Ceratovacuna japonica. 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing unveiled co-infection with a novel Arsenophonus sp. symbiont and Buchnera aphidicola, a common obligate endosymbiont in aphids. Both symbionts were housed within distinct bacteriocytes and were maternally transmitted. The Buchnera and Arsenophonus symbionts had streamlined genomes of 432,286 bp and 853,149 bp, respectively, and exhibited metabolic complementarity in riboflavin and peptidoglycan synthesis pathways. These anatomical and genomic properties were similar to those of independently evolved multi-partner symbiotic systems, such as Buchnera-Serratia in Lachninae and Periphyllus aphids, representing remarkable parallelism. Furthermore, symbiont populations and bacteriome morphology differed between reproductive and soldier castes. Our study provides the first example of co-obligate symbiosis in Hormaphidinae and gives insight into the evolutionary genetics of this complex system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shunta Yorimoto
- Laboratory of Evolutionary Genomics, National Institute for Basic Biology, 38 Nishigonaka, Myodaiji, Okazaki, Aichi 444-8585, Japan
- Department of Basic Biology, School of Life Science, The Graduate University for Advanced Studies, SOKENDAI, 38 Nishigonaka, Myodaiji, Okazaki, Aichi 444-8585, Japan
| | - Mitsuru Hattori
- Graduate School of Fisheries and Environmental Sciences, Nagasaki University, 1-14 Bunkyo-machi, Nagasaki 852-8521, Japan
| | - Maki Kondo
- Spectrography and Bioimaging Facility, National Institute for Basic Biology, 38 Nishigonaka, Myodaiji, Okazaki, Aichi 444-8585, Japan
| | - Shuji Shigenobu
- Laboratory of Evolutionary Genomics, National Institute for Basic Biology, 38 Nishigonaka, Myodaiji, Okazaki, Aichi 444-8585, Japan
- Department of Basic Biology, School of Life Science, The Graduate University for Advanced Studies, SOKENDAI, 38 Nishigonaka, Myodaiji, Okazaki, Aichi 444-8585, Japan
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Analysis of the Type 4 Effectome across the Genus Rickettsia. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232415513. [PMID: 36555155 PMCID: PMC9779031 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232415513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Revised: 12/05/2022] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Rickettsia are obligate intracellular bacteria primarily carried by arthropod hosts. The genus Rickettsia contains several vertebrate pathogens vectored by hematophagous arthropods. Despite the potential for disease, our understanding of Rickettsias are limited by the difficulties associated with growing and manipulating obligate intracellular bacteria. To aid with this, our lab conducted an analysis of eight genomes and three plasmids from across the genus Rickettsia. Using OPT4e, a learning algorithm-based program designed to identify effector proteins secreted by the type 4 secretion system, we generated a putative effectome for the genus. We then consolidated effectors into homolog sets to identify effectors unique to Rickettsia with different life strategies or evolutionary histories. We also compared predicted effectors to non-effectors for differences in G+C content and gene splitting. Based on this analysis, we predicted 1571 effectors across the genus, resulting in 604 homolog sets. Each species had unique homolog sets, while 42 were present in all eight species analyzed. Effectors were flagged in association with pathogenic, tick and flea-borne Rickettsia. Predicted effectors also varied in G+C content and frequency of gene splitting as compared to non-effectors. Species effector repertoires show signs of expansion, degradation, and horizontal acquisition associated with lifestyle and lineage.
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El Hamss H, Maruthi MN, Ally HM, Omongo CA, Wang HL, van Brunschot S, Colvin J, Delatte H. Spatio-temporal changes in endosymbiont diversity and composition in the African cassava whitefly, Bemisia tabaci SSA1. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:986226. [DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.986226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2022] [Accepted: 09/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Sap-sucking insects, including whiteflies, are amongst the most devastating and widely distributed organisms on the planet. They are often highly invasive and endosymbiont communities within these insects help them adapt to new or changing environments. Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius; Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) whitefly species are vectors of more than 500 known plant-viruses and harbour highly diverse endosymbionts communities. To date, however, whitefly–endosymbiont interactions, community structure and their spatio-temporal changes are still poorly understood. In this study, we investigated the spatio-temporal changes in the composition and diversity of bacterial endosymbionts in the agricultural crop pest whitefly species, Bemisia tabaci sub-Saharan Africa 1-subgroup 1 and 2 (SSA1-SG1 and SSA1-SG2). 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing analysis was carried out to characterise endosymbiont compositionsin field-collected SSA1 (SSA1-SG1 and SSA1-SG2) populations infesting cassava in Uganda in 1997 and 2017. We detected Portiera, Arsenophonus, Wolbachia, Hamiltonella and Hemipteriphilus, with Arsenophonus and Wolbachia infections being predominant. Hemipteriphilus and Hamiltonella frequencies were very low and were detected in seven and two samples, respectively. Bacterial diversity based on three independent parameters including Simpson index, number of haplotypes and Bray–Curtis dissimilarity matrix was significantly higher in 1997 than in 2017. This period also coincided with the advent of super-abundant cassava-whitefly populations on cassava crops in Uganda. We discuss how endosymbionts may influence the biology and behaviour of whiteflies leading to population explosions.
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Zhu DT, Rao Q, Zou C, Ban FX, Zhao JJ, Liu SS. Genomic and transcriptomic analyses reveal metabolic complementarity between whiteflies and their symbionts. INSECT SCIENCE 2022; 29:539-549. [PMID: 34264019 DOI: 10.1111/1744-7917.12943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Revised: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Nutritional mutualism between insects and symbiotic bacteria is widespread. The various sap-feeding whitefly species within the Bemisia tabaci complex associate with the same obligate symbiont (Portiera) and multiple secondary symbionts. It is often assumed that some of the symbionts residing in the whiteflies play crucial roles in the nutritional physiology of their insect hosts. Although effort has been made to understand the functions of the whitefly symbionts, the metabolic complementarity offered by these symbionts to the hosts is not yet well understood. We examined two secondary symbionts, Arsenophonus and Wolbachia, in two species of the B. tabaci whitefly complex, provisionally named as Asia II 3 and China 1. Genomic sequence analyses revealed that Arsenophonus and Wolbachia retained genes responsible for the biosynthesis of B vitamins. We then conducted transcriptomic surveys of the bacteriomes in these two species of whiteflies together with that in another species named MED of this whitefly complex previously reported. The analyses indicated that several key genes in B vitamin syntheses from the three whitefly species were identical. Our findings suggest that, similar to another secondary symbiont Hamiltonella, Arsenophonus and Wolbachia function in the nutrient provision of host whiteflies. Although phylogenetically distant species of symbionts are associated with their respective hosts, they have evolved and retained similar functions in biosynthesis of some B vitamins. Such metabolic complementarity between whiteflies and symbionts represents an important feature of their coevolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan-Tong Zhu
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Lab of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310029, China
| | - Qiong Rao
- School of Agriculture and Food Science, Zhejiang Agriculture and Forestry University, Lin'an, Hangzhou, 311300, China
| | - Chi Zou
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Lab of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310029, China
| | - Fei-Xue Ban
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Lab of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310029, China
| | - Juan-Juan Zhao
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Lab of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310029, China
| | - Shu-Sheng Liu
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Lab of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310029, China
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11
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Transitional genomes and nutritional role reversals identified for dual symbionts of adelgids (Aphidoidea: Adelgidae). THE ISME JOURNAL 2022; 16:642-654. [PMID: 34508228 PMCID: PMC8857208 DOI: 10.1038/s41396-021-01102-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Revised: 08/11/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Many plant-sap-feeding insects have maintained a single, obligate, nutritional symbiont over the long history of their lineage. This senior symbiont may be joined by one or more junior symbionts that compensate for gaps in function incurred through genome-degradative forces. Adelgids are sap-sucking insects that feed solely on conifer trees and follow complex life cycles in which the diet fluctuates in nutrient levels. Adelgids are unusual in that both senior and junior symbionts appear to have been replaced repeatedly over their evolutionary history. Genomes can provide clues to understanding symbiont replacements, but only the dual symbionts of hemlock adelgids have been examined thus far. Here, we sequence and compare genomes of four additional dual-symbiont pairs in adelgids. We show that these symbionts are nutritional partners originating from diverse bacterial lineages and exhibiting wide variation in general genome characteristics. Although dual symbionts cooperate to produce nutrients, the balance of contributions varies widely across pairs, and total genome contents reflect a range of ages and degrees of degradation. Most symbionts appear to be in transitional states of genome reduction. Our findings support a hypothesis of periodic symbiont turnover driven by fluctuating selection for nutritional provisioning related to gains and losses of complex life cycles in their hosts.
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Benhamou S, Rahioui I, Henri H, Charles H, Da Silva P, Heddi A, Vavre F, Desouhant E, Calevro F, Mouton L. Cytotype Affects the Capability of the Whitefly Bemisia tabaci MED Species To Feed and Oviposit on an Unfavorable Host Plant. mBio 2021; 12:e0073021. [PMID: 34781749 PMCID: PMC8593682 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.00730-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The acquisition of nutritional obligate primary endosymbionts (P-symbionts) allowed phloemo-phageous insects to feed on plant sap and thus colonize novel ecological niches. P-symbionts often coexist with facultative secondary endosymbionts (S-symbionts), which may also influence their hosts' niche utilization ability. The whitefly Bemisia tabaci is a highly diversified species complex harboring, in addition to the P-symbiont "Candidatus Portiera aleyrodidarum," seven S-symbionts whose roles remain poorly understood. Here, we compare the phenotypic and metabolic responses of three B. tabaci lines differing in their S-symbiont community, reared on three different host plants, hibiscus, tobacco, or lantana, and address whether and how S-symbionts influence insect capacity to feed and produce offspring on those plants. We first show that hibiscus, tobacco, and lantana differ in their free amino acid composition. Insects' performance, as well as free amino acid profile and symbiotic load, were shown to be plant dependent, suggesting a critical role for the plant nutritional properties. Insect fecundity was significantly lower on lantana, indicating that it is the least favorable plant. Remarkably, insects reared on this plant show a specific amino acid profile and a higher symbiont density compared to the two other plants. In addition, this plant was the only one for which fecundity differences were observed between lines. Using genetically homogeneous hybrids, we demonstrate that cytotype (mitochondria and symbionts), and not genotype, is a major determinant of females' fecundity and amino acid profile on lantana. As cytotypes differ in their S-symbiont community, we propose that these symbionts may mediate their hosts' suitable plant range. IMPORTANCE Microbial symbionts are universal in eukaryotes, and it is now recognized that symbiotic associations represent major evolutionary driving forces. However, the extent to which symbionts contribute to their hosts' ecological adaptation and subsequent diversification is far from being fully elucidated. The whitefly Bemisia tabaci is a sap feeder associated with multiple coinfecting intracellular facultative symbionts. Here, we show that plant species simultaneously affect whiteflies' performance, amino acid profile, and symbiotic density, which could be partially explained by differences in plant nutritional properties. We also demonstrate that, on lantana, the least favorable plant used in our study, whiteflies' performance is determined by their cytotype. We propose that the host plant utilization in B. tabaci is influenced by its facultative symbiont community composition, possibly through its impact on the host dietary requirements. Altogether, our data provide new insights into the impact of intracellular microorganisms on their animal hosts' ecological niche range and diversification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvain Benhamou
- Université de Lyon, Université Lyon 1, CNRS, VetAgro Sup, Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Evolutive, UMR 5558, Villeurbanne, France
- Univ Lyon, INRAE, INSA Lyon, BF2I, UMR 203, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Isabelle Rahioui
- Univ Lyon, INRAE, INSA Lyon, BF2I, UMR 203, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Hélène Henri
- Université de Lyon, Université Lyon 1, CNRS, VetAgro Sup, Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Evolutive, UMR 5558, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Hubert Charles
- Univ Lyon, INRAE, INSA Lyon, BF2I, UMR 203, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Pedro Da Silva
- Univ Lyon, INRAE, INSA Lyon, BF2I, UMR 203, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Abdelaziz Heddi
- Univ Lyon, INRAE, INSA Lyon, BF2I, UMR 203, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Fabrice Vavre
- Université de Lyon, Université Lyon 1, CNRS, VetAgro Sup, Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Evolutive, UMR 5558, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Emmanuel Desouhant
- Université de Lyon, Université Lyon 1, CNRS, VetAgro Sup, Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Evolutive, UMR 5558, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Federica Calevro
- Univ Lyon, INRAE, INSA Lyon, BF2I, UMR 203, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Laurence Mouton
- Université de Lyon, Université Lyon 1, CNRS, VetAgro Sup, Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Evolutive, UMR 5558, Villeurbanne, France
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13
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Boyd BM, Chevignon G, Patel V, Oliver KM, Strand MR. Evolutionary genomics of APSE: a tailed phage that lysogenically converts the bacterium Hamiltonella defensa into a heritable protective symbiont of aphids. Virol J 2021; 18:219. [PMID: 34758862 PMCID: PMC8579659 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-021-01685-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2021] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Most phages infect free-living bacteria but a few have been identified that infect heritable symbionts of insects or other eukaryotes. Heritable symbionts are usually specialized and isolated from other bacteria with little known about the origins of associated phages. Hamiltonella defensa is a heritable bacterial symbiont of aphids that is usually infected by a tailed, double-stranded DNA phage named APSE. Methods We conducted comparative genomic and phylogenetic studies to determine how APSE is related to other phages and prophages. Results Each APSE genome was organized into four modules and two predicted functional units. Gene content and order were near-fully conserved in modules 1 and 2, which encode predicted DNA metabolism genes, and module 4, which encodes predicted virion assembly genes. Gene content of module 3, which contains predicted toxin, holin and lysozyme genes differed among haplotypes. Comparisons to other sequenced phages suggested APSE genomes are mosaics with modules 1 and 2 sharing similarities with Bordetella-Bcep-Xylostella fastidiosa-like podoviruses, module 4 sharing similarities with P22-like podoviruses, and module 3 sharing no similarities with known phages. Comparisons to other sequenced bacterial genomes identified APSE-like elements in other heritable insect symbionts (Arsenophonus spp.) and enteric bacteria in the family Morganellaceae. Conclusions APSEs are most closely related to phage elements in the genus Arsenophonus and other bacteria in the Morganellaceae. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12985-021-01685-y.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bret M Boyd
- Department of Entomology, University of Georgia Athens, Athens, GA, USA. .,Center for Biological Data Science, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA.
| | - Germain Chevignon
- Laboratoire de Génétique et Pathologie des Mollusques Marins, IFREMER, La Tremblade, France
| | - Vilas Patel
- Department of Entomology, University of Georgia Athens, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Kerry M Oliver
- Department of Entomology, University of Georgia Athens, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Michael R Strand
- Department of Entomology, University of Georgia Athens, Athens, GA, USA.
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14
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Milenovic M, Ghanim M, Hoffmann L, Rapisarda C. Whitefly endosymbionts: IPM opportunity or tilting at windmills? JOURNAL OF PEST SCIENCE 2021; 95:543-566. [PMID: 34744550 PMCID: PMC8562023 DOI: 10.1007/s10340-021-01451-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2021] [Revised: 10/13/2021] [Accepted: 10/16/2021] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Whiteflies are sap-sucking insects responsible for high economic losses. They colonize hundreds of plant species and cause direct feeding damage and indirect damage through transmission of devastating viruses. Modern agriculture has seen a history of invasive whitefly species and populations that expand to novel regions, bringing along fierce viruses. Control efforts are hindered by fast virus transmission, insecticide-resistant populations, and a wide host range which permits large natural reservoirs for whiteflies. Augmentative biocontrol by parasitoids while effective in suppressing high population densities in greenhouses falls short when it comes to preventing virus transmission and is ineffective in the open field. A potential source of much needed novel control strategies lays within a diverse community of whitefly endosymbionts. The idea to exploit endosymbionts for whitefly control is as old as identification of these bacteria, yet it still has not come to fruition. We review where our knowledge stands on the aspects of whitefly endosymbiont evolution, biology, metabolism, multitrophic interactions, and population dynamics. We show how these insights are bringing us closer to the goal of better integrated pest management strategies. Combining most up to date understanding of whitefly-endosymbiont interactions and recent technological advances, we discuss possibilities of disrupting and manipulating whitefly endosymbionts, as well as using them for pest control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milan Milenovic
- Environmental Research and Innovation Department (ERIN), Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology (LIST), 41, Rue du Brill, L-4422 Belvaux, Luxembourg
- Dipartimento di Agricoltura, Università degli Studi di Catania, Alimentazione e Ambiente (Di3A), via Santa Sofia 100, 95123 Catania, Italy
| | - Murad Ghanim
- Department of Entomology, Volcani Center, ARO, HaMaccabim Road 68, PO Box 15159, 7528809 Rishon Le Tsiyon, Israel
| | - Lucien Hoffmann
- Environmental Research and Innovation Department (ERIN), Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology (LIST), 41, Rue du Brill, L-4422 Belvaux, Luxembourg
| | - Carmelo Rapisarda
- Dipartimento di Agricoltura, Università degli Studi di Catania, Alimentazione e Ambiente (Di3A), via Santa Sofia 100, 95123 Catania, Italy
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15
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Selvaraj G, Santos-Garcia D, Mozes-Daube N, Medina S, Zchori-Fein E, Freilich S. An eco-systems biology approach for modeling tritrophic networks reveals the influence of dietary amino acids on symbiont dynamics of Bemisia tabaci. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 2021; 97:6348090. [PMID: 34379764 DOI: 10.1093/femsec/fiab117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Metabolic conversions allow organisms to produce essential metabolites from the available nutrients in an environment, frequently requiring metabolic exchanges among co-inhabiting organisms. Here, we applied genomic-based simulations for exploring tri-trophic interactions among the sap-feeding insect whitefly (Bemisia tabaci), its host-plants, and symbiotic bacteria. The simplicity of this ecosystem allows capturing the interacting organisms (based on genomic data) and the environmental content (based on metabolomics data). Simulations explored the metabolic capacities of insect-symbiont combinations under environments representing natural phloem. Predictions were correlated with experimental data on the dynamics of symbionts under different diets. Simulation outcomes depict a puzzle of three-layer origins (plant-insect-symbionts) for the source of essential metabolites across habitats and stratify interactions enabling the whitefly to feed on diverse hosts. In parallel to simulations, natural and artificial feeding experiments provide supporting evidence for an environment-based effect on symbiont dynamics. Based on simulations, a decrease in the relative abundance of a symbiont can be associated with a loss of fitness advantage due to an environmental excess in amino-acids whose production in a deprived environment used to depend on the symbiont. The study demonstrates that genomic-based predictions can bridge environment and community dynamics and guide the design of symbiont manipulation strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gopinath Selvaraj
- Institute of Plant Sciences, Newe Ya'ar Research Center, The Agricultural Research Organization, P.O.B. 1021, Ramat Yishay, 30095, Israel.,Institute of Plant Protection, Newe Ya'ar Research Center, The Agricultural Research Organization, P.O.B. 1021, Ramat Yishay, 30095, Israel
| | - Diego Santos-Garcia
- Department of Entomology, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, 7610001, Israel
| | - Netta Mozes-Daube
- Institute of Plant Protection, Newe Ya'ar Research Center, The Agricultural Research Organization, P.O.B. 1021, Ramat Yishay, 30095, Israel
| | - Shlomit Medina
- Institute of Plant Sciences, Newe Ya'ar Research Center, The Agricultural Research Organization, P.O.B. 1021, Ramat Yishay, 30095, Israel
| | - Einat Zchori-Fein
- Institute of Plant Protection, Newe Ya'ar Research Center, The Agricultural Research Organization, P.O.B. 1021, Ramat Yishay, 30095, Israel
| | - Shiri Freilich
- Institute of Plant Sciences, Newe Ya'ar Research Center, The Agricultural Research Organization, P.O.B. 1021, Ramat Yishay, 30095, Israel
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16
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Naalden D, van Kleeff PJM, Dangol S, Mastop M, Corkill R, Hogenhout SA, Kant MR, Schuurink RC. Spotlight on the Roles of Whitefly Effectors in Insect-Plant Interactions. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:661141. [PMID: 34276723 PMCID: PMC8283192 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.661141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2021] [Accepted: 05/31/2021] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The Bemisia tabaci species complex (whitefly) causes enormous agricultural losses. These phloem-feeding insects induce feeding damage and transmit a wide range of dangerous plant viruses. Whiteflies colonize a broad range of plant species that appear to be poorly defended against these insects. Substantial research has begun to unravel how phloem feeders modulate plant processes, such as defense pathways, and the central roles of effector proteins, which are deposited into the plant along with the saliva during feeding. Here, we review the current literature on whitefly effectors in light of what is known about the effectors of phloem-feeding insects in general. Further analysis of these effectors may improve our understanding of how these insects establish compatible interactions with plants, whereas the subsequent identification of plant defense processes could lead to improved crop resistance to insects. We focus on the core concepts that define the effectors of phloem-feeding insects, such as the criteria used to identify candidate effectors in sequence-mining pipelines and screens used to analyze the potential roles of these effectors and their targets in planta. We discuss aspects of whitefly effector research that require further exploration, including where effectors localize when injected into plant tissues, whether the effectors target plant processes beyond defense pathways, and the properties of effectors in other insect excretions such as honeydew. Finally, we provide an overview of open issues and how they might be addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Naalden
- Department of Evolutionary and Population Biology, Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Green Life Sciences Research Cluster, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Paula J. M. van Kleeff
- Green Life Sciences Research Cluster, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Sarmina Dangol
- Green Life Sciences Research Cluster, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Marieke Mastop
- Green Life Sciences Research Cluster, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Rebecca Corkill
- Department of Crop Genetics, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Saskia A. Hogenhout
- Green Life Sciences Research Cluster, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Department of Crop Genetics, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Merijn R. Kant
- Department of Evolutionary and Population Biology, Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Robert C. Schuurink
- Green Life Sciences Research Cluster, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
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17
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Murray GGR, Charlesworth J, Miller EL, Casey MJ, Lloyd CT, Gottschalk M, Tucker AW(D, Welch JJ, Weinert LA. Genome Reduction Is Associated with Bacterial Pathogenicity across Different Scales of Temporal and Ecological Divergence. Mol Biol Evol 2021; 38:1570-1579. [PMID: 33313861 PMCID: PMC8042751 DOI: 10.1093/molbev/msaa323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Emerging bacterial pathogens threaten global health and food security, and so it is important to ask whether these transitions to pathogenicity have any common features. We present a systematic study of the claim that pathogenicity is associated with genome reduction and gene loss. We compare broad-scale patterns across all bacteria, with detailed analyses of Streptococcus suis, an emerging zoonotic pathogen of pigs, which has undergone multiple transitions between disease and carriage forms. We find that pathogenicity is consistently associated with reduced genome size across three scales of divergence (between species within genera, and between and within genetic clusters of S. suis). Although genome reduction is also found in mutualist and commensal bacterial endosymbionts, genome reduction in pathogens cannot be solely attributed to the features of their ecology that they share with these species, that is, host restriction or intracellularity. Moreover, other typical correlates of genome reduction in endosymbionts (reduced metabolic capacity, reduced GC content, and the transient expansion of nonfunctional elements) are not consistently observed in pathogens. Together, our results indicate that genome reduction is a consistent correlate of pathogenicity in bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gemma G R Murray
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Jane Charlesworth
- Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom
| | - Eric L Miller
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Haverford College, Haverford, PA, USA
| | - Michael J Casey
- Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- School of Mathematical Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Catrin T Lloyd
- Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Marcelo Gottschalk
- Département de Pathologie et Microbiologie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | | | - John J Welch
- Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Lucy A Weinert
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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18
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Zhao D, Zhang Z, Niu H, Guo H. Win by Quantity: a Striking Rickettsia-Bias Symbiont Community Revealed by Seasonal Tracking in the Whitefly Bemisia tabaci. MICROBIAL ECOLOGY 2021; 81:523-534. [PMID: 32968841 DOI: 10.1007/s00248-020-01607-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Maintaining an adaptive seasonality is a basic ecological requisite for cold-blooded organism insects which usually harbor various symbionts. However, how coexisting symbionts coordinate in insects during seasonal progress is still unknown. The whitefly Bemisia tabaci in China harbors the obligate symbiont Portiera that infects each individual, as well as various facultative symbionts. In this study, we investigated whitefly populations in cucumber and cotton fields from May to December 2019, aiming to reveal the fluctuations of symbiont infection frequencies, symbiont coordination in multiple infected individuals, and host plants effects on symbiont infections. The results indicated that the facultative symbionts Hamiltonella (H), Rickettsia (R), and Cardinium (C) exist in field whiteflies, with single (H) and double (HC and HR) infections occurring frequently. Infection frequencies of Hamiltonella (always 100%) and Cardinium (29.50-34.38%) remained steady during seasonal progression. Rickettsia infection frequency in the cucumber whitefly population decreased from 64.47% in summer to 35.29% in winter. Significantly lower Rickettsia infection frequency (15.55%) was identified in cotton whitefly populations and was not subject to seasonal fluctuation. Nevertheless, Rickettsia had a significantly quantitative advantage in the symbiont community of whitefly individuals and populations from both cucumber and cotton field all through the seasons. Moreover, higher Portiera and Hamiltonella densities were found in HC and HR whitefly than in H whitefly, suggesting these symbionts may contribute to producing nutrients for their symbiont partners. These results provide ample cues to further explore the interactions between coexisting symbionts, the coevolutionary relationship between symbionts and host symbiont-induced effects on host plant use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongxiao Zhao
- Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 50, Zhongling Street, Nanjing, 210014, China
| | - Zhichun Zhang
- Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 50, Zhongling Street, Nanjing, 210014, China
| | - Hongtao Niu
- Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 50, Zhongling Street, Nanjing, 210014, China
| | - Huifang Guo
- Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 50, Zhongling Street, Nanjing, 210014, China.
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19
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Andreason SA, Shelby EA, Moss JB, Moore PJ, Moore AJ, Simmons AM. Whitefly Endosymbionts: Biology, Evolution, and Plant Virus Interactions. INSECTS 2020; 11:insects11110775. [PMID: 33182634 PMCID: PMC7696030 DOI: 10.3390/insects11110775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Revised: 11/03/2020] [Accepted: 11/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Whiteflies (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) are sap-feeding global agricultural pests. These piercing-sucking insects have coevolved with intracellular endosymbiotic bacteria that help to supplement their nutrient-poor plant sap diets with essential amino acids and carotenoids. These obligate, primary endosymbionts have been incorporated into specialized organs called bacteriomes where they sometimes coexist with facultative, secondary endosymbionts. All whitefly species harbor the primary endosymbiont Candidatus Portiera aleyrodidarum and have a variable number of secondary endosymbionts. The secondary endosymbiont complement harbored by the cryptic whitefly species Bemisia tabaci is particularly complex with various assemblages of seven different genera identified to date. In this review, we discuss whitefly associated primary and secondary endosymbionts. We focus on those associated with the notorious B. tabaci species complex with emphasis on their biological characteristics and diversity. We also discuss their interactions with phytopathogenic begomoviruses (family Geminiviridae), which are transmitted exclusively by B. tabaci in a persistent-circulative manner. Unraveling the complex interactions of these endosymbionts with their insect hosts and plant viruses could lead to advancements in whitefly and whitefly transmitted virus management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharon A. Andreason
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Vegetable Laboratory, Charleston, SC 29414, USA;
| | - Emily A. Shelby
- Department of Entomology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA; (E.A.S.); (J.B.M.); (P.J.M.); (A.J.M.)
| | - Jeanette B. Moss
- Department of Entomology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA; (E.A.S.); (J.B.M.); (P.J.M.); (A.J.M.)
| | - Patricia J. Moore
- Department of Entomology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA; (E.A.S.); (J.B.M.); (P.J.M.); (A.J.M.)
| | - Allen J. Moore
- Department of Entomology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA; (E.A.S.); (J.B.M.); (P.J.M.); (A.J.M.)
| | - Alvin M. Simmons
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Vegetable Laboratory, Charleston, SC 29414, USA;
- Correspondence:
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20
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Blow F, Bueno E, Clark N, Zhu DT, Chung SH, Güllert S, Schmitz RA, Douglas AE. B-vitamin nutrition in the pea aphid-Buchnera symbiosis. JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY 2020; 126:104092. [PMID: 32763248 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2020.104092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2020] [Revised: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 08/02/2020] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Various insects that utilize vitamin-deficient diets derive a supplementary supply of these micronutrients from their symbiotic microorganisms. Here, we tested the inference from genome annotation that the symbiotic bacterium Buchnera aphidicola in the pea aphid Acyrthosiphon pisum provides the insect with vitamins B2 and B5 but no other B-vitamins. Contrary to expectation, aphid survival over five days of larval development on artificial diets individually lacking each B-vitamin not synthesized by Buchnera was not significantly reduced, despite significantly lower carcass B1, B3, B6 and B7 concentrations in the aphids on diets lacking each of these B-vitamins than on the vitamin-complete diet. Aphid survival was, however, significantly reduced on diet containing low concentrations (≤0.2 mM) or no pantothenate (B5). Complementary transcriptome analysis revealed low abundance of the sense-transcript, but high abundance of the antisense transcript, of the Buchnera gene panC encoding the enzyme mediating the terminal reaction in pantothenate synthesis. We hypothesize that metabolic constraints or antisense transcripts may reduce Buchnera-mediated production of pantothenate, resulting in poor aphid performance on pantothenate-free diets. The discrepancy between predictions from genome data and empirical data illustrates the need for physiological study to test functional inferences made from genome annotations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frances Blow
- Department of Entomology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Eduardo Bueno
- Department of Entomology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Noah Clark
- Department of Entomology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Dan Tong Zhu
- Department of Entomology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Seung Ho Chung
- Department of Entomology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Simon Güllert
- Institute of General Microbiology, Christian-Albrechts University Kiel, Germany
| | - Ruth A Schmitz
- Institute of General Microbiology, Christian-Albrechts University Kiel, Germany
| | - Angela E Douglas
- Department of Entomology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA; Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.
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21
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Host Plant Affects Symbiont Abundance in Bemisia tabaci (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae). INSECTS 2020; 11:insects11080501. [PMID: 32759695 PMCID: PMC7469152 DOI: 10.3390/insects11080501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2020] [Revised: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 08/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary The nutritional contributions of symbionts facilitate herbivores’ plant utilization, promoting insects infecting and spreading on host plants. In this study we investigated the effects of host plants on the symbionts of Bemisia tabaci Middle East-Asia Minor 1 (MEAM1) from a nutritional aspect. We found that three host plant-adapted whitefly populations harbored the same symbiont taxa in different quantities. The amount of the primary symbiont Portiera decreased with increasing host-plant essential amino acid proportions in whitefly populations and even in those transferred to different host-plant species to meet the nutritional demands of whiteflies. However, the abundance of the secondary symbionts in whiteflies after host-plant-shifting for one generation showed little correlation with essential amino acid levels of host plants. It demonstrates that host-plant nitrogen nutrition—mainly, essential amino acids—influences the abundance of symbionts, especially Portiera, to meet whiteflies’ nutritional demands, and whiteflies manipulate their symbionts’ quantity governed by the host plant. The nutrient exchanges in symbioses involving multiple partners could provide new ideas for pest control. Abstract Symbionts contribute nutrients that allow insects to feed on plants. The whitefly Bemisia tabaci Middle East-Asia Minor 1 (MEAM1) is a polyphagous pest that depends on symbionts to provide key nutrients that are deficient in the diet. Here, we established three whitefly populations on eggplants, cucumbers, and tomatoes and observed that they harbored the same symbiont taxa in different quantities. The amount of the primary symbiont, Portiera, decreased with increasing concentrations of host-plant essential amino acids (EAAs). Whitefly populations transferred to different plant species exhibited fluctuations in Portiera amounts in the first three or four generations; the amount of Portiera increased when whitefly populations were transferred to plant species with lower EAAs proportions. As for the secondary symbionts, the whitefly population of eggplants exhibited lower quantities of Hamiltonella and higher quantities of Rickettsia than the other two populations. The changes of both symbionts’ abundance in whitefly populations after host-plant-shifting for one generation showed little correlation with the EAAs’ proportions of host plants. These findings suggest that host-plant nitrogen nutrition, mainly in the form of EAAs, influences the abundance of symbionts, especially Portiera, to meet the nutritional demands of whiteflies. The results will inform efforts to control pests through manipulating symbionts in insect–symbiont associations.
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Abstract
Beneficial microorganisms associated with animals derive their nutritional requirements entirely from the animal host, but the impact of these microorganisms on host metabolism is largely unknown. The focus of this study was the experimentally tractable tripartite symbiosis between the pea aphid Acyrthosiphon pisum, its obligate intracellular bacterial symbiont Buchnera, and the facultative bacterium Hamiltonella which is localized primarily to the aphid hemolymph (blood). Metabolome experiments on, first, multiple aphid genotypes that naturally bear or lack Hamiltonella and, second, one aphid genotype from which Hamiltonella was experimentally eliminated revealed no significant effects of Hamiltonella on aphid metabolite profiles, indicating that Hamiltonella does not cause major reconfiguration of host metabolism. However, the titer of just one metabolite, 5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide ribonucleotide (AICAR), displayed near-significant enrichment in Hamiltonella-positive aphids in both metabolome experiments. AICAR is a by-product of biosynthesis of the essential amino acid histidine in Buchnera and, hence, an index of histidine biosynthetic rates, suggesting that Buchnera-mediated histidine production is elevated in Hamiltonella-bearing aphids. Consistent with this prediction, aphids fed on [13C]histidine yielded a significantly elevated 12C/13C ratio of histidine in Hamiltonella-bearing aphids, indicative of increased (∼25%) histidine synthesized de novo by Buchnera However, in silico analysis predicted an increase of only 0.8% in Buchnera histidine synthesis in Hamiltonella-bearing aphids. We hypothesize that Hamiltonella imposes increased host demand for histidine, possibly for heightened immune-related functions. These results demonstrate that facultative bacteria can alter the dynamics of host metabolic interactions with co-occurring microorganisms, even when the overall metabolic homeostasis of the host is not substantially perturbed.IMPORTANCE Although microbial colonization of the internal tissues of animals generally causes septicemia and death, various animals are persistently associated with benign or beneficial microorganisms in their blood or internal organs. The metabolic consequences of these persistent associations for the animal host are largely unknown. Our research on the facultative bacterium Hamiltonella, localized primarily to the hemolymph of pea aphids, demonstrated that although Hamiltonella imposed no major reconfiguration of the aphid metabolome, it did alter the metabolic relations between the aphid and its obligate intracellular symbiont, Buchnera Specifically, Buchnera produced more histidine in Hamiltonella-positive aphids to support both Hamiltonella demand for histidine and Hamiltonella-induced increase in host demand. This study demonstrates how microorganisms associated with internal tissues of animals can influence specific aspects of metabolic interactions between the animal host and co-occurring microorganisms.
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Gupta A, Nair S. Dynamics of Insect-Microbiome Interaction Influence Host and Microbial Symbiont. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:1357. [PMID: 32676060 PMCID: PMC7333248 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.01357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2020] [Accepted: 05/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Insects share an intimate relationship with their gut microflora and this symbiotic association has developed into an essential evolutionary outcome intended for their survival through extreme environmental conditions. While it has been clearly established that insects, with very few exceptions, associate with several microbes during their life cycle, information regarding several aspects of these associations is yet to be fully unraveled. Acquisition of bacteria by insects marks the onset of microbial symbiosis, which is followed by the adaptation of these bacterial species to the gut environment for prolonged sustenance and successful transmission across generations. Although several insect-microbiome associations have been reported and each with their distinctive features, diversifications and specializations, it is still unclear as to what led to these diversifications. Recent studies have indicated the involvement of various evolutionary processes operating within an insect body that govern the transition of a free-living microbe to an obligate or facultative symbiont and eventually leading to the establishment and diversification of these symbiotic relationships. Data from various studies, summarized in this review, indicate that the symbiotic partners, i.e., the bacteria and the insect undergo several genetic, biochemical and physiological changes that have profound influence on their life cycle and biology. An interesting outcome of the insect-microbe interaction is the compliance of the microbial partner to its eventual genome reduction. Endosymbionts possess a smaller genome as compared to their free-living forms, and thus raising the question what is leading to reductive evolution in the microbial partner. This review attempts to highlight the fate of microbes within an insect body and its implications for both the bacteria and its insect host. While discussion on each specific association would be too voluminous and outside the scope of this review, we present an overview of some recent studies that contribute to a better understanding of the evolutionary trajectory and dynamics of the insect-microbe association and speculate that, in the future, a better understanding of the nature of this interaction could pave the path to a sustainable and environmentally safe way for controlling economically important pests of crop plants.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Suresh Nair
- Plant-Insect Interaction Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, New Delhi, India
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24
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Shah SHJ, Malik AH, Zhang B, Bao Y, Qazi J. Metagenomic analysis of relative abundance and diversity of bacterial microbiota in Bemisia tabaci infesting cotton crop in Pakistan. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2020; 84:104381. [PMID: 32470630 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2020.104381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2020] [Revised: 05/03/2020] [Accepted: 05/24/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
B. tabaci species complex are among the world's most devastating agricultural pests causing economic losses by direct feeding and more importantly by transmitting plant viruses like cotton leaf curl disease (CLCuD) associated viruses to cultivated cotton in Pakistan. Taxonomic diversity of B. tabaci associated bacterial communities using NGS techniques so far is reported from insects grown on artificial diet under lab conditions. In this study 16S rDNA metagenome sequencing analysis was used to characterize bacterial compositions in wild adult B. tabaci infesting cultivated cotton in eight major cotton growing districts of southern Punjab, Pakistan. We have identified 50 known and 7 unknown genera of bacteria belonging to 10 phyla, 20 classes, 30 orders and 40 families. Beta diversity analysis of our data sets reveal that whiteflies infesting cotton in geographically distinct locations had similar bacterial diversity. These results for the first time provide insights into the microbiome diversity of wild type whiteflies infesting a cultivated crop.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Bing Zhang
- Beijing Institute of Genomics (BIG), Chinese Academy of Sciences, China
| | - Yiming Bao
- Beijing Institute of Genomics (BIG), Chinese Academy of Sciences, China
| | - Javaria Qazi
- Department of Biotechnology, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan.
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25
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Parallel Evolution in the Integration of a Co-obligate Aphid Symbiosis. Curr Biol 2020; 30:1949-1957.e6. [PMID: 32243856 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2020.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2020] [Revised: 02/18/2020] [Accepted: 03/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Insects evolve dependence-often extreme-on microbes for nutrition. This includes cases in which insects harbor multiple endosymbionts that function collectively as a metabolic unit [1-5]. How do these dependences originate [6], and is there a predictable sequence of events leading to the integration of new symbionts? While co-obligate symbioses, in which hosts rely on multiple nutrient-provisioning symbionts, have evolved numerous times across sap-feeding insects, there is only one known case in aphids, involving Buchnera aphidicola and Serratia symbiotica in the Lachninae subfamily [7-9]. Here, we identify three additional independent transitions to the same co-obligate symbiosis in different aphids. Comparing recent and ancient associations allow us to investigate intermediate stages of metabolic and anatomical integration of Serratia. We find that these uniquely replicated evolutionary events support the idea that co-obligate associations initiate in a predictable manner-through parallel evolutionary processes. Specifically, we show how the repeated losses of the riboflavin and peptidoglycan pathways in Buchnera lead to dependence on Serratia. We then provide evidence of a stepwise process of symbiont integration, whereby dependence evolves first. Then, essential amino acid pathways are lost (at ∼30-60 mya), which coincides with the increased anatomical integration of the companion symbiont. Finally, we demonstrate that dependence can evolve ahead of specialized structures (e.g., bacteriocytes), and in one case with no direct nutritional basis. More generally, our results suggest the energetic costs of synthesizing nutrients may provide a unified explanation for the sequence of gene losses that occur during the evolution of co-obligate symbiosis.
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26
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Wang HL, Lei T, Wang XW, Maruthi MN, Zhu DT, Cameron SL, Rao Q, Shan HW, Colvin J, Liu YQ, Liu SS. A newly recorded Rickettsia of the Torix group is a recent intruder and an endosymbiont in the whitefly Bemisia tabaci. Environ Microbiol 2020; 22:1207-1221. [PMID: 31997547 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.14927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2018] [Revised: 01/11/2020] [Accepted: 01/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The bacterium Rickettsia is found widely in phytophagous insects and often exerts profound effects on the phenotype and fitness of its hosts. Here, we decrypt a new, independent, phylogenetically ancient Torix Rickettsia endosymbiont found constantly in a laboratory line of an economically important insect Asia II 7, a putative species of the Bemisia tabaci whitefly complex (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae), and occasionally in field whitefly populations. This new Rickettsia distributes throughout the body of its whitefly host. Genetically, compared to Rickettsia_bellii_MEAM1 found earlier in whiteflies, the new Rickettsia species has more gene families and pathways, which may be important factors in shaping specific symbiotic relationships. We propose the name 'Candidatus Rickettsia_Torix_Bemisia_tabaci (RiTBt)' for this new endosymbiont associated with whiteflies. Comparative genomic analyses indicate that RiTBi may be a relatively recent intruder in whiteflies given its low abundance in the field and relatively larger genome compared to Rickettsia_bellii_MEAM1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua-Ling Wang
- The Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 310058, China.,Natural Resources Institute, University of Greenwich, Kent, ME4 4TB, UK
| | - Teng Lei
- The Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Xiao-Wei Wang
- The Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - M N Maruthi
- Natural Resources Institute, University of Greenwich, Kent, ME4 4TB, UK
| | - Dan-Tong Zhu
- The Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Stephen L Cameron
- Department of Entomology, Purdue University, 901 West State Street, West Lafayette, IN, 479074, USA
| | - Qiong Rao
- School of Agriculture and Food Science, Zhejiang A & F University, Lin'an, 311300, Zhejiang, China
| | - Hong-Wei Shan
- The Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - John Colvin
- Natural Resources Institute, University of Greenwich, Kent, ME4 4TB, UK
| | - Yin-Quan Liu
- The Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Shu-Sheng Liu
- The Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 310058, China
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27
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Bockoven AA, Bondy EC, Flores MJ, Kelly SE, Ravenscraft AM, Hunter MS. What Goes Up Might Come Down: the Spectacular Spread of an Endosymbiont Is Followed by Its Decline a Decade Later. MICROBIAL ECOLOGY 2020; 79:482-494. [PMID: 31407021 DOI: 10.1007/s00248-019-01417-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2018] [Accepted: 07/24/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Facultative, intracellular bacterial symbionts of arthropods may dramatically affect host biology and reproduction. The length of these symbiont-host associations may be thousands to millions of years, and while symbiont loss is predicted, there have been very few observations of a decline of symbiont infection rates. In a population of the sweet potato whitefly species (Bemisia tabaci MEAM1) in Arizona, USA, we documented the frequency decline of a strain of Rickettsia in the Rickettsia bellii clade from near-fixation in 2011 to 36% of whiteflies infected in 2017. In previous studies, Rickettsia had been shown to increase from 1 to 97% from 2000 to 2006 and remained at high frequency for at least five years. At that time, Rickettsia infection was associated with both fitness benefits and female bias. In the current study, we established matrilines of whiteflies from the field (2016, Rickettsia infection frequency = 58%) and studied (a) Rickettsia vertical transmission, (b) fitness and sex ratios associated with Rickettsia infection, (c) symbiont titer, and (d) bacterial communities within whiteflies. The vertical transmission rate was high, approximately 98%. Rickettsia infection in the matrilines was not associated with fitness benefits or sex ratio bias and appeared to be slightly costly, as more Rickettsia-infected individuals produced non-hatching eggs. Overall, the titer of Rickettsia in the matrilines was lower in 2016 than in the whiteflies collected in 2011, but the titer distribution appeared bimodal, with high- and low-titer lines, and constancy of the average titer within lines over three generations. We found neither association between Rickettsia titer and fitness benefits or sex ratio bias nor evidence that Rickettsia was replaced by another secondary symbiont. The change in the interaction between symbiont and host in 2016 whiteflies may explain the drop in symbiont frequency we observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison A Bockoven
- Center for Insect Science, The University of Arizona, P.O. Box 210106, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA
| | - Elizabeth C Bondy
- Graduate Interdisciplinary Program in Entomology and Insect Science, The University of Arizona, P.O. Box 210036, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA
| | - Matthew J Flores
- Department of Biological Sciences, Virginia Tech University, Derring Hall Room 2125, 926 West Campus Drive, Mail Code 0406, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, USA
| | - Suzanne E Kelly
- Department of Entomology, The University of Arizona, 410 Forbes Building, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA
| | - Alison M Ravenscraft
- Center for Insect Science, The University of Arizona, P.O. Box 210106, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA
- Department of Biology, University of Texas at Arlington, 501 S Nedderman Dr, Arlington, TX, 76019, USA
| | - Martha S Hunter
- Department of Entomology, The University of Arizona, 410 Forbes Building, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA.
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28
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Shan HW, Luan JB, Liu YQ, Douglas AE, Liu SS. The inherited bacterial symbiont Hamiltonella influences the sex ratio of an insect host. Proc Biol Sci 2019; 286:20191677. [PMID: 31744432 PMCID: PMC6892053 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2019.1677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2019] [Accepted: 10/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
In many intracellular symbioses, the microbial symbionts provide nutrients advantageous to the host. However, the function of Hamiltonella defensa, a symbiotic bacterium localized in specialized host cells (bacteriocytes) of a whitefly Bemisia tabaci, is uncertain. We eliminate this bacterium from its whitefly host by two alternative methods: heat treatment and antibiotics. The sex ratio of the host progeny and subsequent generations of Hamiltonella-free females was skewed from 1 : 1 (male : female) to an excess of males, often exceeding a ratio of 20 : 1. B. tabaci is haplodiploid, with diploid females derived from fertilized eggs and haploid males from unfertilized eggs. The Hamiltonella status of the insect did not affect copulation frequency or sperm reserve in the spermathecae, indicating that the male-biased sex ratio is unlikely due to the limitation of sperm but likely to be associated with events subsequent to sperm transfer to the female insects, such as failure in fertilization. The host reproductive response to Hamiltonella elimination is consistent with two alternative processes: adaptive shift in sex allocation by females and a constitutive compensatory response of the insect to Hamiltonella-mediated manipulation. Our findings suggest that a bacteriocyte symbiont influences the reproductive output of female progeny in a haplodiploid insect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Wei Shan
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun-Bo Luan
- Department of Entomology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Yin-Quan Liu
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Angela E. Douglas
- Department of Entomology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Shu-Sheng Liu
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
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29
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Zhu DT, Zou C, Ban FX, Wang HL, Wang XW, Liu YQ. Conservation of transcriptional elements in the obligate symbiont of the whitefly Bemisia tabaci. PeerJ 2019; 7:e7477. [PMID: 31440434 PMCID: PMC6699477 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.7477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2018] [Accepted: 07/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Bacterial symbiosis is widespread in arthropods, especially in insects. Some of the symbionts undergo a long-term co-evolution with the host, resulting in massive genome decay. One particular consequence of genome decay is thought to be the elimination of transcriptional elements within both the coding region and intergenic sequences. In the whitefly Bemisia tabaci species complex, the obligate symbiont Candidatus Portiera aleyrodidarum is of vital importance in nutrient provision, and yet little is known about the regulatory capacities of it. Methods Portiera genomes of two whitefly species in China were sequenced and assembled. Gene content of these two Portiera genomes was predicted, and then subjected to Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathway analysis. Together with two other Portiera genomes from whitefly species available previously, four Portiera genomes were utilized to investigate regulatory capacities of Portiera, focusing on transcriptional elements, including genes related with transcription and functional elements within the intergenic spacers. Results Comparative analyses of the four Portiera genomes of whitefly B. tabaci indicate that the obligate symbionts Portiera is similar in different species of whiteflies, in terms of general genome features and possible functions in the biosynthesis of essential amino acids. The screening of transcriptional factors suggests compromised ability of Portiera to regulate the essential amino acid biosynthesis pathways. Meanwhile, thermal tolerance ability of Portiera is indicated with the detection of a σ32 factor, as well as two predicted σ32 binding sites. Within intergenic spacers, functional elements are predicted, including 37 Shine-Dalgarno sequences and 34 putative small RNAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan-Tong Zhu
- Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Chi Zou
- Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Fei-Xue Ban
- Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Hua-Ling Wang
- Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiao-Wei Wang
- Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yin-Quan Liu
- Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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30
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Cottret L, Frainay C, Chazalviel M, Cabanettes F, Gloaguen Y, Camenen E, Merlet B, Heux S, Portais JC, Poupin N, Vinson F, Jourdan F. MetExplore: collaborative edition and exploration of metabolic networks. Nucleic Acids Res 2019; 46:W495-W502. [PMID: 29718355 PMCID: PMC6030842 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gky301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2018] [Accepted: 04/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Metabolism of an organism is composed of hundreds to thousands of interconnected biochemical reactions responding to environmental or genetic constraints. This metabolic network provides a rich knowledge to contextualize omics data and to elaborate hypotheses on metabolic modulations. Nevertheless, performing this kind of integrative analysis is challenging for end users with not sufficiently advanced computer skills since it requires the use of various tools and web servers. MetExplore offers an all-in-one online solution composed of interactive tools for metabolic network curation, network exploration and omics data analysis. In particular, it is possible to curate and annotate metabolic networks in a collaborative environment. The network exploration is also facilitated in MetExplore by a system of interactive tables connected to a powerful network visualization module. Finally, the contextualization of metabolic elements in the network and the calculation of over-representation statistics make it possible to interpret any kind of omics data. MetExplore is a sustainable project maintained since 2010 freely available at https://metexplore.toulouse.inra.fr/metexplore2/.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ludovic Cottret
- LIPM, Université de Toulouse, INRA, CNRS, Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | | | - Maxime Chazalviel
- INRA, UMR1331, Toxalim, F-31000 Toulouse, France.,MedDay Pharmaceuticals, Paris, France
| | | | - Yoann Gloaguen
- Berlin Institute of Health Metabolomics Platform, 10178 Berlin, Germany.,Core Unit Bioinformatics, Berlin Institute of Health, 10178 Berlin, Germany.,Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, 13125 Berlin, Germany
| | | | | | - Stéphanie Heux
- Université de Toulouse; INSA, UPS, INP; LISBP, 135 Avenue de Rangueil, F-31077 Toulouse, France.,INRA, UMR792, Ingénierie des Systèmes Biologiques et des Procédés, F-31400 Toulouse, France.,CNRS, UMR5504, F-31400 Toulouse, France
| | - Jean-Charles Portais
- Université de Toulouse; INSA, UPS, INP; LISBP, 135 Avenue de Rangueil, F-31077 Toulouse, France.,INRA, UMR792, Ingénierie des Systèmes Biologiques et des Procédés, F-31400 Toulouse, France.,CNRS, UMR5504, F-31400 Toulouse, France
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31
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Gómez-Díaz JS, Montoya-Lerma J, Muñoz-Valencia V. Prevalence and Diversity of Endosymbionts in Cassava Whiteflies (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) From Colombia. JOURNAL OF INSECT SCIENCE (ONLINE) 2019; 19:5494810. [PMID: 31115477 PMCID: PMC6529905 DOI: 10.1093/jisesa/iez047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2019] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Whiteflies cause huge economic losses for cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) cultivation. Damage can be caused directly when the insects feed on the phloem and/or indirectly by the transmission of viruses. It has been found that whiteflies maintain a close relationship with some endosymbiotic bacteria and that this interaction produces different effects on host biology and can also facilitate viral transmission. This study aimed to characterize the diversity of secondary endosymbionts (SE) present in whiteflies associated with cassava. Whitefly adults and nymphs were collected from cassava crops at nine locations in Southwestern Colombia. Molecular identification of insects and endosymbionts was carried out using specific mtCOI, wsp, 23s rRNA, and 16s rRNA primers. Phylogenetic trees were constructed from these sequences, both for whitefly species and the endosymbionts found. In addition, morphological identification of whitefly species was made using last instar nymphs. Molecular and morphological evaluation revealed that the most abundant whitefly species was Trialeurodes variabilis (Quaintance) followed by Aleurotrachelus socialis Bondar and Bemisia tuberculata Bondar. One hundred percent of the individuals contained the primary endosymbiont Portiera. The SE Rickettsia, Hamiltonella, Wolbachia, and Fritschea were not detected in the samples tested. Prevalence of Cardinium and Arsenophonus were variable at each locality, Cardinium being most prevalent in A. socialis adults. This study is the first report on the presence of Cardinium and Arsenophonus in A. socialis and T. variabilis. It is also the first report of endosymbiotic diversity in whiteflies associated with cassava in Colombia.
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32
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Salcedo-Porras N, Guarneri A, Oliveira PL, Lowenberger C. Rhodnius prolixus: Identification of missing components of the IMD immune signaling pathway and functional characterization of its role in eliminating bacteria. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0214794. [PMID: 30943246 PMCID: PMC6447187 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0214794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2018] [Accepted: 03/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The innate immune system in insects is regulated by specific signalling pathways. Most immune related pathways were identified and characterized in holometabolous insects such as Drosophila melanogaster, and it was assumed they would be highly conserved in all insects. The hemimetabolous insect, Rhodnius prolixus, has served as a model to study basic insect physiology, but also is a major vector of the human parasite, Trypanosoma cruzi, that causes 10,000 deaths annually. The publication of the R. prolixus genome revealed that one of the main immune pathways, the Immune-deficiency pathway (IMD), was incomplete and probably non-functional, an observation shared with other hemimetabolous insects including the pea aphid (Acyrthosiphon pisum) and the bedbug (Cimex lectularius). It was proposed that the IMD pathway is inactive in R. prolixus as an adaptation to prevent eliminating beneficial symbiont gut bacteria. We used bioinformatic analyses based on reciprocal BLAST and HMM-profile searches to find orthologs for most of the "missing" elements of the IMD pathway and provide data that these are regulated in response to infection with Gram-negative bacteria. We used RNAi strategies to demonstrate the role of the IMD pathway in regulating the expression of specific antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) in the fat body of R. prolixus. The data indicate that the IMD pathway is present and active in R. prolixus, which opens up new avenues of research on R. prolixus-T. cruzi interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Salcedo-Porras
- Centre for Cell Biology, Development, and Disease, Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Alessandra Guarneri
- Instituto René Rachou, Avenida Augusto de Lima, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Pedro L. Oliveira
- Instituto de Bioquímica Médica, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, CCS, Ilha do Fundão, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Carl Lowenberger
- Centre for Cell Biology, Development, and Disease, Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
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33
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Oliver KM, Higashi CH. Variations on a protective theme: Hamiltonella defensa infections in aphids variably impact parasitoid success. CURRENT OPINION IN INSECT SCIENCE 2019; 32:1-7. [PMID: 31113620 DOI: 10.1016/j.cois.2018.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2018] [Accepted: 08/27/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Protective mutualisms are common in nature and include insect infections with cryptic symbionts that defend against pathogens and parasites. An archetypal defensive symbiont, Hamiltonella defensa protects aphids against parasitoids by disabling wasp development. Successful defense requires H. defensa infection with bacteriophages (APSEs), which play other key roles in mutualism maintenance. Genomes of H. defensa strains are highly similar in gene inventories, varying primarily in mobile element content. Protective phenotypes are highly variable across aphid models depending on H. defensa/APSE, aphid and wasp genotypes. Infection frequencies of H. defensa are highly dynamic in field populations, influenced by a variety of selective and non-selective factors confounding biological control implications. Overall, H. defensa infections likely represent a global aphid protection network with effects radiating outward from focal interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerry M Oliver
- Department of Entomology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA.
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34
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lin D, Zhang L, Shao W, Li X, Liu X, Wu H, Rao Q. Phylogenetic analyses and characteristics of the microbiomes from five mealybugs (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae). Ecol Evol 2019; 9:1972-1984. [PMID: 30847086 PMCID: PMC6392364 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.4889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2018] [Revised: 10/10/2018] [Accepted: 10/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Associations between Sternorrhyncha insects and intracellular bacteria are common in nature. Mealybugs are destructive pests that seriously threaten the production of agriculture and forestry. Mealybugs have evolved intimate endosymbiotic relationships with bacteria, which provide them with essential amino acids, vitamins, and other nutrients. In this study, the divergence of five mealybugs was analyzed based up the sequences of the mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase I (mtCOI). Meanwhile, the distinct regions of the 16S rRNA gene of primary symbionts in the mealybugs were sequenced. Finally, high-throughput sequencing (HTS) techniques were used to study the microbial abundance and diversity in mealybugs. Molecular phylogenetic analyses revealed that these five mealybugs were subdivided into two different clusters. One cluster of mealybugs (Dysmicoccus neobrevipes, Pseudococcus comstocki, and Planococcus minor) harbored the primary endosymbiont "Candidatus Tremblaya princeps," and another cluster (Phenacoccus solenopsis and Phenacoccus solani) harbored "Ca. Tremblaya phenacola." The mtCOI sequence divergence between the two clusters was similar to the 16S rRNA sequence divergence between T. princeps and T. phenacola. Thus, we concluded that the symbiont phylogeny was largely concordant with the host phylogeny. The HTS showed that the microbial abundance and diversity within P. solani and P. solenopsis were highly similar, and there was lower overall species richness compared to the other mealybugs. Among the five mealybugs, we also found significant differences in Shannon diversity and observed species. These results provide a theoretical basis for further research on the coevolution of mealybugs and their symbiotic microorganisms. These findings are also useful for research on the effect of symbiont diversity on the pest status of mealybugs in agricultural systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan lin
- School of Agriculture and Food ScienceZhejiang A & F UniversityHangzhouChina
| | - Li Zhang
- School of Agriculture and Food ScienceZhejiang A & F UniversityHangzhouChina
| | - Weidong Shao
- Zhoushan Entry‐exit Inspection and Quarantine BreauNingboChina
| | - Xuelian Li
- Ningbo Entry‐exit Inspection and Quarantine BureauNingboChina
| | - Xunyue Liu
- School of Agriculture and Food ScienceZhejiang A & F UniversityHangzhouChina
| | - Huiming Wu
- School of Agriculture and Food ScienceZhejiang A & F UniversityHangzhouChina
| | - Qiong Rao
- School of Agriculture and Food ScienceZhejiang A & F UniversityHangzhouChina
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35
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Zhao D, Hoffmann AA, Zhang Z, Niu H, Guo H. Interactions Between Facultative Symbionts Hamiltonella and Cardinium in Bemisia tabaci (Hemiptera: Aleyrodoidea): Cooperation or Conflict? JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY 2018; 111:2660-2666. [PMID: 30265339 DOI: 10.1093/jee/toy261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Maternally-inherited facultative symbionts are widespread in most insect species, and it is common that several symbionts coexist in the same host individual. Hence, the symbionts may compete or share for the limited resources and space in the host. The whitefly, Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) (Hemiptera: Aleyrodoidea), harbors a diverse array of facultative symbionts, among which Hamiltonella sp. and Cardinium sp. are abundant species. Hamiltonella alone increases host fitness, while Cardinium alone confers lower fitness. Locking those different partners together creates ideal situations for the evolution of interactions between symbionts. In this study, we compared the fitness effects of whiteflies infected with only Hamiltonella to Hamiltonella-Cardnium co-infected whiteflies and measured the density of Hamiltonella and Cardinium during host aging, aiming to explore Hamiltonella-Cardinium interactions in B. tabaci. Our results illustrated that Hamiltonella-Cardinium coinfection induced lower fecundity, egg hatchability and number of female offspring, leading to a male-biased sex ratio in offspring, while there is no evidence for reproductive incompatibility between the infections. We also found an antagonistic interaction between Hamiltonella and Cardinium given that the density of the latter increased across time and led to a decrease of Hamiltonella density, which may be the underlying causes of the fitness cost in double-infected B. tabaci. Exploring the ecological consequences of co-infections of these different symbionts helps us to understand the nature of host-symbiont interactions in this species and potential for evolutionary conflict.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongxiao Zhao
- Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Ary A Hoffmann
- School of BioSciences, Bio 21 Institute, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Zhichun Zhang
- Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Hongtao Niu
- Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Huifang Guo
- Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
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36
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Li S, Liu D, Zhang R, Zhai Y, Huang X, Wang D, Shi X. Effects of a presumably protective endosymbiont on life-history characters and their plasticity for its host aphid on three plants. Ecol Evol 2018; 8:13004-13013. [PMID: 30619600 PMCID: PMC6308870 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.4754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2018] [Revised: 09/30/2018] [Accepted: 11/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Hamiltonella defensa is well known for its protective roles against parasitoids for its aphid hosts, but its functional roles in insect-plant interactions are less understood. Thus, the impact of H. defensa infections on life-history characters and the underlying genetic variation for the grain aphid, Sitobion avenae (Fabricius), was explored on three plants (i.e., wheat, oat, and rye). Compared to cured lines, H. defensa infected lines of S. avenae had lower fecundity on wheat and oat, but not on rye, suggesting an infection cost for the aphid on susceptible host plants. However, when tested on rye, the infected lines showed a shorter developmental time for the nymphal stage than corresponding cured lines, showing some benefit for S. avenae carrying the endosymbiont on resistant host plants. The infection of H. defensa altered genetic variation underlying its host S. avenea's life-history characters, which was shown by differences in heritabilities and genetic correlations of life-history characters between S. avenae lines infected and cured of the endosymbiont. This was further substantiated by disparity in G-matrices of their life-history characters for the two types of aphid lines. The G-matrices for life-history characters of aphid lines infected with and cured of H. defensa were significantly different from each other on rye, but not on oat, suggesting strong plant-dependent effects. The developmental durations of infected S. avenae lines showed a lower plasticity compared with those of corresponding cured lines, and this could mean higher adaptability for the infected lines.Overall, our results showed novel functional roles of a common secondary endosymbiont (i.e., H. defensa) in plant-insect interactions, and its infections could have significant consequences for the evolutionary ecology of its host insect populations in nature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shirong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas (Northwest A&F University)YanglingShaanxi ProvinceChina
- College of Plant ProtectionNorthwest A&F UniversityYanglingShaanxi ProvinceChina
| | - Deguang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas (Northwest A&F University)YanglingShaanxi ProvinceChina
- College of Plant ProtectionNorthwest A&F UniversityYanglingShaanxi ProvinceChina
| | - Rongfang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas (Northwest A&F University)YanglingShaanxi ProvinceChina
- College of Plant ProtectionNorthwest A&F UniversityYanglingShaanxi ProvinceChina
| | - Yingting Zhai
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas (Northwest A&F University)YanglingShaanxi ProvinceChina
- College of Plant ProtectionNorthwest A&F UniversityYanglingShaanxi ProvinceChina
| | - Xianliang Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas (Northwest A&F University)YanglingShaanxi ProvinceChina
- College of Plant ProtectionNorthwest A&F UniversityYanglingShaanxi ProvinceChina
| | - Da Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas (Northwest A&F University)YanglingShaanxi ProvinceChina
- College of Plant ProtectionNorthwest A&F UniversityYanglingShaanxi ProvinceChina
| | - Xiaoqin Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas (Northwest A&F University)YanglingShaanxi ProvinceChina
- College of Plant ProtectionNorthwest A&F UniversityYanglingShaanxi ProvinceChina
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37
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Kinjo Y, Bourguignon T, Tong KJ, Kuwahara H, Lim SJ, Yoon KB, Shigenobu S, Park YC, Nalepa CA, Hongoh Y, Ohkuma M, Lo N, Tokuda G. Parallel and Gradual Genome Erosion in the Blattabacterium Endosymbionts of Mastotermes darwiniensis and Cryptocercus Wood Roaches. Genome Biol Evol 2018; 10:1622-1630. [PMID: 29860278 PMCID: PMC6022663 DOI: 10.1093/gbe/evy110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Almost all examined cockroaches harbor an obligate intracellular endosymbiont, Blattabacterium cuenoti. On the basis of genome content, Blattabacterium has been inferred to recycle nitrogen wastes and provide amino acids and cofactors for its hosts. Most Blattabacterium strains sequenced to date harbor a genome of ∼630 kbp, with the exception of the termite Mastotermes darwiniensis (∼590 kbp) and Cryptocercus punctulatus (∼614 kbp), a representative of the sister group of termites. Such genome reduction may have led to the ultimate loss of Blattabacterium in all termites other than Mastotermes. In this study, we sequenced 11 new Blattabacterium genomes from three species of Cryptocercus in order to shed light on the genomic evolution of Blattabacterium in termites and Cryptocercus. All genomes of Cryptocercus-derived Blattabacterium genomes were reduced (∼614 kbp), except for that associated with Cryptocercus kyebangensis, which comprised 637 kbp. Phylogenetic analysis of these genomes and their content indicates that Blattabacterium experienced parallel genome reduction in Mastotermes and Cryptocercus, possibly due to similar selective forces. We found evidence of ongoing genome reduction in Blattabacterium from three lineages of the C. punctulatus species complex, which independently lost one cysteine biosynthetic gene. We also sequenced the genome of the Blattabacterium associated with Salganea taiwanensis, a subsocial xylophagous cockroach that does not vertically transmit gut symbionts via proctodeal trophallaxis. This genome was 632 kbp, typical of that of nonsubsocial cockroaches. Overall, our results show that genome reduction occurred on multiple occasions in Blattabacterium, and is still ongoing, possibly because of new associations with gut symbionts in some lineages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukihiro Kinjo
- Japan Collection of Microorganisms, RIKEN BioResource Research Center, Tsukuba, Japan.,Department of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo, Japan.,Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology, Graduate University, Okinawa, Japan.,Tropical Biosphere Research Center, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa, Japan
| | - Thomas Bourguignon
- Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology, Graduate University, Okinawa, Japan.,Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Kwei Jun Tong
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Hirokazu Kuwahara
- Department of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Sang Jin Lim
- Division of Forest Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwang Bae Yoon
- Division of Forest Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Shuji Shigenobu
- National Institute for Basic Biology, NIBB Core Research Facilities, Okazaki, Japan
| | - Yung Chul Park
- Division of Forest Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Christine A Nalepa
- Department of Entomology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | - Yuichi Hongoh
- Japan Collection of Microorganisms, RIKEN BioResource Research Center, Tsukuba, Japan.,Department of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Moriya Ohkuma
- Japan Collection of Microorganisms, RIKEN BioResource Research Center, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Nathan Lo
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Gaku Tokuda
- Tropical Biosphere Research Center, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa, Japan
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38
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Brown AMV, Wasala SK, Howe DK, Peetz AB, Zasada IA, Denver DR. Comparative Genomics of Wolbachia- Cardinium Dual Endosymbiosis in a Plant-Parasitic Nematode. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:2482. [PMID: 30459726 PMCID: PMC6232779 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.02482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2018] [Accepted: 09/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Wolbachia and Cardinium are among the most important and widespread of all endosymbionts, occurring in nematodes and more than half of insect and arachnid species, sometimes as coinfections. These symbionts are of significant interest as potential biocontrol agents due to their abilities to cause major effects on host biology and reproduction through cytoplasmic incompatibility, sex ratio distortion, or obligate mutualism. The ecological and metabolic effects of coinfections are not well understood. This study examined a Wolbachia-Cardinium coinfection in the plant-parasitic nematode (PPN), Pratylenchus penetrans, producing the first detailed study of such a coinfection using fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH), polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and comparative genomic analysis. Results from FISH and single-nematode PCR showed 123/127 individuals in a focal population carried Cardinium (denoted strain cPpe), and 48% were coinfected with Wolbachia strain wPpe. Both endosymbionts showed dispersed tissue distribution with highest densities in the anterior intestinal walls and gonads. Phylogenomic analyses confirmed an early place of cPpe and long distance from a sister strain in another PPN, Heterodera glycines, supporting a long history of both Cardinium and Wolbachia in PPNs. The genome of cPpe was 1.36 Mbp with 35.8% GC content, 1,131 predicted genes, 41% having no known function, and missing biotin and lipoate synthetic capacity and a plasmid present in other strains, despite having a slightly larger genome compared to other sequenced Cardinium. The larger genome revealed expansions of gene families likely involved in host-cellular interactions. More than 2% of the genes of cPpe and wPpe were identified as candidate horizontally transferred genes, with some of these from eukaryotes, including nematodes. A model of the possible Wolbachia-Cardinium interaction is proposed with possible complementation in function for pathways such as methionine and fatty acid biosynthesis and biotin transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda M V Brown
- Department of Biological Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, United States
| | - Sulochana K Wasala
- Department of Integrative Biology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, United States
| | - Dana K Howe
- Department of Integrative Biology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, United States
| | - Amy B Peetz
- USDA-ARS Horticultural Crops Research Laboratory, Corvallis, OR, United States
| | - Inga A Zasada
- USDA-ARS Horticultural Crops Research Laboratory, Corvallis, OR, United States
| | - Dee R Denver
- Department of Integrative Biology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, United States
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39
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Tang XT, Cai L, Shen Y, Du YZ. Diversity and evolution of the endosymbionts of Bemisia tabaci in China. PeerJ 2018; 6:e5516. [PMID: 30186690 PMCID: PMC6119459 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.5516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2018] [Accepted: 08/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The whitefly Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) is a cryptic species complex, including members that are pests of global importance. This study presents a screening of B. tabaci species in China for infection by the primary endosymbiont, Portiera aleyrodidarum, and two secondary endosymbionts, Arsenophonus and Cardinium. The results showed that P. aleyrodidarum was detected in all B. tabaci individuals, while Arsenophonus was abundant in indigenous species of B. tabaci Asia II 1, Asia II 3, and China 1 but absent in the invasive species, Middle East-Asia Minor 1 (MEAM1); Cardinium presented in the Mediterranean (MED), Asia II 1 and Asia II 3 species but was rarely detected in the MEAM1 and China 1 species. Moreover, phylogenetic analyses revealed that the P. aleyrodidarum and mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase 1 (mtCO1) phylograms were similar and corresponding with the five distinct cryptic species clades to some extent, probably indicating an ancient infection followed by vertical transmission and subsequent co-evolutionary diversification. In contrast, the phylogenetic trees of Arsenophonus and Cardinium were incongruent with the mtCO1 phylogram, potentially indicating horizontal transmission in B. tabaci cryptic species complex. Taken together, our study showed the distinct infection status of endosymbionts in invasive and indigenous whiteflies; we also most likely indicated the co-evolution of primary endosymbiont and its host as well as the potential horizontal transfer of secondary endosymbionts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Tian Tang
- School of Horticulture and Plant Protection & Institute of Applied Entomology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China.,Department of Entomology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Li Cai
- School of Horticulture and Plant Protection & Institute of Applied Entomology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yuan Shen
- Agriculture and Forestry Bureau of Binhu District, Wuxi, China
| | - Yu-Zhou Du
- School of Horticulture and Plant Protection & Institute of Applied Entomology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China.,Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, the Ministry of Education, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
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40
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Shi PQ, Wang L, Liu Y, An X, Chen XS, Ahmed MZ, Qiu BL, Sang W. Infection dynamics of endosymbionts reveal three novel localization patterns of Rickettsia during the development of whitefly Bemisia tabaci. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 2018; 94:5076031. [DOI: 10.1093/femsec/fiy165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2018] [Accepted: 08/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Pei-Qiong Shi
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Pesticide Innovation and Application, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Lei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Pesticide Innovation and Application, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Yuan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Pesticide Innovation and Application, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Xuan An
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Pesticide Innovation and Application, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Xiao-Sheng Chen
- College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Muhammad Z Ahmed
- Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services, Division of Plant Industry, 1911 SW 34th Street, Gainesville, FL 32614-7100, USA
| | - Bao-Li Qiu
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Pesticide Innovation and Application, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Wen Sang
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Pesticide Innovation and Application, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510640, China
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41
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Tilquin A, Christie JR, Kokko H. Mitochondrial complementation: a possible neglected factor behind early eukaryotic sex. J Evol Biol 2018; 31:1152-1164. [DOI: 10.1111/jeb.13293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2018] [Revised: 04/17/2018] [Accepted: 05/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anaïs Tilquin
- Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies; University of Zurich; Zurich Switzerland
- Finnish Centre of Excellence in Biological Interactions; Jyväskylä Finland
| | - Joshua R. Christie
- Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies; University of Zurich; Zurich Switzerland
- Finnish Centre of Excellence in Biological Interactions; Jyväskylä Finland
| | - Hanna Kokko
- Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies; University of Zurich; Zurich Switzerland
- Finnish Centre of Excellence in Biological Interactions; Jyväskylä Finland
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42
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Weglarz KM, Havill NP, Burke GR, von Dohlen CD. Partnering With a Pest: Genomes of Hemlock Woolly Adelgid Symbionts Reveal Atypical Nutritional Provisioning Patterns in Dual-Obligate Bacteria. Genome Biol Evol 2018; 10:1607-1621. [PMID: 29860412 PMCID: PMC6022629 DOI: 10.1093/gbe/evy114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Nutritional bacterial symbionts enhance the diets of sap-feeding insects with amino acids and vitamins missing from their diets. In many lineages, an ancestral senior symbiont is joined by a younger junior symbiont. To date, an emergent pattern is that senior symbionts supply a majority of amino acids, and junior symbionts supply a minority. Similar to other hemipterans, adelgids harbor obligate symbionts, but have higher diversity of bacterial associates, suggesting a history of symbiont turnover. The metabolic roles of dual symbionts in adelgids and their contributions to the consortium are largely unexplored. Here, we investigate the symbionts of Adelges tsugae, the hemlock woolly adelgid (HWA), an invasive species introduced from Japan to the eastern United States, where it kills hemlock trees. The response of hemlocks to HWA feeding has aspects of a defensive reaction against pathogens, and some have speculated that symbionts may be involved. We sequenced the genomes of "Ca. Annandia adelgestsuga" and "Ca. Pseudomonas adelgestsugas" symbionts to detail their metabolic capabilities, infer ages of relationship, and search for effectors of plant defenses. We also tested the relationship of "Ca. Annandia" to symbionts of other insects. We find that both symbionts provide nutrients, but in more balanced proportions than dual symbionts of other hemipterans. The lesser contributions of the senior "Ca. Annandia" support our hypothesis for symbiont replacements in adelgids. Phylogenomic results were ambiguous regarding the position of "Ca. Annandia". We found no obvious effectors of plant defenses related to insect virulence, but hypothetical proteins in symbionts are unknown players.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nathan P Havill
- USDA Forest Service, Northern Research Station, Hamden, Connecticut
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43
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Opatovsky I, Santos-Garcia D, Ruan Z, Lahav T, Ofaim S, Mouton L, Barbe V, Jiang J, Zchori-Fein E, Freilich S. Modeling trophic dependencies and exchanges among insects' bacterial symbionts in a host-simulated environment. BMC Genomics 2018; 19:402. [PMID: 29801436 PMCID: PMC5970531 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-018-4786-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2017] [Accepted: 05/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Individual organisms are linked to their communities and ecosystems via metabolic activities. Metabolic exchanges and co-dependencies have long been suggested to have a pivotal role in determining community structure. In phloem-feeding insects such metabolic interactions with bacteria enable complementation of their deprived nutrition. The phloem-feeding whitefly Bemisia tabaci (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) harbors an obligatory symbiotic bacterium, as well as varying combinations of facultative symbionts. This well-defined bacterial community in B. tabaci serves here as a case study for a comprehensive and systematic survey of metabolic interactions within the bacterial community and their associations with documented occurrences of bacterial combinations. We first reconstructed the metabolic networks of five common B. tabaci symbionts genera (Portiera, Rickettsia, Hamiltonella, Cardinium and Wolbachia), and then used network analysis approaches to predict: (1) species-specific metabolic capacities in a simulated bacteriocyte-like environment; (2) metabolic capacities of the corresponding species' combinations, and (3) dependencies of each species on different media components. RESULTS The predictions for metabolic capacities of the symbionts in the host environment were in general agreement with previously reported genome analyses, each focused on the single-species level. The analysis suggests several previously un-reported routes for complementary interactions and estimated the dependency of each symbiont in specific host metabolites. No clear association was detected between metabolic co-dependencies and co-occurrence patterns. CONCLUSIONS The analysis generated predictions for testable hypotheses of metabolic exchanges and co-dependencies in bacterial communities and by crossing them with co-occurrence profiles, contextualized interaction patterns into a wider ecological perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Itai Opatovsky
- Newe Ya’ar Research Center, The Agricultural Research Organization, Ramat Yishay, Israel
- Agricultural Research and Development Center, Southern Branch (Besor), Israel
| | | | - Zhepu Ruan
- Newe Ya’ar Research Center, The Agricultural Research Organization, Ramat Yishay, Israel
- Department of Microbiology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095 China
| | - Tamar Lahav
- Newe Ya’ar Research Center, The Agricultural Research Organization, Ramat Yishay, Israel
| | - Shany Ofaim
- Newe Ya’ar Research Center, The Agricultural Research Organization, Ramat Yishay, Israel
| | - Laurence Mouton
- CNRS, Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Evolutive UMR CNRS 5558, Université de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard, F-69622 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Valérie Barbe
- Institut de biologie François-Jacob, GenoscopeCEA, Genoscope, Evry, France
| | - Jiandong Jiang
- Department of Microbiology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095 China
| | - Einat Zchori-Fein
- Newe Ya’ar Research Center, The Agricultural Research Organization, Ramat Yishay, Israel
| | - Shiri Freilich
- Newe Ya’ar Research Center, The Agricultural Research Organization, Ramat Yishay, Israel
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44
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Sseruwagi P, Wainaina J, Ndunguru J, Tumuhimbise R, Tairo F, Guo JY, Vrielink A, Blythe A, Kinene T, De Marchi B, Kehoe MA, Tanz S, Boykin LM. The first transcriptomes from field-collected individual whiteflies ( Bemisia tabaci, Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae): a case study of the endosymbiont composition. Gates Open Res 2018. [PMID: 29608200 DOI: 10.12688/gatesopenres.12783.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Bemisia tabaci species ( B. tabaci), or whiteflies, are the world's most devastating insect pests. They cause billions of dollars (US) of damage each year, and are leaving farmers in the developing world food insecure. Currently, all publically available transcriptome data for B. tabaci are generated from pooled samples, which can lead to high heterozygosity and skewed representation of the genetic diversity. The ability to extract enough RNA from a single whitefly has remained elusive due to their small size and technological limitations. Methods: In this study, we optimised a single whitefly RNA extraction procedure, and sequenced the transcriptome of four individual adult Sub-Saharan Africa 1 (SSA1) B. tabaci. Transcriptome sequencing resulted in 39-42 million raw reads. De novo assembly of trimmed reads yielded between 65,000-162,000 Contigs across B. tabaci transcriptomes. Results: Bayesian phylogenetic analysis of mitochondrion cytochrome I oxidase (mtCOI) grouped the four whiteflies within the SSA1 clade. BLASTn searches on the four transcriptomes identified five endosymbionts; the primary endosymbiont Portiera aleyrodidarum and four secondary endosymbionts: Arsenophonus, Wolbachia, Rickettsia, and Cardinium spp. that were predominant across all four SSA1 B. tabaci samples with prevalence levels of between 54.1 to 75%. Amino acid alignments of the NusG gene of P. aleyrodidarum for the SSA1 B. tabaci transcriptomes of samples WF2 and WF2b revealed an eleven amino acid residue deletion that was absent in samples WF1 and WF2a. Comparison of the protein structure of the NusG protein from P. aleyrodidarum in SSA1 with known NusG structures showed the deletion resulted in a shorter D loop. Conclusions: The use of field-collected specimens means time and money will be saved in future studies using single whitefly transcriptomes in monitoring vector and viral interactions. Our method is applicable to any small organism where RNA quantity has limited transcriptome studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Sseruwagi
- Mikocheni Agriculture Research Institute (MARI), Dar es Salaam, P.O. Box 6226, Tanzania
| | - James Wainaina
- School of Molecular Sciences and Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, 6009, Australia
| | - Joseph Ndunguru
- Mikocheni Agriculture Research Institute (MARI), Dar es Salaam, P.O. Box 6226, Tanzania
| | - Robooni Tumuhimbise
- National Agricultural Research Laboratories, P.O. Box 7065, Kampala Kawanda - Senge Rd, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Fred Tairo
- Mikocheni Agriculture Research Institute (MARI), Dar es Salaam, P.O. Box 6226, Tanzania
| | - Jian-Yang Guo
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Agricultural Entomology, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China.,State Key Laboratory for the Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Alice Vrielink
- School of Molecular Sciences and Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, 6009, Australia
| | - Amanda Blythe
- School of Molecular Sciences and Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, 6009, Australia
| | - Tonny Kinene
- School of Molecular Sciences and Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, 6009, Australia
| | - Bruno De Marchi
- School of Molecular Sciences and Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, 6009, Australia.,Faculdade de Ciências Agronômicas, Universidade Estadual Paulista , Botucatu, Brazil
| | - Monica A Kehoe
- Department of Primary Industries and Regional Development, DPIRD Diagnostic Laboratory Services, South Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Sandra Tanz
- School of Molecular Sciences and Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, 6009, Australia
| | - Laura M Boykin
- School of Molecular Sciences and Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, 6009, Australia
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45
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Sseruwagi P, Wainaina J, Ndunguru J, Tumuhimbise R, Tairo F, Guo JY, Vrielink A, Blythe A, Kinene T, De Marchi B, Kehoe MA, Tanz S, Boykin LM. The first transcriptomes from field-collected individual whiteflies ( Bemisia tabaci, Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae): a case study of the endosymbiont composition. Gates Open Res 2018; 1:16. [PMID: 29608200 PMCID: PMC5872585 DOI: 10.12688/gatesopenres.12783.3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Bemisia tabaci species (
B. tabaci), or whiteflies, are the world’s most devastating insect pests. They cause billions of dollars (US) of damage each year, and are leaving farmers in the developing world food insecure. Currently, all publically available transcriptome data for
B. tabaci are generated from pooled samples, which can lead to high heterozygosity and skewed representation of the genetic diversity. The ability to extract enough RNA from a single whitefly has remained elusive due to their small size and technological limitations. Methods: In this study, we optimised a single whitefly RNA extraction procedure, and sequenced the transcriptome of four individual adult Sub-Saharan Africa 1 (SSA1)
B. tabaci. Transcriptome sequencing resulted in 39-42 million raw reads.
De novo assembly of trimmed reads yielded between 65,000-162,000 Contigs across
B. tabaci transcriptomes. Results: Bayesian phylogenetic analysis of mitochondrion cytochrome I oxidase (mtCOI) grouped the four whiteflies within the SSA1 clade. BLASTn searches on the four transcriptomes identified five endosymbionts; the primary endosymbiont
Portiera aleyrodidarum and four secondary endosymbionts:
Arsenophonus, Wolbachia, Rickettsia, and
Cardinium spp. that were predominant across all four SSA1 B.
tabaci samples with prevalence levels of between 54.1 to 75%. Amino acid alignments of the
NusG gene of
P. aleyrodidarum for the SSA1
B. tabaci transcriptomes of samples WF2 and WF2b revealed an eleven amino acid residue deletion that was absent in samples WF1 and WF2a. Comparison of the protein structure of the
NusG protein from
P. aleyrodidarum in SSA1 with known
NusG structures showed the deletion resulted in a shorter D loop. Conclusions: The use of field-collected specimens means time and money will be saved in future studies using single whitefly transcriptomes in monitoring vector and viral interactions. Our method is applicable to any small organism where RNA quantity has limited transcriptome studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Sseruwagi
- Mikocheni Agriculture Research Institute (MARI), Dar es Salaam, P.O. Box 6226, Tanzania
| | - James Wainaina
- School of Molecular Sciences and Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, 6009, Australia
| | - Joseph Ndunguru
- Mikocheni Agriculture Research Institute (MARI), Dar es Salaam, P.O. Box 6226, Tanzania
| | - Robooni Tumuhimbise
- National Agricultural Research Laboratories, P.O. Box 7065, Kampala Kawanda - Senge Rd, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Fred Tairo
- Mikocheni Agriculture Research Institute (MARI), Dar es Salaam, P.O. Box 6226, Tanzania
| | - Jian-Yang Guo
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Agricultural Entomology, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China.,State Key Laboratory for the Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Alice Vrielink
- School of Molecular Sciences and Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, 6009, Australia
| | - Amanda Blythe
- School of Molecular Sciences and Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, 6009, Australia
| | - Tonny Kinene
- School of Molecular Sciences and Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, 6009, Australia
| | - Bruno De Marchi
- School of Molecular Sciences and Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, 6009, Australia.,Faculdade de Ciências Agronômicas, Universidade Estadual Paulista , Botucatu, Brazil
| | - Monica A Kehoe
- Department of Primary Industries and Regional Development, DPIRD Diagnostic Laboratory Services, South Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Sandra Tanz
- School of Molecular Sciences and Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, 6009, Australia
| | - Laura M Boykin
- School of Molecular Sciences and Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, 6009, Australia
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46
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Chevignon G, Boyd BM, Brandt JW, Oliver KM, Strand MR. Culture-Facilitated Comparative Genomics of the Facultative Symbiont Hamiltonella defensa. Genome Biol Evol 2018; 10:786-802. [PMID: 29452355 PMCID: PMC5841374 DOI: 10.1093/gbe/evy036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Many insects host facultative, bacterial symbionts that confer conditional fitness benefits to their hosts. Hamiltonella defensa is a common facultative symbiont of aphids that provides protection against parasitoid wasps. Protection levels vary among strains of H. defensa that are also differentially infected by bacteriophages named APSEs. However, little is known about trait variation among strains because only one isolate has been fully sequenced. Generating complete genomes for facultative symbionts is hindered by relatively large genome sizes but low abundances in hosts like aphids that are very small. Here, we took advantage of methods for culturing H. defensa outside of aphids to generate complete genomes and transcriptome data for four strains of H. defensa from the pea aphid Acyrthosiphon pisum. Chosen strains also spanned the breadth of the H. defensa phylogeny and differed in strength of protection conferred against parasitoids. Results indicated that strains shared most genes with roles in nutrient acquisition, metabolism, and essential housekeeping functions. In contrast, the inventory of mobile genetic elements varied substantially, which generated strain specific differences in gene content and genome architecture. In some cases, specific traits correlated with differences in protection against parasitoids, but in others high variation between strains obscured identification of traits with likely roles in defense. Transcriptome data generated continuous distributions to genome assemblies with some genes that were highly expressed and others that were not. Single molecule real-time sequencing further identified differences in DNA methylation patterns and restriction modification systems that provide defense against phage infection.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Bret M Boyd
- Department of Entomology, University of Georgia
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47
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Sseruwagi P, Wainaina J, Ndunguru J, Tumuhimbise R, Tairo F, Guo JY, Vrielink A, Blythe A, Kinene T, De Marchi B, Kehoe MA, Tanz S, Boykin LM. The first transcriptomes from field-collected individual whiteflies (Bemisia tabaci, Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae). Gates Open Res 2018; 1:16. [DOI: 10.12688/gatesopenres.12783.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Bemisia tabaci species (B. tabaci), or whiteflies, are the world’s most devastating insect pests. They cause billions of dollars (US) of damage each year, and are leaving farmers in the developing world food insecure. Currently, all publically available transcriptome data for B. tabaci are generated from pooled samples, which can lead to high heterozygosity and skewed representation of the genetic diversity. The ability to extract enough RNA from a single whitefly has remained elusive due to their small size and technological limitations. Methods: In this study, we optimised a single whitefly RNA extraction procedure, and sequenced the transcriptome of four individual adult Sub-Saharan Africa 1 (SSA1) B. tabaci. Transcriptome sequencing resulted in 39-42 million raw reads. De novo assembly of trimmed reads yielded between 65,000-162,000 Contigs across B. tabaci transcriptomes. Results: Bayesian phylogenetic analysis of mitochondrion cytochrome I oxidase (mtCOI) grouped the four whiteflies within the SSA1 clade. BLASTn searches on the four transcriptomes identified five endosymbionts; the primary endosymbiont Portiera aleyrodidarum and four secondary endosymbionts: Arsenophonus, Wolbachia, Rickettsia, and Cardinium spp. that were predominant across all four SSA1 B. tabaci samples with prevalence levels of between 54.1 to 75%. Amino acid alignments of the NusG gene of P. aleyrodidarum for the SSA1 B. tabaci transcriptomes of samples WF2 and WF2b revealed an eleven amino acid residue deletion that was absent in samples WF1 and WF2a. Comparison of the protein structure of the NusG protein from P. aleyrodidarum in SSA1 with known NusG structures showed the deletion resulted in a shorter D loop. Conclusions: The use of field-collected specimens means time and money will be saved in future studies using single whitefly transcriptomes in monitoring vector and viral interactions. Our method is applicable to any small organism where RNA quantity has limited transcriptome studies.
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48
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Xie W, Yang X, Chen C, Yang Z, Guo L, Wang D, Huang J, Zhang H, Wen Y, Zhao J, Wu Q, Wang S, Coates BS, Zhou X, Zhang Y. The invasive MED/Q Bemisia tabaci genome: a tale of gene loss and gene gain. BMC Genomics 2018; 19:68. [PMID: 29357812 PMCID: PMC5778671 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-018-4448-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2017] [Accepted: 01/11/2018] [Indexed: 04/10/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sweetpotato whitefly, Bemisia tabaci MED/Q and MEAM1/B, are two economically important invasive species that cause considerable damages to agriculture crops through direct feeding and indirect vectoring of plant pathogens. Recently, a draft genome of B. tabaci MED/Q has been assembled. In this study, we focus on the genomic comparison between MED/Q and MEAM1/B, with a special interest in MED/Q's genomic signatures that may contribute to the highly invasive nature of this emerging insect pest. RESULTS The genomes of both species share similarity in syntenic blocks, but have significant divergence in the gene coding sequence. Expansion of cytochrome P450 monooxygenases and UDP glycosyltransferases in MED/Q and MEAM1/B genome is functionally validated for mediating insecticide resistance in MED/Q using in vivo RNAi. The amino acid biosynthesis pathways in MED/Q genome are partitioned among the host and endosymbiont genomes in a manner distinct from other hemipterans. Evidence of horizontal gene transfer to the host genome may explain their obligate relationship. Putative loss-of-function in the immune deficiency-signaling pathway due to the gene loss is a shared ancestral trait among hemipteran insects. CONCLUSIONS The expansion of detoxification genes families, such as P450s, may contribute to the development of insecticide resistance traits and a broad host range in MED/Q and MEAM1/B, and facilitate species' invasions into intensively managed cropping systems. Numerical and compositional changes in multiple gene families (gene loss and gene gain) in the MED/Q genome sets a foundation for future hypothesis testing that will advance our understanding of adaptation, viral transmission, symbiosis, and plant-insect-pathogen tritrophic interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Xie
- Department of Entomology, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, No. 12 Zhongguancun Nandajie, Haidian District, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Xin Yang
- Department of Entomology, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, No. 12 Zhongguancun Nandajie, Haidian District, Beijing, 100081, China
| | | | - Zezhong Yang
- Department of Entomology, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, No. 12 Zhongguancun Nandajie, Haidian District, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Litao Guo
- Department of Entomology, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, No. 12 Zhongguancun Nandajie, Haidian District, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Dan Wang
- BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518083, China
| | | | | | - Yanan Wen
- Department of Entomology, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, No. 12 Zhongguancun Nandajie, Haidian District, Beijing, 100081, China
| | | | - Qingjun Wu
- Department of Entomology, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, No. 12 Zhongguancun Nandajie, Haidian District, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Shaoli Wang
- Department of Entomology, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, No. 12 Zhongguancun Nandajie, Haidian District, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Brad S Coates
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Corn Insects & Crop Genetics Research Unit, Ames, IA, 50011, USA
| | - Xuguo Zhou
- Department of Entomology, University of Kentucky, S-225 Agricultural Science Center North, Lexington, KY, 40546-0091, USA.
| | - Youjun Zhang
- Department of Entomology, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, No. 12 Zhongguancun Nandajie, Haidian District, Beijing, 100081, China.
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49
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Lo WS, Huang YY, Kuo CH. Winding paths to simplicity: genome evolution in facultative insect symbionts. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2018; 40:855-874. [PMID: 28204477 PMCID: PMC5091035 DOI: 10.1093/femsre/fuw028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 03/28/2016] [Accepted: 07/10/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Symbiosis between organisms is an important driving force in evolution. Among the diverse relationships described, extensive progress has been made in insect–bacteria symbiosis, which improved our understanding of the genome evolution in host-associated bacteria. Particularly, investigations on several obligate mutualists have pushed the limits of what we know about the minimal genomes for sustaining cellular life. To bridge the gap between those obligate symbionts with extremely reduced genomes and their non-host-restricted ancestors, this review focuses on the recent progress in genome characterization of facultative insect symbionts. Notable cases representing various types and stages of host associations, including those from multiple genera in the family Enterobacteriaceae (class Gammaproteobacteria), Wolbachia (Alphaproteobacteria) and Spiroplasma (Mollicutes), are discussed. Although several general patterns of genome reduction associated with the adoption of symbiotic relationships could be identified, extensive variation was found among these facultative symbionts. These findings are incorporated into the established conceptual frameworks to develop a more detailed evolutionary model for the discussion of possible trajectories. In summary, transitions from facultative to obligate symbiosis do not appear to be a universal one-way street; switches between hosts and lifestyles (e.g. commensalism, parasitism or mutualism) occur frequently and could be facilitated by horizontal gene transfer. This review synthesizes the recent progress in genome characterization of insect-symbiotic bacteria, the emphases include (i) patterns of genome organization, (ii) evolutionary models and trajectories, and (iii) comparisons between facultative and obligate symbionts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Sui Lo
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan.,Molecular and Biological Agricultural Sciences Program, Taiwan International Graduate Program, National Chung Hsing University and Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan.,Graduate Institute of Biotechnology, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Ya-Yi Huang
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Horng Kuo
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan.,Molecular and Biological Agricultural Sciences Program, Taiwan International Graduate Program, National Chung Hsing University and Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan.,Graduate Institute of Biotechnology, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
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50
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Santos-Garcia D, Juravel K, Freilich S, Zchori-Fein E, Latorre A, Moya A, Morin S, Silva FJ. To B or Not to B: Comparative Genomics Suggests Arsenophonus as a Source of B Vitamins in Whiteflies. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:2254. [PMID: 30319574 PMCID: PMC6167482 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.02254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2018] [Accepted: 09/04/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Insect lineages feeding on nutritionally restricted diets such as phloem sap, xylem sap, or blood, were able to diversify by acquiring bacterial species that complement lacking nutrients. These bacteria, considered obligate/primary endosymbionts, share a long evolutionary history with their hosts. In some cases, however, these endosymbionts are not able to fulfill all of their host's nutritional requirements, driving the acquisition of additional symbiotic species. Phloem-feeding members of the insect family Aleyrodidae (whiteflies) established an obligate relationship with Candidatus Portiera aleyrodidarum, which provides its hots with essential amino acids and carotenoids. In addition, many whitefly species harbor additional endosymbionts which may potentially further supplement their host's diet. To test this hypothesis, genomes of several endosymbionts of the whiteflies Aleurodicus dispersus, Aleurodicus floccissimus and Trialeurodes vaporariorum were analyzed. In addition to Portiera, all three species were found to harbor one Arsenophonus and one Wolbachia endosymbiont. A comparative analysis of Arsenophonus genomes revealed that although all three are capable of synthesizing B vitamins and cofactors, such as pyridoxal, riboflavin, or folate, their genomes and phylogenetic relationship vary greatly. Arsenophonus of A. floccissimus and T. vaporariorum belong to the same clade, and display characteristics of facultative endosymbionts, such as large genomes (3 Mb) with thousands of genes and pseudogenes, intermediate GC content, and mobile genetic elements. In contrast, Arsenophonus of A. dispersus belongs to a different lineage and displays the characteristics of a primary endosymbiont-a reduced genome (670 kb) with ~400 genes, 32% GC content, and no mobile genetic elements. However, the presence of 274 pseudogenes suggests that this symbiotic association is more recent than other reported primary endosymbionts of hemipterans. The gene repertoire of Arsenophonus of A. dispersus is completely integrated in the symbiotic consortia, and the biosynthesis of most vitamins occurs in shared pathways with its host. In addition, Wolbachia endosymbionts have also retained the ability to produce riboflavin, flavin adenine dinucleotide, and folate, and may make a nutritional contribution. Taken together, our results show that Arsenophonus hold a pivotal place in whitefly nutrition by their ability to produce B vitamins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Santos-Garcia
- Department of Entomology, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
- *Correspondence: Diego Santos-Garcia
| | - Ksenia Juravel
- Department of Entomology, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Shiri Freilich
- Institute of Plant Sciences, Newe-Ya'ar Research Center, Agricultural Research Organization, Ramat-Yishai, Israel
| | - Einat Zchori-Fein
- Department of Entomology, Newe-Ya'ar Research Center, Agricultural Research Organization, Volcani Center, Ramat-Yishai, Israel
| | - Amparo Latorre
- Institute for Integrative Systems Biology, Universitat de València-CSIC, València, Spain
- Unidad Mixta de Investigación en Genómica y Salud, Fundación para el Fomento de la Investigación Sanitaria y Biomédica de la Comunidad Valenciana (FISABIO) and Institute for Integrative Systems Biology, Universitat de València, València, Spain
| | - Andrés Moya
- Institute for Integrative Systems Biology, Universitat de València-CSIC, València, Spain
- Unidad Mixta de Investigación en Genómica y Salud, Fundación para el Fomento de la Investigación Sanitaria y Biomédica de la Comunidad Valenciana (FISABIO) and Institute for Integrative Systems Biology, Universitat de València, València, Spain
| | - Shai Morin
- Department of Entomology, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Francisco J. Silva
- Institute for Integrative Systems Biology, Universitat de València-CSIC, València, Spain
- Unidad Mixta de Investigación en Genómica y Salud, Fundación para el Fomento de la Investigación Sanitaria y Biomédica de la Comunidad Valenciana (FISABIO) and Institute for Integrative Systems Biology, Universitat de València, València, Spain
- Francisco J. Silva
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