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Tao M, Chen J, Cui C, Xu Y, Xu J, Shi Z, Yun J, Zhang J, Ou GZ, Liu C, Chen Y, Zhu ZR, Pan R, Xu S, Chen XX, Rokas A, Zhao Y, Wang S, Huang J, Shen XX. Identification of a longevity gene through evolutionary rate covariation of insect mito-nuclear genomes. NATURE AGING 2024; 4:1076-1088. [PMID: 38834883 DOI: 10.1038/s43587-024-00641-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Accepted: 05/02/2024] [Indexed: 06/06/2024]
Abstract
Oxidative phosphorylation, essential for energy metabolism and linked to the regulation of longevity, involves mitochondrial and nuclear genes. The functions of these genes and their evolutionary rate covariation (ERC) have been extensively studied, but little is known about whether other nuclear genes not targeted to mitochondria evolutionarily and functionally interact with mitochondrial genes. Here we systematically examined the ERC of mitochondrial and nuclear benchmarking universal single-copy ortholog (BUSCO) genes from 472 insects, identifying 75 non-mitochondria-targeted nuclear genes. We found that the uncharacterized gene CG11837-a putative ortholog of human DIMT1-regulates insect lifespan, as its knockdown reduces median lifespan in five diverse insect species and Caenorhabditis elegans, whereas its overexpression extends median lifespans in fruit flies and C. elegans and enhances oxidative phosphorylation gene activity. Additionally, DIMT1 overexpression protects human cells from cellular senescence. Together, these data provide insights into the ERC of mito-nuclear genes and suggest that CG11837 may regulate longevity across animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei Tao
- Key Laboratory of Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects of Zhejiang Province, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Hainan Institute, Zhejiang University, Yazhou Bay Science and Technology City, Sanya, China
- Centre for Evolutionary and Organismal Biology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jiani Chen
- Key Laboratory of Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects of Zhejiang Province, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Chunlai Cui
- New Cornerstone Science Laboratory, CAS Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental and Evolutionary Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Yandong Xu
- Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Lab of Genetic and Developmental Disorders, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jingxiu Xu
- Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zheyi Shi
- Key Laboratory of Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects of Zhejiang Province, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jiaqi Yun
- New Cornerstone Science Laboratory, CAS Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental and Evolutionary Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Junwei Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects of Zhejiang Province, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Guo-Zheng Ou
- Key Laboratory of Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects of Zhejiang Province, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Chao Liu
- Key Laboratory of Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects of Zhejiang Province, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yun Chen
- Key Laboratory of Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects of Zhejiang Province, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zeng-Rong Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects of Zhejiang Province, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ronghui Pan
- ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Suhong Xu
- Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xue-Xin Chen
- Key Laboratory of Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects of Zhejiang Province, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Antonis Rokas
- Department of Biological Sciences and Evolutionary Studies Initiative, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Yang Zhao
- Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Lab of Genetic and Developmental Disorders, Hangzhou, China
| | - Sibao Wang
- New Cornerstone Science Laboratory, CAS Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental and Evolutionary Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.
| | - Jianhua Huang
- Key Laboratory of Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects of Zhejiang Province, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.
| | - Xing-Xing Shen
- Key Laboratory of Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects of Zhejiang Province, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.
- Hainan Institute, Zhejiang University, Yazhou Bay Science and Technology City, Sanya, China.
- Centre for Evolutionary and Organismal Biology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.
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2
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Bi J, Liu P, Gao R, Jiang Y, Zhang C, Zhao T, Gao L, Wang Y. Silencing gram-negative bacteria binding protein 1 decreases the immunity of Tribolium castaneum against bacteria. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 264:130631. [PMID: 38453114 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.130631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2023] [Revised: 02/22/2024] [Accepted: 03/03/2024] [Indexed: 03/09/2024]
Abstract
Gram-negative bacteria binding proteins (GNBPs) have the ability to recognize molecular patterns associated with microbial pathogens (PAMPs), leading to the activation of immune responses downstream. In the genome of Tribolium castaneum, three GNBP genes have been identified; however, their immunological roles remain unexplored. In our study, a GNBP1, designated as TcGNBP1, were identified from the cDNA library of T. castaneum. The coding sequence of TcGNBP1 consisted of 1137 bps and resulted in the synthesis of a protein comprising 378 amino acids. This protein encompasses a signal peptide, a low-complexity region, and a glycoside hydrolase 16 domain. TcGNBP1 was strongly expressed in early adult stages, and mainly distributed in hemolymph and gut. Upon being challenged with Escherichia coli or Staphylococcus aureus, the transcript levels of TcGNBP1 were significantly changed at different time points. Through molecular docking and ELISA analysis, it was observed that TcGNBP1 has the ability to interact with lipopolysaccharides, peptidoglycan, and β-1, 3-glucan. Based on these findings, it was further discovered that recombinant TcGNBP1 can directly bind to five different bacteria in a Ca2+-dependent manner. After knockdown of TcGNBP1 with RNA interference, expression of antimicrobial peptide genes and prophenoloxidase (proPO) activity were suppressed, the susceptibility of T. castaneum to E. coli or S. aureus infection was enhanced, leading to low survival rate. These results suggest a regulatory mechanism of TcGNBP1 in innate immunity of T. castaneum and provide a potential molecular target for dsRNA-based insect pest management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingxiu Bi
- Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Agro-Products of the Ministry of Agriculture (Jinan), Institute of Quality Standard and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Pingxiang Liu
- Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Agro-Products of the Ministry of Agriculture (Jinan), Institute of Quality Standard and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Rui Gao
- Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Agro-Products of the Ministry of Agriculture (Jinan), Institute of Quality Standard and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Yuying Jiang
- Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Agro-Products of the Ministry of Agriculture (Jinan), Institute of Quality Standard and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Chao Zhang
- Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Agro-Products of the Ministry of Agriculture (Jinan), Institute of Quality Standard and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Tong Zhao
- Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Agro-Products of the Ministry of Agriculture (Jinan), Institute of Quality Standard and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Lei Gao
- Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Agro-Products of the Ministry of Agriculture (Jinan), Institute of Quality Standard and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Yutao Wang
- Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Agro-Products of the Ministry of Agriculture (Jinan), Institute of Quality Standard and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan 250100, China; Cooperative of Vegetable and Grain Cultivation, Liaocheng Yifeng Bloc, Liaocheng, Shandong, China.
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3
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Zhou L, Meng G, Zhu L, Ma L, Chen K. Insect Antimicrobial Peptides as Guardians of Immunity and Beyond: A Review. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:3835. [PMID: 38612644 PMCID: PMC11011964 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25073835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2024] [Revised: 02/29/2024] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs), as immune effectors synthesized by a variety of organisms, not only constitute a robust defense mechanism against a broad spectrum of pathogens in the host but also show promising applications as effective antimicrobial agents. Notably, insects are significant reservoirs of natural AMPs. However, the complex array of variations in types, quantities, antimicrobial activities, and production pathways of AMPs, as well as evolution of AMPs across insect species, presents a significant challenge for immunity system understanding and AMP applications. This review covers insect AMP discoveries, classification, common properties, and mechanisms of action. Additionally, the types, quantities, and activities of immune-related AMPs in each model insect are also summarized. We conducted the first comprehensive investigation into the diversity, distribution, and evolution of 20 types of AMPs in model insects, employing phylogenetic analysis to describe their evolutionary relationships and shed light on conserved and distinctive AMP families. Furthermore, we summarize the regulatory pathways of AMP production through classical signaling pathways and additional pathways associated with Nitric Oxide, insulin-like signaling, and hormones. This review advances our understanding of AMPs as guardians in insect immunity systems and unlocks a gateway to insect AMP resources, facilitating the use of AMPs to address food safety concerns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lizhen Zhou
- Department of Plant Protection, College of Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China;
- Department of Entomology, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Guanliang Meng
- Zoological Research Museum Alexander Koenig, Leibniz Institute for the Analysis of Biodiversity Change, 53113 Bonn, Germany;
| | - Ling Zhu
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China;
| | - Li Ma
- College of Plant Protection, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu 030810, China
| | - Kangkang Chen
- Department of Plant Protection, College of Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China;
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Zhou L, Dang Z, Wang S, Li S, Zou Y, Zhao P, Xia Q, Lu Z. Transcription factor STAT enhanced antimicrobial activities in Bombyx mori. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 254:127637. [PMID: 37898240 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.127637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2023] [Revised: 08/01/2023] [Accepted: 10/21/2023] [Indexed: 10/30/2023]
Abstract
STAT, a transcription factor in the JAK/STAT signaling pathway, regulates immune response to pathogens. In the silkworm (Bombyx mori), STAT exists as two split-forms, STAT-S and STAT-L. However, the role of STAT in silkworm immunity remains unclear. Our purpose was to investigate the effect of STAT on the expression of antimicrobial peptide (AMP) genes and resistance against pathogens. The expression levels of STAT-S and STAT-L were significantly up-regulated after induction by pathogenic microorganisms. In BmE cells, lipopolysaccharide (LPS), peptidoglycan (PGN) and β-glucan stimulated STAT-S and STAT-L to transfer from the cytoplasm to the nucleus. We found that overexpression of STAT-S and STAT-L in cells could promote the expression of AMPs. We generated transgenic silkworm lines overexpressing STAT-L or STAT-S (OE-STAT-S; OE-STAT-L) or interfering with STAT (A4-dsSTAT). Overexpression of STAT-S and STAT-L upregulated the expression of AMP genes in the OE-STAT-S and OE-STAT-L, increased the survival rates of the OE-STAT-S silkworms and lowered the mortality of OE-STAT-L silkworms infected with S. aureus or Beauveria bassiana. By contrast, the death rate of A4-dsSTAT silkworms was higher after infection with these pathogenic microorganisms. These findings may provide insights into the role of STAT in the antimicrobial immune response of silkworms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Zhou
- Integrative Science Center of Germplasm Creation in Western China (CHONGQING) Science City, Biological Science Research Center, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China; Chongqing Engineering and Technology Research Center for Novel Silk Materials, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, PR China
| | - Zhuo Dang
- Integrative Science Center of Germplasm Creation in Western China (CHONGQING) Science City, Biological Science Research Center, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China; Chongqing Engineering and Technology Research Center for Novel Silk Materials, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, PR China
| | - Shiyuan Wang
- Integrative Science Center of Germplasm Creation in Western China (CHONGQING) Science City, Biological Science Research Center, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China; Chongqing Engineering and Technology Research Center for Novel Silk Materials, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, PR China
| | - Shuyu Li
- Integrative Science Center of Germplasm Creation in Western China (CHONGQING) Science City, Biological Science Research Center, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China; Chongqing Engineering and Technology Research Center for Novel Silk Materials, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, PR China
| | - Yan Zou
- Integrative Science Center of Germplasm Creation in Western China (CHONGQING) Science City, Biological Science Research Center, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China; Chongqing Engineering and Technology Research Center for Novel Silk Materials, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, PR China
| | - Ping Zhao
- Integrative Science Center of Germplasm Creation in Western China (CHONGQING) Science City, Biological Science Research Center, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China; Chongqing Engineering and Technology Research Center for Novel Silk Materials, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, PR China
| | - Qingyou Xia
- Integrative Science Center of Germplasm Creation in Western China (CHONGQING) Science City, Biological Science Research Center, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China; Chongqing Engineering and Technology Research Center for Novel Silk Materials, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, PR China
| | - Zhongyan Lu
- Integrative Science Center of Germplasm Creation in Western China (CHONGQING) Science City, Biological Science Research Center, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China; Chongqing Engineering and Technology Research Center for Novel Silk Materials, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, PR China.
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5
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Wu Q, Xing L, Du M, Huang C, Liu B, Zhou H, Liu W, Wan F, Qian W. A Genome-Wide Analysis of Serine Protease Inhibitors in Cydia pomonella Provides Insights into Their Evolution and Expression Pattern. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:16349. [PMID: 38003538 PMCID: PMC10671500 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242216349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2023] [Revised: 10/26/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Serine protease inhibitors (serpins) appear to be ubiquitous in almost all living organisms, with a conserved structure and varying functions. Serpins can modulate immune responses by negatively regulating serine protease activities strictly and precisely. The codling moth, Cydia pomonella (L.), a major invasive pest in China, can cause serious economic losses. However, knowledge of serpin genes in this insect remain largely unknown. In this study, we performed a systematic analysis of the serpin genes in C. pomonella, obtaining 26 serpins from the C. pomonella genome. Subsequently, their sequence features, evolutionary relationship, and expression pattern were characterized. Comparative analysis revealed the evolution of a number of serpin genes in Lepidoptera. Importantly, the evolutionary relationship and putative roles of serpin genes in C. pomonella were revealed. Additionally, selective pressure analysis found amino acid sites with strong evidence of positive selection. Interestingly, the serpin1 gene possessed at least six splicing isoforms with distinct reactive-center loops, and these isoforms were experimentally validated. Furthermore, we observed a subclade expansion of serpins, and these genes showed high expression in multiple tissues, suggesting their important roles in C. pomonella. Overall, this study will enrich our knowledge of the immunity of C. pomonella and help to elucidate the role of serpins in the immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Wu
- Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Genome Analysis Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen 518120, China
| | - Longsheng Xing
- College of Life Sciences, Hebei Basic Science Center for Biotic Interactions, Institute of Life Sciences and Green Development, Hebei University, Baoding 071000, China
| | - Min Du
- Shandong Province Key Laboratory for Integrated Control of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Sino-Australian Joint Research Institute of Agriculture and Environmental Health, College of Plant Health & Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China
| | - Cong Huang
- Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Genome Analysis Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen 518120, China
| | - Bo Liu
- Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Genome Analysis Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen 518120, China
| | - Hongxu Zhou
- Shandong Province Key Laboratory for Integrated Control of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Sino-Australian Joint Research Institute of Agriculture and Environmental Health, College of Plant Health & Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China
| | - Wanxue Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Fanghao Wan
- Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Genome Analysis Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen 518120, China
| | - Wanqiang Qian
- Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Genome Analysis Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen 518120, China
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Li M, Zhang J, Qin Q, Zhang H, Li X, Wang H, Meng Q. Transcriptome and Metabolome Analyses of Thitarodes xiaojinensis in Response to Ophiocordyceps sinensis Infection. Microorganisms 2023; 11:2361. [PMID: 37764206 PMCID: PMC10537090 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11092361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2023] [Revised: 09/18/2023] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Ophiocordyceps sinensis exhibits more than 5 months of vegetative growth in Thitarodes xiaojinensis hemocoel. The peculiar development process of O. sinensis has been elucidated through morphological observation and omics technology; however, little information has been reported regarding the changes that occur in the host T. xiaojinensis. The RNA sequencing data showed that when O. sinensis blastospores were in the proliferative stage, the greatest change in the infected larval fat body was the selectively upregulated immune recognition and antimicrobial peptide genes. When O. sinensis blastospores were in the stationary stage, the immune pathways of T. xiaojinensis reverted to normal levels, which coincides with the successful settlement of O. sinensis. Pathway enrichment analysis showed a higher expression of genes involved in energy metabolism pathway in this stage. Metabolomic analyses revealed a reduction of amino acids and lipids in hemolymph, but an upregulation of lipids in the fat body of the host larvae after O. sinensis infection. We present the first transcriptome integrated with the metabolome study of T. xiaojinensis infected by O. sinensis. It will improve our understanding of the interaction mechanisms between the host and entomopathogenic fungi, and facilitate future functional studies of genes and pathways involved in these interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miaomiao Li
- College of Basic Medicine, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang 712046, China
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China (H.Z.)
| | - Jihong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China (H.Z.)
| | - Qilian Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China (H.Z.)
| | - Huan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China (H.Z.)
| | - Xuan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China (H.Z.)
| | - Hongtuo Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China (H.Z.)
| | - Qian Meng
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China (H.Z.)
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Duffield KR, Rosales AM, Muturi EJ, Behle RW, Ramirez JL. Increased Phenoloxidase Activity Constitutes the Main Defense Strategy of Trichoplusia ni Larvae against Fungal Entomopathogenic Infections. INSECTS 2023; 14:667. [PMID: 37623376 PMCID: PMC10455440 DOI: 10.3390/insects14080667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Revised: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 07/20/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023]
Abstract
The cabbage looper Trichoplusia ni is an important agricultural pest worldwide and is frequently used as a model organism for assessing entomopathogenic fungi virulence, though few studies have measured the host response repertoire to fungal biocontrol agents. Here, we quantified the immune response of T. ni larvae following exposure to two entomopathogenic fungal species: Beauveria bassiana and Cordyceps javanica. Results from our study demonstrate that T. ni larvae exposed to fungal entomopathogens had higher total phenoloxidase activity compared to controls, indicating that the melanization cascade is one of the main immune components driving defense against fungal infection and contrasting observations from other insect-fungi interaction studies. We also observed differences in host response depending on the species of entomopathogenic fungi, with significantly higher induction observed during infections with B. bassiana than with C. javanica. Larvae exposed to B. bassiana had an increased expression of genes involved in prophenoloxidase response and the Imd, JNK, and Jak/STAT immune signaling pathways. Our results indicate a notable absence of Toll pathway-related responses, further contrasting results to other insect-fungi pathosystems. Important differences were also observed in the induction of antimicrobial effectors, with B. bassiana infections eliciting three antimicrobial effectors (lysozyme, gloverin, and cecropin), while C. javanica only induced cecropin expression. These results provide insight into the host response strategies employed by T. ni for protection against entomopathogenic fungi and increase our understanding of insect-fungal entomopathogen interactions, aiding in the design of more effective microbial control strategies for this important agricultural pest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristin R. Duffield
- USDA-ARS, National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research, Crop BioProtection Research Unit, 1815 N. University St., Peoria, IL 61604, USA; (E.J.M.)
| | | | - Ephantus J. Muturi
- USDA-ARS, National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research, Crop BioProtection Research Unit, 1815 N. University St., Peoria, IL 61604, USA; (E.J.M.)
| | - Robert W. Behle
- USDA-ARS, National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research, Crop BioProtection Research Unit, 1815 N. University St., Peoria, IL 61604, USA; (E.J.M.)
| | - José L. Ramirez
- USDA-ARS, National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research, Crop BioProtection Research Unit, 1815 N. University St., Peoria, IL 61604, USA; (E.J.M.)
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Zeng S, Lin Z, Yu X, Zhang J, Zou Z. Expressing Parasitoid Venom Protein VRF1 in an Entomopathogen Beauveria bassiana Enhances Virulence toward Cotton Bollworm Helicoverpa armigera. Appl Environ Microbiol 2023; 89:e0070523. [PMID: 37272799 PMCID: PMC10304766 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00705-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2023] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite entomopathogenic fungi being used in various insect pest control, it is recognized that they could replace more chemical insecticides if they were more efficient. We have found that cotton bollworm Helicoverpa armigera responded to the infection of entomopathogenic fungus Beauveria bassiana by activating the Toll pathway. Koinobiont wasps also regulate host immunity and development to ensure the survival of their progeny. Previously, venom protein VRF1 was identified in Microplitis mediator. It enters H. armigera hemocytes, suppresses the expression of antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) by inhibiting the Toll pathway, and prevents parasite offspring from being encapsulated. With this in mind, we thought that it might be feasible to increase the virulence of B. bassiana by embedding VRF1 into its genome. Compared with that of wild-type (WT) B. bassiana, the median lethal dose (LD50) of the transformant expressing VRF1 (named BbVRF1) decreased approximately 2.36-fold, and the median time to lethality (LT50) was shortened to 84% when infecting H. armigera (a natural host of M. mediator). The AMP expression level of hemocytes in H. armigera infected with BbVRF1 strain was significantly downregulated compared to that in the control group infected with the WT. In addition, the LD50 of BbVRF1 against the fall armyworm Spodoptera frugiperda (an unnatural host of M. mediator) was decreased 3.45-fold and the LT50 was shortened to 73%, showing a greater virulence. Our research indicated that BbVRF1, an engineered strain of B. bassiana, has greater efficacy against pest insects both within and outside its host range (M. mediator), expanding the utilization of parasitoid wasp virulence effectors. IMPORTANCE Mycoinsecticides are essential for the development of integrated pest management as substitutes to chemical insecticides, but their usage is limited by their inferior virulence. Thus, genetically engineered bioinsecticides, including recombinant entomopathogenic fungi, have been regarded as a breakthrough to rapidly control pests. Deep knowledge of parasitoid wasps allows us to take advantage of this natural enemy of pest insects beyond raising them for field release. Our transformant BbVRF1 (Beauveria bassiana integrated with a venom protein VRF1 from Microplitis mediator) showed a higher virulence in H. armigera and S. frugiperda, demonstrating its potential for managing natural or unnatural hosts of M. mediator. This result provides a new strategy regarding which venom protein of parasitoid wasps can become part of the arsenal with which to equip entomopathogenic fungi. Utilizing parasitoid wasps with this approach could easily overcome the difficulties of artificial culture and enhance the virulence of other biocontrol agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuocheng Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zhe Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xianhao Yu
- Engineering Research Center of Natural Enemies, Institute of Biological Control, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Junjie Zhang
- Engineering Research Center of Natural Enemies, Institute of Biological Control, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Zhen Zou
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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Wang R, Lin Z, Zhou L, Chen C, Yu X, Zhang J, Zou Z, Lu Z. Rho 1 participates in parasitoid wasp eggs maturation and host cellular immunity inhibition. INSECT SCIENCE 2023; 30:677-692. [PMID: 36271788 DOI: 10.1111/1744-7917.13123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Revised: 09/21/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Endoparasitoid wasps introduce venom into their host insects during the egg-laying stage. Venom proteins play various roles in the host physiology, development, immunity, and behavior manipulation and regulation. In this study, we identified a venom protein, MmRho1, a small guanine nucleotide-binding protein derived from ovary in the endoparasitoid wasp Microplitis mediator and found that knockdown of its expression by RNA interference caused down-regulation of vitellogenin and juvenile hormone, egg production, and cocoons formation in the female wasps. We demonstrated that MmRho1 entered the cotton bollworm's (host) hemocytes and suppressed cellular immune responses after parasitism using immunofluorescence staining. Furthermore, wasp MmRho1 interacted with the cotton bollworm's actin cytoskeleton rearrangement regulator diaphanous by yeast 2-hybrid and glutathione s-transferase pull-down. In conclusion, this study indicates that MmRho1 plays dual roles in wasp development and the suppression of the host insect cellular immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruijuan Wang
- Department of Entomology, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Zhe Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Lizhen Zhou
- Department of Entomology, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Caihua Chen
- Department of Entomology, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Xianhao Yu
- Engineering Research Center of Natural Enemies, Institute of Biological Control, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Junjie Zhang
- Engineering Research Center of Natural Enemies, Institute of Biological Control, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Zhen Zou
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zhiqiang Lu
- Department of Entomology, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi Province, China
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10
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Wang JL, Sun J, Song YJ, Zheng HH, Wang GJ, Luo WX, Li L, Liu XS. An entomopathogenic fungus exploits its host humoral antibacterial immunity to minimize bacterial competition in the hemolymph. MICROBIOME 2023; 11:116. [PMID: 37210573 DOI: 10.1186/s40168-023-01538-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2023] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The insect hemolymph (blood-equivalent fluid), composed of a large number of hemocytes (blood cells) and a variety of soluble immune effectors, is hostile for pathogens including fungi. In order to survive in the insect hemocoel (body cavity), the entomopathogenic fungus (EPF) has evolved two classical coping strategies, namely evasion and suppression of the host immune reactions. However, it remains unclear whether EPF has other ways of coping with host immunity. RESULTS In this study, we demonstrated that Metarhizium rileyi (an EPF) infection by injection of blastospores into the hemocoel enhanced the plasma antibacterial activity of cotton bollworm (Helicoverpa armigera), which was partially due to the enhanced expression of antimicrobial peptides (AMPs). The early stage of M. rileyi infection induced the translocation of gut bacteria into the hemocoel, where they were subsequently cleared due to the enhanced plasma antibacterial activity. Further, we showed that the enhanced plasma antibacterial activity and AMP expression were attributable to M. rileyi but not the invasive gut bacteria (opportunistic bacteria). Elevated ecdysone (major steroid hormone in insects) levels in the hemolymph at 48 h post-M. rileyi infection might contribute to the enhanced expression of AMPs. The fungus-elicited AMPs, such as cecropin 3 or lebocin, exhibited potent inhibitory activity against the opportunistic bacteria but not against hyphal bodies. In addition, the opportunistic bacteria competed with hyphal bodies for amino acid nutrients. CONCLUSIONS M. rileyi infection induced the translocation of gut bacteria, and then the fungi activated and exploited its host humoral antibacterial immunity to eliminate opportunistic bacteria, preventing them from competing for nutrients in the hemolymph. Unlike the classical strategies, EPF utilizes to evade or suppress host immunity, our findings reveal a novel strategy of interaction between EPF and host immunity. Video Abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Lin Wang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetic Regulation and Integrative Biology, School of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, 430079, China
| | - Jing Sun
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetic Regulation and Integrative Biology, School of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, 430079, China
| | - Ya-Jing Song
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetic Regulation and Integrative Biology, School of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, 430079, China
| | - Huan-Huan Zheng
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetic Regulation and Integrative Biology, School of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, 430079, China
| | - Gui-Jie Wang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetic Regulation and Integrative Biology, School of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, 430079, China
| | - Wen-Xia Luo
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetic Regulation and Integrative Biology, School of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, 430079, China
| | - Li Li
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetic Regulation and Integrative Biology, School of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, 430079, China
| | - Xu-Sheng Liu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetic Regulation and Integrative Biology, School of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, 430079, China.
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11
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Li Z, Xiong L, Li J, Yao S, Dong Y, Li Y, Chen X, Ye M, Zhang Y, Xie X, You M, Yuchi Z, Liu Y, You S. Enhanced resistance to Bacillus thuringiensis Cry1Ac toxin mediated by the activation of prophenoloxidase in a cosmopolitan pest. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 242:124678. [PMID: 37141972 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.124678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 04/16/2023] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Plutella xylostella has evolved resistance to Bacillus thuringiensis Cry1Ac toxin over a long evolutionary period. Enhanced immune response is an important factor in insect resistance to a variety of insecticides, and whether phenoloxidase (PO), an immune protein, is involved in resistance to Cry1Ac toxin in P. xylostella remains unclear. Here, spatial and temporal expression patterns showed that prophenoloxidase (PxPPO1 and PxPPO2) in the Cry1S1000-resistant strain was more highly expressed in eggs, 4th instar, head, and hemolymph than those in G88-susceptible strain. The results of PO activity analysis showed that after treatment with Cry1Ac toxin PO activity was about 3 times higher than that before treatment. Furthermore, knockout of PxPPO1 and PxPPO2 significantly increased the susceptibility to Cry1Ac toxin. These findings were further supported by the knockdown of Clip-SPH2, a negative regulator of PO, which resulted in increased PxPPO1 and PxPPO2 expression and Cry1Ac susceptibility in the Cry1S1000-resistant strain. Finally, the synergistic effect of quercetin showed that larval survival decreased from 100 % to <20 % compared to the control group. This study will provide a theoretical basis for the analysis of immune-related genes (PO) genes involved in the resistance mechanism and pest control of P. xylostella.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeyun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Pest Control in Fujian and Taiwan, Institute of Applied Ecology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; International Joint Research Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control, Ministry of Education, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; Ministerial and Provincial Joint Innovation Centre for Safety Production of Cross-Strait Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management for Fujian-Taiwan Crops, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Fuzhou 350002, China; Key Laboratory of Green Control of Insect Pests, Fujian Province University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Lei Xiong
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Pest Control in Fujian and Taiwan, Institute of Applied Ecology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; International Joint Research Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control, Ministry of Education, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; Ministerial and Provincial Joint Innovation Centre for Safety Production of Cross-Strait Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management for Fujian-Taiwan Crops, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Fuzhou 350002, China; Key Laboratory of Green Control of Insect Pests, Fujian Province University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Jingge Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Pest Control in Fujian and Taiwan, Institute of Applied Ecology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; International Joint Research Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control, Ministry of Education, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; Ministerial and Provincial Joint Innovation Centre for Safety Production of Cross-Strait Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management for Fujian-Taiwan Crops, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Fuzhou 350002, China; Key Laboratory of Green Control of Insect Pests, Fujian Province University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Shuyuan Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Pest Control in Fujian and Taiwan, Institute of Applied Ecology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; International Joint Research Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control, Ministry of Education, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; Ministerial and Provincial Joint Innovation Centre for Safety Production of Cross-Strait Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management for Fujian-Taiwan Crops, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Fuzhou 350002, China; Key Laboratory of Green Control of Insect Pests, Fujian Province University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Yi Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Pest Control in Fujian and Taiwan, Institute of Applied Ecology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; International Joint Research Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control, Ministry of Education, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; Ministerial and Provincial Joint Innovation Centre for Safety Production of Cross-Strait Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management for Fujian-Taiwan Crops, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Fuzhou 350002, China; Key Laboratory of Green Control of Insect Pests, Fujian Province University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Yongbin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Pest Control in Fujian and Taiwan, Institute of Applied Ecology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; International Joint Research Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control, Ministry of Education, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; Ministerial and Provincial Joint Innovation Centre for Safety Production of Cross-Strait Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management for Fujian-Taiwan Crops, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Fuzhou 350002, China; Key Laboratory of Green Control of Insect Pests, Fujian Province University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Xuanhao Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Pest Control in Fujian and Taiwan, Institute of Applied Ecology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; International Joint Research Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control, Ministry of Education, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; Ministerial and Provincial Joint Innovation Centre for Safety Production of Cross-Strait Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management for Fujian-Taiwan Crops, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Fuzhou 350002, China; Key Laboratory of Green Control of Insect Pests, Fujian Province University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Min Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Pest Control in Fujian and Taiwan, Institute of Applied Ecology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; International Joint Research Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control, Ministry of Education, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; Ministerial and Provincial Joint Innovation Centre for Safety Production of Cross-Strait Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management for Fujian-Taiwan Crops, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Fuzhou 350002, China; Key Laboratory of Green Control of Insect Pests, Fujian Province University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | | | - Xuefeng Xie
- BGI-Sanya, BGI-Shenzhen, Sanya 572025, China.
| | - Minsheng You
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Pest Control in Fujian and Taiwan, Institute of Applied Ecology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; International Joint Research Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control, Ministry of Education, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; Ministerial and Provincial Joint Innovation Centre for Safety Production of Cross-Strait Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management for Fujian-Taiwan Crops, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Fuzhou 350002, China; Key Laboratory of Green Control of Insect Pests, Fujian Province University, Fuzhou 350002, China.
| | - Zhiguang Yuchi
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China.
| | - Yuanyuan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Pest Control in Fujian and Taiwan, Institute of Applied Ecology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; BGI-Sanya, BGI-Shenzhen, Sanya 572025, China; Basic Forestry and Proteomics Center, Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China.
| | - Shijun You
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Pest Control in Fujian and Taiwan, Institute of Applied Ecology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; International Joint Research Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control, Ministry of Education, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; Ministerial and Provincial Joint Innovation Centre for Safety Production of Cross-Strait Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management for Fujian-Taiwan Crops, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Fuzhou 350002, China; Key Laboratory of Green Control of Insect Pests, Fujian Province University, Fuzhou 350002, China; BGI-Sanya, BGI-Shenzhen, Sanya 572025, China.
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12
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Guo H, Jia N, Chen H, Xie D, Chi D. Preliminary Analysis of Transcriptome Response of Dioryctria sylvestrella (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) Larvae Infected with Beauveria bassiana under Short-Term Starvation. INSECTS 2023; 14:insects14050409. [PMID: 37233037 DOI: 10.3390/insects14050409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Revised: 04/21/2023] [Accepted: 04/21/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The Dioryctria genus contains several destructive borer pests that are found in coniferous forests in the Northern Hemisphere. Beauveria bassiana spore powder was tested as a new method of pest control. In this study, Dioryctria sylvestrella (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) was used as the object. A transcriptome analysis was performed on a freshly caught group, a fasting treatment control group, and a treatment group inoculated with a wild B. bassiana strain, SBM-03. Under the conditions of 72-h fasting and a low temperature of 16 ± 1 °C, (i) in the control group, 13,135 of 16,969 genes were downregulated. However, in the treatment group, 14,558 of 16,665 genes were upregulated. (ii) In the control group, the expression of most genes in the upstream and midstream of the Toll and IMD pathways was downregulated, but 13 of the 21 antimicrobial peptides were still upregulated. In the treatment group, the gene expression of almost all antimicrobial peptides was increased. Several AMPs, including cecropin, gloverin, and gallerimycin, may have a specific inhibitory effect on B. bassiana. (iii) In the treatment group, one gene in the glutathione S-transferase system and four genes in the cytochrome P450 enzyme family were upregulated, with a sharp rise in those that were upregulated significantly. In addition, most genes of the peroxidase and catalase families, but none of the superoxide dismutase family were upregulated significantly. Through innovative fasting and lower temperature control, we have a certain understanding of the specific defense mechanism by which D. sylvestrella larvae may resist B. bassiana in the pre-wintering period. This study paves the way for improving the toxicity of B. bassiana to Dioryctria spp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongru Guo
- Key Laboratory for Sustainable Forest Ecosystem Management-Ministry of Education, College of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Niya Jia
- Key Laboratory for Sustainable Forest Ecosystem Management-Ministry of Education, College of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Huanwen Chen
- Key Laboratory for Sustainable Forest Ecosystem Management-Ministry of Education, College of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Dan Xie
- Key Laboratory for Sustainable Forest Ecosystem Management-Ministry of Education, College of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Defu Chi
- Key Laboratory for Sustainable Forest Ecosystem Management-Ministry of Education, College of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
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13
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Wang GJ, Wang JL, Liu XS. Identification and analysis of C-type lectins from Helicoverpa armigera in response to the entomopathogenic fungus Metarhizium rileyi infection. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2023; 140:104620. [PMID: 36528221 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2022.104620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2022] [Revised: 11/21/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
C-type lectins (CTLs) function as pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) and play an important role in the innate immunity of insects. To investigate the role of CTLs in the antifungal responses, we analyzed expression profiles of 36 CTLs of Helicoverpa armigera in the tissues (hemocytes, fat bodies, and midgut) after the infection by entomopathogenic fungus Metarhizium rileyi. The expression levels of many HaCTLs were found to be up-regulated after the infection. Four recombinant HaCTLs (rHaCTL11, rHaCTL12, rHaCTL27, and rHaCTL45) were expressed and purified. Analysis of the purified rHaCTLs revealed that rHaCTLs were able to bind to conidia and hyphal bodies of M. rileyi, and the affinity of rHaCTL11 and rHaCTL27 for hyphal bodies was weaker than for conidia. All these rHaCTLs agglutinate conidia and hyphal bodies in a calcium (Ca2+) dependent manner. Sugar specificity assays showed that d-trehalose, mannan, β-1,3-glucan, d-galactose, glucose, d-raffinose, lipopolysaccharide, and d-xylose can inhibit the binding of HaCTLs to M. rileyi. Additionally, survival assays showed that pretreatment of fungal conidia with rHaCTL11 significantly reduced the rate of host death, and knockdown of HaCTL11 significantly increased H. armigera sensitivity to fungal infection. These results suggest that HaCTLs play significant role as PRRs in the defense of H. armigera against M. rileyi infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gui-Jie Wang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetic Regulation and Integrative Biology, School of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, 152 Luoyu Road, Wuhan, 430079, China
| | - Jia-Lin Wang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetic Regulation and Integrative Biology, School of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, 152 Luoyu Road, Wuhan, 430079, China
| | - Xu-Sheng Liu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetic Regulation and Integrative Biology, School of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, 152 Luoyu Road, Wuhan, 430079, China.
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14
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Zhou L, Wang R, Lin Z, Shi S, Chen C, Jiang H, Zou Z, Lu Z. Two venom serpins from the parasitoid wasp Microplitis mediator inhibit the host prophenoloxidase activation and antimicrobial peptide synthesis. INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2023; 152:103895. [PMID: 36538995 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibmb.2022.103895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Revised: 12/14/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Endoparasitoid wasps inject venom proteins into the hemocoel of host insects to ensure survival, growth, and development of their progenies by blocking host immunity. We previously identified ten serine protease inhibitors of the serpin superfamily in venom of the endoparasitoid wasp, Microplitis mediator, but it is unclear how these inhibitors may interact with host immune serine proteases. In this study, we investigated the functions of two serpins, MmvSPN-1 and MmvSPN-2, in the regulation of humoral immune responses in two hosts, the oriental armyworm Pseudaletia separate and the cotton bollworm Helicoverpa armigera, by dsRNA knockdown and biochemical assays using recombinant proteins. Knockdown of the two serpins resulted in increases in prophenoloxidase (PPO) activation and antimicrobial peptide (AMP) production in the hosts. After injection into the host hemocoel, the recombinant serpins inhibited PPO activation and AMP transcription. Mass spectrometry analysis of the pull-downs and in vitro reconstitution experiments revealed that HacSP29, a clip-domain serine protease in H. armigera, is the target of these two serpins. Therefore, these two inhibitors in the wasp venom may protect eggs from attacks by melanization and AMPs in the host insects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lizhen Zhou
- Department of Entomology, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Ruijuan Wang
- Department of Entomology, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Zhe Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China; CAS Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Suke Shi
- Department of Entomology, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Caihua Chen
- Department of Entomology, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Haobo Jiang
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, 74078, USA
| | - Zhen Zou
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China; CAS Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
| | - Zhiqiang Lu
- Department of Entomology, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China.
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15
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Ahlawat S, Sharma KK. Lepidopteran insects: emerging model organisms to study infection by enteropathogens. Folia Microbiol (Praha) 2022; 68:181-196. [PMID: 36417090 DOI: 10.1007/s12223-022-01014-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2022] [Accepted: 11/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The in vivo analysis of a pathogen is a critical step in gaining greater knowledge of pathogen biology and host-pathogen interactions. In the last two decades, there has been a notable rise in the number of studies on developing insects as a model for studying pathogens, which provides various benefits, such as ethical acceptability, relatively short life cycle, and cost-effective care and maintenance relative to routinely used rodent infection models. Furthermore, lepidopteran insects provide many advantages, such as easy handling and tissue extraction due to their large size relative to other invertebrate models, like Caenorhabditis elegans. Additionally, insects have an innate immune system that is highly analogous to vertebrates. In the present review, we discuss the components of the insect's larval immune system, which strengthens its usage as an alternative host, and present an updated overview of the research findings involving lepidopteran insects (Galleria mellonella, Manduca sexta, Bombyx mori, and Helicoverpa armigera) as infection models to study the virulence by enteropathogens due to the homology between insect and vertebrate gut.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shruti Ahlawat
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, SGT University, Gurgaon-Badli Road Chandu, Budhera, Gurugram, 122505, Haryana, India.
| | - Krishna Kant Sharma
- Laboratory of Enzymology and Recombinant DNA Technology, Department of Microbiology, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak, 124001, Haryana, India
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16
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Yin M, Kuang W, Wang Q, Wang X, Yuan C, Lin Z, Zhang H, Deng F, Jiang H, Gong P, Zou Z, Hu Z, Wang M. Dual roles and evolutionary implications of P26/poxin in antagonizing intracellular cGAS-STING and extracellular melanization immunity. Nat Commun 2022; 13:6934. [PMID: 36376305 PMCID: PMC9663721 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-34761-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
P26, a homolog of the viral-encoded nuclease poxin that neutralizes the cGAS-STING innate immunity, is widely distributed in various invertebrate viruses, lepidopteran insects, and parasitoid wasps. P26/poxin from certain insect viruses also retains protease activity, though its biological role remains unknown. Given that many P26s contain a signal peptide, it is surmised that P26 may possess certain extracellular functions. Here, we report that a secretory baculoviral P26 suppresses melanization, a prominent insect innate immunity against pathogen invasion. P26 targets the cofactor of a prophenoloxidase-activating protease, and its inhibitory function is independent of nuclease activity. The analysis of P26/poxin homologs from different origins suggests that the ability to inhibit the extracellular melanization pathway is limited to P26s with a signal peptide and not shared by the homologs without it. These findings highlight the independent evolution of a single viral suppressor to perform dual roles in modulating immunity during virus-host adaptation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengyi Yin
- grid.9227.e0000000119573309State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China ,grid.410726.60000 0004 1797 8419University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Wenhua Kuang
- grid.9227.e0000000119573309State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Qianran Wang
- grid.9227.e0000000119573309State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Xi Wang
- grid.9227.e0000000119573309State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Chuanfei Yuan
- grid.9227.e0000000119573309State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhe Lin
- grid.9227.e0000000119573309State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Huanyu Zhang
- grid.9227.e0000000119573309State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Fei Deng
- grid.9227.e0000000119573309State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Haobo Jiang
- grid.65519.3e0000 0001 0721 7331Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK USA
| | - Peng Gong
- grid.9227.e0000000119573309State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhen Zou
- grid.410726.60000 0004 1797 8419University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China ,grid.9227.e0000000119573309State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zhihong Hu
- grid.9227.e0000000119573309State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Manli Wang
- grid.9227.e0000000119573309State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
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Bai J, Cao J, Zhang Y, Xu Z, Li L, Liang L, Ma X, Han R, Ma W, Xu L, Ma L. Comparative analysis of the immune system and expression profiling of Lymantria dispar infected by Beauveria bassiana. PESTICIDE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 187:105212. [PMID: 36127056 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2022.105212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2022] [Revised: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 08/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Lymantria dispar is one of the most devastating forest pests worldwide. Fungal biopesticides have great potential as alternatives owing to their high lethality to pests and eco-friendly feature, which is, however, often severely compromised by the pests' innate immunity. A better understanding of the antifungal immune system in L. dispar would significantly facilitate the development of the biopesticide. Here, we investigated phylogenetic characteristics of immunity-related genes as well as the tissue expression patterns in L. dispar after the infection of an entomopathogen Beauveria bassiana using RNA-sequencing data. Results showed most immune genes remain at a low level of response after 24 h post-infection (HPI). Almost all genes in the Toll pathway were significantly up-regulated at 48 HPI, and SPH1, SPN6, Toll6, Toll12, Myd88, pelle, and Drosal were significantly down-regulated at 72 HPI. Immunoblotting analysis revealed that the protein levels of βGRP3 and PPO1 were significantly upregulated at 24 and 48 HPI, while Myd88 was downregulated at 24 HPI, which was further confirmed by Quantitative real-time PCR experiments. Moreover, the relative content of H2O2, a potent reactive oxygen species (ROS), was significantly increased with the decrease of the total antioxidant capacity, indicating that oxidative stress system positively participates in the clearance of the pathogenic fungus. Together, our study provides detailed genetic characteristics of antifungal immunity as well as profiling of the host defense against entomopathogenic infection, and comprehensive insight into molecular interaction between L. dispar and the entomopathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianyang Bai
- Department of Forest protection, College of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China; State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, China
| | - Jingyu Cao
- Department of Forest protection, College of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Yue Zhang
- Department of Forest protection, College of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Zhe Xu
- Department of Forest protection, College of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Lu Li
- Department of Forest protection, College of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Liwei Liang
- Department of Forest protection, College of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Xiaoqian Ma
- Department of Forest protection, College of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China; Institute of Forest Protection, Heilongjiang Academy of Forestry, Harbin 150081, China
| | - Runhua Han
- Department of Chemistry, University of Manitoba, 144 Dysart Road, Winnipeg, Manitoba, R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - Wei Ma
- College of Pharmacy, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, China.
| | - Letian Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, China.
| | - Ling Ma
- Department of Forest protection, College of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China; Forest Protection Technology Innovation Center, Harbin, China.
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Gao X, Zhang J, Wu P, Shu R, Zhang H, Qin Q, Meng Q. Conceptual framework for the insect metamorphosis from larvae to pupae by transcriptomic profiling, a case study of Helicoverpa armigera (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). BMC Genomics 2022; 23:591. [PMID: 35963998 PMCID: PMC9375380 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-022-08807-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2022] [Accepted: 07/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Insect metamorphosis from larvae to pupae is one of the most important stages of insect life history. Relatively comprehensive information related to gene transcription profiles during lepidopteran metamorphosis is required to understand the molecular mechanism underlying this important stage. We conducted transcriptional profiling of the brain and fat body of the cotton bollworm Helicoverpa armigera (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) during its transition from last instar larva into pupa to explore the physiological processes associated with different phases of metamorphosis. RESULTS During metamorphosis, the differences in gene expression patterns and the number of differentially expressed genes in the fat body were found to be greater than those in the brain. Each stage had a specific gene expression pattern, which contributed to different physiological changes. A decrease in juvenile hormone levels at the feeding stage is associated with increased expression levels of two genes (juvenile hormone esterase, juvenile hormone epoxide hydrolase). The expression levels of neuropeptides were highly expressed at the feeding stage and the initiation of the wandering stage and less expressed at the prepupal stage and the initiation of the pupal stage. The transcription levels of many hormone (or neuropeptide) receptors were specifically increased at the initiation of the wandering stage in comparison with other stages. The expression levels of many autophagy-related genes in the fat body were found to be gradually upregulated during metamorphosis. The activation of apoptosis was probably related to enhanced expression of many key genes (Apaf1, IAP-binding motif 1 like, cathepsins, caspases). Active proliferation might be associated with enhanced expression levels in several factors (JNK pathway: jun-D; TGF-β pathway: decapentaplegic, glass bottom boat; insulin pathway: insulin-like peptides from the fat body; Wnt pathway: wntless, TCF/Pangolin). CONCLUSIONS This study revealed several vital physiological processes and molecular events of metamorphosis and provided valuable information for illustrating the process of insect metamorphosis from larvae to pupae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinxin Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jihong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Peipei Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ruihao Shu
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Institute of Edible Fungi, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Huan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Qilian Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Qian Meng
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
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Wu PP, Shu RH, Gao XX, Li MM, Zhang JH, Zhang H, Qin QL, Zou Z, Meng Q. Immulectin-2 from the ghost moth, Thitarodes xiaojinensis (Lepidoptera: Hepialidae), modulates cellular and humoral responses against fungal infection. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2022; 133:104429. [PMID: 35489421 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2022.104429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2022] [Revised: 04/17/2022] [Accepted: 04/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
C type-lectins constitute a large family of pattern recognition receptors, playing important roles in insect immune defenses. Thitarodes xiaojinensis larvae showed distinct immune features after Ophiocordyceps sinensis, Cordyceps militaris, or Beauveria bassiana infection. Based on transcriptome and immunoblot analysis, we found that immulectin-2 (IML2) was induced after T. xiaojinensis larvae were infected by C. militaris or B. bassiana but maintained at a low level after larvae injected with O. sinensis or Ringer's buffer. Recombinant IML2 (rIML2) could promote melanization, encapsulation, phagocytosis, and hemocyte aggregation in vitro. RNA interference with IML2 induced a significant reduction in the transcript levels of various antimicrobial peptides. Importantly, we found that the abundance of O. sinensis blastospores coated with rIML2 dramatically decreased in the host hemolymph. Overall, this study demonstrated that T. xiaojinensis IML2 modulates cellular and humoral responses to entomopathogenic fungi, broadening our view of the immune interaction between O. sinensis and its host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei-Pei Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China; College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Rui-Hao Shu
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China; Institute of Edible Fungi, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Xin-Xin Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China; College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Miao-Miao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China; College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ji-Hong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Huan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Qi-Lian Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zhen Zou
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China; College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
| | - Qian Meng
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
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Wang Q, Yin M, Yuan C, Liu X, Jiang H, Wang M, Zou Z, Hu Z. The Micrococcus luteus infection activates a novel melanization pathway of cSP10, cSP4, and cSP8 in Helicoverpa armigera. INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2022; 147:103775. [PMID: 35504546 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibmb.2022.103775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2022] [Revised: 04/13/2022] [Accepted: 04/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Melanization is a key immune response mediated by serine protease (SP) cascade in insects. Multiple SP pathways exist in different species and it is unclear how conserved these cascades are. The cotton bollworm Helicoverpa armigera is a major worldwide agricultural pest. We reported a conserved melanization pathway in this species, which consists of SP41, cSP1, and cSP6. In this study, we attempted to identify an insect pathogen that elicits the cascade and test whether or not there are other SP cascades in H. armigera. After Micrococcus luteus, Enterobacter cloacae, Beauveria bassiana, or Helicoverpa armigera nucleopolyhedrovirus were injected into larvae, pathogen-induced hemolymph samples were collected for in vitro biochemical assays, which failed to detect proSP41 or procSP1 activation. In contrast, we found that procSP4, a protein proposed to participate in H. armigera melanization, was activated in M. luteus infected hemolymph. We further revealed that cSP8 was a prophenoloxidase (PPO) activating protease downstream of cSP4, and cSP4 was activated by cSP10. The pathway of cSP10-cSP4-cSP8 activated PPO in vitro. Efficiently cleaved procSPH11 and procSPH50 by cSP8 substantially enhanced phenoloxidase activity, suggesting they work together as a cofactor for cSP8 mediated PPO activation. Hemolymph from larvae challenged with M. luteus or its peptidoglycan effectively activated procSP10. Collectively, these results revealed a new PPO activation cascade specifically triggered by the bacterium. In addition, we found that the PPO activation cascades in H. armigera and Manduca sexta are conserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianran Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China; Savaid Medical School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Mengyi Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China; Savaid Medical School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Chuanfei Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Xijia Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Haobo Jiang
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, 74078, USA
| | - Manli Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China.
| | - Zhen Zou
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.
| | - Zhihong Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China.
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Li S, Hao Z, Xu H, Gao Y, Zhang M, Liang J, Dang X. Silencing β-1,3-glucan binding protein enhances the susceptibility of Plutella xylostella to entomopathogenic fungus Isaria cicadae. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2022; 78:3117-3127. [PMID: 35442542 DOI: 10.1002/ps.6938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Revised: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 04/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella is a notorious pest of brassicaceae crops globally and has developed serious resistance to insecticide. Insects primarily rely on their innate immunity to defense against various pathogens. In this study, we investigated the immunological functions of a β-1,3-glucan binding protein from P. xylostella (PxβGBP) and evaluated its potential for biocontrolling P. xylostella. RESULTS The open reading frame of PxβGBP is 1422 bp encoding 473 amino acids residues. PxβGBP contained a CBM39 domain, a PAC domain and a GH16 domain and shared evolutionary conservation with other lepidoptera βGRPs. PxβGBP was strongly expressed in the third instar larvae and fat body. PxβGBP transcript levels increased significantly after the challenge with microbes, including Isaria cicadae, Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. PxβGBP was identified in P. xylostella larvae challenged by I cicadae, but not in the naïve insects. Recombinant PxβGBP can directly bind fungal and bacterial cells, and also agglutinate the cells of I cicadae, S. aureus and E coli in a zinc-dependent manner. Knockdown of PxβGBP via RNA interference significantly down-regulated the expression of antimicrobial peptide gene gloverin, and enhanced the susceptibility of P. xylostella to I. cicadae infection, leading to high mortality. CONCLUSION These results indicated that PxβGBP plays an important role in the immune response of P. xylostella against I. cicadae infection, and could serve as a potential novel target for pest control. © 2022 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuangshuang Li
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops, School of Plant Protection, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Zhongping Hao
- Crop Research Institute, Anhui Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hefei, China
| | - Huihui Xu
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops, School of Plant Protection, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Yan Gao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of High Technology for Plant Protection, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Mingyu Zhang
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops, School of Plant Protection, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Jian Liang
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops, School of Plant Protection, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Xiangli Dang
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops, School of Plant Protection, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
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Wang JL, Yang KH, Wang SS, Li XL, Liu J, Yu YX, Liu XS. Infection of the entomopathogenic fungus Metarhizium rileyi suppresses cellular immunity and activates humoral antibacterial immunity of the host Spodoptera frugiperda. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2022; 78:2828-2837. [PMID: 35394109 DOI: 10.1002/ps.6907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2021] [Revised: 04/02/2022] [Accepted: 04/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Metarhizium rileyi is an entomopathogenic fungus with promising potential for controlling agricultural pests, including Spodoptera frugiperda. Following penetration of the host through the cuticle, M. rileyi cells transform into in vivo blastospores or hyphal bodies, propagating within the hemocoel. However, the strategies and molecular mechanisms by which M. rileyi survives upon exposure to the powerful insect immune system remain unclear. RESULTS We determined the pathogenicity of M. rileyi and found that either conidial immersion or blastospore injection significantly decreased S. frugiperda survival in a dose-dependent manner. Injection of M. rileyi blastospores decreased the number of S. frugiperda hemocytes and impaired host cellular reactions such as nodulation, encapsulation and phagocytosis. Blastospore injection led to increased antibacterial activity in plasma at 48 h post-injection (hpi). RNA-sequencing analyses identified a large number of antimicrobial peptide genes upregulated in the fat body of M. rileyi-infected larvae at 48 hpi, which may be attributable to the activation of Toll and IMD signaling pathway. CONCLUSION This study demonstrates that the compromised cellular immunity of the insect host is due to the marked decrease in hemocytes and impaired cellular cytoskeletons, which may facilitate early infection by M. rileyi. Late in the course of infection, the enhanced antibacterial activity of plasma, which may be in response to intestinal evading bacteria, cannot inhibit hyphal growth in hemolymph. Our data provide a comprehensive resource for exploring the molecular mechanism employed by M. rileyi to overcome S. frugiperda immunity. © 2022 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Lin Wang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetic Regulation and Integrative Biology, School of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, China
| | - Ke-Hui Yang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetic Regulation and Integrative Biology, School of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, China
| | - Si-Si Wang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetic Regulation and Integrative Biology, School of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xin-Lin Li
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetic Regulation and Integrative Biology, School of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, China
| | - Jie Liu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetic Regulation and Integrative Biology, School of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, China
| | - Ye-Xin Yu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetic Regulation and Integrative Biology, School of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xu-Sheng Liu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetic Regulation and Integrative Biology, School of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, China
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The Entomopathogenic Fungus Beauveria bassiana Shows Its Toxic Side within Insects: Expression of Genes Encoding Secondary Metabolites during Pathogenesis. J Fungi (Basel) 2022; 8:jof8050488. [PMID: 35628744 PMCID: PMC9143124 DOI: 10.3390/jof8050488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Revised: 05/05/2022] [Accepted: 05/06/2022] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Entomopathogenic fungi are extensively used for the control of insect pests worldwide. Among them, Beauveria bassiana (Ascomycota: Hypocreales) produce a plethora of toxic secondary metabolites that either facilitate fungal invasion or act as immunosuppressive compounds. These toxins have different chemical natures, such as nonribosomal peptides and polyketides. Even though their precise role is poorly understood, they are usually linked to virulence. These fungal secondary metabolites are produced by the expression of gene clusters encoding the various proteins needed for their biosynthesis. Each cluster includes synthetases for nonribosomal peptides (NRPS), polyketides (PKS), or hybrid NRPS–PKS genes. The aim of this review is to summarize the information available from transcriptomics and quantitative PCR studies related to the expression of B. bassiana NRPS and PKS genes inside different insects as the infection progresses; as for the host immune response, to help understand the mechanisms that these toxins trigger as virulence factors, antimicrobials, or immunosuppressives within the context of a fungus–insect interaction.
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Wang Z, Zhou W, Huang B, Gao M, Li Q, Tao Y, Wang Z. Molecular and Functional Characterization of Peptidoglycan Recognition Proteins OfPGRP-A and OfPGRP-B in Ostrinia furnacalis (Lepidoptera: Crambidae). INSECTS 2022; 13:insects13050417. [PMID: 35621753 PMCID: PMC9146462 DOI: 10.3390/insects13050417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Revised: 04/25/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary The Asian corn borer, Ostrinia furnacalis (Guenée), is the most destructive lepidopteran insect pest of corn (Zea mays L.) in China. Pathogenic microorganisms play an important role in the population control of the Asian corn borer. Although microorganisms can cause the death of O. furnacalis, an immune response also occurs as an attempt to fight off and eliminate invading pathogens. If the molecular mechanism of interaction between O. furnacalis and pathogenic bacteria is clarified, the lethal effect of pathogenic microorganisms can be better exerted by inhibiting the natural immune response of O. furnacalis. As an important member of the pattern-recognition receptor family, peptidoglycan recognition protein (PGRP) plays a key role in the insect innate immune response. In this study, we cloned two PGRP genes from O. furnacalis and analyzed their spatiotemporal expression. In combination with bacterial induction experiments, we revealed the immune signal recognition pathway involved in the two proteins. The results of this study deepen the understanding of the natural immune response of O. furnacalis and provide new ideas for better utilization of pathogenic microorganisms in biological control of the Asian corn borer. Abstract Peptidoglycan recognition proteins (PGRPs) are important components of insect immune systems, in which they play key roles. We cloned and sequenced two full-length PGRP, named OfPGRP-A and OfPGRP-B, from the Asian corn borer, Ostrinia furnacalis. These two genes comprise open reading frames of 658 and 759 bp, encoding proteins of 192 and 218 amino acids, respectively. qPCR showed that OfPGRP-A and OfPGRP-B are prominently expressed in the midgut of O. furnacalis fourth instar larvae. After inoculation with Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus thuringiensis, the expression of OfPGRP-A was significantly upregulated, whereas the expression of OfPGRP-B was enhanced after inoculation with Escherichia coli. This suggests that OfPGRP-A mainly recognizes Gram-positive bacteria and may participate in the Toll signaling pathways, while OfPGRP-B identifies Gram-negative bacteria and may participate in Imd signaling pathways. Our results provide insights into the roles of PGRPs in O. furnacalis immune function and a foundation for using pathogens for the biological control of O. furnacalis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zengxia Wang
- College of Agriculture, Anhui Science and Technology University, Fengyang 233100, China; (B.H.); (M.G.); (Q.L.); (Y.T.)
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, MOA—CABI Joint Laboratory for Bio-Safety, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Beijing 100193, China
- Correspondence: (Z.W.); (Z.W.)
| | - Wan Zhou
- College of Resource and Environment, Anhui Science and Technology University, Fengyang 233100, China;
| | - Baohong Huang
- College of Agriculture, Anhui Science and Technology University, Fengyang 233100, China; (B.H.); (M.G.); (Q.L.); (Y.T.)
| | - Mengyuan Gao
- College of Agriculture, Anhui Science and Technology University, Fengyang 233100, China; (B.H.); (M.G.); (Q.L.); (Y.T.)
| | - Qianqian Li
- College of Agriculture, Anhui Science and Technology University, Fengyang 233100, China; (B.H.); (M.G.); (Q.L.); (Y.T.)
| | - Yidong Tao
- College of Agriculture, Anhui Science and Technology University, Fengyang 233100, China; (B.H.); (M.G.); (Q.L.); (Y.T.)
| | - Zhenying Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, MOA—CABI Joint Laboratory for Bio-Safety, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Beijing 100193, China
- Correspondence: (Z.W.); (Z.W.)
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Analysis of the Humoral Immunal Response Transcriptome of Ectropis obliqua Infected by Beauveria bassiana. INSECTS 2022; 13:insects13030225. [PMID: 35323523 PMCID: PMC8955196 DOI: 10.3390/insects13030225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2021] [Revised: 02/20/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Simple Summary Ectropis obliqua is a destructive leaf-eating pest that is widely distributed in China’s tea gardens. This pest shows remarkable resistance against multiple insecticides. As an environmentally friendly entomopathogen, Beauveria bassiana has been widely used to prevent agricultural pest infestations. However, the molecular mechanism of B. bassiana against E. obliqua remains unclear. We firstly isolated and identified a highly virulent B. bassiana strain. Using a transcriptome, we analyzed the differences of immune gene expression levels in fat bodies and hemocytes of E. obliqua that were infected by the B. bassiana, which provide molecular insights into the insect–pathogen interaction. Abstract Ectropis obliqua is a destructive masticatory pest in China’s tea gardens. Beauveria bassiana as microbial insecticides can effectively control E. obliqua larvae; however, the immune response of this insect infected by B. bassiana are largely unknown. Here, after isolating a highly virulent strain of B. bassiana from E. obliqua, the changes in gene expression among different tissues, including hemocytes and fat bodies, of E. obliqua larvae infected by the entomopathogen were investigated using transcriptome sequencing. A total of 5877 co-expressed differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified in hemocytes and fat bodies, of which 5826 were up-regulated in hemocytes and 5784 were up-regulated in fat bodies. We identified 249 immunity-related genes, including pattern recognition receptors, immune effectors, signal modulators, and members of immune pathways. A quantitative real-time PCR analysis confirmed that several pattern recognition receptors were upregulated in hemocytes and fat bodies; however, others were downregulated. The investigated immune effectors (ATT and PPO-1) were suppressed. The results showed that there were tissue differences in the expression of immune genes. This study provides a large number of immunity-related gene sequences from E. obliqua after being infected by B. bassiana, furthering the understanding of the molecular mechanisms of E. obliqua defenses against B. bassiana.
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Black JL, Clark MK, Sword GA. Physiological and transcriptional immune responses of a non-model arthropod to infection with different entomopathogenic groups. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0263620. [PMID: 35134064 PMCID: PMC8824330 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0263620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Insect immune responses to multiple pathogen groups including viruses, bacteria, fungi, and entomopathogenic nematodes have traditionally been documented in model insects such as Drosophila melanogaster, or medically important insects such as Aedes aegypti. Despite their potential importance in understanding the efficacy of pathogens as biological control agents, these responses are infrequently studied in agriculturally important pests. Additionally, studies that investigate responses of a host species to different pathogen groups are uncommon, and typically focus on only a single time point during infection. As such, a robust understanding of immune system responses over the time of infection is often lacking in many pest species. This study was conducted to understand how 3rd instar larvae of the major insect pest Helicoverpa zea responded through the course of an infection by four different pathogenic groups: viruses, bacteria, fungi, and entomopathogenic nematodes; by sampling at three different times post-inoculation. Physiological immune responses were assessed at 4-, 24-, and 48-hours post-infection by measuring hemolymph phenoloxidase concentrations, hemolymph prophenoloxidase concentrations, hemocyte counts, and encapsulation ability. Transcriptional immune responses were measured at 24-, 48-, and 72-hours post-infection by quantifying the expression of PPO2, Argonaute-2, JNK, Dorsal, and Relish. This gene set covers the major known immune pathways: phenoloxidase cascade, siRNA, JNK pathway, Toll pathway, and IMD pathway. Our results indicate H. zea has an extreme immune response to Bacillus thuringiensis bacteria, a mild response to Helicoverpa armigera nucleopolyhedrovirus, and little-to-no detectable response to either the fungus Beauveria bassiana or Steinernema carpocapsae nematodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph L. Black
- Department of Entomology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, United States of America
| | - Mason K. Clark
- Department of Entomology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, United States of America
| | - Gregory A. Sword
- Department of Entomology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, United States of America
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Zhang S, Feng T, Ji J, Wang L, An C. Serine protease SP7 cleaves prophenoloxidase and is regulated by two serpins in Ostrinia furnacalis melanization. INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2022; 141:103699. [PMID: 34920078 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibmb.2021.103699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2021] [Revised: 07/18/2021] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Melanization is an innate immune response in insects to defend against the invading pathogens and parasites. During melanization, prophenoloxidase (PPO) requires proteolytic activation by its upstream prophenoloxidase-activating protease (PAP). We here cloned a full-length cDNA for a serine protease, named as SP7, from Ostrinia furnacalis. The open reading frame of SP7 encodes 421-amino acid residue protein with a 19-residue signal peptide. qRT-PCR analysis showed that SP7 mRNA levels were significantly upregulated upon exposure to microbial infection. Recombinant SP7 zymogen was activated by serine protease SP2. The active SP7 could cleave O. furnacalis PPOs including PPO2, PPO1b and PPO3. Additionally, active SP7 could form covalent complexes with serine protease inhibitor serpin-3 and serpin-4. The activity of SP7 in cleaving a colorimetric substrate IEARpNA or O. furnacalis PPOs was efficiently blocked by either serpin-3 or serpin-4. Our work thus revealed that SP7 and SP2 partially constituted a PPO activation cascade in which SP7 was activated by SP2 and then likely worked as a PAP. SP7 was effectively regulated by serpin-3 and serpin-4. The results would allow further advances in the understanding of melanization mechanisms in O. furnacalis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shasha Zhang
- Department of Entomology, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, PR China
| | - Ting Feng
- Department of Entomology, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, PR China
| | - Jiayue Ji
- Department of Entomology, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, PR China
| | - Lei Wang
- Department of Entomology, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, PR China
| | - Chunju An
- Department of Entomology, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, PR China.
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28
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Yuan C, Xing L, Wang M, Hu Z, Zou Z. Microbiota modulates gut immunity and promotes baculovirus infection in Helicoverpa armigera. INSECT SCIENCE 2021; 28:1766-1779. [PMID: 33463036 DOI: 10.1111/1744-7917.12894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2020] [Revised: 11/07/2020] [Accepted: 11/29/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Baculoviruses are natural enemies of agricultural and forest insect pests and play an important role in biological pest control. Oral infection by baculovirus in the insect midgut is necessary for establishing systemic infection and eventually killing the insect. Since the insect midgut continuously encounters microbiota, the gut microbiota could affect baculovirus infection. Here, we demonstrated that gut microbiota modulates immune responses and promotes baculovirus infection in the cotton bollworm, Helicoverpa armigera. After oral infection, numerous host immunity-related genes including genes encoding Toll and immune deficiency (IMD) pathway components were upregulated in the midgut. Elimination of the gut microbiota significantly increased the resistance to viral infection in H. armigera. Quantitative real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction and proteomic analysis showed that downregulation of the antiviral factor prophenoloxidase (PPO) could be mediated by microbiota during infection. It implied that midgut microbiota diminishes the expression of PPO to facilitate viral infection in H. armigera. Our findings revealed that the microbiota plays an important role in modulating the resistance of H. armigera to baculovirus infection, providing new insights in applying biopesticide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuanfei Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Translational Medicine of Ministry of Education, NHC Key Laboratory of Control of Tropical Diseases, School of Tropical Medicine and Laboratory Medicine, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, 571199, China
| | - Longsheng Xing
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
- Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Genome Analysis Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen, 518120, China
| | - Manli Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Zhihong Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Zhen Zou
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
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29
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Wang HC, Wang QH, Bhowmick B, Li YX, Han Q. Functional characterization of two clip domain serine proteases in innate immune responses of Aedes aegypti. Parasit Vectors 2021; 14:584. [PMID: 34819136 PMCID: PMC8611957 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-021-05091-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Clip domain serine proteases (CLIPs), a very diverse group of proteolytic enzymes, play a crucial role in the innate immunity of insects. Innate immune responses are the first line of defense in mosquitoes against the invasion of pathogenic microorganisms. The Toll pathway, immunodeficiency (IMD) pathway and melanization are the main processes of innate immunity in Aedes aegypti. CLIPS are classified into five subfamilies—CLIPA, CLIPB, CLIPC, CLIPD, and CLIPE—based on their sequence specificity and phylogenetic relationships. We report the functional characterization of the genes that code for two CLIPs in Ae. aegypti (Ae): Ae-CLIPB15 and Ae-CLIPB22. Methods Clustal Omega was used for multiple amino acid sequence alignment of Ae-CLIPB15 and Ae-CLIPB22 with different CLIP genes from other insect species. The spatiotemporal expression profiles of Ae-CLIPB15 and Ae-CLIPB22 were examined. We determined whether Ae-CLIPB15 and Ae-CLIPB22 respond to microbial challenge and tissue injury. RNA interference (RNAi) was used to explore the function of Ae-CLIPB15 and Ae-CLIPB22 in the defense of Ae. aegypti against bacterial and fungal infections. The expression levels of nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) transcription factors REL1 and REL2 in the Toll pathway and IMD pathway after bacterial infection were investigated. Finally, the change in phenoloxidase (PO) activity in Ae-CLIPB15 and Ae-CLIPB22 knockdown adults was investigated. Results We performed spatiotemporal gene expression profiling of Ae-CLIPB15 and Ae-CLIPB22 genes in Ae. aegypti using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. These genes were expressed in different stages and tissues. The messenger RNA (mRNA) levels for both genes were also up-regulated by Gram-negative bacteria Escherichia coli, Gram-positive bacteria Staphylococcus aureus and fungal Beauveria bassiana infections, as well as in the tissue injury experiments. RNAi-mediated knockdown of Ae-CLIPB15 led to a significant decrease of PO activity in the hemolymph of Ae. aegypti, while other RNAi experiments revealed that both Ae-CLIPB15 and Ae-CLIPB22 were involved in immune defense against bacterial and fungal infections. The mRNA expression of NF-κB transcription factors REL1 and REL2 in the Toll pathway and IMD pathway differed between Ae-CLIPB15 and Ae-CLIPB22 knockdown mosquitoes infected with bacteria and wild type mosquitoes infected with bacteria. Conclusions Our findings suggest that Ae-CLIPB15 and Ae-CLIPB22 play a critical role in mosquito innate immunity, and that they are involved in immune responses to injury and infection. Their regulation of transcription factors and PO activity indicates that they also play a specific role in the regulation of innate immunity. Graphical Abstract ![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao-Cheng Wang
- Laboratory of Tropical Veterinary Medicine and Vector Biology, School of Life Sciences, Hainan University, Haikou, Hainan, 570228, People's Republic of China.,One Health Institute, Hainan University, Haikou, Hainan, 570228, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiu-Hui Wang
- Laboratory of Tropical Veterinary Medicine and Vector Biology, School of Life Sciences, Hainan University, Haikou, Hainan, 570228, People's Republic of China.,One Health Institute, Hainan University, Haikou, Hainan, 570228, People's Republic of China
| | - Biswajit Bhowmick
- Laboratory of Tropical Veterinary Medicine and Vector Biology, School of Life Sciences, Hainan University, Haikou, Hainan, 570228, People's Republic of China.,One Health Institute, Hainan University, Haikou, Hainan, 570228, People's Republic of China
| | - Yi-Xun Li
- Laboratory of Tropical Veterinary Medicine and Vector Biology, School of Life Sciences, Hainan University, Haikou, Hainan, 570228, People's Republic of China.,One Health Institute, Hainan University, Haikou, Hainan, 570228, People's Republic of China
| | - Qian Han
- Laboratory of Tropical Veterinary Medicine and Vector Biology, School of Life Sciences, Hainan University, Haikou, Hainan, 570228, People's Republic of China. .,One Health Institute, Hainan University, Haikou, Hainan, 570228, People's Republic of China.
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30
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Bai J, Li L, Xu Z, Zhang Y, Liang L, Ma X, Ma W, Ma L. Mutation of glucan synthase catalytic subunit in Beauveria bassiana affects fungal growth and virulence. Fungal Genet Biol 2021; 158:103637. [PMID: 34798271 DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2021.103637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2021] [Revised: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Beauveria bassiana is a well-known entomopathogenic fungus that parasitizes on a variety of insect species. Glucan in the cell wall of B. bassiana plays a crucial role in its structure and growth and is also involved in the activation of the host insect's immune system. Glucan biosynthesis is primarily regulated by glucan synthase, however, it is unclear if the glucan synthase catalytic subunit gene (GluS) affects the growth and virulence of B. bassiana. In this study, we constructed the mutant of the B. bassiana glucan synthase catalytic subunit (ΔGluS) by homologous recombination and observed that glucan synthase knockout affects both spore germination and cell area. Further enzyme-based assays along with gene expression analysis of glucan synthase revealed a significant downregulation in the mutant strains compared to the wild type of B. bassiana. Moreover, the virulence of ΔGluS strains against gypsy moth (Lymantria dispar) showed no significant difference compared to the wild-type strains when injected, while the spraying gypsy moths with the conidia of ΔGluS was significantly more lethal than spraying the conidia of the wild type. Altogether, our study constructed a new, highly efficient B. bassiana mutant that can be used for pest control and provides a readily transferable method for other insect-entomopathogenic interaction studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianyang Bai
- Department of Forest Protection, College of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Lu Li
- Department of Forest Protection, College of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Zhe Xu
- Department of Forest Protection, College of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Yue Zhang
- Department of Forest Protection, College of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Liwei Liang
- Department of Forest Protection, College of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Xiaoqian Ma
- Department of Forest Protection, College of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China; Institute of Forest Protection, Heilongjiang Academy of Forestry, Harbin 150081, China
| | - Wei Ma
- College of Pharmacy, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, China.
| | - Ling Ma
- Department of Forest Protection, College of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China; Forest Protection Technology Innovation Center, Harbin, China.
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31
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Wang ZL, Pan HB, Li MY, Wu W, Yu XP. Comprehensive insights into host-pathogen interaction between brown planthopper and a fungal entomopathogen by dual RNA sequencing. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2021; 77:4903-4914. [PMID: 34171165 DOI: 10.1002/ps.6529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2020] [Revised: 04/20/2021] [Accepted: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The brown planthopper (BPH) is one of the most destructive pests of rice, causing tremendous yield and economic losses every year. The fungal entomopathogen Metarhizium anisopliae was previously proved to have great potential for BPH biocontrol. Genome-wide insight into the insect-fungus interaction is crucial for genetic improvement of M. anisopliae to enhance its virulence to BPH but still has been poorly explored. RESULTS Using dual RNA-seq approach, we present here a global view of host and fungal gene expressions in BPH adults during the fungal infection. The results revealed that BPH could initiate strong defense responses against the fungal attack by upregulating the expressions of a large number of genes, including genes involved in cuticle formation, immune response, cell detoxification and biomacromolecule metabolism. Correspondingly, the fungal entomopathogen could induce a series of genes to infect and modulate BPH, including genes involved in fungal penetration, invasive growth, stress resistance and virulence. Three host defense-related genes (NlPCE4, NlPOD1 and NlCYP4DE1) were chosen for further function analysis. RNAi-mediated knockdown of NlPCE4 caused a significant decrease in BPH survival, but no obvious effects on the survival rates were detected by the suppression of NlPOD1 and NlCYP4DE1. Combination of dsRNA injection and fungal infection could significantly enhance the BPH-killing speed, as synergistic mortalities were observed in co-treatments of RNAi and M. anisopliae infection. CONCLUSION Our study provides a comprehensive insight into molecular mechanisms of host-pathogen interaction between BPH and M. anisopliae and contributes to future development of new efficient biocontrol strategies for BPH biocontrol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng-Liang Wang
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Biometrology and Inspection and Quarantine, College of Life Sciences, China Jiliang University, Zhejiang, China
| | - Hai-Bo Pan
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Biometrology and Inspection and Quarantine, College of Life Sciences, China Jiliang University, Zhejiang, China
| | - Mu-Yu Li
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Biometrology and Inspection and Quarantine, College of Life Sciences, China Jiliang University, Zhejiang, China
| | - Wei Wu
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Biometrology and Inspection and Quarantine, College of Life Sciences, China Jiliang University, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiao-Ping Yu
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Biometrology and Inspection and Quarantine, College of Life Sciences, China Jiliang University, Zhejiang, China
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32
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Huang L, Wu BL, He JX, Zhang Y, Chen J, Chen XJ. Molecular characterization and functional analysis of the lysosomal cathepsin D-like gene in red swamp crayfish, Procambarus clarkii. Genome 2021; 64:1041-1051. [PMID: 34323597 DOI: 10.1139/gen-2020-0154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Aspartic proteinases are one of the four families of proteinase enzymes that are widely present in living organisms. They are involved in various physiological events, such as protein degradation, development, and host defense. However, the characterization and functional roles of aspartic proteinases remain to be elucidated in crustaceans. Here, we characterized a fragment of cathepsin D-like cDNA from red swamp crayfish, Procambarus clarkii (Pc-cathepsin D-like). The open reading frame of the Pc-cathepsin D-like gene contained 1152 bp, encoding a protein of 383 amino acid residues. We also evaluated the immunological role of the Pc-cathepsin D-like gene in vivo. Spatial distribution analysis revealed that the Pc-cathepsin D-like mRNA was high in the hepatopancreas, followed by the gut, gills, and hemocytes of P. clarkii. The expression levels of the Pc-cathepsin D-like gene increased following challenge with viral (polyinosinic: polycytidylic acid) and bacterial (lipopolysaccharides, peptidoglycan) PAMPs compared with PBS injection. The suppression of the Pc-cathepsin D-like gene by RNA interference significantly increased the expression of immune-associated genes. These results showed that the Pc-cathepsin D-like gene has an essential biological role in innate immune responses because it regulates the expression of immune-associated genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Long Huang
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Aquaculture & Stock Enhancement, Fisher Institute of Anhui Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hefei, 230031, China.,Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Aquaculture & Stock Enhancement, Fisher Institute of Anhui Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hefei, 230031, China
| | - Ben-Li Wu
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Aquaculture & Stock Enhancement, Fisher Institute of Anhui Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hefei, 230031, China.,Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Aquaculture & Stock Enhancement, Fisher Institute of Anhui Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hefei, 230031, China
| | - Ji-Xiang He
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Aquaculture & Stock Enhancement, Fisher Institute of Anhui Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hefei, 230031, China.,Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Aquaculture & Stock Enhancement, Fisher Institute of Anhui Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hefei, 230031, China
| | - Ye Zhang
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Aquaculture & Stock Enhancement, Fisher Institute of Anhui Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hefei, 230031, China.,Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Aquaculture & Stock Enhancement, Fisher Institute of Anhui Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hefei, 230031, China
| | - Jing Chen
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Aquaculture & Stock Enhancement, Fisher Institute of Anhui Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hefei, 230031, China.,Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Aquaculture & Stock Enhancement, Fisher Institute of Anhui Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hefei, 230031, China
| | - Xia-Jun Chen
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Aquaculture & Stock Enhancement, Fisher Institute of Anhui Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hefei, 230031, China.,Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Aquaculture & Stock Enhancement, Fisher Institute of Anhui Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hefei, 230031, China
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Ding JL, Hou J, Feng MG, Ying SH. Transcriptomic analyses reveal comprehensive responses of insect hemocytes to mycopathogen Beauveria bassiana, and fungal virulence-related cell wall protein assists pathogen to evade host cellular defense. Virulence 2021; 11:1352-1365. [PMID: 33017218 PMCID: PMC7549920 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2020.1827886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Entomopathogenic fungi naturally infect insect hosts in environment. Fungal invasion and host immune defense are still in the progress of co-evolution. In this study, entomopathogenic fungus Beauveria bassiana and lepidopteran insect Galleria mellonella were used to investigate host cellular immunity and fungal strategy to evade host defense. First of all, genome-wide expression revealed the transcriptomic responses of hemocytes to insect mycopathogen, which dynamically varied during infection process. Enrichment analysis indicated that differentially expressed genes were primarily involved in metabolism, cellular process and immune system. Notably, cellular response involved a series of hydrolytic enzyme and antimicrobial peptide genes which were sorted together in clustering analysis. In B. bassiana, a cell-wall protein gene (BbCwp) contributes to fungal development in host hemocoel and virulence. RT-qPCR analyses indicated that infection by ΔBbCwp mutant strain caused the up-regulated expression of a series of immunity-related genes, including β-1, 3-glucan recognition protein, hydrolytic enzyme and antimicrobial peptide genes. Disruption of BbCwp resulted in a significant change in conidial lectin-binding feature and the enhanced encapsulation by the host hemocytes. After being treated with hydrolytic enzymes, ΔBbCwp mutant displayed a significantly enhanced sensitivity to osmotic and oxidative stresses. In conclusion, fungal invasion initiates comprehensive physiological responses in the host hemocytes. For mycopathogen, cell-wall protein plays an important role in fungal evasion of immunity defense and colonization in host. Our studies provide an initial framework for exploring more mechanistic details about the fungus–host interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Li Ding
- Institute of Microbiology, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University , Hangzhou, China
| | - Jia Hou
- Institute of Microbiology, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University , Hangzhou, China
| | - Ming-Guang Feng
- Institute of Microbiology, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University , Hangzhou, China
| | - Sheng-Hua Ying
- Institute of Microbiology, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University , Hangzhou, China
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34
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Ma M, Guo L, Tu C, Wang A, Xu L, Luo J. Comparative Analysis of Adelphocoris suturalis Jakovlev (Hemiptera: Miridae) Immune Responses to Fungal and Bacterial Pathogens. Front Physiol 2021; 12:646721. [PMID: 33815150 PMCID: PMC8012897 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.646721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2020] [Accepted: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The wide-spread culture of transgenic Bt cotton resisting the infamous cotton bollworms has reduced the adoption of broad-spectrum insecticides to a large extent. Consequently, the non-targeted insect Adelphocoris suturalis Jakovlev has become a major cotton pest in China. Entomopathogenic microbes show promising results for controlling this pest in the future, but A. suturalis innate immune responses to these pathogens are poorly understood. Here, we used the entomopathogenic fungus Beauveria bassiana and the Gram-negative pathogenic bacteria Enterobactor cloacae to infect A. suturalis nymphs, followed by high throughput RNA-seq to analyze the immune transcriptomes of A. suturalis in response to the two pathogens. A total of 150 immunity-related genes were identified, including pattern recognition receptors, extracellular signal modulators, signal pathways (Toll, IMD, JNK, and JAK/STAT), and response effectors. Further quantitative real-time PCR analysis demonstrated that B. bassiana and E. cloacae were recognized by different receptors (GNBP and PGRP, respectively); activated Toll pathway and IMD pathway respectively; and both induced expression of the effector gene Defensin. However, melanization is suppressed in B. bassiana-infected nymphs. Collectively, this study provides a transcriptomic snapshot of the A. suturalis immune system, and at the genetic level, gains multifaceted insights of the immune response to fungal and Gram-negative bacterial pathogens. Ultimately this work pioneers the study of molecular mechanisms underlying immune interactions between A. suturalis and its pathogens and assists in the development of novel mitigation strategies to control this pest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meiqi Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, China
| | - Libin Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, China
| | - Chengjie Tu
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, China
| | - Aoli Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, China
| | - Letian Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, China
| | - Jing Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, China
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Comparative transcriptome analysis of the gills of Cardisoma armatum provides novel insights into the terrestrial adaptive related mechanism of air exposure stress. Genomics 2021; 113:1193-1202. [PMID: 33711456 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygeno.2021.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2020] [Revised: 12/28/2020] [Accepted: 03/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Cardisoma armatum is a typical member of the Gecarcinidae which show significant behavioral, morphological, physiological, and/or biochemical adaptations permitting extended activities on the land. The special gills (branchiostegal lung) of C. armatum play an important role in maintaining osmotic pressure balance and obtaining oxygen to adapt to the terrestrial environment. However, adaptive molecular mechanisms responding to air exposure in C. armatum are still poorly understood. In this study, transcriptomic analysis and histological analysis were conducted on the gills to test adaptive capabilities over 8 h between the aerial exposure (AE) and the water immersion (WI) group. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) related to terrestrial adaptation were categorized into four broad categories: ion transport, acid-base balance, energy metabolism and immune response. This is the first research to reveal the molecular mechanism of terrestrial adaptation in C. armatum, and will provide new insight into the molecular genetic basis of terrestrial adaptation in crabs.
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Liu FF, Li H, Yang PJ, Rao XJ. Structure-function analysis of PGRP-S1 from the oriental armyworm, Mythimna separata. ARCHIVES OF INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 106:e21763. [PMID: 33426694 DOI: 10.1002/arch.21763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2020] [Revised: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Peptidoglycan recognition proteins (PGRPs) are well known for their abilities to recognize or hydrolyze peptidoglycan (PGN), one of the major bacterial cell wall components. However, much less is known about their antifungal activities. PGRP-S1 was previously identified from a crop pest, Mythimna separata (Walker) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). PGRP-S1 showed bacteriolytic activities against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. In this study, tissue expression analysis showed that PGRP-S1 was mainly expressed in the midgut of naïve larvae. The induction analysis showed that it was significantly induced in the larval midgut 12 h post the injection of Beauveria bassiana conidia. To identify the key residues that are related to its microbicidal activities, the structure of PGPR-S1 was predicted for structural comparison and molecular docking analysis. Six residues (H61, H62, Y97, H171, T175, and C179) were mutated to Ala individually by site-directed mutagenesis. The recombinant wild-type (WT) and mutant proteins were expressed and purified. The recombinant proteins bound to different polysaccharides, PGNs, and bacteria. H61A, Y97A, H171A, and C179A lost amidase activity. Accordingly, antibacterial assay and scanning electron microscopy confirmed that only H62A and T175A retained bacteriolytic activities. The germination of B. bassiana conidia was significantly inhibited by WT, H61A, Y97A, T175A, and C179A mutants. Electron microscopy showed that some conidia became ruptured after treatment. The growth of hyphae was inhibited by the WT, H61A, H62A, and T175A. In summary, our data showed that different residues of PGRP-S1 are involved in the antibacterial and antifungal activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang-Fang Liu
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops, Key Laboratory of Biology and Sustainable Management of Plant Diseases and Pests of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, School of Plant Protection, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Hao Li
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops, Key Laboratory of Biology and Sustainable Management of Plant Diseases and Pests of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, School of Plant Protection, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Pei-Jin Yang
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops, Key Laboratory of Biology and Sustainable Management of Plant Diseases and Pests of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, School of Plant Protection, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Xiang-Jun Rao
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops, Key Laboratory of Biology and Sustainable Management of Plant Diseases and Pests of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, School of Plant Protection, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui, China
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Bai J, Xu Z, Li L, Ma W, Xu L, Ma L. Temporospatial modulation of Lymantria dispar immune system against an entomopathogenic fungal infection. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2020; 76:3982-3989. [PMID: 32506667 DOI: 10.1002/ps.5947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2020] [Revised: 05/21/2020] [Accepted: 06/07/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lymantria dispar is an economically impactful forest pest worldwide. The entomopathogenic fungi Beauveria bassiana shows great promise in pest management due to its high lethality in Lymantria dispar. A complete understanding of the immune interactions between the pest and the pathogenic fungus is essential to actualizing biological pest management. RESULTS Following the infection of Lymantria dispar by Beauveria bassiana spores, we performed a time-course analysis of transcriptome in Lymantria dispar fat bodies and hemocytes to explore host immune response. A total of 244 immunity-related genes including pattern recognition receptors, extracellular signal modulators, immune pathways (Toll, IMD, JNK and JAK/STAT), and response effectors were identified. We observed contrasting tissue and time-specific differences in the expression of immune genes. At the early stage of infection, several recognition receptors and effector genes were activated, while the signal modulation and effector genes were suppressed at later stages. Further enzyme activity-based assays coupled with gene expression analysis of prophenoloxidase revealed a significant upregulation of phenoloxidase activity at 48- and 72-h post-infection. Moreover, fungal infection led to dysbiosis in gut microbiota that seems to be partially attributed to reduced gut hydrogen peroxide (H2 O2 ) amount, which indicates a significant impact of fungal infection on host gut microbes. CONCLUSION Our study provides a comprehensive sequence resource and crucial new insights about an economically important forest pest. Specifically, we elucidate the complicated multipartite interaction between host and fungal pathogen and contribute to a better understanding of Lymantria dispar anti-fungal immunity, resulting in better tools for biological pest control. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianyang Bai
- Department of Forest Protection, College of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
| | - Zhe Xu
- Department of Forest Protection, College of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
| | - Lu Li
- Department of Forest Protection, College of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
| | - Wei Ma
- College of Pharmacy, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, China
| | - Letian Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, China
| | - Ling Ma
- Department of Forest Protection, College of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
- Forest Protection Technology Innovation Center, Harbin, China
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Synergistic Effect of Beauveria bassiana and Trichoderma asperellum to Induce Maize ( Zea mays L.) Defense against the Asian Corn Borer, Ostrinia furnacalis (Lepidoptera, Crambidae) and Larval Immune Response. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21218215. [PMID: 33153030 PMCID: PMC7663379 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21218215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Revised: 10/24/2020] [Accepted: 10/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Ostrinia furnacalis, is the major pest of maize causing significant yield losses. So far, many approaches have been used to increase the virulence of entomopathogenic fungal isolates. The current study is an attempt to estimate synergistic effect of Beauveria bassiana and Trichoderma asperellum in order to explore larval immune response through RNA sequencing and differentially expression analysis. In vivo synergism was examined in seven proportions (B. bassiana: T. asperellum = 1:1, 1:2, 1:3, 1:4, 4:1, 3:1, 2:1) and in the in vitro case, two inoculation methods were applied: seed coating and soil drenching. Results revealed significant decrease in plant damage and high larval mortality in fungal treatments. Fungal isolates mediated the plant defense by increasing proline, superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), polyphenol oxidase (PPO) and protease activities. Seed coating method was proved to be the most effective in case of maize endophytic colonization. In total, 59 immune-related differentially expressed genes DEGs were identified including, cytochrome P450, heat shock protein, ABC transporter, cadherin, peptidoglycan recognition protein (PGRP), cuticlular protein, etc. Further, transcriptomic response was confirmed by qRT-PCR. Our results concluded that, coculture of B. bassiana and T. asperellum has the synergistic potential to suppress the immune response of O. furnacalis and can be used as sustainable approach to induce plant resistance through activation of defense-related enzymes.
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Volovych O, Lin Z, Du J, Jiang H, Zou Z. Identification and temporal expression profiles of cuticular proteins in the endoparasitoid wasp, Microplitis mediator. INSECT SCIENCE 2020; 27:998-1018. [PMID: 31317624 PMCID: PMC7497268 DOI: 10.1111/1744-7917.12711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2018] [Revised: 07/01/2019] [Accepted: 07/03/2019] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Recently, parasitoid wasp species Microplitis mediator has evoked increasing research attention due to its possible use in the control of Lepidoptera insects. Because insect development involves changes in cuticle composition, identification and expression analysis of M. mediator cuticular proteins may clarify the mechanisms involved in parasite development processes. We found 70 cuticular proteins from the M. mediator transcriptome and divided them into seven distinct families. Expression profiling indicated that most of these cuticular protein genes have expression peaks specific for one particular developmental stage of M. mediator. Eggs and pupae have the highest number of transcriptionally active cuticular protein genes (47 and 52 respectively). Only 12 of these genes maintained high expression activity during late larval development. Functional analysis of two larval proteins, MmCPR3 and MmCPR14, suggested their important role in the proper organization of the cuticle layers of larvae. During M. mediator larval development, normal cuticle formation can be supported by a limited number of cuticular proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Volovych
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and RodentsInstitute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
- University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Zhe Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and RodentsInstitute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Jie Du
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and RodentsInstitute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
- University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Hong Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and RodentsInstitute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Zhen Zou
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and RodentsInstitute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
- University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
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Wang W, Wang G, Zhuo X, Liu Y, Tang L, Liu X, Wang J. C-type lectin-mediated microbial homeostasis is critical for Helicoverpa armigera larval growth and development. PLoS Pathog 2020; 16:e1008901. [PMID: 32997722 PMCID: PMC7549827 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1008901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2020] [Revised: 10/12/2020] [Accepted: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The immune system of a host functions critically in shaping the composition of the microbiota, and some microbes are involved in regulating host endocrine system and development. However, whether the immune system acts on endocrine and development by shaping the composition of the microbiota remains unclear, and few molecular players or microbes involved in this process have been identified. In the current study, we found that RNA interference of a C-type lectin (HaCTL3) in the cotton bollworm Helicoverpa armigera suppresses ecdysone and juvenile hormone signaling, thus reducing larval body size and delaying pupation. Depletion of HaCTL3 also results in an increased abundance of Enterocuccus mundtii in the hemolymph, which may escape from the gut. Furthermore, HaCTL3 and its controlled antimicrobial peptides (attacin, lebocin, and gloverin) are involved in the clearance of E. mundtii from the hemolymph via phagocytosis or direct bactericidal activity. Injection of E. mundtii into larval hemocoel mimics HaCTL3-depleted phenotypes and suppresses ecdysone and juvenile hormone signaling. Taken together, we conclude that HaCTL3 maintains normal larval growth and development of H. armigera via suppressing the abundance of E. mundtii in the hemolymph. Our results provide the first evidence of an immune system acting on an endocrine system to modulate development via shaping the composition of microbiota in insect hemolymph. Thus, this study will deepen our understanding of the interaction between immunity and development. Considering that a large number of hemocytes and multiple soluble effectors are present in insect hemolymph, it is conventionally believed that healthy insect hemolymph is a hostile environment for bacteria and is, therefore, sterile. However, increasing evidences disprove this opinion, although the interactive mechanism between hemolymph microbiota and insect host, as well as the function of hemolymph microbiota, remain unclear. C-type lectin (CTL), as pattern recognition receptor (PRR), plays important roles in defending against various pathogens. Here we found that various bacteria colonized the hemolymph of the cotton bollworm Helicoverpa armigera. We first reported that an H. armigera CTL (HaCTL3) was involved in modulating larval growth and development. Further study indicated that HaCTL3-mediated homeostasis of Enterocuccus mundtii in the hemolymph is critical for normal larval growth and development. Our study demonstrated that this PRR modulated insect development through shaping hemolymph microbiota, which may represent a novel mechanism of immune system regulation during insect development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenwen Wang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetic Regulation and Integrative Biology, School of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, China
| | - Guijie Wang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetic Regulation and Integrative Biology, School of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiaorong Zhuo
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetic Regulation and Integrative Biology, School of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yu Liu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetic Regulation and Integrative Biology, School of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, China
| | - Lin Tang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetic Regulation and Integrative Biology, School of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xusheng Liu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetic Regulation and Integrative Biology, School of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, China
| | - Jialin Wang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetic Regulation and Integrative Biology, School of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, China
- * E-mail:
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Wang RJ, Chen K, Xing LS, Lin Z, Zou Z, Lu Z. Reactive oxygen species and antimicrobial peptides are sequentially produced in silkworm midgut in response to bacterial infection. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 110:103720. [PMID: 32344046 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2020.103720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2020] [Revised: 04/20/2020] [Accepted: 04/20/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The silkworm, Bombyx mori, is utilized as a research model in many aspects of biological studies, including genetics, development and immunology. Previous biochemical and genomic studies have elucidated the silkworm immunity in response to infections elicited by bacteria, fungi, microsporidia, and viruses. The intestine serves as the front line in the battle between insects and ingested harmful microorganisms. In this study, we performed RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) of the larval silkworm midgut after oral infection with the Gram-positive bacterium Bacillus bombysepticus and the Gram-negative bacterium Yersinia pseudotuberculosis. This enables us to get a comprehensive understanding of the midgut responses to bacterial infection. We found that B. bombysepticus induced much stronger immune responses than Y. pseudotuberculosis did. Bacterial infection resulted in more energy consumption including carbohydrates and fatty acids. The midgut immune system was characterized by the generation of reactive oxygen species and antimicrobial peptides. The former played a critical role in eliminating invading bacteria during early stage, while the latter executed during late stage. Our results provide an integrated insight into the midgut systematic responses to bacterial infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui-Juan Wang
- Department of Entomology, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China.
| | - Kangkang Chen
- Department of Entomology, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China.
| | - Long-Sheng Xing
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
| | - Zhe Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
| | - Zhen Zou
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China; Key Laboratory of Vector Biology and Pathogen Control of Zhejiang Province, Huzhou University, Huzhou, China.
| | - Zhiqiang Lu
- Department of Entomology, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China; State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China.
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Lin Z, Wang JL, Cheng Y, Wang JX, Zou Z. Pattern recognition receptors from lepidopteran insects and their biological functions. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 108:103688. [PMID: 32222357 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2020.103688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2019] [Revised: 03/03/2020] [Accepted: 03/20/2020] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Lepidopteran insects have potent innate immunity to fight against the invading pathogens. As the initiation step, pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) recognize and bind microbial surface configurations known as pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs). Aftermath, they initiate both cellular and humoral immune responses, including phagocytosis, agglutination, nodulation, encapsulation, prophenoloxidase activation, and synthesis of antimicrobial peptides. In this review, we summarize the recent findings concerning PRRs in lepidoptaeran insects, mostly agriculture pests including Helicoverpa armigera, Plutella xylostella, and Spodoptera exigua. We mainly focus on the function and phylogeny of C-type lectins (CTLs), peptidoglycan recognition proteins (PGRPs), β-1,3-glucan recognition proteins (βGRPs), and galectins (GALEs). It enriches our understanding of the immune system of lepidopteran insects and provides directions in the future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhe Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China; CAS Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Jia-Lin Wang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetic Regulation and Integrative Biology, College of Life Science, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, 430079, China
| | - Yang Cheng
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Jin-Xing Wang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Cells and Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250100, China
| | - Zhen Zou
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China; CAS Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China; Key Laboratory of Vector Biology and Pathogen Control of Zhejiang Province, Huzhou University, Huzhou, 311300, China.
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Du J, Lin Z, Volovych O, Lu Z, Zou Z. A RhoGAP venom protein from Microplitis mediator suppresses the cellular response of its host Helicoverpa armigera. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 108:103675. [PMID: 32173445 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2020.103675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2019] [Revised: 03/09/2020] [Accepted: 03/09/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Female parasitoid wasps normally inject virulence factors together with eggs into their host to counter host immunity defenses. A newly identified RhoGAP protein in the venom of Microplitis mediator compromises the cellular immunity of its host, Helicoverpa armigera. RhoGAP1 proteins entered H. armigera hemocytes, and the host cellular cytoskeleton was disrupted. Depletion of MmGAP1 by injection of dsRNA or antibody increased the wasp egg encapsulation rate. An immunoprecipitation assay of overexpressed MmGAP1 protein in a Helicoverpa cell line showed that MmGAP1 interacts with many cellular cytoskeleton associated proteins as well as Rho GTPases. A yeast two-hybrid and a pull-down assay demonstrated that MmGAP1 interacts with H. armigera RhoA and Cdc42. These results show that the RhoGAP protein in M. mediator can destroy the H. armigera hemocyte cellular cytoskeleton, restrain host cellular immune defense, and increase the probability of successful parasitism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Du
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China; CAS Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Zhe Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Olga Volovych
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China; CAS Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Zhiqiang Lu
- Department of Entomology, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Zhen Zou
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China; CAS Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China; Key Laboratory of Vector Biology and Pathogen Control of Zhejiang Province, Huzhou University, Huzhou, 311300, China.
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Wang Q, Yin M, Yuan C, Liu X, Hu Z, Zou Z, Wang M. Identification of a Conserved Prophenoloxidase Activation Pathway in Cotton Bollworm Helicoverpa armigera. Front Immunol 2020; 11:785. [PMID: 32431706 PMCID: PMC7215089 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2020] [Accepted: 04/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Melanization is a prominent insect humoral response for encapsulation of and killing invading pathogens. It is mediated by a protease cascade composed of a modular serine protease (SP), and clip domain SPs (cSPs), which converts prophenoloxidase (PPO) into active phenoloxidase (PO). To date, melanization pathway in cotton bollworm Helicoverpa armigera, an important agricultural pest, remains largely unclear. To biochemically reconstitute the pathway in vitro, the putative proteases along with modified proteases containing the factor Xa cleavage site were expressed by Drosophila S2 cell expression system. Purified recombinant proteins were used to examine their role in activating PPO. It is revealed that cascade is initiated by a modular SP-SP41, followed by cSP1 and cSP6. The three-step SP41/cSP1/cSP6 cascade could further activate PPO, and the PO activity was significantly enhanced in the presence of two cSP homologs (cSPHs), cSPH11 and cSPH50, suggesting the latter are cofactors for PPO activation. Moreover, baculovirus infection was efficiently blocked by the reconstituted PPO activation cascade, and the effect was boosted by cSPH11 and cSPH50. Taken together, we unraveled a conserved PPO activation cascade in H. armigera, which is similar to that exists in lepidopteran biochemical model Manduca sexta and highlighted its role in antagonizing viral infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianran Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China.,Savaid Medical School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Mengyi Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China.,Savaid Medical School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Chuanfei Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China.,State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xijia Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhihong Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhen Zou
- Savaid Medical School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Tropical Translational Medicine, Laboratory of Medicine, School of Tropical Medicine, Ministry of Education, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, China
| | - Manli Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
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Yuan Y, Huang W, Chen K, Ling E. Beauveria bassiana ribotoxin inhibits insect immunity responses to facilitate infection via host translational blockage. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 106:103605. [PMID: 31904434 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2019.103605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2019] [Accepted: 12/30/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Entomopathogenic fungi are promising bio-pesticides. To facilitate infection, fungi recruit multiple virulence factors and deploy different molecular strategies to evade host immunity. Fungal ribotoxins are extracellular secreted ribonucleases (RNases) with ribotoxic cytotoxicity and insecticidal activity. However, it remains unclear whether they have further biological functions. Here we show that the entomopathogenic fungus Beauveria bassiana ribotoxin (Rib) contributes to fungal virulence by inhibiting insect host immunity. Gene deletion of Rib (ΔRib) resulted in attenuated fungal virulence during infection. Pathogenesis analysis demonstrated that Rib mainly inhibits insect immunity through modulating the reactive oxygen species (ROS) response, suppressing antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) production and retarding hyphae penetration from insect cuticles. To further confirm this immunosuppressive function, recombinant ribotoxin (rRib) protein was purified and co-injected with living or heat-killed bacteria, bacteria-derived peptidoglycan (PGN) and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) separately, which also significantly inhibited the AMPs production in Drosophila fat bodies. Furthermore, co-injection of rRib with Escherichia coli or Staphylococcus aureus significantly enhanced bacterial pathogenicity and facilitated infection. In addition, rRib injection resulted in a global inhibition of protein expression in different tissues of Drosophila adults. This work identified B. bassiana ribotoxin as a key virulence factor that inhibits insect immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Yuan
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China; Institute of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China; Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental and Evolutionary Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Science, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Wuren Huang
- Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental and Evolutionary Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Science, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Keping Chen
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China; Institute of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China
| | - Erjun Ling
- Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental and Evolutionary Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Science, Shanghai, 200032, China; Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093, China.
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Yu HZ, Li NY, Zeng XD, Song JC, Yu XD, Su HN, Chen CX, Yi L, Lu ZJ. Transcriptome Analyses of Diaphorina citri Midgut Responses to Candidatus Liberibacter Asiaticus Infection. INSECTS 2020; 11:insects11030171. [PMID: 32156093 PMCID: PMC7143376 DOI: 10.3390/insects11030171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2020] [Revised: 02/29/2020] [Accepted: 03/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
The Asian citrus psyllid (ACP), Diaphorina citri Kuwayama (Hemiptera: Liviidae), is an important transmission vector of the citrus greening disease Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus (CLas). The D. citri midgut exhibits an important tissue barrier against CLas infection. However, the molecular mechanism of the midgut response to CLas infection has not been comprehensively elucidated. In this study, we identified 778 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in the midgut upon CLas infection, by comparative transcriptome analyses, including 499 upregulated DEGs and 279 downregulated DEGs. Functional annotation analysis showed that these DEGs were associated with ubiquitination, the immune response, the ribosome, endocytosis, the cytoskeleton and insecticide resistance. KEGG enrichment analysis revealed that most of the DEGs were primarily involved in endocytosis and the ribosome. A total of fourteen DEG functions were further validated by reverse transcription quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR). This study will contribute to our understanding of the molecular interaction between CLas and D. citri.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai-Zhong Yu
- College of Life Sciences, Gannan Normal University, Ganzhou 341000, China; (H.-Z.Y.); (N.-Y.L.); (X.-D.Z.); (J.-C.S.); (X.-D.Y.); (H.-N.S.); (L.Y.)
- National Navel Orange Engineering Research Center, Gannan Normal University, Ganzhou 341000, China
| | - Ning-Yan Li
- College of Life Sciences, Gannan Normal University, Ganzhou 341000, China; (H.-Z.Y.); (N.-Y.L.); (X.-D.Z.); (J.-C.S.); (X.-D.Y.); (H.-N.S.); (L.Y.)
| | - Xiang-Dong Zeng
- College of Life Sciences, Gannan Normal University, Ganzhou 341000, China; (H.-Z.Y.); (N.-Y.L.); (X.-D.Z.); (J.-C.S.); (X.-D.Y.); (H.-N.S.); (L.Y.)
| | - Jian-Chun Song
- College of Life Sciences, Gannan Normal University, Ganzhou 341000, China; (H.-Z.Y.); (N.-Y.L.); (X.-D.Z.); (J.-C.S.); (X.-D.Y.); (H.-N.S.); (L.Y.)
| | - Xiu-Dao Yu
- College of Life Sciences, Gannan Normal University, Ganzhou 341000, China; (H.-Z.Y.); (N.-Y.L.); (X.-D.Z.); (J.-C.S.); (X.-D.Y.); (H.-N.S.); (L.Y.)
- National Navel Orange Engineering Research Center, Gannan Normal University, Ganzhou 341000, China
| | - Hua-Nan Su
- College of Life Sciences, Gannan Normal University, Ganzhou 341000, China; (H.-Z.Y.); (N.-Y.L.); (X.-D.Z.); (J.-C.S.); (X.-D.Y.); (H.-N.S.); (L.Y.)
- National Navel Orange Engineering Research Center, Gannan Normal University, Ganzhou 341000, China
| | | | - Long Yi
- College of Life Sciences, Gannan Normal University, Ganzhou 341000, China; (H.-Z.Y.); (N.-Y.L.); (X.-D.Z.); (J.-C.S.); (X.-D.Y.); (H.-N.S.); (L.Y.)
- National Navel Orange Engineering Research Center, Gannan Normal University, Ganzhou 341000, China
| | - Zhan-Jun Lu
- College of Life Sciences, Gannan Normal University, Ganzhou 341000, China; (H.-Z.Y.); (N.-Y.L.); (X.-D.Z.); (J.-C.S.); (X.-D.Y.); (H.-N.S.); (L.Y.)
- National Navel Orange Engineering Research Center, Gannan Normal University, Ganzhou 341000, China
- Correspondence:
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Xiong G, Deng Y, Liao X, Zhang J, Cheng B, Cao Z, Lu H. Graphene oxide nanoparticles induce hepatic dysfunction through the regulation of innate immune signaling in zebrafish (Danio rerio). Nanotoxicology 2020; 14:667-682. [DOI: 10.1080/17435390.2020.1735552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Guanghua Xiong
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Developmental Biology of Organs, Jiangxi Engineering Laboratory of Zebrafish Modeling and Drug Screening for Human Diseases, The Affiliated Hospital of Jinggangshan University, College of Life Sciences, Jinggangshan University, Ji’an, Jiangxi, China
| | - Yunyun Deng
- College of Life Sciences, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Xinjun Liao
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Developmental Biology of Organs, Jiangxi Engineering Laboratory of Zebrafish Modeling and Drug Screening for Human Diseases, The Affiliated Hospital of Jinggangshan University, College of Life Sciences, Jinggangshan University, Ji’an, Jiangxi, China
| | - Jun’e Zhang
- College of Life Sciences, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Bo Cheng
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Developmental Biology of Organs, Jiangxi Engineering Laboratory of Zebrafish Modeling and Drug Screening for Human Diseases, The Affiliated Hospital of Jinggangshan University, College of Life Sciences, Jinggangshan University, Ji’an, Jiangxi, China
| | - Zigang Cao
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Developmental Biology of Organs, Jiangxi Engineering Laboratory of Zebrafish Modeling and Drug Screening for Human Diseases, The Affiliated Hospital of Jinggangshan University, College of Life Sciences, Jinggangshan University, Ji’an, Jiangxi, China
| | - Huiqiang Lu
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Developmental Biology of Organs, Jiangxi Engineering Laboratory of Zebrafish Modeling and Drug Screening for Human Diseases, The Affiliated Hospital of Jinggangshan University, College of Life Sciences, Jinggangshan University, Ji’an, Jiangxi, China
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Zhang W, Zhao L, Zhou J, Yu H, Zhang C, Lv Y, Lin Z, Hu S, Zou Z, Sun J. Enhancement of oxidative stress contributes to increased pathogenicity of the invasive pine wood nematode. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2020; 374:20180323. [PMID: 30967022 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2018.0323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) play important roles in defence response of host plants versus pathogens. While generation and detoxification of ROS is well understood, how varied ability of different isolates of pathogens to overcome host ROS, or ROS contribution to a particular isolate's pathogenicity, remains largely unexplored. Here, we report that transcriptional regulation of the ROS pathway, in combination with the insulin pathway, increases the pathogenicity of invasive species Bursaphelenchus xylophilus. The results showed a positive correlation between fecundity and pathogenicity of different nematode isolates. The virulent isolates from introduced populations in Japan, China and Europe had significantly higher fecundity than native avirulent isolates from the USA. Increased expression of Mn-SOD and reduced expression of catalase/ GPX-5 and H2O2 accumulation during invasion are associated with virulent strains. Additional H2O2 could improve fecundity of Bu. xylophilus. Furthermore, depletion of Mn-SOD decreased fecundity and virulence of Bu. xylophilus, while the insulin pathway is significantly affected. Thus, we propose that destructive pathogenicity of Bu. xylophilus to pines is partly owing to upregulated fecundity modulated by the insulin pathway in association with the ROS pathway and further enhanced by H2O2 oxidative stress. These findings provide a better understanding of pathogenic mechanisms in plant-pathogen interactions and adaptive evolution of invasive species. This article is part of the theme issue 'Biotic signalling sheds light on smart pest management'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zhang
- 1 State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100101 , People's Republic of China.,3 Laboratory of Forest Pathogen Integrated Biology, Research Institute of Forestry New Technology, Chinese Academy of Forestry , Beijing l00091 , People's Republic of China
| | - Lilin Zhao
- 1 State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100101 , People's Republic of China.,4 College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049 , People's Republic of China
| | - Jiao Zhou
- 1 State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100101 , People's Republic of China
| | - Haiying Yu
- 2 CAS Key Laboratory of Genome Sciences and Information, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100101 , People's Republic of China
| | - Chi Zhang
- 1 State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100101 , People's Republic of China.,4 College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049 , People's Republic of China
| | - Yunxue Lv
- 1 State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100101 , People's Republic of China.,4 College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049 , People's Republic of China
| | - Zhe Lin
- 1 State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100101 , People's Republic of China
| | - Songnian Hu
- 2 CAS Key Laboratory of Genome Sciences and Information, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100101 , People's Republic of China
| | - Zhen Zou
- 1 State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100101 , People's Republic of China.,4 College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049 , People's Republic of China.,5 School of Medicine, Huzhou University , Huzhou 311300 , People's Republic of China
| | - Jianghua Sun
- 1 State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100101 , People's Republic of China.,4 College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049 , People's Republic of China
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Luo J, Wang A, Cheng Y, Rong H, Guo L, Peng Y, Xu L. Selection and Validation of Suitable Reference Genes for RT-qPCR Analysis in Apolygus lucorum (Hemiptera: Miridae). JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY 2020; 113:451-460. [PMID: 31773146 DOI: 10.1093/jee/toz301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Apolygus lucorum (Meyer-Dür) is a destructive pest to >280 plants. Major economic significance and pesticide resistance issues have created a need for integrated pest management (e.g., RNAi, entomopathogen-based bioinsecticides) for A. lucorum. To better develop these control strategies, large-scale genetic studies involving gene-expression analysis are required and reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) is the most commonly used method. However, there have been no reports on appropriate reference genes in A. lucorum. Here, we evaluated nine widely utilized reference genes including EF1γ, RPL32, RPL27, SDH, TBP, ACT, ACT2, GAPDH, and βTUB for their expression stabilities in A. lucorum under five different conditions i.e., life stage, tissue, sex, dsRNA injection, and entomopathogen infection. Based on the gene stability ranking calculated by RefFinder, which integrates four algorithms (geNorm, delta Ct method, NormFinder, and BestKeeper), we recommend RPL27 and RPL32 as the most appropriate reference genes for molecular studies in different life stages and tissues; GAPDH and EF1γ for different sexes and entomopathogen infection studies; and RPL27 and EF1γ for RNAi studies. The results of this study will help improve the accuracy and reliability for normalizing the RT-qPCR data for further molecular analysis in A. lucorum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, China
| | - Aoli Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yanxia Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, China
| | - Haoling Rong
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, China
| | - Libin Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yu Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, China
| | - Letian Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, China
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Yang L, Wang J, Jin H, Fang Q, Yan Z, Lin Z, Zou Z, Song Q, Stanley D, Ye G. Immune signaling pathways in the endoparasitoid, Pteromalus puparum. ARCHIVES OF INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2020; 103:e21629. [PMID: 31599031 DOI: 10.1002/arch.21629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2019] [Revised: 09/20/2019] [Accepted: 09/20/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Parasitoids serve as effective biocontrol agents for agricultural pests. However, they face constant challenges from host immune defense and numerous pathogens and must develop potent immune defense against these threats. Despite the recent advances in innate immunity, little is known about the immunological mechanisms of parasitoids. Here, we identified and characterized potential immune-related genes of the endoparasitoid, Pteromalus puparum, which act in regulating populations of some members of the Pieridae. We identified 216 immune-related genes based on interrogating the P. puparum genome and transcriptome databases. We categorized the cognate gene products into recognition molecules, signal moieties and effector proteins operating in four pathways, Toll, IMD, JAK/STAT, and JNK. Comparative analyses of immune-related genes from seven insect species indicate that recognition molecules and effector proteins are more expanded and diversified than signaling genes in these signal pathways. There are common 1:1 orthologs between the endoparasitoid P. puparum and its relative, the ectoparasitoid Nasonia vitripennis. The developmental expression profiles of immune genes randomly selected from the transcriptome analysis were verified by a quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Our work provides comprehensive analyses of P. puparum immune genes, some of which may be exploited in advancing parasitoid-based biocontrol technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology & Ministry of Agriculturaland Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base for Zhejiang Sustainable Pest and Disease Control, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jiale Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology & Ministry of Agriculturaland Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Hongxia Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology & Ministry of Agriculturaland Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Qi Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology & Ministry of Agriculturaland Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhichao Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology & Ministry of Agriculturaland Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhe Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zhen Zou
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Qisheng Song
- Division of Plant Sciences, College of Agriculture, Food and Natural Resources, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA
| | - David Stanley
- USDA Agricultural Research Service, Biological Control of Insects Research Laboratory, 1503 S. Providence Rd, Columbia, Missouri, USA
| | - Gongyin Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology & Ministry of Agriculturaland Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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