1
|
Singh D, Mittal N, Mittal P, Siddiqui MH. Transcriptome sequencing of medical herb Salvia Rosmarinus (Rosemary) revealed the phenylpropanoid biosynthesis pathway genes and their phylogenetic relationships. Mol Biol Rep 2024; 51:757. [PMID: 38874856 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-024-09685-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2024] [Accepted: 05/30/2024] [Indexed: 06/15/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Salvia rosmarinus spenn. (rosemary) is considered an economically important ornamental and medicinal plant and is widely utilized in culinary and for treating several diseases. However, the procedure behind synthesizing secondary metabolites-based bioactive compounds at the molecular level in S. rosmarinus is not explored completely. METHODS AND RESULTS We performed transcriptomic sequencing of the pooled sample from leaf and stem tissues on the Illumina HiSeqTM X10 platform. The transcriptomics analysis led to the generation of 29,523,608 raw reads, followed by data pre-processing which generated 23,208,592 clean reads, and de novo assembly of S. rosmarinus obtained 166,849 unigenes. Among them, nearly 75.1% of unigenes i.e., 28,757 were interpreted against a non-redundant protein database. The gene ontology-based annotation classified them into 3 main categories and 55 sub-categories, and clusters of orthologous genes annotation categorized them into 23 functional categories. The Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes database-based pathway analysis confirmed the involvement of 13,402 unigenes in 183 biochemical pathways, among these unigenes, 1,186 are involved in the 17 secondary metabolite production pathways. Several key enzymes involved in producing aromatic amino acids and phenylpropanoids were identified from the transcriptome database. Among the identified 48 families of transcription factors from coding unigenes, bHLH, MYB, WRKYs, NAC, C2H2, C3H, and ERF are involved in flavonoids and other secondary metabolites biosynthesis. CONCLUSION The phylogenetic analysis revealed the evolutionary relationship between the phenylpropanoid pathway genes of rosemary with other members of Lamiaceae. Our work reveals a new molecular mechanism behind the biosynthesis of phenylpropanoids and their regulation in rosemary plants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dhananjay Singh
- Department of Biosciences, Integral University, Kursi Road, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, 226026, India
| | - Nishu Mittal
- Faculty of Biosciences, Institute of Biosciences and Technology, Shri Ramswaroop Memorial University, Barabanki, Uttar Pradesh, 225003, India
| | - Pooja Mittal
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Rajpura, Punjab, 140401, India
| | - Mohammed Haris Siddiqui
- Department of Bioengineering, Integral University, Kursi Road, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, 226026, India.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Song SS, Ran WX, Gao LH, Wang YC, Lv WY, Tao Y, Chen L, Li CF. A functional study reveals CsNAC086 regulated the biosynthesis of flavonols in Camellia sinensis. PLANTA 2024; 259:147. [PMID: 38714547 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-024-04426-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2023] [Accepted: 04/26/2024] [Indexed: 05/10/2024]
Abstract
MAIN CONCLUSION CsNAC086 was found to promote the expression of CsFLS, thus promoting the accumulation of flavonols in Camellia sinensis. Flavonols, the main flavonoids in tea plants, play an important role in the taste and quality of tea. In this study, a NAC TF gene CsNAC086 was isolated from tea plants and confirmed its regulatory role in the expression of flavonol synthase which is a key gene involved in the biosynthesis of flavonols in tea plant. Yeast transcription-activity assays showed that CsNAC086 has self-activation activity. The transcriptional activator domain of CsNAC086 is located in the non-conserved C-terminal region (positions 171-550), while the conserved NAC domain (positions 1-170) does not have self-activation activity. Silencing the CsNAC086 gene using antisense oligonucleotides significantly decreased the expression of CsFLS. As a result, the concentration of flavonols decreased significantly. In overexpressing CsNAC086 tobacco leaves, the expression of NtFLS was significantly increased. Compared with wild-type tobacco, the flavonols concentration increased. Yeast one-hybrid assays showed CsNAC086 did not directly regulate the gene expression of CsFLS. These findings indicate that CsNAC086 plays a role in regulating flavonols biosynthesis in tea plants, which has important implications for selecting and breeding of high-flavonols-concentration containing tea-plant cultivars.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sa-Sa Song
- College of Tea Science and Tea Culture, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, 311300, China
| | - Wei-Xi Ran
- College of Tea Science and Tea Culture, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, 311300, China
| | - Long-Han Gao
- College of Tea Science and Tea Culture, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, 311300, China
| | - Yu-Chun Wang
- College of Tea Science and Tea Culture, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, 311300, China
| | - Wu-Yun Lv
- College of Tea Science and Tea Culture, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, 311300, China
| | - Yu Tao
- College of Tea Science and Tea Culture, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, 311300, China
| | - Liang Chen
- Key Laboratory of Biology, Genetics and Breeding of Special Economic Animals and Plants, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Tea Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310008, China.
| | - Chun-Fang Li
- College of Tea Science and Tea Culture, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, 311300, China.
- Key Laboratory of Biology, Genetics and Breeding of Special Economic Animals and Plants, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Tea Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310008, China.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Lee DJ, Kim JH, Lee TH, Park ME, Ahn BO, Lee SJ, Cho JY, Kim CK. Selection of Catechin Biosynthesis-Related Genes and Functional Analysis from Chromosome-Level Genome Assembly in C. sinensis L. Variety 'Sangmok'. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:3634. [PMID: 38612446 PMCID: PMC11011610 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25073634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2024] [Revised: 03/14/2024] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Camellia is an important plant genus that includes well-known species such as C. sinensis, C. oleifera, and C. japonica. The C. sinensis cultivar 'Sangmok', one of Korea's standard types of tea landraces, is a small evergreen tree or shrub. Genome annotation has shown that Korean tea plants have special and unique benefits and superior components, such as catechin. The genome of Camellia sinensis cultivar 'Sangmok' was assembled on the chromosome level, with a length of 2678.62 Mbp and GC content of 38.16%. Further, 15 chromosome-scale scaffolds comprising 82.43% of the assembly (BUSCO completeness, 94.3%) were identified. Analysis of 68,151 protein-coding genes showed an average of 5.003 exons per gene. Among 82,481 coding sequences, the majority (99.06%) were annotated by Uniprot/Swiss-Prot. Further analysis revealed that 'Sangmok' is closely related to C. sinensis, with a divergence time of 60 million years ago. A total of 3336 exclusive gene families in 'Sangmok' were revealed by gene ontology analysis to play roles in auxin transport and cellular response mechanisms. By comparing these exclusive genes with 551 similar catechin genes, 17 'Sangmok'-specific catechin genes were identified by qRT-PCR, including those involved in phytoalexin biosynthesis and related to cytochrome P450. The 'Sangmok' genome exhibited distinctive genes compared to those of related species. This comprehensive genomic investigation enhances our understanding of the genetic architecture of 'Sangmok' and its specialized functions. The findings contribute valuable insights into the evolutionary and functional aspects of this plant species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Jun Lee
- Genomics Division, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences (NAS), Jeonju 54874, Republic of Korea; (D.-J.L.)
| | - Jin-Hyun Kim
- Genomics Division, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences (NAS), Jeonju 54874, Republic of Korea; (D.-J.L.)
| | - Tae-Ho Lee
- Genomics Division, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences (NAS), Jeonju 54874, Republic of Korea; (D.-J.L.)
| | - Myung-Eun Park
- Genomics Division, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences (NAS), Jeonju 54874, Republic of Korea; (D.-J.L.)
| | - Byung-Ohg Ahn
- National Agrobiodiversity Center, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences (NAS), Jeonju 54874, Republic of Korea
| | - So-Jin Lee
- Research Institute of Climate Change and Agriculture (RICCA), Jeju-si 63240, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong-Yong Cho
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang-Kug Kim
- Genomics Division, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences (NAS), Jeonju 54874, Republic of Korea; (D.-J.L.)
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Ye JJ, Lin XY, Yang ZX, Wang YQ, Liang YR, Wang KR, Lu JL, Lu P, Zheng XQ. The light-harvesting chlorophyll a/b-binding proteins of photosystem II family members are responsible for temperature sensitivity and leaf color phenotype in albino tea plant. J Adv Res 2023:S2090-1232(23)00404-6. [PMID: 38151116 DOI: 10.1016/j.jare.2023.12.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2023] [Revised: 12/11/2023] [Accepted: 12/24/2023] [Indexed: 12/29/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Light-harvesting chlorophyll a/b-binding (LHCB) protein complexes of photosystem II are integral to the formation of thylakoid structure and the photosynthetic process. They play an important role in photoprotection, a crucial process in leaf development under low-temperature stress. Nonetheless, potential key genes directly related to low-temperature response and albino phenotype have not been precisely identified in tea plant. Moreover, there are no studies simultaneously investigating multiple albino tea cultivars with different temperature sensitivity. OBJECTIVES The study aimed to clarify the basic characteristics of CsLHCB gene family members, and identify critical CsLHCB genes potentially influential in leaf color phenotypic variation and low-temperature stress response by contrasting green and albino tea cultivars. Concurrently, exploring the differential expression of the CsLHCB gene family across diverse temperature-sensitive albino tea cultivars. METHODS We identified 20 putative CsLHCB genes according to phylogenetic analysis. Evolutionary relationships, gene duplication, chromosomal localization, and structures were analyzed by TBtools; the physiological and biochemical characteristics were analyzed by protein analysis websites; the differences in coding sequences and protein accumulation in green and albino tea cultivars, gene expression with maturity were tested by molecular biology technology; and protein interaction was analyzed in the STRING database. RESULTS All genes were categorized into seven groups, mapping onto 7 chromosomes, including three tandem and one segmental duplications. They all own a conserved chlorophyll A/B binding protein domain. The expression of CsLHCB genes was tissue-specific, predominantly in leaves. CsLHCB5 may play a key role in the process of leaf maturation and senescence. In contrast to CsLHCB5, CsLHCB1.1, CsLHCB2, and CsLHCB3.2 were highly conserved in amino acid sequence between green and albino tea cultivars. In albino tea cultivars, unlike in green cultivars, the expression of CsLHCB1.1, CsLHCB1.2, and CsLHCB2 was down-regulated under low-temperature stress. The accumulation of CsLHCB1 and CsLHCB5 proteins was lower in albino tea cultivars. Greater accumulation of CsLHCB2 protein was detected in RX1 and RX2 compared to other albino cultivars. CONCLUSIONS CsLHCB1.1, CsLHCB1.2, and CsLHCB2 played a role in the response to low-temperature stress. The amino acid sequence site mutation of CsLHCB5 would distinguish the green and albino tea cultivars. The less accumulation of CsLHCB1 and CsLHCB5 had a potential influence on albino leaves. Albino cultivars more sensitive to temperature exhibited lower CsLHCB gene expression. CsLHCB2 may serve as an indicator of temperature sensitivity differences in albino tea cultivars. This study could provide a reference for further studies of the functions of the CsLHCB family and contribute to research on the mechanism of the albino in tea plant.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jing-Jing Ye
- Zhejiang University Tea Research Institute, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
| | - Xin-Yi Lin
- Zhejiang University Tea Research Institute, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
| | - Zi-Xian Yang
- Zhejiang University Tea Research Institute, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
| | - Ying-Qi Wang
- Zhejiang A&F University College of Tea Science and Tea Culture, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311300, China
| | - Yue-Rong Liang
- Zhejiang University Tea Research Institute, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
| | - Kai-Rong Wang
- General Agrotechnical Extension Station of Ningbo City, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315000, China
| | - Jian-Liang Lu
- Zhejiang University Tea Research Institute, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
| | - Peng Lu
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Science, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Xin-Qiang Zheng
- Zhejiang University Tea Research Institute, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Wang S, Wen B, Yang Y, Long S, Liu J, Li M. Genome-Wide Identification and Expression Analysis of the RADIALIS-like Gene Family in Camellia sinensis. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:3039. [PMID: 37687288 PMCID: PMC10490161 DOI: 10.3390/plants12173039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2023] [Revised: 08/09/2023] [Accepted: 08/15/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023]
Abstract
The RADIALIS-like (RL) proteins are v-myb avian myeloblastosis viral oncogene homolog (MYB)-related transcription factors (TFs), and are involved in many biological processes, including metabolism, development, and response to biotic and abiotic stresses. However, the studies on the RL genes of Camellia sinensis are not comprehensive enough. Therefore, we undertook this study and identified eight CsaRLs based on the typical conserved domain SANT Associated domain (SANT) of RL. These genes have low molecular weights and theoretical pI values ranging from 5.67 to 9.76. Gene structure analysis revealed that six CsaRL genes comprise two exons and one intron, while the other two contain a single exon encompassing motifs 1 and 2, and part of motif 3. The phylogenetic analysis divided one hundred and fifty-eight RL proteins into five primary classes, in which CsaRLs clustered in Group V and were homologous with CssRLs of the Shuchazao variety. In addition, we selected different tissue parts to analyze the expression profile of CsaRLs, and the results show that almost all genes displayed variable expression levels across tissues, with CsaRL1a relatively abundant in all tissues. qRT-PCR (real-time fluorescence quantitative PCR) was used to detect the relative expression levels of the CsaRL genes under various abiotic stimuli, and it was found that CsaRL1a expression levels were substantially higher than other genes, with abscisic acid (ABA) causing the highest expression. The self-activation assay with yeast two-hybrid system showed that CsaRL1a has no transcriptional activity. According to protein functional interaction networks, CsaRL1a was well connected with WIN1-like, lysine histidine transporter-1-like, β-amylase 3 chloroplastic-like, carbonic anhydrase-2-like (CA2), and carbonic anhydrase dnaJC76 (DJC76). This study adds to our understanding of the RL family and lays the groundwork for further research into the function and regulatory mechanisms of the CsaRLs gene family in Camellia sinensis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Jianjun Liu
- College of Tea Sciences, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China; (S.W.); (B.W.); (Y.Y.); (S.L.)
| | - Meifeng Li
- College of Tea Sciences, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China; (S.W.); (B.W.); (Y.Y.); (S.L.)
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Shams S, Ismaili A, Firouzabadi FN, Mumivand H, Sorkheh K. Comparative transcriptome analysis to identify putative genes involved in carvacrol biosynthesis pathway in two species of Satureja, endemic medicinal herbs of Iran. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0281351. [PMID: 37418504 PMCID: PMC10328369 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0281351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Accepted: 01/22/2023] [Indexed: 07/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Satureja is rich in phenolic monoterpenoids, mainly carvacrol, that is of interest due to diverse biological activities including antifungal and antibacterial. However, limited information is available regarding the molecular mechanisms underlying carvacrol biosynthesis and its regulation for this wonderful medicinal herb. To identify the putative genes involved in carvacrol and other monoterpene biosynthesis pathway, we generated a reference transcriptome in two endemic Satureja species of Iran, containing different yields (Satureja khuzistanica and Satureja rechingeri). Cross-species differential expression analysis was conducted between two species of Satureja. 210 and 186 transcripts related to terpenoid backbone biosynthesis were identified for S. khuzistanica and S. rechingeri, respectively. 29 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) involved in terpenoid biosynthesis were identified, and these DEGs were significantly enriched in monoterpenoid biosynthesis, diterpenoid biosynthesis, sesquiterpenoid and triterpenoid biosynthesis, carotenoid biosynthesis and ubiquinone and other terpenoid-quinone biosynthesis pathways. Expression patterns of S. khuzistanica and S. rechingeri transcripts involved in the terpenoid biosynthetic pathway were evaluated. In addition, we identified 19 differentially expressed transcription factors (such as MYC4, bHLH, and ARF18) that may control terpenoid biosynthesis. We confirmed the altered expression levels of DEGs that encode carvacrol biosynthetic enzymes using quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR). This study is the first report on de novo assembly and transcriptome data analysis in Satureja which could be useful for an understanding of the main constituents of Satureja essential oil and future research in this genus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Somayeh Shams
- Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Plant Production and Genetic Engineering, Lorestan University, Khorramabad, Iran
| | - Ahmad Ismaili
- Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Plant Production and Genetic Engineering, Lorestan University, Khorramabad, Iran
| | - Farhad Nazarian Firouzabadi
- Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Plant Production and Genetic Engineering, Lorestan University, Khorramabad, Iran
| | - Hasan Mumivand
- Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Horticultural Science, Lorestan University, Khorramabad, Iran
| | - Karim Sorkheh
- Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Plant Production and Genetic Engineering, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
He H, Li Q, Fang L, Yang W, Xu F, Yan Y, Mao R. Comprehensive analysis of NAC transcription factors in Scutellaria baicalensis and their response to exogenous ABA and GA 3. Int J Biol Macromol 2023:125290. [PMID: 37302633 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.125290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2023] [Revised: 06/04/2023] [Accepted: 06/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The NAC is a plant-specific family of transcription factor that plays important roles in various biological processes. Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi, belongs to the Lamiaceae family and has been widely used as a traditional herb with a wide range of pharmacological activities, including antitumor, heat-clearing, and detoxifying functions. However, no study on the NAC family in S. baicalensis has been conducted to date. In the present study, we identified 56 SbNAC genes using genomic and transcriptome analyses. These 56 SbNACs were unevenly distributed across nine chromosomes and were phylogenetically divided into six clusters. Cis-element analysis identified plant growth and development-, phytohormone-, light-, and stress-responsive elements were present in SbNAC genes promoter regions. Protein-protein interaction analysis was performed using Arabidopsis homologous proteins. Potential transcription factors, including bHLH, ERF, MYB, WRKY, and bZIP, were identified and constructed a regulatory network with SbNAC genes. The expression of 12 flavonoid biosynthetic genes was significantly upregulated with abscisic acid (ABA) and gibberellin (GA3) treatments. Eight SbNAC genes (SbNAC9/32/33/40/42/43/48/50) also exhibited notable variation with two phytohormone treatments, among which SbNAC9 and SbNAC43 showed the most significant variation and deserved further study. Additionally, SbNAC44 displayed a positive correlation with C4H3, PAL5, OMT3, and OMT6, while SbNAC25 had negatively correlated with OMT2, CHI, F6H2, and FNSII-2. This study constitutes the first analysis of SbNAC genes and lays the basis foundation for further functional studies of SbNAC genes family members, while it may also facilitate the genetic improvement of plants and breeding of elite S. baicalensis varieties.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Huan He
- College of Life Sciences, Yan'an University, Yan'an 716000, Shaanxi, China
| | - Qiuyue Li
- College of Life Sciences, Yan'an University, Yan'an 716000, Shaanxi, China
| | - Liang Fang
- College of Life Sciences, Yan'an University, Yan'an 716000, Shaanxi, China
| | - Wen Yang
- College of Life Sciences, Yan'an University, Yan'an 716000, Shaanxi, China
| | - Feican Xu
- College of Life Sciences, Yan'an University, Yan'an 716000, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yan Yan
- College of Life Sciences, Yan'an University, Yan'an 716000, Shaanxi, China; Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Chinese Jujube, Yan'an 716000, Shaanxi, China
| | - Renjun Mao
- College of Life Sciences, Yan'an University, Yan'an 716000, Shaanxi, China; Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Chinese Jujube, Yan'an 716000, Shaanxi, China.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Xie J, Ma Y, Li X, Wu J, Martin F, Zhang D. Multifeature analysis of age-related microbiome structures reveals defense mechanisms of Populus tomentosa trees. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2023; 238:1636-1650. [PMID: 36856329 DOI: 10.1111/nph.18847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Root microbiota composition shifts during the development of most annual plants. Although some perennial plants can live for centuries, the host-microbiome partnerships and interaction mechanisms underlying their longevity remain unclear. To address this gap, we investigated age-related changes in the root metabolites, transcriptomes, and microbiome compositions of 1- to 35-yr-old Populus tomentosa trees. Ten co-response clusters were obtained according to their accumulation patterns, and members of each cluster displayed a uniform and clear pattern of abundance. Multi-omics network analysis demonstrated that the increased abundance of Actinobacteria with tree age was strongly associated with the flavonoid biosynthesis. Using genetic approaches, we demonstrate that the flavonoid biosynthesis regulator gene Transparent Testa 8 is associated with the recruitment of flavonoid-associated Actinobacteria. Further inoculation experiments of Actinobacteria isolates indicated that their colonization could significantly improve the host's phenotype. Site-directed mutagenesis revealed that the hyBl gene cluster, involved in biosynthesis of an aminocyclitol hygromycin B analog in Streptomyces isolate bj1, is associated with disease suppression. We hypothesize that interactions between perennial plants and soil microorganisms lead to gradual enrichment of a subset of microorganisms that may harbor a wealth of currently unknown functional traits.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jianbo Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
- National Engineering Research Center of Tree Breeding and Ecological Restoration, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, No. 35 Qinghua East Road, Beijing, 100083, China
- Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding in Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants, Ministry of Education, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, No. 35, Qinghua East Road, Beijing, 100083, China
- The Tree and Ornamental Plant Breeding and Biotechnology Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Beijing Forestry University, No. 35 Qinghua East Road, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Yuchao Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
- National Engineering Research Center of Tree Breeding and Ecological Restoration, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, No. 35 Qinghua East Road, Beijing, 100083, China
- Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding in Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants, Ministry of Education, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, No. 35, Qinghua East Road, Beijing, 100083, China
- The Tree and Ornamental Plant Breeding and Biotechnology Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Beijing Forestry University, No. 35 Qinghua East Road, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Xian Li
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
- National Engineering Research Center of Tree Breeding and Ecological Restoration, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, No. 35 Qinghua East Road, Beijing, 100083, China
- Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding in Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants, Ministry of Education, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, No. 35, Qinghua East Road, Beijing, 100083, China
- The Tree and Ornamental Plant Breeding and Biotechnology Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Beijing Forestry University, No. 35 Qinghua East Road, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Jiadong Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
- National Engineering Research Center of Tree Breeding and Ecological Restoration, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, No. 35 Qinghua East Road, Beijing, 100083, China
- Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding in Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants, Ministry of Education, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, No. 35, Qinghua East Road, Beijing, 100083, China
- The Tree and Ornamental Plant Breeding and Biotechnology Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Beijing Forestry University, No. 35 Qinghua East Road, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Francis Martin
- INRA-Université de Lorraine, INRAe, UMR 1136, Interactions Arbres/Microorganismes, INRAe-Grand Est-Nancy, 54280, Champenoux, France
| | - Deqiang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
- National Engineering Research Center of Tree Breeding and Ecological Restoration, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, No. 35 Qinghua East Road, Beijing, 100083, China
- Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding in Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants, Ministry of Education, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, No. 35, Qinghua East Road, Beijing, 100083, China
- The Tree and Ornamental Plant Breeding and Biotechnology Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Beijing Forestry University, No. 35 Qinghua East Road, Beijing, 100083, China
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Zhuang WB, Li YH, Shu XC, Pu YT, Wang XJ, Wang T, Wang Z. The Classification, Molecular Structure and Biological Biosynthesis of Flavonoids, and Their Roles in Biotic and Abiotic Stresses. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28083599. [PMID: 37110833 PMCID: PMC10147097 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28083599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2023] [Revised: 04/08/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
With the climate constantly changing, plants suffer more frequently from various abiotic and biotic stresses. However, they have evolved biosynthetic machinery to survive in stressful environmental conditions. Flavonoids are involved in a variety of biological activities in plants, which can protect plants from different biotic (plant-parasitic nematodes, fungi and bacteria) and abiotic stresses (salt stress, drought stress, UV, higher and lower temperatures). Flavonoids contain several subgroups, including anthocyanidins, flavonols, flavones, flavanols, flavanones, chalcones, dihydrochalcones and dihydroflavonols, which are widely distributed in various plants. As the pathway of flavonoid biosynthesis has been well studied, many researchers have applied transgenic technologies in order to explore the molecular mechanism of genes associated with flavonoid biosynthesis; as such, many transgenic plants have shown a higher stress tolerance through the regulation of flavonoid content. In the present review, the classification, molecular structure and biological biosynthesis of flavonoids were summarized, and the roles of flavonoids under various forms of biotic and abiotic stress in plants were also included. In addition, the effect of applying genes associated with flavonoid biosynthesis on the enhancement of plant tolerance under various biotic and abiotic stresses was also discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Bing Zhuang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for the Research and Utilization of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences (Nanjing Botanical Garden Mem. Sun Yat-Sen), Nanjing 210014, China
| | - Yu-Hang Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for the Research and Utilization of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences (Nanjing Botanical Garden Mem. Sun Yat-Sen), Nanjing 210014, China
| | - Xiao-Chun Shu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for the Research and Utilization of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences (Nanjing Botanical Garden Mem. Sun Yat-Sen), Nanjing 210014, China
| | - Yu-Ting Pu
- College of Tea Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Xiao-Jing Wang
- College of Tea Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Tao Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for the Research and Utilization of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences (Nanjing Botanical Garden Mem. Sun Yat-Sen), Nanjing 210014, China
| | - Zhong Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for the Research and Utilization of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences (Nanjing Botanical Garden Mem. Sun Yat-Sen), Nanjing 210014, China
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Wan Y, Han Y, Deng X, Chen Y. Metabolomics Analysis Reveals the Effect of Two Alpine Foliar Diseases on the Non-Volatile and Volatile Metabolites of Tea. Foods 2023; 12:foods12081568. [PMID: 37107363 PMCID: PMC10137691 DOI: 10.3390/foods12081568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Revised: 04/03/2023] [Accepted: 04/05/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Blister blight and small leaf spots are important alpine diseases that mainly attack tender tea leaves, affecting tea quality. However, there is limited information on the effect of these diseases on tea's non-volatile and volatile metabolites. Metabolomic analysis based on UHPLC-Q-TOF/MS, HPLC and GC/MS was used to reveal the characteristic chemical profiles of tea leaves infected with blister blight (BB) and small leaf spots (SS). Flavonoids and monolignols were non-volatile metabolites that were enriched and significantly changed. Six main monolignols involved in phenylpropanoid biosynthesis were significantly induced in infected tea leaves. The accumulation of catechins, (-)-epigallocatechin gallate, (-)-epicatechin gallate, caffeine, amino acids and theanine were significantly decreased in both diseased tea leaves, while soluble sugar, (-)-epigallocatechin and phenol-ammonia were obviously increased. Among them, the amounts of sweet and umami-related soluble sugar, sucrose, amino acids and theanine were much higher in BB, while bitter and astringent taste-related catechins and derivatives were much higher in SS. Volatiles analysis showed that volatiles content in SS and BB was significantly decreased, and styrene was significantly induced in blister blight-infected tea leaves. The results indicate that the type and amount of volatiles were highly and differentially influenced by infection with the two alpine diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuhe Wan
- Department of Tea Science, College of Food Science, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Yuxin Han
- Department of Tea Science, College of Food Science, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Xinyi Deng
- Department of Tea Science, College of Food Science, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Yingjuan Chen
- Department of Tea Science, College of Food Science, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Liu H, Chen S, Wu X, Li J, Xu C, Huang M, Wang H, Liu H, Zhao Z. Identification of the NAC Transcription Factor Family during Early Seed Development in Akebia trifoliata ( Thunb.) Koidz. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:1518. [PMID: 37050144 PMCID: PMC10096588 DOI: 10.3390/plants12071518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Revised: 03/25/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to gain an understanding of the possible function of NACs by examining their physicochemical properties, structure, chromosomal location, and expression. Being a family of plant-specific transcription factors, NAC (petunia no apical meristem and Arabidopsis thaliana ATAF1, ATAF2, and CUC2) is involved in plant growth and development. None of the NAC genes has been reported in Akebia trifoliata (Thunb.) Koidz (A. trifoliata). In this study, we identified 101 NAC proteins (AktNACs) in the A. trifoliata genome by bioinformatic analysis. One hundred one AktNACs were classified into the following twelve categories based on the phylogenetic analysis of NAC protein: NAC-a, NAC-b, NAC-c, NAC-d, NAC-e, NAC-f, NAC-g, NAC-h, NAC-i, NAC-j, NAC-k, and NAC-l. The accuracy of the clustering results was demonstrated based on the gene structure and conserved motif analysis of AktNACs. In addition, we identified 44 pairs of duplication genes, confirming the importance of purifying selection in the evolution of AktNACs. The morphology and microstructure of early A. trifoliata seed development showed that it mainly underwent rapid cell division, seed enlargement, embryo formation and endosperm development. We constructed AktNACs co-expression network and metabolite correlation network based on transcriptomic and metabolomic data of A. trifoliata seeds. The results of the co-expression network showed that 25 AtNAC genes were co-expressed with 233 transcription factors. Metabolite correlation analysis showed that 23 AktNACs were highly correlated with 28 upregulated metabolites. Additionally, 25 AktNACs and 235 transcription factors formed co-expression networks with 141 metabolites, based on correlation analysis involving AktNACs, transcription factors, and metabolites. Notably, AktNAC095 participates in the synthesis of 35 distinct metabolites. Eight of these metabolites, strongly correlated with AktNAC095, were upregulated during early seed development. These studies may provide insight into the evolution, possible function, and expression of AktNACs genes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Huijuan Liu
- College of Life Sciences, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
- Guizhou Key Laboratory of Propagation and Cultivation on Medicinal Plants, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Songshu Chen
- Guizhou Key Laboratory of Propagation and Cultivation on Medicinal Plants, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Xiaomao Wu
- Guizhou Key Laboratory of Propagation and Cultivation on Medicinal Plants, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Jinling Li
- Guizhou Key Laboratory of Propagation and Cultivation on Medicinal Plants, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Cunbin Xu
- College of Life Sciences, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
- Guizhou Key Laboratory of Propagation and Cultivation on Medicinal Plants, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Mingjin Huang
- Guizhou Key Laboratory of Propagation and Cultivation on Medicinal Plants, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Hualei Wang
- Guizhou Key Laboratory of Propagation and Cultivation on Medicinal Plants, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Hongchang Liu
- Guizhou Key Laboratory of Propagation and Cultivation on Medicinal Plants, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Zhi Zhao
- Guizhou Key Laboratory of Propagation and Cultivation on Medicinal Plants, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Deng X, Yang J, Wan Y, Han Y, Tong H, Chen Y. Characteristics of Leaf Spot Disease Caused by Didymella Species and the Influence of Infection on Tea Quality. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2023; 113:516-527. [PMID: 36972529 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-06-22-0202-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Leaf spots are the most damaging and common foliar diseases of tea and are caused by several species of fungi. During 2018 to 2020, leaf spot diseases showing different symptoms (large and small spots) were observed in commercial tea plantations in Guizhou and Sichuan provinces of China. The pathogen causing the two different sized leaf spots was identified as the same species (Didymella segeticola) based on morphological characteristics, pathogenicity, and multilocus phylogenetic analysis using the combined ITS, TUB, LSU, and RPB2 gene regions. Microbial diversity analysis of lesion tissues from small spots on naturally infected tea leaves further confirmed Didymella to be present as the main pathogen. Results of sensory evaluation and quality-related metabolite analysis of tea shoots infected with the small leaf spot symptom indicated that D. segeticola negatively affected the quality and flavor of tea by changing the composition and content of caffeine, catechins, and amino acids. In addition, the significantly reduced amino acid derivatives in tea are confirmed to be positively associated with the enhanced bitter taste. The results improve our understanding of the pathogenicity of Didymella species and the influence of Didymella on the host plant, Camellia sinensis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xinyi Deng
- Department of Tea Science, College of Food Science, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Juan Yang
- Tea Research Institute, Chongqing Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Yongchuan, Chongqing, 402160, China
| | - Yuhe Wan
- Department of Tea Science, College of Food Science, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Yuxin Han
- Department of Tea Science, College of Food Science, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Huarong Tong
- Department of Tea Science, College of Food Science, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Yingjuan Chen
- Department of Tea Science, College of Food Science, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Zhang ZB, Xiong T, Chen JH, Ye F, Cao JJ, Chen YR, Zhao ZW, Luo T. Understanding the Origin and Evolution of Tea (Camellia sinensis [L.]): Genomic Advances in Tea. J Mol Evol 2023; 91:156-168. [PMID: 36859501 DOI: 10.1007/s00239-023-10099-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 03/03/2023]
Abstract
Tea, which is processed by the tender shoots or leaves of tea plant (Camellia sinensis), is one of the most popular nonalcoholic beverages in the world and has numerous health benefits for humans. Along with new progress in biotechnologies, the refined chromosome-scale reference tea genomes have been achieved, which facilitates great promise for the understanding of fundamental genomic architecture and evolution of the tea plants. Here, we summarize recent achievements in genome sequencing in tea plants and review the new progress in origin and evolution of tea plants by population sequencing analysis. Understanding the genomic characterization of tea plants is import to improve tea quality and accelerate breeding in tea plants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zai-Bao Zhang
- College of Life Science, Xinyang Normal University, Xinyang, 464000, China.
| | - Tao Xiong
- College of Life Science, Xinyang Normal University, Xinyang, 464000, China
| | - Jia-Hui Chen
- College of International Education, Xinyang Normal University, Xinyang, 464000, China
| | - Fan Ye
- College of International Education, Xinyang Normal University, Xinyang, 464000, China
| | - Jia-Jia Cao
- College of International Education, Xinyang Normal University, Xinyang, 464000, China
| | - Yu-Rui Chen
- College of International Education, Xinyang Normal University, Xinyang, 464000, China
| | - Zi-Wei Zhao
- College of Life Science, Xinyang Normal University, Xinyang, 464000, China
| | - Tian Luo
- College of Life Science, Xinyang Normal University, Xinyang, 464000, China
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Sreeja S, Shylaja MR, Nazeem PA, Mathew D. Peroxisomal KAT2 (3-ketoacyl-CoA thiolase 2) gene has a key role in gingerol biosynthesis in ginger ( Zingiber officinale Rosc.). JOURNAL OF PLANT BIOCHEMISTRY AND BIOTECHNOLOGY 2023; 32:1-16. [PMID: 36685987 PMCID: PMC9838548 DOI: 10.1007/s13562-022-00825-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2022] [Accepted: 12/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Ginger is an important spice crop with medicinal values and gingerols are the most abundant pungent polyphenols present in ginger, responsible for most of its pharmacological properties. The present study focuses on the molecular mechanism of gingerol biosynthesis in ginger using transcriptome analysis. Suppression Subtractive Hybridization (SSH) was done in leaf and rhizome tissues using high gingerol-producing ginger somaclone B3 as the tester and parent cultivar Maran as the driver and generated high-quality leaf and rhizome Expressed Sequence Tags (ESTs). The Blast2GO annotations of the ESTs revealed the involvement of leaf ESTs in secondary metabolite production, identifying the peroxisomal KAT2 gene (Leaf EST 9) for the high gingerol production in ginger. Rhizome ESTs mostly coded for DNA metabolic processes and differential genes for high gingerol production were not observed in rhizomes. In the qRT-PCR analysis, somaclone B3 had shown high chalcone synthase (CHS: rate-limiting gene in gingerol biosynthetic pathway) activity (0.54 fold) in the leaves of rhizome sprouts. The presence of a high gingerol gene in leaf ESTs and high expression of CHS in leaves presumed that the site of synthesis of gingerols in ginger is the leaves. A modified pathway for gingerol/polyketide backbone formation has been constructed explaining the involvement of KAT gene isoforms KAT2 and KAT5 in gingerol/flavonoid biosynthesis, specifically the KAT2 gene which is otherwise thought to be involved mainly in β-oxidation. The results of the present investigations have the potential of utilizing KAT/thiolase superfamily enzymes for protein/metabolic pathway engineering in ginger for large-scale production of gingerols. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s13562-022-00825-x.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S. Sreeja
- Centre for Plant Biotechnology and Molecular Biology, College of Agriculture, Kerala Agricultural University, Vellanikkara, Kerala India
| | - M. R. Shylaja
- Centre for Plant Biotechnology and Molecular Biology, College of Agriculture, Kerala Agricultural University, Vellanikkara, Kerala India
| | - P. A. Nazeem
- Centre for Plant Biotechnology and Molecular Biology, College of Agriculture, Kerala Agricultural University, Vellanikkara, Kerala India
| | - Deepu Mathew
- Centre for Plant Biotechnology and Molecular Biology, College of Agriculture, Kerala Agricultural University, Vellanikkara, Kerala India
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Combined analysis of transcriptome and metabolome provides insights into nano-selenium foliar applications to improve summer tea quality (Camellia sinensis). Lebensm Wiss Technol 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2023.114496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
|
16
|
Chen Y, Li Y, Shen C, Xiao L. Topics and trends in fresh tea ( Camellia sinensis) leaf research: A comprehensive bibliometric study. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1092511. [PMID: 37089662 PMCID: PMC10118041 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1092511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 03/23/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Tea plant (Camellia sinensis) is a widely cultivated cash crop and tea is a favorite functional food in the world. Fresh tea leaves (FTLs) play a critical role in bridging the two fields closely related to tea cultivation and tea processing, those are, tea plant biology and tea biochemistry. To provide a comprehensive overview of the development stages, authorship collaboration, research topics, and hotspots and their temporal evolution trends in the field of FTLs research, we conducted a bibliometric analysis, based on 971 publications on FTLs-related research published during 2001-2021 from Web of Science Core Collection. CiteSpace, R package Bibliometrix, and VOSviewer were employed in this research. The results revealed that the development history can be roughly divided into three stages, namely initial stage, slow development stage and rapid development stage. Journal of Agricultural & Food Chemistry published most articles in this field, while Frontiers in Plant Science held the highest total citations and h-index. The most influential country, institution, and author in this field was identified as China, the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, and Xiaochun Wan, respectively. FTLs-related research can be categorized into three main topics: the regulation mechanism of key genes, the metabolism and features of essential compounds, and tea plants' growth and stress responses. The most concerning hotspots are the application of advanced technologies, essential metabolites, leaf color variants, and effective cultivation treatments. There has been a shift from basic biochemical and enzymatic studies to studies of molecular mechanisms that depend on multi-omics technologies. We also discussed the future development in this field. This study provides a comprehensive summary of the research field, making it easier for researchers to be informed about its development history, status, and trends.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- YiQin Chen
- Key Laboratory of Tea Science of Ministry of Education, College of Horticulture, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
- National Research Center of Engineering and Technology for Utilization of Botanical Functional Ingredients, Changsha, China
- Co-Innovation Center of Education Ministry for Utilization of Botanical Functional Ingredients, Changsha, China
- Key Laboratory for Evaluation and Utilization of Gene Resources of Horticultural Crops, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of China, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
| | - YunFei Li
- Key Laboratory of Tea Science of Ministry of Education, College of Horticulture, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
- National Research Center of Engineering and Technology for Utilization of Botanical Functional Ingredients, Changsha, China
- Co-Innovation Center of Education Ministry for Utilization of Botanical Functional Ingredients, Changsha, China
- Key Laboratory for Evaluation and Utilization of Gene Resources of Horticultural Crops, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of China, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
| | - ChengWen Shen
- Key Laboratory of Tea Science of Ministry of Education, College of Horticulture, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
- National Research Center of Engineering and Technology for Utilization of Botanical Functional Ingredients, Changsha, China
- Co-Innovation Center of Education Ministry for Utilization of Botanical Functional Ingredients, Changsha, China
- Key Laboratory for Evaluation and Utilization of Gene Resources of Horticultural Crops, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of China, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
- *Correspondence: Chengwen Shen, ; Lizheng Xiao,
| | - LiZheng Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Tea Science of Ministry of Education, College of Horticulture, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
- National Research Center of Engineering and Technology for Utilization of Botanical Functional Ingredients, Changsha, China
- Co-Innovation Center of Education Ministry for Utilization of Botanical Functional Ingredients, Changsha, China
- Key Laboratory for Evaluation and Utilization of Gene Resources of Horticultural Crops, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of China, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
- *Correspondence: Chengwen Shen, ; Lizheng Xiao,
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Wang Q, Wu Y, Peng A, Cui J, Zhao M, Pan Y, Zhang M, Tian K, Schwab W, Song C. Single-cell transcriptome atlas reveals developmental trajectories and a novel metabolic pathway of catechin esters in tea leaves. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2022; 20:2089-2106. [PMID: 35810348 PMCID: PMC9616531 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.13891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2022] [Revised: 07/03/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The tea plant is an economically important woody beverage crop. The unique taste of tea is evoked by certain metabolites, especially catechin esters, whereas their precise formation mechanism in different cell types remains unclear. Here, a fast protoplast isolation method was established and the transcriptional profiles of 16 977 single cells from 1st and 3rd leaves were investigated. We first identified 79 marker genes based on six isolated tissues and constructed a transcriptome atlas, mapped developmental trajectories and further delineated the distribution of different cell types during leaf differentiation and genes associated with cell fate transformation. Interestingly, eight differently expressed genes were found to co-exist at four branch points. Genes involved in the biosynthesis of certain metabolites showed cell- and development-specific characteristics. An unexpected catechin ester glycosyltransferase was characterized for the first time in plants by a gene co-expression network in mesophyll cells. Thus, the first single-cell transcriptional landscape in woody crop leave was reported and a novel metabolism pathway of catechin esters in plants was discovered.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and UtilizationInternational Joint Laboratory on Tea Chemistry and Health EffectsAnhui Agricultural UniversityHefei, AnhuiChina
| | - Yi Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and UtilizationInternational Joint Laboratory on Tea Chemistry and Health EffectsAnhui Agricultural UniversityHefei, AnhuiChina
| | - Anqi Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and UtilizationInternational Joint Laboratory on Tea Chemistry and Health EffectsAnhui Agricultural UniversityHefei, AnhuiChina
| | - Jilai Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and UtilizationInternational Joint Laboratory on Tea Chemistry and Health EffectsAnhui Agricultural UniversityHefei, AnhuiChina
- Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology of Henan ProvinceCollege of Life ScienceXinyang Normal UniversityXinyang, HenanChina
| | - Mingyue Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and UtilizationInternational Joint Laboratory on Tea Chemistry and Health EffectsAnhui Agricultural UniversityHefei, AnhuiChina
| | - Yuting Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and UtilizationInternational Joint Laboratory on Tea Chemistry and Health EffectsAnhui Agricultural UniversityHefei, AnhuiChina
| | - Mengting Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and UtilizationInternational Joint Laboratory on Tea Chemistry and Health EffectsAnhui Agricultural UniversityHefei, AnhuiChina
| | - Kai Tian
- Key Laboratory of Ecological Security for Water Source Region of Mid‐Line Project of South‐To‐North Diversion Project of Henan ProvinceSchool of Life Sciences and Agricultural EngineeringNanyang Normal UniversityNanyangChina
| | - Wilfried Schwab
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and UtilizationInternational Joint Laboratory on Tea Chemistry and Health EffectsAnhui Agricultural UniversityHefei, AnhuiChina
- Biotechnology of Natural ProductsTechnische Universität MünchenFreisingGermany
| | - Chuankui Song
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and UtilizationInternational Joint Laboratory on Tea Chemistry and Health EffectsAnhui Agricultural UniversityHefei, AnhuiChina
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Liu H, Liu Q, Chen Y, Zhu Y, Zhou X, Li B. Full-Length Transcriptome Sequencing Provides Insights into Flavonoid Biosynthesis in Camellia nitidissima Petals. Gene 2022; 850:146924. [PMID: 36191826 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2022.146924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Revised: 09/01/2022] [Accepted: 09/25/2022] [Indexed: 10/06/2022]
Abstract
Flavonoids are the main medicinal ingredients in Camellia nitidissima, but the regulatory mechanism of flavonoid biosynthesis in flowers is unclear; therefore, the flavonoids in C. nitidissima have not been effectively used. The present study performed full-length transcriptome sequencing of C. nitidissima flower. Furthermore, the reported RNA-sequencing data of C. nitidissima petals were reanalyzed using the full-length transcriptome as a reference, and the regulatory mechanism of flavonoid synthesis in petals was elucidated. The analysis identified 43,350 isoforms annotated in non-redundant protein (Nr), Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG), EuKaryotic Orthologous Groups (KOG), and Swiss-Prot databases, among which 34,602 aligned to Camellia sinensis genes. A total of 11,857 differentially expressed genes (DEGs), including 112 related to flavonoid synthesis, were identified by pairwise comparison. Subsequently, analysis of the phylogeny and the conserved motifs of R2R3-MYB using the proteins sequences identified three R2R3-MYB transcription factors that regulated flavonoid biosynthesis. Weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) identified phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) and 4-coumarate: CoA ligase(4CL) as the hub genes and showed that bHLH79 interacted with PAL. Finally, validated the expression of seven DEGs involved in flavonoid biosynthesis using real-time quantitative PCR (qRT-PCR). Thus, the present study generated and used the full-length transcriptome as the reference to analyze the transcriptome of petals and proposed a possible regulatory mechanism of flavonoid synthesis in C. nitidissima. The study's findings unravel the genetic mechanisms underlying flavonoid synthesis and suggest candidate genes for the genetic improvement of C. nitidissima.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hexia Liu
- College of Biology and Pharmacy, Yulin Normal University, Yulin 537000, China
| | - Qin Liu
- College of Biology and Pharmacy, Yulin Normal University, Yulin 537000, China
| | - Yuling Chen
- College of Biology and Pharmacy, Yulin Normal University, Yulin 537000, China
| | - Yulin Zhu
- College of Biology and Pharmacy, Yulin Normal University, Yulin 537000, China.
| | - Xingwen Zhou
- College of Architecture and Planning, FuJian University of Technology, Fuzhou 350108, China.
| | - Bo Li
- College of Biology and Pharmacy, Yulin Normal University, Yulin 537000, China.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
D’Auria JC, Cohen SP, Leung J, Glockzin K, Glockzin KM, Gervay-Hague J, Zhang D, Meinhardt LW. United States tea: A synopsis of ongoing tea research and solutions to United States tea production issues. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:934651. [PMID: 36212324 PMCID: PMC9538180 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.934651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2022] [Accepted: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Tea is a steeped beverage made from the leaves of Camellia sinensis. Globally, this healthy, caffeine-containing drink is one of the most widely consumed beverages. At least 50 countries produce tea and most of the production information and tea research is derived from international sources. Here, we discuss information related to tea production, genetics, and chemistry as well as production issues that affect or are likely to affect emerging tea production and research in the United States. With this review, we relay current knowledge on tea production, threats to tea production, and solutions to production problems to inform this emerging market in the United States.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- John C. D’Auria
- Metabolic Diversity Group, Department of Molecular Genetics, Leibniz Institute for Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Seeland, Germany
| | - Stephen P. Cohen
- Sustainable Perennial Crops Laboratory, U.S. Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville, MD, United States
| | - Jason Leung
- Sustainable Perennial Crops Laboratory, U.S. Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville, MD, United States
| | - Kayla Glockzin
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
| | - Kyle Mark Glockzin
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
| | - Jacquelyn Gervay-Hague
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Dapeng Zhang
- Sustainable Perennial Crops Laboratory, U.S. Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville, MD, United States
| | - Lyndel W. Meinhardt
- Sustainable Perennial Crops Laboratory, U.S. Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville, MD, United States
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Malyukova LS, Koninskaya NG, Orlov YL, Samarina LS. Effects of exogenous calcium on the drought response of the tea plant ( Camellia sinensis (L.) Kuntze). PeerJ 2022; 10:e13997. [PMID: 36061747 PMCID: PMC9435517 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.13997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2022] [Accepted: 08/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Drought is one of the major factors reducing the yield of many crops worldwide, including the tea crop (Camellia sinensis (L.) Kuntze). Calcium participates in most of cellular signaling processes, and its important role in stress detection and triggering a response has been shown in many crops. The aim of this study was to evaluate possible effects of calcium on the tea plant response to drought. Methods Experiments were conducted using 3-year-old potted tea plants of the best local cultivar Kolkhida. Application of ammonium nitrate (control treatment) or calcium nitrate (Ca treatment) to the soil was performed before drought induction. Next, a 7-day drought was induced in both groups of plants. The following physiological parameters were measured: relative electrical conductivity, pH of cell sap, and concentrations of cations, sugars, and amino acids. In addition, relative expression levels of 40 stress-related and crop quality-related genes were analyzed. Results Under drought stress, leaf electrolyte leakage differed significantly, indicating greater damage to cell membranes in control plants than in Ca-treated plants. Calcium application resulted in greater pH of cell sap; higher accumulation of tyrosine, methionine, and valine; and a greater Mg2+ content as compared to control plants. Drought stress downregulated most of the quality-related genes in both groups of tea plants. By contrast, significant upregulation of some genes was observed, namely CRK45, NAC26, TPS11, LOX1, LOX6, Hydrolase22, DREB26, SWEET2, GS, ADC, DHN2, GOLS1, GOLS3, and RHL41. Among them, three genes (LOX1, RHL41, and GOLS1) showed 2-3 times greater expression in Ca-treated plants than in control plants. Based on these results, it can be speculated that calcium affects galactinol biosynthesis and participates in the regulation of stomatal aperture not only through activation of abscisic-acid signaling but also through jasmonic-acid pathway activation. These findings clarify calcium-mediated mechanisms of drought defense in tree crops. Thus, calcium improves the drought response in the tea tree.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lyudmila S. Malyukova
- Federal Research Centre the Subtropical Scientific Centre of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Sochi, Russia
| | - Natalia G. Koninskaya
- Federal Research Centre the Subtropical Scientific Centre of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Sochi, Russia
| | - Yuriy L. Orlov
- Agrarian and Technological Institute, Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia, Moscow, Russia,Digital Health Institute, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation (Sechenov University), Moscow, Russia
| | - Lidiia S. Samarina
- Federal Research Centre the Subtropical Scientific Centre of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Sochi, Russia,Center of Genetics and Life Sciences, Sirius University of Science and Technology, Sochi, Russia
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Zhang L, Li M, Fu J, Huang X, Yan P, Ge S, Li Z, Bai P, Zhang L, Han W, Li X. Genome-Wide Identification and Expression Analysis of Isopentenyl transferase Family Genes during Development and Resistance to Abiotic Stresses in Tea Plant (Camellia sinensis). PLANTS 2022; 11:plants11172243. [PMID: 36079621 PMCID: PMC9460862 DOI: 10.3390/plants11172243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Revised: 08/20/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The tea plant is an important economic crop and is widely cultivated. Isopentenyl transferase (IPT) is the first and rate-limiting enzyme of cytokinin (CK) signaling, which plays key roles in plant development and abiotic stress. However, the IPT gene family in tea plants has not been systematically investigated until now. The phylogenetic analyses, gene structures, and conserved domains were predicted here. The results showed that a total of 13 CsIPT members were identified from a tea plant genome database and phylogenetically classified into four groups. Furthermore, 10 CsIPT members belonged to plant ADP/ATP-IPT genes, and 3 CsIPTs were tRNA-IPT genes. There is a conserved putative ATP/GTP-binding site (P-loop motif) in all the CsIPT sequences. Based on publicly available transcriptome data as well as through RNA-seq and qRT-PCR analysis, the CsIPT genes which play key roles in the development of different tissues were identified, respectively. Furthermore, CsIPT6.2 may be involved in the response to different light treatments. CsIPT6.4 may play a key role during the dormancy and flush of the lateral buds. CsIPT5.1 may play important regulatory roles during the development of the lateral bud, leaf, and flower. CsIPT5.2 and CsIPT6.2 may both play key roles for increased resistance to cold-stress, whereas CsIPT3.2 may play a key role in improving resistance to high-temperature stress as well as drought-stress and rewatering. This study could provide a reference for further studies of CsIPT family’s functions and could contribute to tea molecular breeding.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Liping Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Tea Quality and Safety Control, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310008, China
| | - Min Li
- College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an 271018, China
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an 271018, China
| | - Jianyu Fu
- Key Laboratory of Tea Quality and Safety Control, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310008, China
| | - Xiaoqin Huang
- College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an 271018, China
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an 271018, China
| | - Peng Yan
- Key Laboratory of Tea Quality and Safety Control, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310008, China
| | - Shibei Ge
- Key Laboratory of Tea Quality and Safety Control, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310008, China
| | - Zhengzhen Li
- Key Laboratory of Tea Quality and Safety Control, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310008, China
| | - Peixian Bai
- Key Laboratory of Tea Quality and Safety Control, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310008, China
| | - Lan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Tea Quality and Safety Control, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310008, China
| | - Wenyan Han
- Key Laboratory of Tea Quality and Safety Control, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310008, China
- Correspondence: (W.H.); (X.L.)
| | - Xin Li
- Key Laboratory of Tea Quality and Safety Control, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310008, China
- Correspondence: (W.H.); (X.L.)
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Ding Z, Jiang C. Transcriptome Profiling to the Effects of Drought Stress on Different Propagation Modes of Tea Plant (Camellia sinensis). Front Genet 2022; 13:907026. [PMID: 36035143 PMCID: PMC9399340 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2022.907026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Accepted: 05/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Tea plant (Camellia sinensis) is an important economic beverage crop. Drought stress seriously affects the growth and development of tea plant and the accumulation of metabolites, as well as the production, processing, yield and quality of tea. Therefore, it is necessary to understand the reaction mechanism of tea plant under drought conditions and find efficient control methods. Based on transcriptome sequencing technology, this study studied the difference of metabolic level between sexual and asexual tea plants under drought stress. In this study, there were multiple levels of up-regulation and down-regulation of differential genes related to cell composition, molecular function and biological processes. Transcriptomic data show that the metabolism of tea plants with different propagation modes of QC and ZZ is different under drought conditions. In the expression difference statistics, it can be seen that the differential genes of QC are significantly more than ZZ; GO enrichment analysis also found that although differential genes in biological process are mainly enriched in the three pathways of metabolic, single organism process and cellular process, cellular component is mainly enriched in cell, cell part, membrane, and molecular function, and binding, catalytic activity, and transporter activity; the enrichment order of differential genes in these pathways is different in QC and ZZ. This difference is caused by the way of reproduction. The further study of these differential genes will lay a foundation for the cultivation methods and biotechnology breeding to improve the quality of tea.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhou Ding
- School of Tea and Food Science Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Changjun Jiang
- School of Tea and Food Science Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
- *Correspondence: Changjun Jiang,
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Tea (Camellia sinensis): A Review of Nutritional Composition, Potential Applications, and Omics Research. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/app12125874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Tea (Camelliasinensis) is the world’s most widely consumed non-alcoholic beverage with essential economic and health benefits since it is an excellent source of polyphenols, catechins, amino acids, flavonoids, carotenoids, vitamins, and polysaccharides. The aim of this review is to summarize the main secondary metabolites in tea plants, and the content and distribution of these compounds in six different types of tea and different organs of tea plant were further investigated. The application of these secondary metabolites on food processing, cosmetics industry, and pharmaceutical industry was reviewed in this study. With the rapid advancements in biotechnology and sequencing technology, omics analyses, including genome, transcriptome, and metabolome, were widely used to detect the main secondary metabolites and their molecular regulatory mechanisms in tea plants. Numerous functional genes and regulatory factors have been discovered, studied, and applied to improve tea plants. Research advances, including secondary metabolites, applications, omics research, and functional gene mining, are comprehensively reviewed here. Further exploration and application trends are briefly described. This review provides a reference for basic and applied research on tea plants.
Collapse
|
24
|
Transcriptomic and Metabolomic Analysis Unravels the Molecular Regulatory Mechanism of Fatty Acid Biosynthesis in Styrax tonkinensis Seeds under Methyl Jasmonate Treatment. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23116190. [PMID: 35682867 PMCID: PMC9181076 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23116190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2022] [Revised: 05/27/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
As the germ of a highly productive oil tree species, Styrax tonkinensis seeds have great potential to produce biodiesel and they have marvelous fatty acid (FA) composition. In order to explore the molecular regulatory mechanism of FA biosynthesis in S. tonkinensis seeds after methyl jasmonate (MJ) application, transcriptomic and metabolomic techniques were adopted so as to dissect the genes that are related to FA biosynthesis and their expression levels, as well as to discover the major FA concentration and composition. The results revealed that 200 μmol/L of MJ (MJ200) increased the crude fat (CF) mass fraction and generated the greatest impact on CF accumulation at 70 days after flowering. Twenty FAs were identified, among which palmitic acid, oleic acid, linoleic acid and linolenic acid were the major FAs, and the presence of MJ200 affected their concentrations variously. MJ200 could enhance FA accumulation through elevating the activity of enzymes that are related to FA synthesis. The number of differentially expressed genes increased with the seeds’ development in general. Fatty acid biosynthesis, the biosynthesis of unsaturated fatty acid, fatty acid elongation and glycerolipid metabolism were the main lipid metabolism pathways that were found to be involved. The changes in the expression levels of EAR, KAR, accA, accB and SAD2 were consistent with the changes in the CF mass fraction, indicating that they are important genes in the FA biosynthesis of S. tonkinensis seeds and that MJ200 promoted their expression levels. In addition, bZIP (which was screened by weighted correlation network analysis) also created significant impacts on FA biosynthesis. Our research has provided a basis for further studies on FA biosynthesis that is regulated by MJ200 at the molecular level and has helped to clarify the functions of key genes in the FA metabolic pathway in S. tonkinensis seeds.
Collapse
|
25
|
Nam JW, Lee HG, Do H, Kim HU, Seo PJ. Transcriptional regulation of triacylglycerol accumulation in plants under environmental stress conditions. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2022; 73:2905-2917. [PMID: 35560201 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erab554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2021] [Accepted: 12/15/2021] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Triacylglycerol (TAG), a major energy reserve in lipid form, accumulates mainly in seeds. Although TAG concentrations are usually low in vegetative tissues because of the repression of seed maturation programs, these programs are derepressed upon the exposure of vegetative tissues to environmental stresses. Metabolic reprogramming of TAG accumulation is driven primarily by transcriptional regulation. A substantial proportion of transcription factors regulating seed TAG biosynthesis also participates in stress-induced TAG accumulation in vegetative tissues. TAG accumulation leads to the formation of lipid droplets and plastoglobules, which play important roles in plant tolerance to environmental stresses. Toxic lipid intermediates generated from environmental-stress-induced lipid membrane degradation are captured by TAG-containing lipid droplets and plastoglobules. This review summarizes recent advances in the transcriptional control of metabolic reprogramming underlying stress-induced TAG accumulation, and provides biological insight into the plant adaptive strategy, linking TAG biosynthesis with plant survival.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jeong-Won Nam
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Hong Gil Lee
- Plant Genomics and Breeding Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Hyungju Do
- Department of Bioindustry and Bioresource Engineering, Plant Engineering Research Institute, Sejong University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Hyun Uk Kim
- Department of Bioindustry and Bioresource Engineering, Plant Engineering Research Institute, Sejong University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Pil Joon Seo
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
- Plant Genomics and Breeding Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Multi-omics approach in tea polyphenol research regarding tea plant growth, development and tea processing: current technologies and perspectives. FOOD SCIENCE AND HUMAN WELLNESS 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fshw.2021.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
|
27
|
Cao Q, Lv W, Jiang H, Chen X, Wang X, Wang Y. Genome-wide identification of glutathione S-transferase gene family members in tea plant (Camellia sinensis) and their response to environmental stress. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 205:749-760. [PMID: 35331791 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.03.109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Revised: 03/03/2022] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Glutathione S-transferases (GSTs) are ubiquitous enzymes involved in the regulation of plant growth, development, and stress responses. Unfortunately, the comprehensive identification of GSTs in tea plant has not been achieved. In this study, a total of 88 CsGSTs proteins were identified and divided into eight classes, among which the tau class was the largest. Chromosomal localization analysis revealed an uneven distribution of CsGSTs across the tea plant genome. Tandem duplication is the main force driving tea plant CsGSTs expansion. CsGSTs structures and conserved motifs were similar. The analysis of cis-regulatory elements in promoter regions showed that CsGSTs can response to multiple stresses, and that MYB may be involved in the transcriptional regulation of CsGST. RNA-Seq data revealed that the expression of most GSTUs was associated with various stresses, including pathogen and insect attack, cold spells, drought and salt stresses, nitrogen nutrition, bud dormancy, and morphological development, and the expression of these CsGSTs was obviously different in eight tissues. In addition, we proved that CsGSTU19, localized at the nucleus and cell membrane, was involved in tea plant defense against temperature stresses and Co. camelliae infection. These findings provide references for the further functional analysis of GSTs in the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qinghai Cao
- College of Tea Science and Tea Culture/Collaborative Innovation Center for Efficient and Green Production of Agriculture in Mountainous Areas of Zhejiang Province, Key Laboratory of Quality and Safety Control for Subtropical Fruit and Vegetable, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Horticulture Science, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, Zhejiang, China; Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences/National Center for Tea Improvement/Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of the People's Republic of China, Hangzhou, 310008, Zhejiang, China
| | - Wuyun Lv
- College of Tea Science and Tea Culture/Collaborative Innovation Center for Efficient and Green Production of Agriculture in Mountainous Areas of Zhejiang Province, Key Laboratory of Quality and Safety Control for Subtropical Fruit and Vegetable, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Horticulture Science, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, Zhejiang, China
| | - Hong Jiang
- College of Tea Science and Tea Culture/Collaborative Innovation Center for Efficient and Green Production of Agriculture in Mountainous Areas of Zhejiang Province, Key Laboratory of Quality and Safety Control for Subtropical Fruit and Vegetable, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Horticulture Science, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xueling Chen
- College of Tea Science and Tea Culture/Collaborative Innovation Center for Efficient and Green Production of Agriculture in Mountainous Areas of Zhejiang Province, Key Laboratory of Quality and Safety Control for Subtropical Fruit and Vegetable, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Horticulture Science, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xinchao Wang
- Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences/National Center for Tea Improvement/Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of the People's Republic of China, Hangzhou, 310008, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Yuchun Wang
- College of Tea Science and Tea Culture/Collaborative Innovation Center for Efficient and Green Production of Agriculture in Mountainous Areas of Zhejiang Province, Key Laboratory of Quality and Safety Control for Subtropical Fruit and Vegetable, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Horticulture Science, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, Zhejiang, China; Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences/National Center for Tea Improvement/Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of the People's Republic of China, Hangzhou, 310008, Zhejiang, China.
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Xu P, Stirling E, Xie H, Li W, Lv X, Matsumoto H, Cheng H, Xu A, Lai W, Wang Y, Zheng Z, Wang M, Liu X, Ma B, Xu J. Continental scale deciphering of microbiome networks untangles the phyllosphere homeostasis in tea plant. J Adv Res 2022; 44:13-22. [PMID: 36725184 PMCID: PMC9936419 DOI: 10.1016/j.jare.2022.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2021] [Revised: 03/21/2022] [Accepted: 04/05/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Assembly and co-occurrence of the host co-evolved microbiota are essential ecological and evolutionary processes, which is not only crucial for managing individual plant fitness but also ecological function. However, understanding of the microbiome assembly and co-occurrence in higher plants is not well understood. The tea plant was shown to contribute the forest fitness due to the microbiome assembled in the phyllosphere; the landscape of microbiome assembly in the tea plants and its potential implication on phyllosphere homestasis still remains untangled. OBJECTIVES This study aimed to deciphering of the microbiome networks of the tea plants at a continental scale. It would provide fundamental insights into the factors driving the microbiome assembly, with an extended focus on the resilience towards the potential pathogen in the phyllosphere. METHODS We collected 225 samples from 45 locations spanning approximately 2000-km tea growing regions across China. By integration of high-throughput sequencing data, physicochemical properties profiling and bioinformatics analyses, we investigated continental scale microbiome assembly and co-occurrence in the tea plants. Synthetic assemblages, interaction assay and RT-qPCR were further implemented to analyze the microbial interaction indexed in phyllosphere. RESULTS A trade-off between stochastic and deterministic processes in microbiomes community assembly was highlighted. Assembly processes were dominated by deterministic processes in bulk and rhizosphere soils, and followed by stochastic processes in roots and leaves with amino acids as critical drivers for environmental selection. Sphingobacteria and Proteobacteria ascended from soils to leaves to sustain a core leaf taxa. The core taxa formed a close association with a prevalent foliar pathogen in the co-occurrence network and significantly attenuated the expression of a set of essential virulence genes in pathogen. CONCLUSION Our study unveils the mechanism underpinning microbiome assembly in the tea plants, and a potential implication of the microbiome-mediated resilience framework on the phyllosphere homeostasis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ping Xu
- Department of Tea Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Erinne Stirling
- College of Environmental and Natural Resource Sciences, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Agricultural Resources and Environment, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China,Acid Sulfate Soils Centre, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide 5005, Australia
| | - Hengtong Xie
- Department of Tea Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Wenbing Li
- Key Laboratory of Hangzhou City for Ecosystem Protection and Restoration, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, PR China
| | - Xiaofei Lv
- Department of Environmental Engineering, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Haruna Matsumoto
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Ministry of Agriculture, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Haiyan Cheng
- Department of Tea Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Anan Xu
- Department of Tea Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Wanyi Lai
- Department of Tea Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Yuefei Wang
- Department of Tea Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Zuntao Zheng
- Institute for the Control of Agrochemicals, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing 100125, China
| | - Mengcen Wang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Ministry of Agriculture, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
| | - Xingmei Liu
- College of Environmental and Natural Resource Sciences, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Agricultural Resources and Environment, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Bin Ma
- College of Environmental and Natural Resource Sciences, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Agricultural Resources and Environment, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; Hangzhou Innovation Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 311200, China.
| | - Jianming Xu
- College of Environmental and Natural Resource Sciences, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Agricultural Resources and Environment, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Wang Y, Xuan YM, Wang SM, Fan DM, Wang XC, Zheng XQ. Genome-wide identification, characterization, and expression analysis of the ammonium transporter gene family in tea plants (Camellia sinensis L.). PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2022; 174:e13646. [PMID: 35129836 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.13646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2021] [Revised: 01/30/2022] [Accepted: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
As a preferred nitrogen form, ammonium (NH4 + ) transport via specific transporters is particularly important for the growth and development of tea plants (Camellia sinensis L.). However, our understanding of the functions of the AMT family in tea plants is limited. We identified and named 16 putative AMT genes according to phylogenetic analysis. All CsAMT genes were divided into three groups, distributed on 12 chromosomes with only one segmental duplication repetition. The CsAMT genes showed different expression levels in different organs, and most of them were expressed mainly in the apical buds and roots. Complementation analysis of yeast mutants showed that CsAMTs restored the uptake of NH4 + . This study provides insights into the genome-wide distribution and spatial expression of AMT genes in tea plants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yu Wang
- Tea Research Institute, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yi-Min Xuan
- Tea Research Institute, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Shu-Mao Wang
- Tea Research Institute, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Dong-Mei Fan
- Tea Research Institute, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiao-Chang Wang
- Tea Research Institute, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xin-Qiang Zheng
- Tea Research Institute, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Kong W, Jiang M, Wang Y, Chen S, Zhang S, Lei W, Chai K, Wang P, Liu R, Zhang X. Pan-transcriptome assembly combined with multiple association analysis provides new insights into the regulatory network of specialized metabolites in the tea plant Camellia sinensis. HORTICULTURE RESEARCH 2022; 9:uhac100. [PMID: 35795389 PMCID: PMC9251601 DOI: 10.1093/hr/uhac100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 04/15/2022] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Specialized metabolites not only play important roles in biotic and abiotic stress adaptation of tea plants (Camellia sinensis (L.) O. Kuntze) but also contribute to the unique flavor of tea, the most important nonalcoholic beverage. However, the molecular networks and major genes that regulate specialized metabolites in tea plants are not well understood. Here, we constructed a population-level pan-transcriptome of the tea plant leaf using second-leaf transcriptome data from 134 accessions to investigate global expression differences in the population, expression presence or absence variations (ePAVs), and differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between pure Camellia sinensis var. assamica (CSA) and pure Camellia sinensis var. sinensis (CSS) accessions. Next, we used a genome-wide association study, a quantitative trait transcript study, and a transcriptome-wide association study to integrate genotypes, accumulation levels of specialized metabolites, and expression levels of pan-transcriptome genes to identify candidate regulatory genes for flavor-related metabolites and to construct a regulatory network for specialized metabolites in tea plants. The pan-transcriptome contains 30 482 expressed genes, 4940 and 5506 of which were newly annotated from a de novo transcriptome assembly without a reference and a genome reference-based assembly, respectively. DEGs and ePAVs indicated that CSA and CSS were clearly differentiated at the population transcriptome level, and they were closely related to abiotic tolerance and secondary metabolite synthesis phenotypes of CSA and CSS based on gene annotations. The regulatory network contained 212 specialized metabolites, 3843 candidate genes, and 3407 eQTLs, highlighting many pleiotropic candidate genes, candidate gene-rich eQTLs, and potential regulators of specialized metabolites. These included important transcription factors in the AP2/ERF-ERF, MYB, WD40, and bHLH families. CsTGY14G0001296, an ortholog of AtANS, appeared to be directly related to variation in proanthocyanins in the tea plant population, and the CsTGY11G0002074 gene encoding F3'5'H was found to contribute to the biased distribution of catechins between pure CSAs and pure CSSs. Together, these results provide a new understanding of the metabolite diversity in tea plants and offer new insights for more effective breeding of better-flavored tea varieties.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Weilong Kong
- Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Genome Analysis Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen 518120, China
| | - Mengwei Jiang
- Center for Genomics and Biotechnology, Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Yibin Wang
- Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Genome Analysis Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen 518120, China
| | - Shuai Chen
- Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Genome Analysis Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen 518120, China
| | - Shengcheng Zhang
- Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Genome Analysis Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen 518120, China
| | - Wenlong Lei
- Center for Genomics and Biotechnology, Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Kun Chai
- Center for Genomics and Biotechnology, Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Pengjie Wang
- Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Genome Analysis Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen 518120, China
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Wei X, Klinkhamer PGL, Mulder PPJ, van der Veen-van Wijk K, Vrieling K. Seasonal variation in defence compounds: A case study on pyrrolizidine alkaloids of clones of Jacobaea vulgaris, Jacobaea aquatica and their hybrids. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2021; 313:111067. [PMID: 34763859 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2021.111067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2021] [Revised: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 09/24/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Concentration of plant secondary metabolites (SMs) show seasonal variations. However, it is still not well understood how these abiotic and biotic factors influence the seasonal variations of SMs. In addition, it is of interest to know if and how SMs are reallocated to the different plant organs, in particular whether SMs are reallocated to the remaining tissues when biomass is lost, e.g., during winter. Here we used Jacobaea vulgaris, Jacobaea aquatica, two F1 and four F2 hybrids that differed in their pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PAs) bouquet as a study system. A series of clones of these genotypes were investigated during their vegetative stage spanning 14 months in a semi-natural environment. We found that the total PA concentration in roots and shoots showed a gradual increase until the spring of the second year, whereafter it dropped substantially in shoots. The variation in PA composition due to seasonal changes was significant but relatively small. Senecionine-like PAs were the dominant PAs in roots, while jacobine-/erucifoline-like PAs were dominant in shoots. The variation of PA concentration was significantly correlated with temperature, day length, and plant age. A correlation analysis showed that PAs were not reallocated when biomass was lost in winter. Overall, our study showed that PA composition of each genotype changed over seasons in a different manner but seasonal variation did not overrule the differences in PA composition among genotypes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xianqin Wei
- College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, 94 Weijin Road, Tianjin, 300071, China; Plant Cluster, Institute of Biology, Leiden University, Sylviusweg 72, P. O. Box 9505, 2300 RA, Leiden, the Netherlands.
| | - Peter G L Klinkhamer
- Plant Cluster, Institute of Biology, Leiden University, Sylviusweg 72, P. O. Box 9505, 2300 RA, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Patrick P J Mulder
- Wageningen Food Safety Research-Wageningen University & Research, Akkermaalsbos 2, P.O. Box 230, 6700 AE, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Karin van der Veen-van Wijk
- Plant Cluster, Institute of Biology, Leiden University, Sylviusweg 72, P. O. Box 9505, 2300 RA, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Klaas Vrieling
- Plant Cluster, Institute of Biology, Leiden University, Sylviusweg 72, P. O. Box 9505, 2300 RA, Leiden, the Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Metabolite differentiation and antiobesity effects between different grades of Yuexi Cuilan green tea. J Funct Foods 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2021.104794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
|
33
|
Collings ER, Alamar MC, Márquez MB, Kourmpetli S, Kevei Z, Thompson AJ, Mohareb F, Terry LA. Improving the Tea Withering Process Using Ethylene or UV-C. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2021; 69:13596-13607. [PMID: 34739246 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.1c02876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Using a combination of biochemical, transcriptomic, and physiological analyses, we elucidated the mechanisms of physical and chemical withering of tea shoots subjected to UV-C and ethylene treatments. UV-C irradiation (15 kJ m-2) initiated oxidation of catechins into theaflavins, increasing theaflavin-3-monogallate and theaflavin digallate by 5- and 13.2-4.4-fold, respectively, at the end of withering. Concomitantly, a rapid change to brown/red, an increase in electrolyte leakage, and the upregulation of peroxidases (viz. Px2, Px4, and Px6) and polyphenol oxidases (PPO-1) occurred. Exogenous ethylene significantly increased the metabolic rate (40%) and moisture loss (30%) compared to control during simulated withering (12 h at 25 °C) and upregulated transcripts associated with responses to dehydration and abiotic stress, such as those in the ethylene signaling pathway (viz. EIN4-like, EIN3-FBox1, and ERFs). Incorporating ethylene during withering could shorten the tea manufacturing process, while UV-C could enhance the accumulation of flavor-related compounds.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emma R Collings
- Plant Science Laboratory, Cranfield University, Cranfield, Bedfordshire MK43 0AL, U.K
| | - M Carmen Alamar
- Plant Science Laboratory, Cranfield University, Cranfield, Bedfordshire MK43 0AL, U.K
| | | | - Sofia Kourmpetli
- Plant Science Laboratory, Cranfield University, Cranfield, Bedfordshire MK43 0AL, U.K
| | - Zoltan Kevei
- Plant Science Laboratory, Cranfield University, Cranfield, Bedfordshire MK43 0AL, U.K
| | - Andrew J Thompson
- Plant Science Laboratory, Cranfield University, Cranfield, Bedfordshire MK43 0AL, U.K
| | - Fady Mohareb
- Bioinformatics Group, Cranfield University, Cranfield, Bedfordshire MK43 0AL, U.K
| | - Leon A Terry
- Plant Science Laboratory, Cranfield University, Cranfield, Bedfordshire MK43 0AL, U.K
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Li Q, Van de Wiele T. Gut microbiota as a driver of the interindividual variability of cardiometabolic effects from tea polyphenols. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2021; 63:1500-1526. [PMID: 34515591 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2021.1965536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Tea polyphenols have been extensively studied for their preventive properties against cardiometabolic diseases. Nevertheless, the evidence of these effects from human intervention studies is not always consistent, mainly because of a large interindividual variability. The bioavailability of tea polyphenols is low, and metabolism of tea polyphenols highly depends on individual gut microbiota. The accompanying reciprocal relationship between tea polyphenols and gut microbiota may result in alterations in the cardiometabolic effects, however, the underlying mechanism of which is little explored. This review summarizes tea polyphenols-microbiota interaction and its contribution to interindividual variability in cardiometabolic effects. Currently, only a few bacteria that can biodegrade tea polyphenols have been identified and generated metabolites and their bioactivities in metabolic pathways are not fully elucidated. A deeper understanding of the role of complex interaction necessitates fully individualized data, the ntegration of multiple-omics platforms and development of polyphenol-centered databases. Knowledge of this microbial contribution will enable the functional stratification of individuals in the gut microbiota profile (metabotypes) to clarify interindividual variability in the health effects of tea polyphenols. This could be used to predict individual responses to tea polyphenols consumption, hence bringing us closer to personalized nutrition with optimal dose and additional supplementation of specific microorganisms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qiqiong Li
- Center for Microbial Ecology and Technology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Tom Van de Wiele
- Center for Microbial Ecology and Technology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Mahadani P, Hazra A. Expression and splicing dynamics of WRKY family genes along physiological exigencies of tea plant (Camellia sinensis). Biologia (Bratisl) 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s11756-021-00784-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
|
36
|
Ding ZJ, Shi YZ, Li GX, Harberd NP, Zheng SJ. Tease out the future: How tea research might enable crop breeding for acid soil tolerance. PLANT COMMUNICATIONS 2021; 2:100182. [PMID: 34027395 PMCID: PMC8132122 DOI: 10.1016/j.xplc.2021.100182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2020] [Revised: 02/28/2021] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Unlike most crops, in which soil acidity severely limits productivity, tea (Camellia sinensis) actually prefers acid soils (pH 4.0-5.5). Specifically, tea is very tolerant of acidity-promoted aluminum (Al) toxicity, a major factor that limits the yield of most other crops, and it even requires Al for optimum growth. Understanding tea Al tolerance and Al-stimulatory mechanisms could therefore be fundamental for the future development of crops adapted to acid soils. Here, we summarize the Al-tolerance mechanisms of tea plants, propose possible mechanistic explanations for the stimulation of tea growth by Al based on recent research, and put forward ideas for future crop breeding for acid soils.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhong Jie Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Yuan Zhi Shi
- Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agriculture Sciences, Key Laboratory for Tea Plant Biology and Resource Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Hangzhou 310008, China
| | - Gui Xin Li
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Nicholas P. Harberd
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3RB, UK
| | - Shao Jian Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Genome-wide identification, evolutionary relationship and expression analysis of AGO, DCL and RDR family genes in tea. Sci Rep 2021; 11:8679. [PMID: 33883595 PMCID: PMC8060290 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-87991-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Three gene families in plants viz. Argonaute (AGOs), Dicer-like (DCLs) and RNA dependent RNA polymerase (RDRs) constitute the core components of small RNA mediated gene silencing machinery. The present study endeavours to identify members of these gene families in tea and to investigate their expression patterns in different tissues and various stress regimes. Using genome-wide analysis, we have identified 18 AGOs, 5 DCLs and 9 RDRs in tea, and analyzed their phylogenetic relationship with orthologs of Arabidopsis thaliana. Gene expression analysis revealed constitutive expression of CsAGO1 in all the studied tissues and stress conditions, whereas CsAGO10c showed most variable expression among all the genes. CsAGO10c gene was found to be upregulated in tissues undergoing high meristematic activity such as buds and roots, as well as in Exobasidium vexans infected samples. CsRDR2 and two paralogs of CsAGO4, which are known to participate in biogenesis of hc-siRNAs, showed similarities in their expression levels in most of the tea plant tissues. This report provides first ever insight into the important gene families involved in biogenesis of small RNAs in tea. The comprehensive knowledge of these small RNA biogenesis purveyors can be utilized for tea crop improvement aimed at stress tolerance and quality enhancement.
Collapse
|
38
|
Maritim TK, Seth R, Parmar R, Sharma RK. Multiple-genotypes transcriptional analysis revealed candidates genes and nucleotide variants for improvement of quality characteristics in tea (Camellia sinensis (L.) O. Kuntze). Genomics 2020; 113:305-316. [PMID: 33321202 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygeno.2020.12.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2020] [Revised: 10/18/2020] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Tea quality is a polygenic trait that exhibits tremendous genetic variability due to accumulation of array of secondary metabolites. To elucidate global molecular insights controlling quality attributes, metabolite profiling and transcriptome sequencing of twelve diverse tea cultivars was performed in tea shoots harvested during quality season. RP-HPLC-DAD analysis of quality parameters revealed significant difference in catechins, theanine and caffeine contents. Transcriptome sequencing resulted into 50,107 non-redundant transcripts with functional annotations of 81.6% (40,847) of the transcripts. Interestingly, 2872 differentially expressed transcripts exhibited significant enrichment in 38 pathways (FDR ≤ 0.05) including secondary metabolism, amino acid and carbon metabolism. Thirty-eight key candidates reportedly involved in biosynthesis of fatty acid derived volatiles, volatile terpenes, glycoside hydrolysis and key quality related pathways (flavonoid, caffeine and theanine-biosynthesis) were highly expressed in catechins-rich tea cultivars. Furthermore, enrichment of candidates involved in flavonoid biosynthesis, transcriptional regulation, volatile terpene and biosynthesis of fatty acid derived volatile in Protein-Protein Interactome network revealed well-coordinated regulation of quality characteristics in tea. Additionally, ascertainment of 23,649 non-synonymous SNPs and validation of candidate SNPs present in quality related genes suggests their potential utility in genome-wide mapping and marker development for expediting breeding of elite compound-rich tea cultivars.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tony Kipkoech Maritim
- Biotechnology Department, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology (CSIR-IHBT), Palampur, Himachal Pradesh 176061, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR-HRDC Campus, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh- 201 002, India; Tea Breeding and Genetic Improvement Division, KALRO-Tea Research Institute, P.O. Box 820-20200, Kericho, Kenya
| | - Romit Seth
- Biotechnology Department, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology (CSIR-IHBT), Palampur, Himachal Pradesh 176061, India
| | - Rajni Parmar
- Biotechnology Department, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology (CSIR-IHBT), Palampur, Himachal Pradesh 176061, India
| | - Ram Kumar Sharma
- Biotechnology Department, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology (CSIR-IHBT), Palampur, Himachal Pradesh 176061, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR-HRDC Campus, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh- 201 002, India.
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Shang J, Liu B. Application of a microbial consortium improves the growth of Camellia sinensis and influences the indigenous rhizosphere bacterial communities. J Appl Microbiol 2020; 130:2029-2040. [PMID: 33170985 DOI: 10.1111/jam.14927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Revised: 10/25/2020] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To investigate the role of a microbial consortium in influencing of Camellia sinensis growth and rhizosphere bacteria microbial community structure. METHODS AND RESULTS Based on glasshouse trials, the microbial consortium TCM was selected for a field trial. TCM significantly increased bud density (67·53%), leaf area (31·15%) and hundred-bud weight (22·5%) compared with the control treatment (P < 0·01) during 180 days. Furthermore, TCM-treated soil showed a significant increase (P < 0·05) in organic matter (60·89%), total nitrogen (66·22%), total phosphorus (3·34%), available phosphorus (3·82%), available potassium (9·24%) and 2-3 mm water-stable aggregates (77·93%). Molecular ecological network analysis of the rhizobacteria indicated an increase in modularity and the number of community, connection and nodes after TCM application. Several plant growth-promoting bacteria were categorized as hubs or indicators, such as Haliangium, Catenulispora and Gemmatimonas, and showed intensive connections with other bacteria. CONCLUSIONS The TCM consortium enhances the effectiveness of soil mineral nutrition, influences the indigenous rhizobacterial community, alters the rhizobacterial network structure in the rhizosphere and promotes the growth of C. sinensis. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY The TCM growth-promoting mechanism was closely related to rhizosphere bacterial diversity; therefore, strengthening rhizobacterial interactions may help promote C. sinensis growth, which could be a sustainable approach for improving C. sinensis growth and health in tea plantations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J Shang
- Tea Research Institute of Chongqing Academy of Agricultural Science, Chongqing, China
| | - B Liu
- Vegetable Technical Extension Station, Qingpu District Shanghai, Shanghai, China
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Quantitative Comparison of the Marker Compounds in Different Medicinal Parts of Morus alba L. Using High-Performance Liquid Chromatography-Diode Array Detector with Chemometric Analysis. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25235592. [PMID: 33261214 PMCID: PMC7730820 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25235592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2020] [Revised: 11/19/2020] [Accepted: 11/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
It is thought that the therapeutic efficacy of Morus alba L. is determined by its biological compounds. We investigated the chemical differences in the medicinal parts of M. alba by analyzing a total of 57 samples (15 root barks, 11 twigs, 12 fruits, and 19 leaves). Twelve marker compounds, including seven flavonoids, two stilbenoids, two phenolic acids, and a coumarin, were quantitatively analyzed using a high-performance liquid chromatography-diode array detector and chemometric analyses (principal component and heatmap analysis). The results demonstrated that the levels and compositions of the marker compounds varied in each medicinal part. The leaves contained higher levels of six compounds, the root barks contained higher levels of four compounds, and the twigs contained higher levels of two compounds. The results of chemometric analysis showed clustering of the samples according to the medicinal part, with the marker compounds strongly associated with each part: mulberroside A, taxifolin, kuwanon G, and morusin for the root barks; 4-hydroxycinnamic acid and oxyresveratrol for the twigs and skimmin; chlorogenic acid, rutin, isoquercitrin, astragalin, and quercitrin for the leaves. Our approach plays a fundamental role in the quality evaluation and further understanding of biological actions of herbal medicines derived from various medicinal plant parts.
Collapse
|
41
|
Yu X, Xiao J, Chen S, Yu Y, Ma J, Lin Y, Li R, Lin J, Fu Z, Zhou Q, Chao Q, Chen L, Yang Z, Liu R. Metabolite signatures of diverse Camellia sinensis tea populations. Nat Commun 2020; 11:5586. [PMID: 33149146 PMCID: PMC7642434 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-19441-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2019] [Accepted: 10/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The tea plant (Camellia sinensis) presents an excellent system to study evolution and diversification of the numerous classes, types and variable contents of specialized metabolites. Here, we investigate the relationship among C. sinensis phylogenetic groups and specialized metabolites using transcriptomic and metabolomic data on the fresh leaves collected from 136 representative tea accessions in China. We obtain 925,854 high-quality single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) enabling the refined grouping of the sampled tea accessions into five major clades. Untargeted metabolomic analyses detect 129 and 199 annotated metabolites that are differentially accumulated in different tea groups in positive and negative ionization modes, respectively. Each phylogenetic group contains signature metabolites. In particular, CSA tea accessions are featured with high accumulation of diverse classes of flavonoid compounds, such as flavanols, flavonol mono-/di-glycosides, proanthocyanidin dimers, and phenolic acids. Our results provide insights into the genetic and metabolite diversity and are useful for accelerated tea plant breeding.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaomin Yu
- FAFU-UCR Joint Center for Horticultural Biology and Metabolomics, Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, 350002, Fuzhou, China
| | - Jiajing Xiao
- Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 3888 Chenhua Road, 201602, Shanghai, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049, Beijing, China
| | - Si Chen
- FAFU-UCR Joint Center for Horticultural Biology and Metabolomics, Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, 350002, Fuzhou, China
| | - Yuan Yu
- FAFU-UCR Joint Center for Horticultural Biology and Metabolomics, Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, 350002, Fuzhou, China
| | - Jianqiang Ma
- Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 310008, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yuzhen Lin
- FAFU-UCR Joint Center for Horticultural Biology and Metabolomics, Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, 350002, Fuzhou, China
| | - Ruizi Li
- FAFU-UCR Joint Center for Horticultural Biology and Metabolomics, Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, 350002, Fuzhou, China
| | - Jun Lin
- FAFU-UCR Joint Center for Horticultural Biology and Metabolomics, Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, 350002, Fuzhou, China
| | - Zhijun Fu
- FAFU-UCR Joint Center for Horticultural Biology and Metabolomics, Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, 350002, Fuzhou, China
| | - Qiongqiong Zhou
- College of Horticulture, Henan Agricultural University, 450000, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Qianlin Chao
- Wuyi Star Tea Industry Co., Ltd, 354300, Wuyishan, China
| | - Liang Chen
- Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 310008, Hangzhou, China.
| | - Zhenbiao Yang
- Institute of Integrative Genome Biology, University of California at Riverside, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA. .,Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, University of California at Riverside, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA.
| | - Renyi Liu
- FAFU-UCR Joint Center for Horticultural Biology and Metabolomics, Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, 350002, Fuzhou, China. .,Center for Agroforestry Mega Data Science, Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, 350002, Fuzhou, China.
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Liu Z, Han Y, Zhou Y, Wang T, Lian S, Yuan H. Transcriptomic analysis of tea plant (Camellia sinensis) revealed the co-expression network of 4111 paralogous genes and biosynthesis of quality-related key metabolites under multiple stresses. Genomics 2020; 113:908-918. [PMID: 33164828 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygeno.2020.10.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2020] [Revised: 09/19/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The tea plant is an essential economic plant in many countries. However, its growing season renders them vulnerable to stresses. To understand the transcriptomic influences of these stresses on tea plants, we sequenced and analyzed the transcriptomes under drought, high-temperature, and pest. Paralogs were identified by comparing 14 evolutionarily close genomes. The differentially expressed paralog (DEPs) genes were analyzed regarding single or multiple stresses, and 1075 of the 4111 DEPs were commonly found in all the stresses. The co-expression network of the DEPs and TFs indicated that genes of catechin biosynthesis were associated with most transcription factors specific to each stress. The genes playing a significant role in the late response to drought and pest stress mainly functioned in the early response to high-temperature. This study revealed the relationship between stress and regulation of QRM synthesis and the role of QRMs in response to these (a)biotic stresses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zixiao Liu
- College of Physics and Electronic Engineering, Xinyang Normal University, Xinyang 464000, PR China
| | - Yanting Han
- Henan Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology, College of Life Sciences, Xinyang Normal University, Xinyang 464000, PR China
| | - Yongjie Zhou
- College of Physics and Electronic Engineering, Xinyang Normal University, Xinyang 464000, PR China
| | - Tianwen Wang
- Henan Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology, College of Life Sciences, Xinyang Normal University, Xinyang 464000, PR China
| | - Shuaibin Lian
- College of Physics and Electronic Engineering, Xinyang Normal University, Xinyang 464000, PR China.
| | - Hongyu Yuan
- Henan Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology, College of Life Sciences, Xinyang Normal University, Xinyang 464000, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Zhang S, Ma Y, Zhang R, He X, Chen Y, Du J, Ho CT, Zhang Y, Han G, Hu X. A predicted protein functional network aids in novel gene mining for characteristic secondary metabolites in tea plant (Camellia sinensis). J Biosci 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s12038-020-00101-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
|
44
|
Zheng C, Ma JQ, Ma CL, Yao MZ, Chen JD, Chen L. Identifying Conserved Functional Gene Modules Underlying the Dynamic Regulation of Tea Plant Development and Secondary Metabolism. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2020; 68:11026-11037. [PMID: 32902975 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.0c04744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Tea plants adjust development and metabolism by integrating environmental and endogenous signals in complex but poorly defined gene networks. Here, we present an integrative analysis framework for the identification of conserved modules controlling important agronomic traits using a comprehensive collection of RNA-seq datasets in Camellia plants including 189 samples. In total, 212 secondary metabolism-, 182 stress response-, and 182 tissue development-related coexpressed modules were revealed. Functional modules (e.g., drought response, theobromine biosynthesis, and new shoot development-related modules) and potential regulators that were highly conserved across diverse genetic backgrounds and/or environmental conditions were then identified by cross-experiment comparisons and consensus clustering. Moreover, we investigate the preservation of gene networks between Camellia sinensis and other Camellia species. This revealed that the coexpression patterns of several recently evolved modules related to secondary metabolism and environmental adaptation were rewired and showed higher connectivity in tea plants. These conserved modules are excellent candidates for modeling the core mechanism of tea plant development and secondary metabolism and should serve as a great resource for hypothesis generation and tea quality improvement.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chao Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Tea Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310008, China
- FAFU-UCR Joint Center for Horticultural Biology and Metabolomics, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Haixia Applied Plant Systems Biology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Jian-Qiang Ma
- Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Tea Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310008, China
| | - Chun-Lei Ma
- Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Tea Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310008, China
| | - Ming-Zhe Yao
- Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Tea Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310008, China
| | - Jie-Dan Chen
- Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Tea Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310008, China
| | - Liang Chen
- Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Tea Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310008, China
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Cao H, He X, Du J, Zhang R, Chen Y, Ma Y, Chen Q, Fang C, Ho CT, Zhang S, Wan X. Time-series transcriptomic analysis reveals novel gene modules that control theanine biosynthesis in tea plant (Camellia sinensis). PLoS One 2020; 15:e0238175. [PMID: 32911493 PMCID: PMC7482930 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0238175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2020] [Accepted: 08/11/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Theanine (thea) is a unique non-protein amino acid in tea plant (Camellia sinensis) and one of the most important small molecular compounds for tea quality and health effects. The molecular mechanism that maintains thea biosynthesis is not clear but may be reflected in complicated biological networks as other secondary metabolites in plants. We performed an integrative transcriptomic analysis of tea seedlings bud and leave over the time-course of ethylamine (EA) treatment that activated thea pathway. We identified 54 consistent differentially expressed genes (cDEGs, 25 upregulated and 29 downregulated) during thea activation. Gene Ontology (GO) functional enrichment analysis of upregulated genes and downregulated genes showed that they may function as a cascade of biological events during their cooperative contribution to thea biosynthesis. Among the total cDEGs, a diversity of functional genes (e.g., enzymes, transcription factors, transport and binding proteins) were identified, indicating a hierarchy of gene control network underlying thea biosynthesis. A gene network associated with thea biosynthesis was modeled and three interconnected gene functional modules were identified. Among the gene modules, several topologically important genes (e.g., CsBCS-1, CsRP, CsABC2) were experimentally validated using a combined thea content and gene expression analysis. Collectively, we presented here for the first time a comprehensive landscape of the biosynthetic mechanism of thea controlled by a underling gene network, which might provide a theoretical basis for the identification of key genes that contribute to thea biosynthesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Haisheng Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Xiaolong He
- School of Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Jinke Du
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Rui Zhang
- College of Information and Computer Science, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Ying Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Yong Ma
- College of Information and Computer Science, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Qi Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Congbing Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Chi-Tang Ho
- Department of Food Science, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Shihua Zhang
- College of Life Science and Health, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiaochun Wan
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Yamashita H, Fukuda Y, Yonezawa S, Morita A, Ikka T. Tissue ionome response to rhizosphere pH and aluminum in tea plants ( Camellia sinensis L.), a species adapted to acidic soils. PLANT-ENVIRONMENT INTERACTIONS (HOBOKEN, N.J.) 2020; 1:152-164. [PMID: 37283727 PMCID: PMC10168086 DOI: 10.1002/pei3.10028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2020] [Revised: 07/06/2020] [Accepted: 07/23/2020] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The growth of tea plants (Camellia sinensis L.) is promoted by the presence of aluminum (Al), a beneficial element under acidic conditions, but the influence of rhizosphere pH on this interaction is not known. To understand the mechanisms underlying the adaptation to acidic rhizosphere conditions, we evaluated ionome profiles and the effect of pH on tea growth in hydroponic culture. The optimum pH for tea growth was around pH 4.2, and growth was inferior under a pH less than 3.8 or higher than 5.0. Under the optimum pH growth and Al accumulation were markedly stimulated by Al treatment. Al content and accumulation in new and mature leaves and new roots (the predominant tissues that accumulate minerals in tea plants) gradually declined with decrease in pH, especially in new roots. Ionome profiles drastically altered Al treatment, but changes were more pronounced in new roots than in new or mature leaves and did not depend on pH. Although the uptake of most cationic minerals in new roots was decreased by Al treatment, cationic mineral contents in new and mature leaves were not decreased by Al. In contrast to other plant species, the content and accumulation of manganese, despite it being a cationic nutrient, were significantly increased by Al treatment. These results indicated that one role of Al as a beneficial element was to maintain the shoot nutrient status by effectively utilizing Al-limited elements in the roots.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hiroto Yamashita
- Faculty of AgricultureShizuoka UniversityOhyaShizuokaJapan
- United Graduate School of Agricultural ScienceGifu UniversityYanagito, GifuJapan
| | - Yusuke Fukuda
- Faculty of AgricultureShizuoka UniversityOhyaShizuokaJapan
| | | | - Akio Morita
- Faculty of AgricultureShizuoka UniversityOhyaShizuokaJapan
| | - Takashi Ikka
- Faculty of AgricultureShizuoka UniversityOhyaShizuokaJapan
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Wen B, Li J, Luo Y, Zhang X, Wang K, Liu Z, Huang J. Identification and expression profiling of MYB transcription factors related to l-theanine biosynthesis in Camellia sinensis. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 164:4306-4317. [PMID: 32861783 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.08.200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Revised: 08/26/2020] [Accepted: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The MYB proteins belong to a large family of transcription factors in plant genomes and play significant roles in primary and secondary metabolism. Although several CsMYB genes have been identified in Camellia sinensis, few CsMYBs involved in l-theanine biosynthesis have been analyzed. In this study, we screened and identified 20 CsMYBs related to l-theanine biosynthesis. Transcriptomic analysis revealed that the expression profiles of the CsMYBs were positively or negatively related to dynamic changes in the l-theanine content. Validation of selected l-theanine biosynthetic and CsMYB genes was conducted by qRT-PCR. The results illustrated that most of the structural and CsMYB genes were downregulated with a decrease in the l-theanine levels. Protein-protein interaction networks of CsMYB5, CsMYB12 and CsMYB94 proteins demonstrated that they might form complexes with bHLH and WD 40 proteins. Multiple DNA-binding sites of the R2R3-MYB protein were observed in promoter regions of structural genes, indicating CsMYB family proteins might be involved in l-theanine metabolism via the attachment of AC elements. Moreover, CsMYB73 demonstrated binding specificity to the promoter region of CsGDH2 (CsGDH2-pro). These findings provide fundamental understanding of specific members of the CsMYBs related to the l-theanine biosynthesis pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Beibei Wen
- Key Laboratory of Tea Science of Ministry of Education, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan 410128, PR China
| | - Juan Li
- Key Laboratory of Tea Science of Ministry of Education, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan 410128, PR China; National Research Center of Engineering and Technology for Utilization of Botanical Functional Ingredients, Hunan Co-innovation Center for Utilization of Botanical Functional Ingredients and Co-Innovation Center of Education Ministry for Utilization of Botanical Functional Ingredients, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan 410128, PR China
| | - Yong Luo
- School of Chemistry, Biology and Environmental Engineering, Xiangnan University, Chenzhou, Hunan 423000, PR China
| | - Xiangna Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Tea Science of Ministry of Education, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan 410128, PR China
| | - Kunbo Wang
- Key Laboratory of Tea Science of Ministry of Education, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan 410128, PR China; National Research Center of Engineering and Technology for Utilization of Botanical Functional Ingredients, Hunan Co-innovation Center for Utilization of Botanical Functional Ingredients and Co-Innovation Center of Education Ministry for Utilization of Botanical Functional Ingredients, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan 410128, PR China.
| | - Zhonghua Liu
- Key Laboratory of Tea Science of Ministry of Education, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan 410128, PR China; National Research Center of Engineering and Technology for Utilization of Botanical Functional Ingredients, Hunan Co-innovation Center for Utilization of Botanical Functional Ingredients and Co-Innovation Center of Education Ministry for Utilization of Botanical Functional Ingredients, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan 410128, PR China.
| | - Jianan Huang
- Key Laboratory of Tea Science of Ministry of Education, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan 410128, PR China; National Research Center of Engineering and Technology for Utilization of Botanical Functional Ingredients, Hunan Co-innovation Center for Utilization of Botanical Functional Ingredients and Co-Innovation Center of Education Ministry for Utilization of Botanical Functional Ingredients, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan 410128, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Integrated metabolomic and transcriptomic profiling reveals the tissue-specific flavonoid compositions and their biosynthesis pathways in Ziziphora bungeana. Chin Med 2020; 15:73. [PMID: 32695217 PMCID: PMC7364582 DOI: 10.1186/s13020-020-00354-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2020] [Accepted: 07/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Ziziphora bungeana Juz. is a folk medicine from the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region. The herb or the aerial parts of it have been used to medicinally treat cardiovascular diseases. Flavonoids are the main pharmacologically active ingredients in Z. bungeana. Identification of the tissue-specific distribution of flavonoids in Z. bungeana is crucial for effective and sustainable medicinal use of the plant. Furthermore, understanding of the biosynthesis pathways of these flavonoids in Z. bungeana is of great biological significance. Methods The flavonoids from different tissues of Z. bungeana were identified using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC–MS/MS). The full-length transcriptome of Z. bungeana was determined using a strategy based on a combination of Illumina and PacBio sequencing techniques. The functions of differentially expressed unigenes were predicted using bioinformatics methods and further investigated by real-time quantitative PCR and phylogenetic relationship analysis. Results Among the 12 major flavonoid components identified from Z. bungeana extracts, linarin was the most abundant component. Nine flavonoids were identified as characteristic components of specific tissues. Transcriptome profiling and bioinformatic analysis revealed that 18 genes were putatively involved in flavonoid biosynthesis. The gene expression and phylogenetic analysis results indicated that ZbPALs, Zb4CL3, ZbCHS1, and ZbCHI1 may be involved in the biosynthesis of the main flavonoid intermediate. ZbFNSII, ZbANS, and ZbFLS may be involved in the biosynthesis of flavones, anthocyanins, and flavonols, respectively. A map of the biosynthesis pathways of the 12 major flavonoids in Z. bungeana is proposed. Conclusions The chemical constituent analysis revealed the compositions of 9 characteristic flavonoids in different tissues of Z. bungeana. Linarin can be hydrolysed into acacetin to exert a pharmaceutical role. Apigenin-7-O-rutinoside is hypothesised to be the precursor of linarin in Z. bungeana. There was greater content of linarin in the aerial parts of the plant than in the whole herb, which provides a theoretical basis for using the aerial parts of Z. bungeana for medicine. These results provide a valuable reference for further research on the flavonoid biosynthesis pathways of Z. bungeana and will be significant for the effective utilisation and ecological protection of Z. bungeana.
Collapse
|
49
|
Zhang QJ, Li W, Li K, Nan H, Shi C, Zhang Y, Dai ZY, Lin YL, Yang XL, Tong Y, Zhang D, Lu C, Feng LY, Wang CF, Liu XX, Huang JA, Jiang WK, Wang XH, Zhang XC, Eichler EE, Liu ZH, Gao LZ. The Chromosome-Level Reference Genome of Tea Tree Unveils Recent Bursts of Non-autonomous LTR Retrotransposons in Driving Genome Size Evolution. MOLECULAR PLANT 2020; 13:935-938. [PMID: 32353626 DOI: 10.1016/j.molp.2020.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2019] [Revised: 12/26/2019] [Accepted: 04/25/2020] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Qun-Jie Zhang
- Institution of Genomics and Bioinformatics, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Wei Li
- Institution of Genomics and Bioinformatics, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Kui Li
- Novogene Bioinformatics Institute, Building 301, Zone A10 Jiuxianqiao North Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100083, China; School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Hong Nan
- Plant Germplasm and Genomics Center, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650204, China; University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, China
| | - Cong Shi
- Plant Germplasm and Genomics Center, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650204, China; University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, China
| | - Yun Zhang
- Plant Germplasm and Genomics Center, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650204, China
| | - Zhang-Yan Dai
- Agro-biological Gene Research Center, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Yang-Lei Lin
- Plant Germplasm and Genomics Center, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650204, China; University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, China
| | - Xiao-Lan Yang
- Plant Germplasm and Genomics Center, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650204, China; University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, China
| | - Yan Tong
- Plant Germplasm and Genomics Center, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650204, China
| | - Dan Zhang
- Institution of Genomics and Bioinformatics, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Cui Lu
- Institution of Genomics and Bioinformatics, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Li-Ying Feng
- Institution of Genomics and Bioinformatics, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Chen-Feng Wang
- Institution of Genomics and Bioinformatics, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Xiao-Xin Liu
- Institution of Genomics and Bioinformatics, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Jian-An Huang
- Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Wen-Kai Jiang
- Novogene Bioinformatics Institute, Building 301, Zone A10 Jiuxianqiao North Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Xing-Hua Wang
- Yunnan Pu'er Tea Tree Breeding Station, No. 212 Zhenxing Avenue, Simao District, Pu Er, Yunnan 665099, China
| | - Xing-Cai Zhang
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Evan E Eichler
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Zhong-Hua Liu
- Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China.
| | - Li-Zhi Gao
- Institution of Genomics and Bioinformatics, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; Plant Germplasm and Genomics Center, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650204, China.
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Gong AD, Lian SB, Wu NN, Zhou YJ, Zhao SQ, Zhang LM, Cheng L, Yuan HY. Integrated transcriptomics and metabolomics analysis of catechins, caffeine and theanine biosynthesis in tea plant (Camellia sinensis) over the course of seasons. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2020; 20:294. [PMID: 32600265 PMCID: PMC7322862 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-020-02443-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2019] [Accepted: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Catechins, caffeine, and theanine as three important metabolites in the tea leaves play essential roles in the formation of specific taste and shows potential health benefits to humans. However, the knowledge on the dynamic changes of these metabolites content over seasons, as well as the candidate regulatory factors, remains largely undetermined. RESULTS An integrated transcriptomic and metabolomic approach was used to analyze the dynamic changes of three mainly metabolites including catechins, caffeine, and theanine, and to explore the potential influencing factors associated with these dynamic changes over the course of seasons. We found that the catechins abundance was higher in Summer than that in Spring and Autumn, and the theanine abundance was significantly higher in Spring than that in Summer and Autumn, whereas caffeine exhibited no significant changes over three seasons. Transcriptomics analysis suggested that genes in photosynthesis pathway were significantly down-regulated which might in linkage to the formation of different phenotypes and metabolites content in the tea leaves of varied seasons. Fifty-six copies of nine genes in catechins biosynthesis, 30 copies of 10 genes in caffeine biosynthesis, and 12 copies of six genes in theanine biosynthesis were detected. The correlative analysis further presented that eight genes can be regulated by transcription factors, and highly correlated with the changes of metabolites abundance in tea-leaves. CONCLUSION Sunshine intensity as a key factor can affect photosynthesis of tea plants, further affect the expression of major Transcription factors (TFs) and structural genes in, and finally resulted in the various amounts of catechins, caffeine and theaine in tea-leaves over three seasons. These findings provide new insights into abundance and influencing factors of metabolites of tea in different seasons, and further our understanding in the formation of flavor, nutrition and medicinal function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- An-Dong Gong
- Henan Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology, College of Life Science, Xinyang Normal University, Xinyang, 464000, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuai-Bin Lian
- College of Physics and Electronic Engineering, Xinyang Normal University, Xinyang, 464000, People's Republic of China
| | - Nan-Nan Wu
- Henan Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology, College of Life Science, Xinyang Normal University, Xinyang, 464000, People's Republic of China
| | - Yong-Jie Zhou
- College of Physics and Electronic Engineering, Xinyang Normal University, Xinyang, 464000, People's Republic of China
| | - Shi-Qi Zhao
- Henan Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology, College of Life Science, Xinyang Normal University, Xinyang, 464000, People's Republic of China
| | - Li-Min Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance in Biological Systems, State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, National Centre for Magnetic Resonance in Wuhan, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Wuhan National Research Center for Optoelectronics, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Lin Cheng
- Henan Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology, College of Life Science, Xinyang Normal University, Xinyang, 464000, People's Republic of China.
| | - Hong-Yu Yuan
- Henan Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology, College of Life Science, Xinyang Normal University, Xinyang, 464000, People's Republic of China.
| |
Collapse
|