1
|
Irving MR, Goolsby EW, Stanford H, Lim-Hing S, Urrea M, Mason CM. Temperature alters the toxicological impacts of plant terpenoids on the polyphagous model herbivore Vanessa cardui. J Chem Ecol 2023; 49:666-680. [PMID: 37695522 PMCID: PMC10781811 DOI: 10.1007/s10886-023-01449-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2023] [Revised: 07/30/2023] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/12/2023]
Abstract
Terpenes are a major class of secondary metabolites present in all plants, and long hypothesized to have diversified in response to specific plant-herbivore interactions. Herbivory is a major biotic interaction that plays out across broad temporal and spatial scales that vary dramatically in temperature regimes, both due to climatic variation across geographic locations as well as the effect of seasonality. In addition, there is an emerging understanding that global climate change will continue to alter the temperature regimes of nearly every habitat on Earth over the coming centuries. Regardless of source, variation in temperature may influence herbivory, in particular via changes in the efficacy and impacts of plant defensive chemistry. This study aims to characterize temperature-driven variation in toxicological effects across several structural classes of terpenes in the model herbivore Vanessa cardui, the painted lady butterfly. We observed a general increase in monoterpene toxicity to larvae, pupa, and adults at higher temperatures, as well as an increase in development time as terpene concentration increased. Results obtained from this study yield insights into possible drivers of seasonal variation in plant terpene production as well as inform effects of rising global temperatures on plant-insect interactions. In the context of other known effects of climate change on plant-herbivore interactions like carbon fertilization and compensatory feeding, temperature-driven changes in plant chemical defense efficacy may further complicate the prediction of climate change impacts on the fundamental ecological process of herbivory.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mari R Irving
- Department of Biology, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, 32816, USA.
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Marine Biology, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, 93106, USA.
| | - Eric W Goolsby
- Department of Biology, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, 32816, USA
| | - Hannah Stanford
- Department of Biology, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, 32816, USA
| | - Simone Lim-Hing
- Department of Biology, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, 32816, USA
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Maria Urrea
- Department of Biology, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, 32816, USA
| | - Chase M Mason
- Department of Biology, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, 32816, USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Chen Y, Li H, Yi TC, Shen J, Zhang J. Notch Signaling in Insect Development: A Simple Pathway with Diverse Functions. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:14028. [PMID: 37762331 PMCID: PMC10530718 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241814028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Revised: 09/05/2023] [Accepted: 09/06/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Notch signaling is an evolutionarily conserved pathway which functions between adjacent cells to establish their distinct identities. Despite operating in a simple mechanism, Notch signaling plays remarkably diverse roles in development to regulate cell fate determination, organ growth and tissue patterning. While initially discovered and characterized in the model insect Drosophila melanogaster, recent studies across various insect species have revealed the broad involvement of Notch signaling in shaping insect tissues. This review focuses on providing a comprehensive picture regarding the roles of the Notch pathway in insect development. The roles of Notch in the formation and patterning of the insect embryo, wing, leg, ovary and several specific structures, as well as in physiological responses, are summarized. These results are discussed within the developmental context, aiming to deepen our understanding of the diversified functions of the Notch signaling pathway in different insect species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yao Chen
- Department of Plant Biosecurity and MOA Key Laboratory of Surveillance and Management for Plant Quarantine Pests, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (Y.C.)
| | - Haomiao Li
- Department of Plant Biosecurity and MOA Key Laboratory of Surveillance and Management for Plant Quarantine Pests, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (Y.C.)
| | - Tian-Ci Yi
- Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory for Agricultural Pest Management of Mountainous Regions, Institute of Entomology, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Jie Shen
- Department of Plant Biosecurity and MOA Key Laboratory of Surveillance and Management for Plant Quarantine Pests, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (Y.C.)
| | - Junzheng Zhang
- Department of Plant Biosecurity and MOA Key Laboratory of Surveillance and Management for Plant Quarantine Pests, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (Y.C.)
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Hundsdoerfer AK, Schell T, Patzold F, Wright CJ, Yoshido A, Marec F, Daneck H, Winkler S, Greve C, Podsiadlowski L, Hiller M, Pippel M. High-quality haploid genomes corroborate 29 chromosomes and highly conserved synteny of genes in Hyles hawkmoths (Lepidoptera: Sphingidae). BMC Genomics 2023; 24:443. [PMID: 37550607 PMCID: PMC10405479 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-023-09506-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2023] [Accepted: 07/05/2023] [Indexed: 08/09/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Morphological and traditional genetic studies of the young Pliocene genus Hyles have led to the understanding that despite its importance for taxonomy, phenotypic similarity of wing patterns does not correlate with phylogenetic relationship. To gain insights into various aspects of speciation in the Spurge Hawkmoth (Hyles euphorbiae), we assembled a chromosome-level genome and investigated some of its characteristics. RESULTS The genome of a male H. euphorbiae was sequenced using PacBio and Hi-C data, yielding a 504 Mb assembly (scaffold N50 of 18.2 Mb) with 99.9% of data represented by the 29 largest scaffolds forming the haploid chromosome set. Consistent with this, FISH analysis of the karyotype revealed n = 29 chromosomes and a WZ/ZZ (female/male) sex chromosome system. Estimates of chromosome length based on the karyotype image provided an additional quality metric of assembled chromosome size. Rescaffolding the published male H. vespertilio genome resulted in a high-quality assembly (651 Mb, scaffold N50 of 22 Mb) with 98% of sequence data in the 29 chromosomes. The larger genome size of H. vespertilio (average 1C DNA value of 562 Mb) was accompanied by a proportional increase in repeats from 45% in H. euphorbiae (measured as 472 Mb) to almost 55% in H. vespertilio. Several wing pattern genes were found on the same chromosomes in the two species, with varying amounts and positions of repetitive elements and inversions possibly corrupting their function. CONCLUSIONS Our two-fold comparative genomics approach revealed high gene synteny of the Hyles genomes to other Sphingidae and high correspondence to intact Merian elements, the ancestral linkage groups of Lepidoptera, with the exception of three simple fusion events. We propose a standardized approach for genome taxonomy using nucleotide homology via scaffold chaining as the primary tool combined with Oxford plots based on Merian elements to infer and visualize directionality of chromosomal rearrangements. The identification of wing pattern genes promises future understanding of the evolution of forewing patterns in the genus Hyles, although further sequencing data from more individuals are needed. The genomic data obtained provide additional reliable references for further comparative studies in hawkmoths (Sphingidae).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anna K Hundsdoerfer
- Senckenberg Natural History Collections Dresden, Königsbrücker Landstr. 159, 01109, Dresden, Germany.
| | - Tilman Schell
- LOEWE-Centre for Translational Biodiversity Genomics (LOEWE-TBG), Frankfurt Am Main, Germany
| | - Franziska Patzold
- Senckenberg Natural History Collections Dresden, Königsbrücker Landstr. 159, 01109, Dresden, Germany
| | | | - Atsuo Yoshido
- Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Entomology, Branišovská 31, 370 05, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - František Marec
- Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Entomology, Branišovská 31, 370 05, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Hana Daneck
- Senckenberg Natural History Collections Dresden, Königsbrücker Landstr. 159, 01109, Dresden, Germany
| | - Sylke Winkler
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Pfotenhauerstraße 108, 01307, Dresden, Germany
| | - Carola Greve
- LOEWE-Centre for Translational Biodiversity Genomics (LOEWE-TBG), Frankfurt Am Main, Germany
| | - Lars Podsiadlowski
- Centre for Molecular Biodiversity Research, Leibniz Institute for the Analysis of Biodiversity Change, Adenauerallee 127, 53113, Bonn, Germany
| | - Michael Hiller
- LOEWE-Centre for Translational Biodiversity Genomics (LOEWE-TBG), Frankfurt Am Main, Germany
| | - Martin Pippel
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Pfotenhauerstraße 108, 01307, Dresden, Germany
- Center for Systems Biology Dresden, Pfotenhauerstr. 108, 01307, Dresden, Germany
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Uppsala University, Husargatan 3, Uppsala, 751 23, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Liu Y, Li X, Lin L. Transcriptome of the pygmy grasshopper Formosatettix qinlingensis (Orthoptera: Tetrigidae). PeerJ 2023; 11:e15123. [PMID: 37016680 PMCID: PMC10066883 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.15123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Accepted: 03/03/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Formosatettix qinlingensis (Zheng, 1982) is a tiny grasshopper endemic to Qinling in China. For further study of its transcriptomic features, we obtained RNA-Seq data by Illumina HiSeq X Ten sequencing platform. Firstly, transcriptomic analysis showed that transcriptome read numbers of two female and one male samples were 25,043,314, 24,429,905, and 25,034,457, respectively. We assembled 65,977 unigenes, their average length was 1,072.09 bp, and the length of N50 was 2,031 bp. The average lengths of F. qinlingensis female and male unigenes were 911.30 bp, and 941.82 bp, and the N50 lengths were 1,745 bp and 1,735 bp, respectively. Eight databases were used to annotate the functions of unigenes, and 23,268 functional unigenes were obtained. Besides, we also studied the body color, immunity and insecticide resistance of F. qinlingensis. Thirty-nine pigment-related genes were annotated. Some immunity genes and signaling pathways were found, such as JAK-STAT and Toll-LIKE receptor signaling pathways. There are also some insecticide resistance genes and signal pathways, like nAChR, GST and DDT. Further, some of these genes were differentially expressed in female and male samples, including pigment, immunity and insecticide resistance. The transcriptomic study of F. qinlingensis will provide data reference for gene prediction and molecular expression study of other Tetrigidae species in the future. Differential genetic screening of males and females provides a basis for studying sex and immune balance in insects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuxin Liu
- Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an, China
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
5
|
Shipilina D, Näsvall K, Höök L, Vila R, Talavera G, Backström N. Linkage mapping and genome annotation give novel insights into gene family expansions and regional recombination rate variation in the painted lady (Vanessa cardui) butterfly. Genomics 2022; 114:110481. [PMID: 36115505 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygeno.2022.110481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2022] [Revised: 09/01/2022] [Accepted: 09/10/2022] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Characterization of gene family expansions and crossing over is crucial for understanding how organisms adapt to the environment. Here, we develop a high-density linkage map and detailed genome annotation of the painted lady butterfly (Vanessa cardui) - a non-diapausing, highly polyphagous species famous for its long-distance migratory behavior and almost cosmopolitan distribution. Our results reveal a complex interplay between regional recombination rate variation, gene duplications and transposable element activity shaping the genome structure of the painted lady. We identify several lineage specific gene family expansions. Their functions are mainly associated with protein and fat metabolism, detoxification, and defense against infection - critical processes for the painted lady's unique life-history. Furthermore, the detailed recombination maps allow us to characterize the regional recombination landscape, data that reveal a strong effect of chromosome size on the recombination rate, a limited impact of GC-biased gene conversion and a positive association between recombination and short interspersed elements.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daria Shipilina
- Evolutionary Biology Program, Department of Ecology and Genetics, Uppsala University, Norbyvägen 18D, 75236 Uppsala, Sweden; Swedish Collegium for Advanced Study, Thunbergsvägen 2, 75236 Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Karin Näsvall
- Evolutionary Biology Program, Department of Ecology and Genetics, Uppsala University, Norbyvägen 18D, 75236 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Lars Höök
- Evolutionary Biology Program, Department of Ecology and Genetics, Uppsala University, Norbyvägen 18D, 75236 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Roger Vila
- The Butterfly Diversity and Evolution Lab, Institut de Biologia Evolutiva, Passeig Martim de la Barceloneta 37-49, 08003 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Gerard Talavera
- Institut Botànic de Barcelona (IBB), CSIC-Ajuntament de Barcelona, Passeig del Migdia s/n, 08038 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Niclas Backström
- Evolutionary Biology Program, Department of Ecology and Genetics, Uppsala University, Norbyvägen 18D, 75236 Uppsala, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Piron-Prunier F, Persyn E, Legeai F, McClure M, Meslin C, Robin S, Alves-Carvalho S, Mohammad A, Blugeon C, Jacquin-Joly E, Montagné N, Elias M, Gauthier J. Comparative transcriptome analysis at the onset of speciation in a mimetic butterfly-The Ithomiini Melinaea marsaeus. J Evol Biol 2021; 34:1704-1721. [PMID: 34570954 DOI: 10.1111/jeb.13940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Revised: 08/16/2021] [Accepted: 09/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Ecological speciation entails divergent selection on specific traits and ultimately on the developmental pathways responsible for these traits. Selection can act on gene sequences but also on regulatory regions responsible for gene expression. Mimetic butterflies are a relevant system for speciation studies because wing colour pattern (WCP) often diverges between closely related taxa and is thought to drive speciation through assortative mating and increased predation on hybrids. Here, we generate the first transcriptomic resources for a mimetic butterfly of the tribe Ithomiini, Melinaea marsaeus, to examine patterns of differential expression between two subspecies and between tissues that express traits that likely drive reproductive isolation; WCP and chemosensory genes. We sequenced whole transcriptomes of three life stages to cover a large catalogue of transcripts, and we investigated differential expression between subspecies in pupal wing discs and antennae. Eighteen known WCP genes were expressed in wing discs and 115 chemosensory genes were expressed in antennae, with a remarkable diversity of chemosensory protein genes. Many transcripts were differentially expressed between subspecies, including two WCP genes and one odorant receptor. Our results suggest that in M. marsaeus the same genes as in other mimetic butterflies are involved in traits causing reproductive isolation, and point at possible candidates for the differences in those traits between subspecies. Differential expression analyses of other developmental stages and body organs and functional studies are needed to confirm and expand these results. Our work provides key resources for comparative genomics in mimetic butterflies, and more generally in Lepidoptera.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Florence Piron-Prunier
- Institut de Systématique, Evolution, Biodiversité, MNHN, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, EPHE, Université des Antilles, Paris, France
| | - Emma Persyn
- Institute of Ecology and Environmental Sciences of Paris, Sorbonne Université, INRAE, CNRS, IRD, UPEC, Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Fabrice Legeai
- BIPAA, IGEPP, INRAE, Institut Agro, Univ Rennes, Rennes, France.,Univ Rennes, INRIA, CNRS, IRISA, Rennes, France
| | - Melanie McClure
- Institut de Systématique, Evolution, Biodiversité, MNHN, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, EPHE, Université des Antilles, Paris, France.,Laboratoire Écologie, Évolution,Interactions des Systèmes Amazoniens (LEEISA), Université de Guyane, CNRS, IFREMER, Cayenne, France
| | - Camille Meslin
- Institute of Ecology and Environmental Sciences of Paris, Sorbonne Université, INRAE, CNRS, IRD, UPEC, Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Stéphanie Robin
- BIPAA, IGEPP, INRAE, Institut Agro, Univ Rennes, Rennes, France.,Univ Rennes, INRIA, CNRS, IRISA, Rennes, France
| | | | - Ammara Mohammad
- Département de Biologie, Genomics Core Facility, Institut de Biologie de l'ENS (IBENS), École Normale Supérieure, CNRS, INSERM, Université PSL, Paris, France
| | - Corinne Blugeon
- Département de Biologie, Genomics Core Facility, Institut de Biologie de l'ENS (IBENS), École Normale Supérieure, CNRS, INSERM, Université PSL, Paris, France
| | - Emmanuelle Jacquin-Joly
- Institute of Ecology and Environmental Sciences of Paris, Sorbonne Université, INRAE, CNRS, IRD, UPEC, Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Nicolas Montagné
- Institute of Ecology and Environmental Sciences of Paris, Sorbonne Université, INRAE, CNRS, IRD, UPEC, Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Marianne Elias
- Institut de Systématique, Evolution, Biodiversité, MNHN, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, EPHE, Université des Antilles, Paris, France
| | - Jérémy Gauthier
- Univ Rennes, INRIA, CNRS, IRISA, Rennes, France.,Geneva Natural History Museum, Geneva, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Zhang L, Steward RA, Wheat CW, Reed RD. High-Quality Genome Assembly and Comprehensive Transcriptome of the Painted Lady Butterfly Vanessa cardui. Genome Biol Evol 2021; 13:evab145. [PMID: 34282459 PMCID: PMC8290113 DOI: 10.1093/gbe/evab145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The painted lady butterfly, Vanessa cardui, has the longest migration routes, the widest hostplant diversity, and one of the most complex wing patterns of any insect. Due to minimal culturing requirements, easily characterized wing pattern elements, and technical feasibility of CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing, V. cardui is emerging as a functional genomics model for diverse research programs. Here, we report a high-quality, annotated genome assembly of the V. cardui genome, generated using 84× coverage of PacBio long-read data, which we assembled into 205 contigs with a total length of 425.4 Mb (N50 = 10.3 Mb). The genome was very complete (single-copy complete Benchmarking Universal Single-Copy Orthologs [BUSCO] 97%), with contigs assembled into presumptive chromosomes using synteny analyses. Our annotation used embryonic, larval, and pupal transcriptomes, and 20 transcriptomes across five different wing developmental stages. Gene annotations showed a high level of accuracy and completeness, with 14,437 predicted protein-coding genes. This annotated genome assembly constitutes an important resource for diverse functional genomic studies ranging from the developmental genetic basis of butterfly color pattern, to coevolution with diverse hostplants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Linlin Zhang
- CAS and Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology & Center of Deep Sea Research, Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China
- Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
- College of Earth Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | | | | | - Robert D Reed
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Tendolkar A, Pomerantz AF, Heryanto C, Shirk PD, Patel NH, Martin A. Ultrabithorax Is a Micromanager of Hindwing Identity in Butterflies and Moths. Front Ecol Evol 2021. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2021.643661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The forewings and hindwings of butterflies and moths (Lepidoptera) are differentiated from each other, with segment-specific morphologies and color patterns that mediate a wide range of functions in flight, signaling, and protection. The Hox geneUltrabithorax(Ubx) is a master selector gene that differentiates metathoracic from mesothoracic identities across winged insects, and previous work has shown this role extends to at least some of the color patterns from the butterfly hindwing. Here we used CRISPR targeted mutagenesis to generateUbxloss-of-function somatic mutations in two nymphalid butterflies (Junonia coenia,Vanessa cardui) and a pyralid moth (Plodia interpunctella). The resulting mosaic clones yielded hindwing-to-forewing transformations, showingUbxis necessary for specifying many aspects of hindwing-specific identities, including scale morphologies, color patterns, and wing venation and structure. These homeotic phenotypes showed cell-autonomous, sharp transitions between mutant and non-mutant scales, except for clones that encroached into the border ocelli (eyespots) and resulted in composite and non-autonomous effects on eyespot ring determination. In the pyralid moth, homeotic clones converted the folding and depigmented hindwing into rigid and pigmented composites, affected the wing-coupling frenulum, and induced ectopic scent-scales in male androconia. These data confirmUbxis a master selector of lepidopteran hindwing identity and suggest it acts on many gene regulatory networks involved in wing development and patterning.
Collapse
|
9
|
Prakash A, Monteiro A. Cell Dissociation from Butterfly Pupal Wing Tissues for Single-Cell RNA Sequencing. Methods Protoc 2020; 3:mps3040072. [PMID: 33126499 PMCID: PMC7712902 DOI: 10.3390/mps3040072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2020] [Revised: 10/26/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Butterflies are well known for their beautiful wings and have been great systems to understand the ecology, evolution, genetics, and development of patterning and coloration. These color patterns are mosaics on the wing created by the tiling of individual units called scales, which develop from single cells. Traditionally, bulk RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) has been used extensively to identify the loci involved in wing color development and pattern formation. RNA-seq provides an averaged gene expression landscape of the entire wing tissue or of small dissected wing regions under consideration. However, to understand the gene expression patterns of the units of color, which are the scales, and to identify different scale cell types within a wing that produce different colors and scale structures, it is necessary to study single cells. This has recently been facilitated by the advent of single-cell sequencing. Here, we provide a detailed protocol for the dissociation of cells from Bicyclus anynana pupal wings to obtain a viable single-cell suspension for downstream single-cell sequencing. We outline our experimental design and the use of fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) to obtain putative scale-building and socket cells based on size. Finally, we discuss some of the current challenges of this technique in studying single-cell scale development and suggest future avenues to address these challenges.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anupama Prakash
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, 14 Science Drive 4, Singapore 117543, Singapore
- Correspondence: (A.P.); (A.M.)
| | - Antónia Monteiro
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, 14 Science Drive 4, Singapore 117543, Singapore
- Yale-NUS College, 10 College Avenue West, Singapore 138609, Singapore
- Correspondence: (A.P.); (A.M.)
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Auffret P, Le Luyer J, Sham Koua M, Quillien V, Ky CL. Tracing key genes associated with the Pinctada margaritifera albino phenotype from juvenile to cultured pearl harvest stages using multiple whole transcriptome sequencing. BMC Genomics 2020; 21:662. [PMID: 32977773 PMCID: PMC7517651 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-020-07015-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Accepted: 08/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Albino mutations are commonly observed in the animal kingdom, including in bivalves. In the black-lipped pearl oyster Pinctada margaritifera, albino specimens are characterized by total or partial absence of colouration resulting in typical white shell phenotype expression. The relationship of shell colour with resulting cultured pearl colour is of great economic interest in P. margaritifera, on which a pearl industry is based. Hence, the albino phenotype provides a useful way to examine the molecular mechanisms underlying pigmentation. RESULTS Whole transcriptome RNA-sequencing analysis comparing albino and black wild-type phenotypes at three stages over the culture cycle of P. margaritifera revealed a total of 1606, 798 and 187 differentially expressed genes in whole juvenile, adult mantle and pearl sac tissue, respectively. These genes were found to be involved in five main molecular pathways, tightly linked to known pigmentation pathways: melanogenesis, calcium signalling pathway, Notch signalling pathway, pigment transport and biomineralization. Additionally, significant phenotype-associated SNPs were selected (N = 159), including two located in the Pif biomineralization gene, which codes for nacre formation. Interestingly, significantly different transcript splicing was detected between juvenile (N = 1366) and adult mantle tissue (N = 313) in, e.g., the tyrosinase Tyr-1 gene, which showed more complex regulation in mantle, and the Notch1 encoding gene, which was upregulated in albino juveniles. CONCLUSION This multiple RNA-seq approach provided new knowledge about genes associated with the P. margaritifera albino phenotype, highlighting: 1) new molecular pathways, such as the Notch signalling pathway in pigmentation, 2) associated SNP markers with biomineraliszation gene of interest like Pif for marker-assisted selection and prevention of inbreeding, and 3) alternative gene splicing for melanin biosynthesis implicating tyrosinase.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pauline Auffret
- Ifremer, UMR EIO 241, Centre du Pacifique, BP 49, 98719 Taravao, Tahiti, Polynéise française France
| | - Jérémy Le Luyer
- Ifremer, UMR EIO 241, Centre du Pacifique, BP 49, 98719 Taravao, Tahiti, Polynéise française France
| | - Manaarii Sham Koua
- Ifremer, UMR EIO 241, Centre du Pacifique, BP 49, 98719 Taravao, Tahiti, Polynéise française France
| | - Virgile Quillien
- Ifremer, UMR EIO 241, Centre du Pacifique, BP 49, 98719 Taravao, Tahiti, Polynéise française France
- Ifremer, UMR LEMAR UBO CNRS Ifremer IRD 6539, ZI Pointe Diable CS 10070, F-29280 Plouzane, France
| | - Chin-Long Ky
- Ifremer, UMR EIO 241, Centre du Pacifique, BP 49, 98719 Taravao, Tahiti, Polynéise française France
- IHPE, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, Ifremer, Université de Perpignan Via Domitia, F-34090 Montpellier, France
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Banerjee TD, Ramos D, Monteiro A. Expression of Multiple engrailed Family Genes in Eyespots of Bicyclus anynana Butterflies Does Not Implicate the Duplication Events in the Evolution of This Morphological Novelty. Front Ecol Evol 2020. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2020.00227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
|
12
|
van der Burg KRL, Lewis JJ, Martin A, Nijhout HF, Danko CG, Reed RD. Contrasting Roles of Transcription Factors Spineless and EcR in the Highly Dynamic Chromatin Landscape of Butterfly Wing Metamorphosis. Cell Rep 2020; 27:1027-1038.e3. [PMID: 31018121 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2019.03.092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2018] [Revised: 02/22/2019] [Accepted: 03/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Development requires highly coordinated changes in chromatin accessibility in order for proper gene regulation to occur. Here, we identify factors associated with major, discrete changes in chromatin accessibility during butterfly wing metamorphosis. By combining mRNA sequencing (mRNA-seq), assay for transposase-accessible chromatin using sequencing (ATAC-seq), and machine learning analysis of motifs, we show that distinct sets of transcription factors are predictive of chromatin opening at different developmental stages. Our data suggest an important role for nuclear hormone receptors early in metamorphosis, whereas PAS-domain transcription factors are strongly associated with later chromatin opening. Chromatin immunoprecipitation sequencing (ChIP-seq) validation of select candidate factors showed spineless binding to be a major predictor of opening chromatin. Surprisingly, binding of ecdysone receptor (EcR), a candidate accessibility factor in Drosophila, was not predictive of opening but instead marked persistent sites. This work characterizes the chromatin dynamics of insect wing metamorphosis, identifies candidate chromatin remodeling factors in insects, and presents a genome assembly of the model butterfly Junonia coenia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Karin R L van der Burg
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.
| | - James J Lewis
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA; Baker Institute for Animal Health, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Arnaud Martin
- Department of Biological Sciences, The George Washington University, Washington, DC 20052, USA
| | | | - Charles G Danko
- Baker Institute for Animal Health, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Robert D Reed
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Co-option of wing-patterning genes underlies the evolution of the treehopper helmet. Nat Ecol Evol 2019; 4:250-260. [DOI: 10.1038/s41559-019-1054-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2019] [Accepted: 10/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
|
14
|
Figon F, Casas J. Ommochromes in invertebrates: biochemistry and cell biology. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2019; 94:156-183. [PMID: 29989284 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2018] [Revised: 06/09/2018] [Accepted: 06/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Ommochromes are widely occurring coloured molecules of invertebrates, arising from tryptophan catabolism through the so-called Tryptophan → Ommochrome pathway. They are mainly known to mediate compound eye vision, as well as reversible and irreversible colour patterning. Ommochromes might also be involved in cell homeostasis by detoxifying free tryptophan and buffering oxidative stress. These biological functions are directly linked to their unique chromophore, the phenoxazine/phenothiazine system. The most recent reviews on ommochrome biochemistry were published more than 30 years ago, since when new results on the enzymes of the ommochrome pathway, on ommochrome photochemistry as well as on their antiradical capacities have been obtained. Ommochromasomes are the organelles where ommochromes are synthesised and stored. Hence, they play an important role in mediating ommochrome functions. Ommochromasomes are part of the lysosome-related organelles (LROs) family, which includes other pigmented organelles such as vertebrate melanosomes. Ommochromasomes are unique because they are the only LRO for which a recycling process during reversible colour change has been described. Herein, we provide an update on ommochrome biochemistry, photoreactivity and antiradical capacities to explain their diversity and behaviour both in vivo and in vitro. We also highlight new biochemical techniques, such as quantum chemistry, metabolomics and crystallography, which could lead to major advances in their chemical and functional characterisation. We then focus on ommochromasome structure and formation by drawing parallels with the well-characterised melanosomes of vertebrates. The biochemical, genetic, cellular and microscopic tools that have been applied to melanosomes should provide important information on the ommochromasome life cycle. We propose LRO-based models for ommochromasome biogenesis and recycling that could be tested in the future. Using the context of insect compound eyes, we finally emphasise the importance of an integrated approach in understanding the biological functions of ommochromes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Florent Figon
- Institut de Recherche sur la Biologie de l'Insecte, UMR CNRS 7261, Université de Tours, 37200 Tours, France
| | - Jérôme Casas
- Institut de Recherche sur la Biologie de l'Insecte, UMR CNRS 7261, Université de Tours, 37200 Tours, France
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Developmental dynamics of butterfly wings: real-time in vivo whole-wing imaging of twelve butterfly species. Sci Rep 2018; 8:16848. [PMID: 30442931 PMCID: PMC6237780 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-34990-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2018] [Accepted: 10/24/2018] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Colour pattern development of butterfly wings has been studied from several different approaches. However, developmental changes in the pupal wing tissues have rarely been documented visually. In this study, we recorded real-time developmental changes of the pupal whole wings of 9 nymphalid, 2 lycaenid, and 1 pierid species in vivo, from immediately after pupation to eclosion, using the forewing-lift method. The developmental period was roughly divided into four sequential stages. At the very early stage, the wing tissue was transparent, but at the second stage, it became semi-transparent and showed dynamic peripheral adjustment and slow low-frequency contractions. At this stage, the wing peripheral portion diminished in size, but simultaneously, the ventral epithelium expanded in size. Likely because of scale growth, the wing tissue became deeply whitish at the second and third stages, followed by pigment deposition and structural colour expression at the fourth stage. Some red or yellow (light-colour) areas that emerged early were “overpainted” by expanding black areas, suggesting the coexistence of two morphogenic signals in some scale cells. The discal spot emerged first in some nymphalid species, as though it organised the entire development of colour patterns. These results indicated the dynamic wing developmental processes common in butterflies.
Collapse
|
16
|
Melanin Pathway Genes Regulate Color and Morphology of Butterfly Wing Scales. Cell Rep 2018; 24:56-65. [DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2018.05.092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2018] [Revised: 03/26/2018] [Accepted: 05/29/2018] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
|
17
|
Tian X, Pang X, Wang L, Li M, Dong C, Ma X, Wang L, Song D, Feng J, Xu P, Li X. Dynamic regulation of mRNA and miRNA associated with the developmental stages of skin pigmentation in Japanese ornamental carp. Gene 2018; 666:32-43. [PMID: 29684491 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2018.04.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2017] [Revised: 03/24/2018] [Accepted: 04/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The Japanese ornamental carp (Cyprinus carpio var. Koi) is famous for multifarious colors and patterns, making it commonly culture and trade across the world. Although functional genes and inheritance of color traits have been commonly studied, seldom attentions were focused on the genetic regulation during the developmental process of pigmentation. To better understand the mechanism of skin color development, we observed the morphogenesis of pigment cells during the post-embryonic stages and analysed the temporal expression pattern of mRNAs/miRNAs profiles in four distinct developmental stages. 59 and 103 differentially expressed genes/miRNAs (DEGs/DEMs) associated with pigmentation and skin were identified, including pax7, mitf, tyr, tyrp1, etc., and the highest DEGs were detected at 11 days post hatching (dph). In addition, the functional characteristics of mRNAs/miRNAs associated with pteridine and carotenoid pathway were also examined. Furthermore, 65 miRNA-mRNA interaction pairs related to pigmentation, pteridines and carotenoids metabolism were detected between different stages. Interestingly, the largest pairs appeared in the transition from 11 dph to 48 dph, which had the similar trend with DEGs further manifesting the importance of 11 dph. This study produced a comprehensive programme of DEGs/DEMs during color development, which will provide resources to understand the regulation mechanism in color formation. The understanding of genetic basis in color formation might promote the production and breeding of the Koi carp.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xue Tian
- College of Fisheries, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, 453007, PR China
| | - Xiaolei Pang
- College of Fisheries, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, 453007, PR China
| | - Liangyan Wang
- College of Fisheries, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, 453007, PR China
| | - Mengrong Li
- College of Fisheries, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, 453007, PR China
| | - Chuanju Dong
- College of Fisheries, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, 453007, PR China
| | - Xiao Ma
- College of Fisheries, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, 453007, PR China
| | - Lei Wang
- College of Fisheries, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, 453007, PR China
| | - Dongying Song
- College of Fisheries, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, 453007, PR China
| | - Jianxin Feng
- Henan Academy of Fishery Science, Zhengzhou, 410100, PR China
| | - Peng Xu
- College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, PR China
| | - Xuejun Li
- College of Fisheries, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, 453007, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Feindt W, Oppenheim SJ, DeSalle R, Goldstein PZ, Hadrys H. Transcriptome profiling with focus on potential key genes for wing development and evolution in Megaloprepus caerulatus, the damselfly species with the world's largest wings. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0189898. [PMID: 29329292 PMCID: PMC5766104 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0189898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2017] [Accepted: 12/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The evolution, development and coloration of insect wings remains a puzzling subject in evolutionary research. In basal flying insects such as Odonata, genomic research regarding bauplan evolution is still rare. Here we focus on the world's largest odonate species-the "forest giant" Megaloprepus caerulatus, to explore its potential for looking deeper into the development and evolution of wings. A recently discovered cryptic species complex in this genus previously considered monotypic is characterized by morphological differences in wing shape and color patterns. As a first step toward understanding wing pattern divergence and pathways involved in adaptation and speciation at the genomic level, we present a transcriptome profiling of M. caerulatus using RNA-Seq and compare these data with two other odonate species. The de novo transcriptome assembly consists of 61,560 high quality transcripts and is approximately 93% complete. For almost 75% of the identified transcripts a possible function could be assigned: 48,104 transcripts had a hit to an InterPro protein family or domain, and 28,653 were mapped to a Gene Ontology term. In particular, we focused on genes related to wing development and coloration. The comparison with two other species revealed larva-specific genes and a conserved 'core' set of over 8,000 genes forming orthologous clusters with Ischnura elegans and Ladona fulva. This transcriptome may provide a first point of reference for future research in odonates addressing questions surrounding the evolution of wing development, wing coloration and their role in speciation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wiebke Feindt
- University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, ITZ—Division of Ecology and Evolution, Hannover, Germany
- Leibniz University Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Sara J. Oppenheim
- American Museum of Natural History, Sackler Institute for Comparative Genomics, New York, NY, United States of America
| | - Robert DeSalle
- American Museum of Natural History, Sackler Institute for Comparative Genomics, New York, NY, United States of America
| | - Paul Z. Goldstein
- Systematic Entomology Laboratory (USDA-ARS), National Museum of Natural History, Washington, DC, United States of America
| | - Heike Hadrys
- University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, ITZ—Division of Ecology and Evolution, Hannover, Germany
- American Museum of Natural History, Sackler Institute for Comparative Genomics, New York, NY, United States of America
- Yale University, Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Single master regulatory gene coordinates the evolution and development of butterfly color and iridescence. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017; 114:10707-10712. [PMID: 28923944 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1709058114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The optix gene has been implicated in butterfly wing pattern adaptation by genetic association, mapping, and expression studies. The actual developmental function of this gene has remained unclear, however. Here we used CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing to show that optix plays a fundamental role in nymphalid butterfly wing pattern development, where it is required for determination of all chromatic coloration. optix knockouts in four species show complete replacement of color pigments with melanins, with corresponding changes in pigment-related gene expression, resulting in black and gray butterflies. We also show that optix simultaneously acts as a switch gene for blue structural iridescence in some butterflies, demonstrating simple regulatory coordination of structural and pigmentary coloration. Remarkably, these optix knockouts phenocopy the recurring "black and blue" wing pattern archetype that has arisen on many independent occasions in butterflies. Here we demonstrate a simple genetic basis for structural coloration, and show that optix plays a deeply conserved role in butterfly wing pattern development.
Collapse
|
20
|
Zhang J, Blessing D, Wu C, Liu N, Li J, Qin S, Li M. Comparative transcriptomes analysis of the wing disc between two silkworm strains with different size of wings. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0179560. [PMID: 28617839 PMCID: PMC5472328 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0179560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2017] [Accepted: 05/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Wings of Bombyx mori (B. mori) develop from the primordium, and different B. mori strains have different wing types. In order to identify the key factors influencing B. mori wing development, we chose strains P50 and U11, which are typical for normal wing and minute wing phenotypes, respectively. We dissected the wing disc on the 1st-day of wandering stage (P50D1 and U11D1), 2nd-day of wandering stage (P50D2 and U11D2), and 3rd-day of wandering stage (P50D3 and U11D3). Subsequently, RNA-sequencing (RNA-Seq) was performed on both strains in order to construct their gene expression profiles. P50 exhibited 628 genes differentially expressed to U11, 324 up-regulated genes, and 304 down-regulated genes. Five enriched gene ontology (GO) terms were identified by GO enrichment analysis based on these differentially expressed genes (DEGs). KEGG enrichment analysis results showed that the DEGs were enriched in five pathways; of these, we identified three pathways related to the development of wings. The three pathways include amino sugar and nucleotide sugar metabolism pathway, proteasome signaling pathway, and the Hippo signaling pathway. The representative genes in the enrichment pathways were further verified by quantitative real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). The RNA-Seq and qRT-PCR results were largely consistent with each other. Our results also revealed that the significantly different genes obtained in our study might be involved in the development of the size of B. mori wings. In addition, several KEGG enriched pathways might be involved in the regulation of the pathways of wing formation. These results provide a basis for further research of wing development in B. mori.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zhang
- School of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China
| | - Danso Blessing
- School of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China
| | - Chenyu Wu
- School of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China
| | - Na Liu
- School of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China
| | - Juan Li
- School of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China
| | - Sheng Qin
- School of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China
- The Sericultural Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China
- * E-mail: (ML); (SQ)
| | - Muwang Li
- School of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China
- The Sericultural Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China
- * E-mail: (ML); (SQ)
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Tang PA, Wu HJ, Xue H, Ju XR, Song W, Zhang QL, Yuan ML. Characterization of transcriptome in the Indian meal moth Plodia interpunctella (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) and gene expression analysis during developmental stages. Gene 2017; 622:29-41. [PMID: 28412460 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2017.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2016] [Revised: 12/01/2016] [Accepted: 04/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The Indian meal moth Plodia interpunctella (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) is a worldwide pest that causes serious damage to stored foods. Although many efforts have been conducted on this species due to its economic importance, the study of genetic basis of development, behavior and insecticide resistance has been greatly hampered due to lack of genomic information. In this study, we used high throughput sequencing platform to perform a de novo transcriptome assembly and tag-based digital gene expression profiling (DGE) analyses across four different developmental stages of P. interpunctella (egg, third-instar larvae, pupae and adult). We obtained approximate 9gigabyte (GB) of clean data and recovered 84,938 unigenes, including 37,602 clusters and 47,336 singletons. These unigenes were annotated using BLAST against the non-redundant protein databases and then functionally classified based on Gene Ontology (GO), Clusters of Orthologous Groups (COG), and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes databases (KEGG). A large number of differentially expressed genes were identified by pairwise comparisons among different developmental stages. Gene expression profiles dramatically changed between developmental stage transitions. Some of these differentially expressed genes were related to digestion and cuticularization. Quantitative real-time PCR results of six randomly selected genes conformed the findings in the DGEs. Furthermore, we identified over 8000 microsatellite markers and 97,648 single nucleotide polymorphisms which will be useful for population genetics studies of P. interpunctella. This transcriptomic information provided insight into the developmental basis of P. interpunctella and will be helpful for establishing integrated management strategies and developing new targets of insecticides for this serious pest.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pei-An Tang
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Grain Circulation and Safety, College of Food Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Finance and Economics, Nanjing 210023, China.
| | - Hai-Jing Wu
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Grain Circulation and Safety, College of Food Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Finance and Economics, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Hao Xue
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Grain Circulation and Safety, College of Food Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Finance and Economics, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Xing-Rong Ju
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Grain Circulation and Safety, College of Food Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Finance and Economics, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Wei Song
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Grain Circulation and Safety, College of Food Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Finance and Economics, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Qi-Lin Zhang
- Evo-devo Institute, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Ming-Long Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-Ecosystems, College of Pastoral Agricultural Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730020, China.
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Genetic Basis of Melanin Pigmentation in Butterfly Wings. Genetics 2017; 205:1537-1550. [PMID: 28193726 DOI: 10.1534/genetics.116.196451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2016] [Accepted: 02/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the variety, prominence, and adaptive significance of butterfly wing patterns, surprisingly little is known about the genetic basis of wing color diversity. Even though there is intense interest in wing pattern evolution and development, the technical challenge of genetically manipulating butterflies has slowed efforts to functionally characterize color pattern development genes. To identify candidate wing pigmentation genes, we used RNA sequencing to characterize transcription across multiple stages of butterfly wing development, and between different color pattern elements, in the painted lady butterfly Vanessa cardui This allowed us to pinpoint genes specifically associated with red and black pigment patterns. To test the functions of a subset of genes associated with presumptive melanin pigmentation, we used clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)/Cas9 genome editing in four different butterfly genera. pale, Ddc, and yellow knockouts displayed reduction of melanin pigmentation, consistent with previous findings in other insects. Interestingly, however, yellow-d, ebony, and black knockouts revealed that these genes have localized effects on tuning the color of red, brown, and ochre pattern elements. These results point to previously undescribed mechanisms for modulating the color of specific wing pattern elements in butterflies, and provide an expanded portrait of the insect melanin pathway.
Collapse
|
23
|
Beldade P, Peralta CM. Developmental and evolutionary mechanisms shaping butterfly eyespots. CURRENT OPINION IN INSECT SCIENCE 2017; 19:22-29. [PMID: 28521939 DOI: 10.1016/j.cois.2016.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2016] [Revised: 10/20/2016] [Accepted: 10/24/2016] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Butterfly eyespots are visually compelling models to study the reciprocal interactions between evolutionary and developmental processes that shape phenotypic variation. They are evolutionarily diversified, ecologically relevant, and developmentally tractable, and have made key contributions to linking genotype, development, phenotype and fitness. Advances in the availability of analytical tools (e.g. gene editing and visualization techniques) and resources (e.g. genomic and transcriptomic data) are boosting the detailed dissection of the mechanisms underlying eyespot development and evolution. Here, we review current knowledge on the ecology, development, and evolution of butterfly eyespots, with focus on recent advances. We also highlight a number of unsolved mysteries in our understanding of the patterns and processes underlying the diversification of these structures.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Patrícia Beldade
- Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, Oeiras, Portugal; UMR5174, University of Toulouse, France.
| | | |
Collapse
|