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Fernandes AS, Campos KF, de Assis JCS, Gonçalves OS, Queiroz MVD, Bazzolli DMS, Santana MF. Investigating the impact of insertion sequences and transposons in the genomes of the most significant phytopathogenic bacteria. Microb Genom 2024; 10. [PMID: 38568199 DOI: 10.1099/mgen.0.001219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Genetic variability in phytopathogens is one of the main problems encountered for effective plant disease control. This fact may be related to the presence of transposable elements (TEs), but little is known about their role in host genomes. Here, we performed the most comprehensive analysis of insertion sequences (ISs) and transposons (Tns) in the genomes of the most important bacterial plant pathogens. A total of 35 692 ISs and 71 transposons were identified in 270 complete genomes. The level of pathogen-host specialization was found to be a significant determinant of the element distribution among the species. Some Tns were identified as carrying virulence factors, such as genes encoding effector proteins of the type III secretion system and resistance genes for the antimicrobial streptomycin. Evidence for IS-mediated ectopic recombination was identified in Xanthomonas genomes. Moreover, we found that IS elements tend to be inserted in regions near virulence and fitness genes, such ISs disrupting avirulence genes in X. oryzae genomes. In addition, transcriptome analysis under different stress conditions revealed differences in the expression of genes encoding transposases in the Ralstonia solanacearum, X. oryzae, and P. syringae species. Lastly, we also investigated the role of Tns in regulation via small noncoding regulatory RNAs and found these elements may target plant-cell transcriptional activators. Taken together, the results indicate that TEs may have a fundamental role in variability and virulence in plant pathogenic bacteria.
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Ramamoorthy S, Pena M, Ghosh P, Liao YY, Paret M, Jones JB, Potnis N. Transcriptome profiling of type VI secretion system core gene tssM mutant of Xanthomonas perforans highlights regulators controlling diverse functions ranging from virulence to metabolism. Microbiol Spectr 2024; 12:e0285223. [PMID: 38018859 PMCID: PMC10782981 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.02852-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2023] [Accepted: 10/20/2023] [Indexed: 11/30/2023] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE T6SS has received attention due to its significance in mediating interorganismal competition through contact-dependent release of effector molecules into prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. Reverse-genetic studies have indicated the role of T6SS in virulence in a variety of plant pathogenic bacteria, including the one studied here, Xanthomonas. However, it is not clear whether such effect on virulence is merely due to a shift in the microbiome-mediated protection or if T6SS is involved in a complex virulence regulatory network. In this study, we conducted in vitro transcriptome profiling in minimal medium to decipher the signaling pathways regulated by tssM-i3* in X. perforans AL65. We show that TssM-i3* regulates the expression of a suite of genes associated with virulence and metabolism either directly or indirectly by altering the transcription of several regulators. These findings further expand our knowledge on the intricate molecular circuits regulated by T6SS in phytopathogenic bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sivakumar Ramamoorthy
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama, USA
| | - Michelle Pena
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama, USA
| | - Palash Ghosh
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama, USA
| | - Ying-Yu Liao
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Mathews Paret
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Jeffrey B. Jones
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Neha Potnis
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama, USA
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Dai X, Wang Y, Yu K, Zhao Y, Xiong L, Wang R, Li S. OsNPR1 Enhances Rice Resistance to Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae by Upregulating Rice Defense Genes and Repressing Bacteria Virulence Genes. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24108687. [PMID: 37240026 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24108687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2023] [Revised: 05/08/2023] [Accepted: 05/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The bacteria pathogen Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (Xoo) infects rice and causes the severe disease of rice bacteria blight. As the central regulator of the salic acid (SA) signaling pathway, NPR1 is responsible for sensing SA and inducing the expression of pathogen-related (PR) genes in plants. Overexpression of OsNPR1 significantly increases rice resistance to Xoo. Although some downstream rice genes were found to be regulated by OsNPR1, how OsNPR1 affects the interaction of rice-Xoo and alters Xoo gene expression remains unknown. In this study, we challenged the wild-type and OsNPR1-OE rice materials with Xoo and performed dual RNA-seq analyses for the rice and Xoo genomes simultaneously. In Xoo-infected OsNPR1-OE plants, rice genes involved in cell wall biosynthesis and SA signaling pathways, as well as PR genes and nucleotide-binding site-leucine-rich repeat (NBS-LRR) genes, were significantly upregulated compared to rice variety TP309. On the other hand, Xoo genes involved in energy metabolism, oxidative phosphorylation, biosynthesis of primary and secondary metabolism, and transportation were repressed. Many virulence genes of Xoo, including genes encoding components of type III and other secretion systems, were downregulated by OsNPR1 overexpression. Our results suggest that OsNPR1 enhances rice resistance to Xoo by bidirectionally regulating gene expression in rice and Xoo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing Dai
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Phytohormones and Growth Development, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Yankai Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement and Utilization, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
- Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Kaili Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement and Utilization, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
- Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Yonghui Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement and Utilization, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
- Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Langyu Xiong
- Institute of Advanced Studies in Humanities and Social Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Zhuhai 519087, China
| | - Ruozhong Wang
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Phytohormones and Growth Development, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Shengben Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement and Utilization, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
- Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
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Ma Z, Huang Y, Zhang Z, Liu X, Xuan Y, Liu B, Gao Z. Comparative genomic analysis reveals cellulase plays an important role in the pathogenicity of Setosphaeria turcica f. sp. zeae. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:925355. [PMID: 35935234 PMCID: PMC9355644 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.925355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2022] [Accepted: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Setosphaeria turcica f. sp. zeae and S. turcica f. sp. sorghi, the two formae speciales of S. turcica, cause northern leaf blight disease of corn and sorghum, respectively, and often cause serious economic losses. They have obvious physiological differentiation and show complete host specificity. Host specificity is often closely related to pathogen virulence factors, including secreted protein effectors and secondary metabolites. Genomic sequencing can provide more information for understanding the virulence mechanisms of pathogens. However, the complete genomic sequence of S. turcica f. sp. sorghi has not yet been reported, and no comparative genomic information is available for the two formae speciales. In this study, S. turcica f. sp. zeae was predicted to have fewer secreted proteins, pathogen-host interaction (PHI) genes and carbohydrate-active enzymes (CAZys) than S. turcica f. sp. sorghi. Fifteen and 20 polyketide synthase (PKS) genes were identified in S. turcica f. sp. zeae and S. turcica f. sp. sorghi, respectively, which maintained high homology. There were eight functionally annotated effector protein-encoding genes specifically in S. turcica f. sp. zeae, among which the encoding gene StCEL2 of endo-1, 4-β-D-glucanase, an important component of cellulase, was significantly up-regulated during the interaction process. Finally, gluconolactone inhibited cellulase activity and decreased infection rate and pathogenicity, which indicates that cellulase is essential for maintaining virulence. These findings demonstrate that cellulase plays an important role in the pathogenicity of S. turcica f. sp. zeae. Our results also provide a theoretical basis for future research on the molecular mechanisms underlying the pathogenicity of the two formae speciales and for identifying any associated genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhoujie Ma
- Institute of Plant Immunology, College of Plant Protection, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yufei Huang
- Institute of Plant Immunology, College of Plant Protection, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Zhaoran Zhang
- Institute of Plant Immunology, College of Plant Protection, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Xiaodi Liu
- Institute of Plant Immunology, College of Plant Protection, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yuanhu Xuan
- Institute of Plant Immunology, College of Plant Protection, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Bo Liu
- College of Life Sciences, Yan’an University, Yan’an, China
- *Correspondence: Bo Liu,
| | - Zenggui Gao
- Institute of Plant Immunology, College of Plant Protection, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
- Zenggui Gao,
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Comparative genomic analysis reveals cellulase plays an important role in the pathogenicity of Setosphaeria turcica f. sp. zeae. Fungal Biol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.funbio.2022.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Luneau JS, Cerutti A, Roux B, Carrère S, Jardinaud M, Gaillac A, Gris C, Lauber E, Berthomé R, Arlat M, Boulanger A, Noël LD. Xanthomonas transcriptome inside cauliflower hydathodes reveals bacterial virulence strategies and physiological adaptations at early infection stages. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2022; 23:159-174. [PMID: 34837293 PMCID: PMC8743013 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.13117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Revised: 07/22/2021] [Accepted: 07/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris (Xcc) is a seed-transmitted vascular pathogen causing black rot disease on cultivated and wild Brassicaceae. Xcc enters the plant tissues preferentially via hydathodes, which are organs localized at leaf margins. To decipher both physiological and virulence strategies deployed by Xcc during early stages of infection, the transcriptomic profile of Xcc was analysed 3 days after entry into cauliflower hydathodes. Despite the absence of visible plant tissue alterations and despite a biotrophic lifestyle, 18% of Xcc genes were differentially expressed, including a striking repression of chemotaxis and motility functions. The Xcc full repertoire of virulence factors had not yet been activated but the expression of the HrpG regulon composed of 95 genes, including genes coding for the type III secretion machinery important for suppression of plant immunity, was induced. The expression of genes involved in metabolic adaptations such as catabolism of plant compounds, transport functions, sulphur and phosphate metabolism was upregulated while limited stress responses were observed 3 days postinfection. We confirmed experimentally that high-affinity phosphate transport is needed for bacterial fitness inside hydathodes. This analysis provides information about the nutritional and stress status of bacteria during the early biotrophic infection stages and helps to decipher the adaptive strategy of Xcc to the hydathode environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julien S. Luneau
- LIPME, Université de Toulouse, INRAE, CNRS, Université Paul SabatierCastanet‐TolosanFrance
| | - Aude Cerutti
- LIPME, Université de Toulouse, INRAE, CNRS, Université Paul SabatierCastanet‐TolosanFrance
| | - Brice Roux
- LIPME, Université de Toulouse, INRAE, CNRS, Université Paul SabatierCastanet‐TolosanFrance
- Present address:
Brice Roux, HalioDx, Luminy Biotech EntreprisesMarseille Cedex 9France
| | - Sébastien Carrère
- LIPME, Université de Toulouse, INRAE, CNRS, Université Paul SabatierCastanet‐TolosanFrance
| | | | - Antoine Gaillac
- LIPME, Université de Toulouse, INRAE, CNRS, Université Paul SabatierCastanet‐TolosanFrance
| | - Carine Gris
- LIPME, Université de Toulouse, INRAE, CNRS, Université Paul SabatierCastanet‐TolosanFrance
| | - Emmanuelle Lauber
- LIPME, Université de Toulouse, INRAE, CNRS, Université Paul SabatierCastanet‐TolosanFrance
| | - Richard Berthomé
- LIPME, Université de Toulouse, INRAE, CNRS, Université Paul SabatierCastanet‐TolosanFrance
| | - Matthieu Arlat
- LIPME, Université de Toulouse, INRAE, CNRS, Université Paul SabatierCastanet‐TolosanFrance
| | - Alice Boulanger
- LIPME, Université de Toulouse, INRAE, CNRS, Université Paul SabatierCastanet‐TolosanFrance
| | - Laurent D. Noël
- LIPME, Université de Toulouse, INRAE, CNRS, Université Paul SabatierCastanet‐TolosanFrance
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Wu G, Zhang Y, Wang B, Li K, Lou Y, Zhao Y, Liu F. Proteomic and Transcriptomic Analyses Provide Novel Insights into the Crucial Roles of Host-Induced Carbohydrate Metabolism Enzymes in Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae Virulence and Rice-Xoo Interaction. RICE (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2021; 14:57. [PMID: 34176023 PMCID: PMC8236019 DOI: 10.1186/s12284-021-00503-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (Xoo) causes bacterial leaf blight, a devastating rice disease. The Xoo-rice interaction, wherein wide ranging host- and pathogen-derived proteins and genes wage molecular arms race, is a research hotspot. Hence, the identification of novel rice-induced Xoo virulence factors and characterization of their roles affecting rice global gene expression profiles will provide an integrated and better understanding of Xoo-rice interactions from the molecular perspective. RESULTS Using comparative proteomics and an in vitro interaction system, we revealed that 5 protein spots from Xoo exhibited significantly different expression patterns (|fold change| > 1.5) at 3, 6, 12 h after susceptible rice leaf extract (RLX) treatment. MALDI-TOF MS analysis and pathogenicity tests showed that 4 host-induced proteins, including phosphohexose mutase, inositol monophosphatase, arginase and septum site-determining protein, affected Xoo virulence. Among them, mutants of two host-induced carbohydrate metabolism enzyme-encoding genes, ΔxanA and Δimp, elicited enhanced defense responses and nearly abolished Xoo virulence in rice. To decipher rice differentially expressed genes (DEGs) associated with xanA and imp, transcriptomic responses of ΔxanA-treated and Δimp-treated susceptible rice were compared to those in rice treated with PXO99A at 1 and 3 dpi. A total of 1521 and 227 DEGs were identified for PXO99A vs Δimp at 1 and 3 dpi, while for PXO99A vs ΔxanA, there were 131 and 106 DEGs, respectively. GO, KEGG and MapMan analyses revealed that the DEGs for PXO99A vs Δimp were mainly involved in photosynthesis, signal transduction, transcription, oxidation-reduction, hydrogen peroxide catabolism, ion transport, phenylpropanoid biosynthesis and metabolism of carbohydrates, lipids, amino acids, secondary metabolites, hormones, and nucleotides, while the DEGs from PXO99A vs ΔxanA were predominantly associated with photosynthesis, signal transduction, oxidation-reduction, phenylpropanoid biosynthesis, cytochrome P450 and metabolism of carbohydrates, lipids, amino acids, secondary metabolites and hormones. Although most pathways were associated with both the Δimp and ΔxanA treatments, the underlying genes were not the same. CONCLUSION Our study identified two novel host-induced virulence factors XanA and Imp in Xoo, and revealed their roles in global gene expression in susceptible rice. These results provide valuable insights into the molecular mechanisms of pathogen infection strategies and plant immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guichun Wu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base of Ministry of Science and Technology, Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 50 Zhongling Street, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210014, P. R. China
| | - Yuqiang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Marine Biotechnology Research Center, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, P. R. China
| | - Bo Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base of Ministry of Science and Technology, Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 50 Zhongling Street, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210014, P. R. China
| | - Kaihuai Li
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, P. R. China
| | - Yuanlai Lou
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base of Ministry of Science and Technology, Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 50 Zhongling Street, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210014, P. R. China
| | - Yancun Zhao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base of Ministry of Science and Technology, Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 50 Zhongling Street, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210014, P. R. China.
| | - Fengquan Liu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base of Ministry of Science and Technology, Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 50 Zhongling Street, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210014, P. R. China.
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Kim S, Jang WE, Park J, Kim MS, Kim JG, Kang LW. Combined Analysis of the Time-Resolved Transcriptome and Proteome of Plant Pathogen Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:664857. [PMID: 34177844 PMCID: PMC8220824 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.664857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (Xoo) is a plant pathogen responsible for causing bacterial blight in rice. The immediate alterations in Xoo upon initial contact with rice are essential for pathogenesis. We studied time-resolved genome-wide gene expression in pathogenicity-activated Xoo cells at the transcriptome and proteome levels. The early response genes of Xoo include genes related to cell motility, inorganic ion transport, and effectors. The alteration of gene expression is initiated as early as few minutes after the initial interaction and changes with time. The time-resolved comparison of the transcriptome and proteome shows the differences between transcriptional and translational expression peaks in many genes, although the overall expression pattern of mRNAs and proteins is conserved. The discrepancy suggests an important role of translational regulation in Xoo at the early stages of pathogenesis. The gene expression analysis using time-resolved transcriptome and proteome provides unprecedented valuable information regarding Xoo pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seunghwan Kim
- Agricultural Microbiology Division, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences (NAS), Rural Development Administration (RDA), Jeonju, South Korea
| | | | - Jihwan Park
- Department of New Biology, DGIST, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Min-Sik Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Kyung Hee University, Gyeonggi-do, South Korea.,Department of New Biology, DGIST, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Jeong-Gu Kim
- Genomics Division, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences (NAS), Rural Development Administration (RDA), Jeonju, South Korea
| | - Lin-Woo Kang
- Department of Biological Sciences, Konkuk University, Seoul, South Korea
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Genome Sequence and Adaptation Analysis of the Human and Rice Pathogenic Strain Burkholderia glumae AU6208. Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10020087. [PMID: 33498266 PMCID: PMC7909282 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10020087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Revised: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 01/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Burkholderia glumae causes rice (Oryza sativa) bacterial panicle blight, which is an increasingly economically important disease worldwide. As the first B. glumae strain isolated from patients with chronic infections, AU6208 has been reported as an opportunistic clinic pathogen. However, our understanding of the molecular mechanism underlying human pathogenesis by B. glumae remains rudimentary. In this study, we report the complete genome sequence of the human-isolated B. glumae strain AU6208 and compare this to the genome of the rice-pathogenic B. glumae type strain LMG 2196T. Analysis of the average nucleotide identity demonstrated 99.4% similarity between the human- and plant-pathogenic strains. However, the phenotypic results from this study suggest a history of niche adaptation and divergence. In particular, we found 44 genes were predicted to be horizontally transferred into AU6208, and most of these genes were upregulated in conditions that mimic clinical conditions. In these, the gene pair sbnAB encodes key enzymes in antibiotic biosynthesis. These results suggest that horizontal gene transfer in AU6208 may be responsible for selective advantages in its pathogenicity in humans. Our analysis of the AU6208 genome and comparison with that of LMG 2196T reveal the evolutionary signatures of B. glumae in the process of switching niches from plants to humans.
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The HrpG/HrpX Regulon of Xanthomonads-An Insight to the Complexity of Regulation of Virulence Traits in Phytopathogenic Bacteria. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9010187. [PMID: 33467109 PMCID: PMC7831014 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9010187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Revised: 01/11/2021] [Accepted: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacteria of the genus Xanthomonas cause a wide variety of economically important diseases in most crops. The virulence of the majority of Xanthomonas spp. is dependent on secretion and translocation of effectors by the type 3 secretion system (T3SS) that is controlled by two master transcriptional regulators HrpG and HrpX. Since their discovery in the 1990s, the two regulators were the focal point of many studies aiming to decipher the regulatory network that controls pathogenicity in Xanthomonas bacteria. HrpG controls the expression of HrpX, which subsequently controls the expression of T3SS apparatus genes and effectors. The HrpG/HrpX regulon is activated in planta and subjected to tight metabolic and genetic regulation. In this review, we cover the advances made in understanding the regulatory networks that control and are controlled by the HrpG/HrpX regulon and their conservation between different Xanthomonas spp.
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11
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Puławska J, Kałużna M, Warabieda W, Pothier JF, Gétaz M, van der Wolf JM. Transcriptome analysis of Xanthomonas fragariae in strawberry leaves. Sci Rep 2020; 10:20582. [PMID: 33239704 PMCID: PMC7688646 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-77612-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Xanthomonas fragariae is a quarantine bacterial pathogen that causes angular leaf spot on strawberry. The aim of our study was to analyse the mechanism of interaction of this bacterium with its host plant at the transcriptome level. For this purpose, mRNAs of X. fragariae growing in Wilbrink’s medium and from infected strawberry cv. Elsanta plants were isolated and sequenced using the Illumina MiSeq platform. The expression profiles of the bacteria in Wilbrink’s medium and in planta were very diverse. Of the 3939 CDSs recorded, 1995 had significantly different expression in planta (966 and 1029 genes were down- and upregulated, respectively). Among the genes showing increased expression in planta, those with eggNOG/COG (evolutionary genealogy of genes: Non-supervised Orthologous Groups/Cluster of Orthologous Groups) categories associated with bacterial cell motility, signal transduction, transport and metabolism of inorganic ions and carbohydrates and transcription were overrepresented. Among the genes with the most increased expression in planta, genes primarily associated with flagella synthesis and chemotaxis were found. It is also interesting to note that out of the 31 genes localized on a plasmid, 16 were expressed differently in planta, which may indicate their potential role in plant–pathogen interactions. Many genes with differentiated expression that were localized on chromosome and plasmid encode proteins of unknown function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Puławska
- Department of Phytopathology, Research Institute of Horticulture, 96-100, Skierniewice, Poland.
| | - Monika Kałużna
- Department of Phytopathology, Research Institute of Horticulture, 96-100, Skierniewice, Poland
| | - Wojciech Warabieda
- Department of Phytopathology, Research Institute of Horticulture, 96-100, Skierniewice, Poland
| | - Joël F Pothier
- Environmental Genomics and Systems Biology Research Group, Institute for Natural Resource Sciences, Zurich University of Applied Sciences (ZHAW), Wädenswil, Switzerland
| | - Michael Gétaz
- Environmental Genomics and Systems Biology Research Group, Institute for Natural Resource Sciences, Zurich University of Applied Sciences (ZHAW), Wädenswil, Switzerland
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Fan S, Tian F, Fang L, Yang CH, He C. Transcriptional responses of Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae to type III secretion system inhibitor ortho-coumaric acid. BMC Microbiol 2019; 19:163. [PMID: 31307395 PMCID: PMC6631524 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-019-1532-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2019] [Accepted: 06/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background We previously identified a plant-derived phenolic compound ortho-coumaric acid (OCA) as an inhibitor of type III secretion system (T3SS) of Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (Xoo), the pathogen causing bacterial leaf blight of rice, one of the most devastating bacterial diseases of this staple crop worldwide. However, the molecular mechanisms by which OCA suppresses T3SS and the transcriptional responses to the OCA treatments in Xoo remains unclear. Results The present study conducted the RNA-seq-based transcriptomic analysis to reveal changes in gene expression in Xoo in response to 30 min, 1 h, 3 h, and 6 h of OCA treatment. Results showed that OCA significantly inhibited the expression of T3SS genes after 30 min, and the inhibition also existed after 1 h, 3 h, and 6 h. After treatment for 30 min, membrane proteins in the functional category of cellular process was the predominant group affected, indicating that Xoo was in the early stress stage. Over time, more differentially-expressed genes (DEGs) gathered in the functional category of biological process. Analysis of common DEGs at all four of time points revealed the core elements of Xoo during the response to OCA treatment. Notable, a multidrug transporter cluster that consisted of a MarR-family protein (PXO_RS13760), a multidrug RND transporter (PXO_RS13755), a multidrug transporter (PXO_RS13750), and an MFS transporter (PXO_RS13745) were significantly up-regulated at all four of the time points. Although these three transporter genes were not upregulated by OCA in the PXO_RS13760 deletion mutant, the deficiency of PXO_RS13760 in Xoo did not affect T3SS transcript, and OCA still had the ability to inhibit the expression of T3SS in the mutant, suggesting that the MarR-family protein was involved in bacterial responses to OCA, but not direct OCA inhibition of T3SS in Xoo. Conclusions We analyzed the transcriptome of Xoo during OCA treatment at both early and late stages, which revealed the landscape of Xoo responses to OCA at the whole-genome transcription level. A multidrug transporter cluster was identified to be involved in the response process, but had no direct relation to T3SS in Xoo. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12866-019-1532-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susu Fan
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China.,Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, Ecology Institute, Shandong Academy of Sciences, Jinan, 250014, Shandong Province, China
| | - Fang Tian
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China.
| | - Liwei Fang
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI, 53211, USA
| | - Ching-Hong Yang
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI, 53211, USA
| | - Chenyang He
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China.
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13
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Yang F, Xue D, Tian F, Hutchins W, Yang CH, He C. Identification of c-di-GMP Signaling Components in Xanthomonas oryzae and Their Orthologs in Xanthomonads Involved in Regulation of Bacterial Virulence Expression. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:1402. [PMID: 31354637 PMCID: PMC6637768 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.01402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2018] [Accepted: 06/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (Xoo) causes bacterial leaf blight of rice, one of the most devastating bacterial diseases of this staple crop worldwide. Xoo produces a range of virulence-related factors to facilitate its pathogenesis in rice, however, the regulatory mechanisms of Xoo virulence expression have been not fully elucidated. Recent studies have revealed that virulence factor production is regulated via cyclic dimeric guanosine monophosphate (c-di-GMP) signaling pathway that is well-conserved in Xoo and other Xanthomonas species. A set of GGDEF, EAL, HD-GYP, and PilZ domain proteins with diverse signal sensory domains for c-di-GMP synthesis, hydrolysis, and binding is encoded in the Xoo genome. Bioinformatic, genetic, and biochemical analysis has identified an array of diguanylate cyclases (DGCs) and phosphodiesterases (PDEs), as well as degenerate GGDEF/EAL, PilZ domain proteins along with a transcription regulator. These signaling components have been characterized to regulate various bacterial cellular processes, such as virulence, exopolysaccharide (EPS) production, biofilm formation, motility, and adaptation at the transcriptional, post-translational, and protein-protein interaction levels. This review summarized the recent progress in understanding the importance and complexity of c-di-GMP signaling in regulating bacterial virulence expression, highlighting the identified key signal elements and orthologs found in Xanthomonads, discussing the diverse functions of GGDEF/EAL/HD-GYP domains, existence of a complicated multifactorial network between DGCs, PDEs, and effectors, and further exploration of the new c-di-GMP receptor domains. These findings and knowledge lay the groundwork for future experimentation to further elucidate c-di-GMP regulatory circuits involved in regulation of bacterial pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fenghuan Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Dingrong Xue
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Fang Tian
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - William Hutchins
- Department of Biology, Carthage College, Kenosha, WI, United States
| | - Ching-Hong Yang
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI, United States
| | - Chenyang He
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
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14
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Qian G, Fei S, Galperin MY. Two forms of phosphomannomutase in gammaproteobacteria: The overlooked membrane-bound form of AlgC is required for twitching motility of Lysobacter enzymogenes. Environ Microbiol 2019; 21:3969-3978. [PMID: 30938049 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.14615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Lysobacter enzymogenes, a member of Xanthomonadaceae, is a promising tool to control crop-destroying fungal pathogens. One of its key antifungal virulence factors is the type IV pili that are required for twitching motility. Transposon mutagenesis of L. enzymogenes revealed that the production of type IV pili required the presence of the Le2152 gene, which encodes an AlgC-type phosphomannomutase/phosphoglucomutase (PMM). However, in addition to the cytoplasmic PMM domain, the Le2152 gene product contains a ~200-aa N-terminal periplasmic domain that is anchored in the membrane by two transmembrane segments and belongs to the dCache superfamily of periplasmic sensor domains. Sequence analysis identified similar membrane-anchored PMMs, encoded in conserved coaBC-dut-algC gene clusters, in a variety of gammaproteobacteria, either as the sole PMM gene in the entire genome or in addition to the gene encoding the stand-alone enzymatic domain. Previously overlooked N-terminal periplasmic sensor domains were detected in the well-characterized PMMs of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Xanthomonas campestris, albeit not in the enzymes from Pseudomonas fluorescens, Pseudomonas putida or Azotobacter vinelandii. It appears that after the initial cloning of the enzymatically active soluble part of P. aeruginosa AlgC in 1991, all subsequent studies utilized N-terminally truncated open reading frames. The N-terminal dCache sensor domain of AlgC is predicted to modulate the PMM activity of the cytoplasmic domain in response to as yet unidentified environmental signal(s). AlgC-like membrane-bound PMMs appear to comprise yet another environmental signalling system that regulates the production of type IV pili and potentially other systems in certain gammaproteobacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoliang Qian
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China.,Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Nanjing Agricultural University, Ministry of Education, Nanjing, 210014, China
| | - Shifang Fei
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China.,Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Nanjing Agricultural University, Ministry of Education, Nanjing, 210014, China
| | - Michael Y Galperin
- National Center for Biotechnology Information, National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20894, USA
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15
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Tomassetti M, Garavaglia BS, Vranych CV, Gottig N, Ottado J, Gramajo H, Diacovich L. 3-methylcrotonyl Coenzyme A (CoA) carboxylase complex is involved in the Xanthomonas citri subsp. citri lifestyle during citrus infection. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0198414. [PMID: 29879157 PMCID: PMC5991677 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0198414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2018] [Accepted: 05/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Citrus canker is a disease caused by the phytopathogen Xanthomonas citri subsp. citri (Xcc), bacterium which is unable to survive out of the host for extended periods of time. Once established inside the plant, the pathogen must compete for resources and evade the defenses of the host cell. However, a number of aspects of Xcc metabolic and nutritional state, during the epiphytic stage and at different phases of infection, are poorly characterized. The 3-methylcrotonyl-CoA carboxylase complex (MCC) is an essential enzyme for the catabolism of the branched-chain amino acid leucine, which prevents the accumulation of toxic intermediaries, facilitates the generation of branched chain fatty acids and/or provides energy to the cell. The MCC complexes belong to a group of acyl-CoA carboxylases (ACCase) enzymes dependent of biotin. In this work, we have identified two ORFs (XAC0263 and XAC0264) encoding for the α and β subunits of an acyl-CoA carboxylase complex from Xanthomonas and demonstrated that this enzyme has MCC activity both in vitro and in vivo. We also found that this MCC complex is conserved in a group of pathogenic gram negative bacteria. The generation and analysis of an Xcc mutant strain deficient in MCC showed less canker lesions in the interaction with the host plant, suggesting that the expression of these proteins is necessary for Xcc fitness during infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mauro Tomassetti
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Rosario (IBR-CONICET), Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Rosario, Argentina
| | - Betiana S. Garavaglia
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Rosario (IBR-CONICET), Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Rosario, Argentina
| | - Cecilia V. Vranych
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Rosario (IBR-CONICET), Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Rosario, Argentina
| | - Natalia Gottig
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Rosario (IBR-CONICET), Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Rosario, Argentina
| | - Jorgelina Ottado
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Rosario (IBR-CONICET), Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Rosario, Argentina
| | - Hugo Gramajo
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Rosario (IBR-CONICET), Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Rosario, Argentina
| | - Lautaro Diacovich
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Rosario (IBR-CONICET), Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Rosario, Argentina
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16
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Maximiano MR, Oliveira-Neto OB, Franco OL, Mehta A. Validation of an in vitro system for studies of pathogenicity mechanisms in Xanthomonas campestris. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2017; 364:4494362. [PMID: 29040467 DOI: 10.1093/femsle/fnx217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2017] [Accepted: 10/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Several minimal media capable of inducing pathogenicity genes have been used to study plant-pathogen interactions. An in planta assay to study a closer interaction between the bacteria and the host was also developed and has been employed by our group. In order to determine whether growth medium could be improved to better approximate in planta conditions beyond that offered by the defined minimal medium XVM1, we compared the expression of 20 Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris (Xcc) genes by quantitative reverse transcription - polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) under in vivo (bacteria recovered from the plant) and in vitro (rich medium NYG, minimal medium XVM1 and XVM1 + leaf extract) growth systems. The results showed a higher expression level of the genes in the in planta system when compared to growth in culture media. In planta growth is closest to a real interaction condition and captures the complexity of the plant cell environment; however, this system has some limitations. The main finding of our work is that the addition of plant extract to XVM1 medium results in a gene expression profile that better matches the in planta profile, when compared with the XVM1 medium alone, giving support to the use of plant extract to study pathogenicity mechanisms in Xanthomonas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Rocha Maximiano
- Embrapa Recursos Genéticos e Biotecnologia, PBI, Av. W/5 Norte Final, Brasília, Distrito Federal 70770-917, Brazil.,Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas (Imunologia e DIP/Genética e Biotecnologia), Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, Rua José Lourenço Kelmer, S/n - Martelos, Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais, 36036-330, Brazil
| | - Osmundo B Oliveira-Neto
- Embrapa Recursos Genéticos e Biotecnologia, PBI, Av. W/5 Norte Final, Brasília, Distrito Federal 70770-917, Brazil
| | - Octávio L Franco
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas (Imunologia e DIP/Genética e Biotecnologia), Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, Rua José Lourenço Kelmer, S/n - Martelos, Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais, 36036-330, Brazil.,S-Inova Biotech, Pós-Graduação em Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica Dom Bosco, Av. Tamandaré, 6000, Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul, 79117-900, Brazil.,Centro de Analises Proteômicas e Bioquímicas, Pós-Graduação em Ciências Genômicas e Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica de Brasília, SGAN 916N, Modulo C, Sala 219, Brasília, Distrito Federal 70790-100, Brazil
| | - Angela Mehta
- Embrapa Recursos Genéticos e Biotecnologia, PBI, Av. W/5 Norte Final, Brasília, Distrito Federal 70770-917, Brazil
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17
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Lee SE, Gupta R, Jayaramaiah RH, Lee SH, Wang Y, Park SR, Kim ST. Global Transcriptome Profiling of Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae under in planta Growth and in vitro Culture Conditions. THE PLANT PATHOLOGY JOURNAL 2017; 33:458-466. [PMID: 29018309 PMCID: PMC5624488 DOI: 10.5423/ppj.oa.04.2017.0076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2017] [Revised: 06/12/2017] [Accepted: 06/13/2017] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (Xoo), the causative agent of bacterial blight, is a major threat to rice productivity. Here, we performed RNA-Seq based transcriptomic analysis of Xoo transcripts isolated under in planta growth (on both susceptible and resistant hosts) and in vitro culture conditions. Our in planta extraction method resulted in successful enrichment of Xoo cells and provided RNA samples of high quality. A total of 4,619 differentially expressed genes were identified between in planta and in vitro growth conditions. The majority of the differentially expressed genes identified under in planta growth conditions were related to the nutrient transport, protease activity, stress tolerance, and pathogenicity. Among them, over 1,300 differentially expressed genes were determined to be secretory, including 184 putative type III effectors that may be involved in Xoo pathogenicity. Expression pattern of some of these identified genes were further validated by semi-quantitative RT-PCR. Taken together, these results provide a transcriptome overview of Xoo under in planta and in vitro growth conditions with a focus on its pathogenic processes, deepening our understanding of the behavior and pathogenicity of Xoo.
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Affiliation(s)
- So Eui Lee
- Department of Plant Bioscience, Life and Industry Convergence Research Institute, Pusan National University, Miryang 50463,
Korea
| | - Ravi Gupta
- Department of Plant Bioscience, Life and Industry Convergence Research Institute, Pusan National University, Miryang 50463,
Korea
| | - Ramesha H. Jayaramaiah
- Department of Plant Bioscience, Life and Industry Convergence Research Institute, Pusan National University, Miryang 50463,
Korea
| | - Seo Hyun Lee
- Department of Plant Bioscience, Life and Industry Convergence Research Institute, Pusan National University, Miryang 50463,
Korea
| | - Yiming Wang
- Department of Plant Microbe Interactions, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Carl-von-Linneweg 10, Cologne 50829,
Germany
| | - Sang-Ryeol Park
- National Institute of Agricultural Science, Rural Development Administration, Jeonju 54875,
Korea
| | - Sun Tae Kim
- Department of Plant Bioscience, Life and Industry Convergence Research Institute, Pusan National University, Miryang 50463,
Korea
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18
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Ngo HPT, Ho TH, Lee I, Tran HT, Sur B, Kim S, Kim JG, Ahn YJ, Cha SS, Kang LW. Crystal Structures of Peptide Deformylase from Rice Pathogen Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae in Complex with Substrate Peptides, Actinonin, and Fragment Chemical Compounds. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2016; 64:7307-7314. [PMID: 27616570 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.6b02976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (Xoo) causes bacterial blight on rice; this species is one of the most destructive pathogenic bacteria in rice cultivation worldwide. Peptide deformylase (PDF) catalyzes the removal of the N-formyl group from the N-terminus of newly synthesized polypeptides in bacterial cells and is an important target to develop antibacterial agents. We determined crystal structures of Xoo PDF (XoPDF) at up to 1.9 Å resolution, which include apo, two substrate-bound (methionine-alanine or methionine-alanine-serine), an inhibitor-bound (actinonin), and six fragment chemical-bound structures. Six fragment chemical compounds were bound in the substrate-binding pocket. The fragment chemical-bound structures were compared to the natural PDF inhibitor actinonin-bound structure. The fragment chemical molecules will be useful to design an inhibitor specific to XoPDF and a potential pesticide against Xoo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ho-Phuong-Thuy Ngo
- Department of Biological Sciences, Konkuk University , Hwayang-dong, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Korea
| | - Thien-Hoang Ho
- Department of Biological Sciences, Konkuk University , Hwayang-dong, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Korea
| | - Inho Lee
- Department of Biological Sciences, Konkuk University , Hwayang-dong, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Korea
| | - Huyen-Thi Tran
- Department of Biological Sciences, Konkuk University , Hwayang-dong, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Korea
| | - Bookyo Sur
- Department of Biological Sciences, Konkuk University , Hwayang-dong, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Korea
| | - Seunghwan Kim
- Genomics Division, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Rural Development Administration (RDA) , Jeonju 54874, Korea
| | - Jeong-Gu Kim
- Genomics Division, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Rural Development Administration (RDA) , Jeonju 54874, Korea
| | - Yeh-Jin Ahn
- Department of Life Science, Sangmyung University , 7 Hongji-dong, Jongno-gu, Seoul 03016, Korea
| | - Sun-Shin Cha
- Department of Chemistry & Nano Science, Ewha Womans University , 52, Ewhayeodae-gil, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03760, Korea
| | - Lin-Woo Kang
- Department of Biological Sciences, Konkuk University , Hwayang-dong, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Korea
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